critical-es-value 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

critical_es_value/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from .corrtest import critical_for_correlation_test
+from .linreg import (
+    critical_for_linear_regression,
+    critical_for_linear_regression_se_coefficients,
+)
+from .ttest import (
+    critical_for_one_sample_ttest,
+    critical_for_two_sample_ttest,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    get_alpha,
+    get_bias_correction_factor_J,
+)

critical_es_value/corrtest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import pingouin
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
+from scipy import stats
+
+from critical_es_value import utils
+
+
+def critical_for_correlation_test(
+    x: ArrayLike,
+    y: ArrayLike,
+    confidence: float = 0.95,
+    alternative: str = "two-sided",
+    variant: str = "ttest",
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """Calculate critical effect size values for a pearson correlation test.
+
+    Returns a DataFrame with the following columns:
+     - r: Pearson correlation coefficient
+     - n: Sample size
+     - dof: Degrees of freedom
+     - r_critical: Critical value for the correlation coefficient
+     - rz_critical: Critical value for Fisher's z-transformed correlation coefficient (only for "ztest" variant)
+     - se_r: Standard error of the correlation coefficient
+     - se_r_critical: Standard error of the critical correlation coefficient
+     - se_rz_critical: Standard error of the critical Fisher's z-transformed correlation coefficient (only for "ztest" variant)
+
+    Args:
+        x (ArrayLike): Sample data for group 1.
+        y (ArrayLike): Sample data for group 2.
+        confidence (float): Confidence level between 0 and 1 (exclusive). Default is 0.95.
+        alternative (str): The alternative hypothesis. Either "two-sided", "greater", or "less". Default is "two-sided".
+        variant (str): The statistical test variant. Either "ttest" or "ztest". Default is "ttest".
+
+    Returns:
+        pd.DataFrame: A DataFrame containing critical effect size values.
+    """
+
+    if variant not in ["ttest", "ztest"]:
+        raise ValueError("variant must be one of 'ttest' or 'ztest'")
+
+    corr_test_result = pingouin.corr(
+        x, y, alternative=alternative, method="pearson"
+    ).iloc[0]
+
+    r = corr_test_result["r"]
+    n = corr_test_result["n"]
+
+    alpha = utils.get_alpha(confidence, alternative)
+    dof = n - 2
+
+    if variant == "ttest":
+        tc = np.abs(stats.t.ppf(alpha, dof))
+        rc = np.sqrt(tc**2 / (tc**2 + dof))
+    else:
+        zc = np.abs(stats.norm.ppf(alpha))
+        rc = np.tanh(zc / np.sqrt(n - 3))
+
+    result = {
+        "n": n,
+        "r": r,
+        "dof": dof,
+        "r_critical": rc,
+        "se_r": np.sqrt((1 - r**2) / dof),
+        "se_r_critical": np.sqrt((1 - rc**2) / dof),
+    }
+    if variant == "ztest":
+        result["rz_critical"] = np.atanh(rc)
+        result["se_rz_critical"] = 1 / np.sqrt(n - 3)
+
+    return pd.DataFrame([result], index=["critical"])

critical_es_value/linreg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import pingouin
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
+from scipy import stats
+
+from critical_es_value import utils
+
+
+def critical_for_linear_regression_se_coefficients(
+    se_coefficients: ArrayLike,
+    dof: int,
+    confidence: float,
+    alternative: str,
+    variant: str = "ttest",
+) -> list[float]:
+    """Calculate critical effect size values for linear regression coefficients.
+
+    Args:
+        se_coefficients (ArrayLike): Standard errors of the regression coefficients.
+        dof (int): Degrees of freedom of the model residuals.
+        confidence (float): Confidence level between 0 and 1 (exclusive).
+        alternative (str): The alternative hypothesis. Either "two-sided", "greater", or "less".
+        variant (str): The statistical test variant. Either "ttest" or "ztest". Default is "ttest".
+
+    Returns:
+        np.ndarray: An array containing critical effect size values for each coefficient.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If variant is not one of "ttest" or "ztest".
+    """
+    if variant not in ["ttest", "ztest"]:
+        raise ValueError("variant must be one of 'ttest' or 'ztest'")
+
+    alpha = utils.get_alpha(confidence, alternative)
+
+    if variant == "ttest":
+        qc = np.abs(stats.t.ppf(alpha, dof))
+    else:
+        qc = np.abs(stats.norm.ppf(alpha))
+
+    return qc * np.array(se_coefficients)
+
+
+def critical_for_linear_regression(
+    X: pd.DataFrame,
+    y: pd.Series,
+    alternative: str = "two-sided",
+    confidence: float = 0.95,
+    variant: str = "ttest",
+    **kwargs,
+):
+    """Calculate critical effect size values for linear regression coefficients.
+
+    Returns a DataFrame with the following columns:
+     - names: Names of the regression coefficients
+     - coef: Estimated regression coefficients
+     - coef_critical: Critical value for the regression coefficients
+
+    Args:
+        X (pd.DataFrame): DataFrame containing the independent variables.
+        y (pd.Series): Series containing the dependent variable.
+        alternative (str): The alternative hypothesis. Either "two-sided", "greater", or "less". Default is "two-sided".
+        confidence (float): Confidence level between 0 and 1 (exclusive). Default is 0.95.
+        variant (str): The statistical test variant. Either "ttest" or "ztest". Default is "ttest".
+        **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to pingouin.linear_regression.
+
+    Returns:
+        pd.DataFrame: A DataFrame containing critical effect size values.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If variant is not one of "ttest" or "ztest".
+    """
+    if variant not in ["ttest", "ztest"]:
+        raise ValueError("variant must be one of 'ttest' or 'ztest'")
+
+    alpha = utils.get_alpha(confidence, alternative)
+
+    model = pingouin.linear_regression(X=X, y=y, alpha=alpha, **kwargs)
+    coef = model["coef"].values
+
+    coef_critical = critical_for_linear_regression_se_coefficients(
+        se_coefficients=model["se"].values,
+        dof=model.df_resid_,
+        confidence=confidence,
+        alternative=alternative,
+        variant=variant,
+    )
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "names": model["names"].values,
+            "coef": coef,
+            "coef_critical": coef_critical,
+        },
+        index=list(range(len(coef))),
+    )

critical_es_value/ttest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import pingouin
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
+from scipy import stats
+
+from critical_es_value import utils
+
+
+def determine_welch_correction(correction: Union[bool, str], n1: int, n2: int) -> bool:
+    """Determine whether to apply Welch's correction for unequal variances.
+
+    Args:
+        correction (bool or str): If True, always apply Welch's correction.
+                                  If False, never apply Welch's correction.
+                                  If "auto", apply Welch's correction only if sample sizes are unequal.
+        n1 (int): Sample size of group 1.
+        n2 (int): Sample size of group 2.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: Whether to apply Welch's correction.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If `correction` is not one of True, False, or "auto".
+    """
+    if correction not in (True, False, "auto"):
+        raise ValueError("correction must be one of True, False, or 'auto'")
+    if correction is True or (correction == "auto" and n1 != n2):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def critical_for_one_sample_ttest(
+    x: ArrayLike,
+    alternative: str = "two-sided",
+    confidence: float = 0.95,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """Calculate critical effect size values for a one-sample t-test.
+
+    Returns a DataFrame with the following columns:
+     - T: t-value of the test statistic
+     - dof: Degrees of freedom
+     - T_critical: Critical t-value
+     - d: Cohen's d
+     - d_critical: Critical value for Cohen's d
+     - b_critical: Critical value for the raw mean difference
+     - g: Hedges' g
+     - g_critical: Critical value for Hedges' g
+
+    Args:
+        x (ArrayLike): Sample data.
+        alternative (str): The alternative hypothesis. Either "two-sided", "greater", or "less". Default is "two-sided".
+        confidence (float): Confidence level between 0 and 1 (exclusive). Default is 0.95.
+
+    Returns:
+        pd.DataFrame: A DataFrame containing critical effect size values.
+    """
+
+    t_test_result = pingouin.ttest(
+        x=x,
+        y=0,
+        paired=False,
+        alternative=alternative,
+        correction=False,
+        confidence=confidence,
+    ).iloc[0]
+
+    alpha = utils.get_alpha(confidence, alternative)
+    dof = t_test_result.dof
+
+    n = len(x)
+    factor = np.sqrt(1 / n)
+
+    t = t_test_result["T"]
+    d = t * factor
+
+    tc = np.abs(stats.t.ppf(alpha, dof))
+    dc = tc * factor
+
+    j = utils.get_bias_correction_factor_J(dof)
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(
+        [
+            {
+                "T": t,
+                "dof": dof,
+                "T_critical": tc,
+                "d": d,
+                "d_critical": dc,
+                "b_critical": tc * np.std(x, ddof=1) / np.sqrt(n),
+                "g": d * j,
+                "g_critical": dc * j,
+            }
+        ],
+        index=["critical"],
+    )
+
+
+def _critical_for_two_sample_ttest_paired(
+    x: ArrayLike,
+    y: ArrayLike,
+    alternative: str = "two-sided",
+    confidence: float = 0.95,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """Calculate critical effect size values for a PAIRED two-sample t-test.
+
+    Returns a DataFrame with the following columns:
+     - T: t-value of the test statistic
+     - dof: Degrees of freedom
+     - T_critical: Critical t-value
+     - d: Cohen's d
+     - d_critical: Critical value for Cohen's d
+     - b_critical: Critical value for the raw mean difference
+     - g: Hedges' g
+     - g_critical: Critical value for Hedges' g
+     - dz: Cohen's dz
+     - dz_critical: Critical value for Cohen's dz
+     - gz: Hedges' gz
+     - gz_critical: Critical value for Hedges' gz
+
+    Args:
+        x (ArrayLike): Sample data for group 1.
+        y (ArrayLike): Sample data for group 2.
+        alternative (str): The alternative hypothesis. Either "two-sided", "greater", or "less". Default is "two-sided".
+        confidence (float): Confidence level between 0 and 1 (exclusive). Default is 0.95.
+
+    Returns:
+        pd.DataFrame: A DataFrame containing critical effect size values.
+    """
+
+    if len(x) != len(y):
+        raise ValueError("For paired tests, x and y must have the same length.")
+
+    t_test_result = pingouin.ttest(
+        x=x,
+        y=y,
+        paired=True,
+        alternative=alternative,
+        correction=False,
+        confidence=confidence,
+    ).iloc[0]
+
+    alpha = utils.get_alpha(confidence, alternative)
+    dof = t_test_result.dof
+    n = len(x)
+
+    r12 = np.corrcoef(x, y)[0, 1]
+    factor1 = np.sqrt(1 / n)
+    factor2 = np.sqrt(2 * (1 - r12))
+
+    t = t_test_result["T"]
+    dz = t * factor1
+    d = dz * factor2
+
+    tc = np.abs(stats.t.ppf(alpha, dof))
+    dzc = tc * factor1
+    dc = dzc * factor2
+
+    j = utils.get_bias_correction_factor_J(dof)
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(
+        [
+            {
+                "T": t,
+                "dof": dof,
+                "T_critical": tc,
+                "d": d,
+                "d_critical": dc,
+                "b_critical": tc * np.std(x - y, ddof=1) / np.sqrt(n),
+                "g": d * j,
+                "g_critical": dc * j,
+                "dz": dz,
+                "dz_critical": dzc,
+                "gz": dz * j,
+                "gz_critical": dzc * j,
+            }
+        ],
+        index=["critical"],
+    )
+
+
+def critical_for_two_sample_ttest(
+    x: ArrayLike,
+    y: ArrayLike,
+    paired: bool = False,
+    correction: Union[bool, str] = "auto",
+    alternative: str = "two-sided",
+    confidence: float = 0.95,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """Calculate critical effect size values for a paired or an unpaired two-sample t-test.
+
+    Returns a DataFrame with the following columns:
+     - T: t-value of the test statistic
+     - dof: Degrees of freedom
+     - T_critical: Critical t-value
+     - d: Cohen's d
+     - d_critical: Critical value for Cohen's d
+     - b_critical: Critical value for the raw mean difference
+     - g: Hedges' g
+     - g_critical: Critical value for Hedges' g
+
+    Args:
+        x (ArrayLike): Sample data for group 1.
+        y (ArrayLike): Sample data for group 2.
+        paired (bool): Whether the samples are paired. Default is False.
+        correction (bool): For unpaired two sample T-tests, specify whether or not to correct for unequal variances
+            using Welch separate variances T-test. If "auto", it will automatically uses Welch T-test when the sample
+            sizes are unequal. For paired T-tests, this parameter is ignored and no correction is performed. Default
+            is "auto".
+        alternative (str): The alternative hypothesis. Either "two-sided", "greater", or "less". Default is "two-sided".
+        confidence (float): Confidence level between 0 and 1 (exclusive). Default is 0.95.
+
+    Returns:
+        pd.DataFrame: A DataFrame containing critical effect size values.
+    """
+
+    if paired:
+        return _critical_for_two_sample_ttest_paired(
+            x=x,
+            y=y,
+            alternative=alternative,
+            confidence=confidence,
+        )
+
+    n1 = len(x)
+    n2 = len(y)
+    correction = determine_welch_correction(correction, n1=n1, n2=n2)
+
+    t_test_result = pingouin.ttest(
+        x=x,
+        y=y,
+        paired=paired,
+        alternative=alternative,
+        correction=correction,
+        confidence=confidence,
+    ).iloc[0]
+
+    alpha = utils.get_alpha(confidence, alternative)
+    dof = t_test_result.dof
+
+    factor = np.sqrt(1 / n1 + 1 / n2)
+
+    t = t_test_result["T"]
+    d = t * factor
+
+    tc = np.abs(stats.t.ppf(alpha, dof))
+    dc = tc * factor
+
+    s1 = np.std(x, ddof=1)
+    s2 = np.std(y, ddof=1)
+
+    if correction:
+        se = np.sqrt((s1**2 / n1) + (s2**2 / n2))
+    else:
+        se = np.sqrt((s1**2 * (n1 - 1) + s2**2 * (n2 - 1)) / (n1 + n2 - 2)) * factor
+
+    j = utils.get_bias_correction_factor_J(dof)
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(
+        [
+            {
+                "T": t,
+                "dof": dof,
+                "T_critical": tc,
+                "d": d,
+                "d_critical": dc,
+                "b_critical": tc * se,
+                "g": d * j,
+                "g_critical": dc * j,
+            }
+        ],
+        index=["critical"],
+    )

critical_es_value/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import numpy as np
+from scipy import special as scipy_special
+
+
+def get_alpha(confidence: float, alternative: str) -> float:
+    """Calculate the significance level (alpha) corresponding to a given confidence level.
+
+    Args:
+        confidence (float): Confidence level between 0 and 1 (exclusive).
+        alternative (str): The alternative hypothesis. Either "two-sided", "greater", or "less".
+
+    Returns:
+        float: The significance level (alpha).
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If `confidence` is not in (0, 1)
+        ValueError: If `alternative` is not one of "two-sided", "greater", or "less".
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> get_alpha(0.95, "two-sided")
+        0.025
+        >>> get_alpha(0.95, "less")
+        0.05
+    """
+
+    if confidence <= 0 or confidence >= 1:
+        raise ValueError("confidence must be in (0, 1)")
+    if alternative not in ("two-sided", "greater", "less"):
+        raise ValueError("alternative must be one of 'two-sided', 'greater', or 'less'")
+
+    alpha = 1 - confidence
+
+    if alternative == "two-sided":
+        return alpha / 2
+    return alpha
+
+
+def get_bias_correction_factor_J(dof: int) -> np.float64:
+    """Calculate the bias correction factor J for Hedges' g.
+
+    Args:
+        dof (int): Degrees of freedom.
+
+    Returns:
+        np.float64: The bias correction factor J.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> get_bias_correction_factor_J(10)
+        0.92274560805
+        >>> get_bias_correction_factor_J(20)
+        0.96194453374
+    """
+    if dof <= 1:
+        raise ValueError("dof must be greater than 1.")
+
+    num = scipy_special.loggamma(dof / 2)
+    denom = np.log(np.sqrt(dof / 2)) + scipy_special.loggamma((dof - 1) / 2)
+    return np.exp(num - denom)

critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/METADATA

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: critical-es-value
+Version: 0.1.0
+Summary: Calculate critical effect size values.
+Author-email: Florian Rohrer <semicolonator@gmail.com>
+License-File: LICENSE
+Requires-Python: >=3.13
+Requires-Dist: mpmath>=1.3.0
+Requires-Dist: pandas>=2.3.3
+Requires-Dist: pingouin>=0.5.5
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# critical_es_value
+
+Calculate critical effect size values for t-Tests, correlation tests and linear regression coefficients.
+
+## Usage
+
+```python
+import numpy as np
+import pingouin as pg
+
+from critical_es_value import (
+    critical_for_one_sample_ttest,
+    critical_for_two_sample_ttest,
+    critical_for_correlation_test,
+    critical_for_linear_regression,
+)
+
+np.random.seed(123)
+mean, cov, n = [4, 5], [(1, .6), (.6, 1)], 30
+x, y = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, n).T
+```
+
+### t-Test
+
+
+```python
+pg.ttest(x, 0)
+critical_for_one_sample_ttest(x)
+```
+
+|        |       T |   dof | alternative   |       p-val | CI95%       |   cohen-d |      BF10 |   power |
+|:-------|--------:|------:|:--------------|------------:|:------------|----------:|----------:|--------:|
+| T-test | 16.0765 |    29 | two-sided     | 5.54732e-16 | [3.37 4.35] |   2.93515 | 1.031e+13 |     nan |
+
+|          |       T |   dof |   T_critical |       d |   d_critical |   b_critical |       g |   g_critical |
+|:---------|--------:|------:|-------------:|--------:|-------------:|-------------:|--------:|-------------:|
+| critical | 16.0765 |    29 |      2.04523 | 2.93515 |     0.373406 |     0.491162 | 2.85847 |     0.363651 |
+
+```python
+pg.ttest(x, y)
+critical_for_two_sample_ttest(x, y)
+```
+
+|        |        T |   dof | alternative   |     p-val | CI95%         |   cohen-d |   BF10 |    power |
+|:-------|---------:|------:|:--------------|----------:|:--------------|----------:|-------:|---------:|
+| T-test | -3.40071 |    58 | two-sided     | 0.0012224 | [-1.68 -0.43] |  0.878059 | 26.155 | 0.916807 |
+
+
+|          |        T |   dof |   T_critical |         d |   d_critical |   b_critical |         g |   g_critical |
+|:---------|---------:|------:|-------------:|----------:|-------------:|-------------:|----------:|-------------:|
+| critical | -3.40071 |    58 |      2.00172 | -0.878059 |     0.516841 |      0.62077 | -0.866647 |     0.510124 |
+
+
+### Correlation Test
+
+```python
+pg.corr(x, y)
+critical_for_correlation_test(x, y)
+```
+
+|         |   n |        r | CI95%       |      p-val |   BF10 |    power |
+|:--------|----:|---------:|:------------|-----------:|-------:|---------:|
+| pearson |  30 | 0.594785 | [0.3  0.79] | 0.00052736 | 69.723 | 0.950373 |
+
+|          |   n |        r |   dof |   r_critical |    se_r |   se_r_critical |
+|:---------|----:|---------:|------:|-------------:|--------:|----------------:|
+| critical |  30 | 0.594785 |    28 |     0.361007 | 0.15192 |        0.176238 |
+
+
+### Linear Regression
+
+```python
+import pandas as pd
+
+np.random.seed(123)
+data = pd.DataFrame({"X": x, "Y": y, "Z": np.random.normal(5, 1, 30)})
+
+pg.linear_regression(data[["X", "Z"]], data["Y"])
+critical_for_linear_regression(data[["X", "Z"]], data["Y"])
+```
+
+|    | names     |       coef |       se |         T |        pval |       r2 |   adj_r2 |   CI[2.5%] |   CI[97.5%] |
+|---:|:----------|-----------:|---------:|----------:|------------:|---------:|---------:|-----------:|------------:|
+|  0 | Intercept |  3.15799   | 0.844129 |  3.74112  | 0.000874245 | 0.354522 | 0.306709 |   1.42598  |    4.88999  |
+|  1 | X         |  0.487772  | 0.126736 |  3.84871  | 0.000659501 | 0.354522 | 0.306709 |   0.22773  |    0.747814 |
+|  2 | Z         | -0.0249309 | 0.140417 | -0.177548 | 0.860403    | 0.354522 | 0.306709 |  -0.313044 |    0.263182 |
+
+|    | names     |       coef |   coef_critical |
+|---:|:----------|-----------:|----------------:|
+|  0 | Intercept |  3.15799   |        1.73201  |
+|  1 | X         |  0.487772  |        0.260042 |
+|  2 | Z         | -0.0249309 |        0.288113 |
+
+
+## Resources
+
+* [R package](https://psicostat.github.io/criticalESvalue/index.html)
+* [Original paper](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/25152459251335298?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.5)
+> Perugini, A., Gambarota, F., Toffalini, E., Lakens, D., Pastore, M., Finos, L., ... & Altoè, G. (2025). The Benefits of Reporting Critical-Effect-Size Values. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 8(2), 25152459251335298.
+

critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/RECORD

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+critical_es_value/__init__.py,sha256=PK8lNkZdPVOc6QU17x72Cwe0QyVqRA8s82dbXl2i5og,329
+critical_es_value/corrtest.py,sha256=YDOFh93RBaLgt09hIkbQm0nEWEhbMSUPiydEqH_cRaU,2462
+critical_es_value/linreg.py,sha256=YF_PQTLUfqm_yJTKplqDMlom8xCqKZUUhh9_9L0Ui-k,3301
+critical_es_value/ttest.py,sha256=AeHmqVwwjZTrszFSLLxXRlBpNpqtBtd4ulzAdexjiRA,8128
+critical_es_value/utils.py,sha256=mtpc_nQIVG1NQWrzlZbb7Z-CtktqQsdLvcXtIK5AuZc,1710
+critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=IHpPNvc9AgnCSYb1zix9toLstKru5ia_RKd1AxXCaKw,4414
+critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=qtCwoSJWgHk21S1Kb4ihdzI2rlJ1ZKaIurTj_ngOhyQ,87
+critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=4t8Z4NCsOSXi1k1chjuKznC1BHPZp2bTXHH_qCDF7no,1071
+critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/RECORD,,

critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/WHEEL

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any

critical_es_value-0.1.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Florian Rohrer
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.