combatlearn 1.1.1__py3-none-any.whl → 1.2.0__py3-none-any.whl

combatlearn/combat.py

@@ -1,1772 +0,0 @@
-"""ComBat algorithm.
-
-`ComBatModel` implements both:
-    * Johnson et al. (2007) vanilla ComBat (method="johnson")
-    * Fortin et al. (2018) extension with covariates (method="fortin")
-    * Chen et al. (2022) CovBat (method="chen")
-
-`ComBat` makes the model compatible with scikit-learn by stashing
-the batch (and optional covariates) at construction.
-"""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import warnings
-from typing import Any, Literal
-
-import matplotlib
-import matplotlib.colors as mcolors
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import numpy as np
-import numpy.linalg as la
-import numpy.typing as npt
-import pandas as pd
-import plotly.graph_objects as go
-import umap
-from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
-from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist
-from scipy.stats import chi2, levene, spearmanr
-from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin
-from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
-from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
-from sklearn.metrics import davies_bouldin_score, silhouette_score
-from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors
-
-ArrayLike = pd.DataFrame | pd.Series | npt.NDArray[Any]
-FloatArray = npt.NDArray[np.float64]
-
-
-def _compute_pca_embedding(
-    X_before: np.ndarray,
-    X_after: np.ndarray,
-    n_components: int,
-) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, PCA]:
-    """
-    Compute PCA embeddings for both datasets.
-
-    Fits PCA on X_before and applies to both datasets.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X_before : np.ndarray
-        Original data before correction.
-    X_after : np.ndarray
-        Corrected data.
-    n_components : int
-        Number of PCA components.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    X_before_pca : np.ndarray
-        PCA-transformed original data.
-    X_after_pca : np.ndarray
-        PCA-transformed corrected data.
-    pca : PCA
-        Fitted PCA model.
-    """
-    n_components = min(n_components, X_before.shape[1], X_before.shape[0] - 1)
-    pca = PCA(n_components=n_components, random_state=42)
-    X_before_pca = pca.fit_transform(X_before)
-    X_after_pca = pca.transform(X_after)
-    return X_before_pca, X_after_pca, pca
-
-
-def _silhouette_batch(X: np.ndarray, batch_labels: np.ndarray) -> float:
-    """
-    Compute silhouette coefficient using batch as cluster labels.
-
-    Lower values after correction indicate better batch mixing.
-    Range: [-1, 1], where -1 = batch mixing, 1 = batch separation.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X : np.ndarray
-        Data matrix.
-    batch_labels : np.ndarray
-        Batch labels for each sample.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Silhouette coefficient.
-    """
-    unique_batches = np.unique(batch_labels)
-    if len(unique_batches) < 2:
-        return 0.0
-    try:
-        return silhouette_score(X, batch_labels, metric="euclidean")
-    except Exception:
-        return 0.0
-
-
-def _davies_bouldin_batch(X: np.ndarray, batch_labels: np.ndarray) -> float:
-    """
-    Compute Davies-Bouldin index using batch labels.
-
-    Lower values indicate better batch mixing.
-    Range: [0, inf), 0 = perfect batch overlap.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X : np.ndarray
-        Data matrix.
-    batch_labels : np.ndarray
-        Batch labels for each sample.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Davies-Bouldin index.
-    """
-    unique_batches = np.unique(batch_labels)
-    if len(unique_batches) < 2:
-        return 0.0
-    try:
-        return davies_bouldin_score(X, batch_labels)
-    except Exception:
-        return 0.0
-
-
-def _kbet_score(
-    X: np.ndarray,
-    batch_labels: np.ndarray,
-    k0: int,
-    alpha: float = 0.05,
-) -> tuple[float, float]:
-    """
-    Compute kBET (k-nearest neighbor Batch Effect Test) acceptance rate.
-
-    Tests if local batch proportions match global batch proportions.
-    Higher acceptance rate = better batch mixing.
-
-    Reference: Buttner et al. (2019) Nature Methods
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X : np.ndarray
-        Data matrix.
-    batch_labels : np.ndarray
-        Batch labels for each sample.
-    k0 : int
-        Neighborhood size.
-    alpha : float
-        Significance level for chi-squared test.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    acceptance_rate : float
-        Fraction of samples where H0 (uniform mixing) is accepted.
-    mean_stat : float
-        Mean chi-squared statistic across samples.
-    """
-    n_samples = X.shape[0]
-    unique_batches, batch_counts = np.unique(batch_labels, return_counts=True)
-    n_batches = len(unique_batches)
-
-    if n_batches < 2:
-        return 1.0, 0.0
-
-    global_freq = batch_counts / n_samples
-    k0 = min(k0, n_samples - 1)
-
-    nn = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=k0 + 1, algorithm="auto")
-    nn.fit(X)
-    _, indices = nn.kneighbors(X)
-
-    chi2_stats = []
-    p_values = []
-    batch_to_idx = {b: i for i, b in enumerate(unique_batches)}
-
-    for i in range(n_samples):
-        neighbors = indices[i, 1 : k0 + 1]
-        neighbor_batches = batch_labels[neighbors]
-
-        observed = np.zeros(n_batches)
-        for nb in neighbor_batches:
-            observed[batch_to_idx[nb]] += 1
-
-        expected = global_freq * k0
-
-        mask = expected > 0
-        if mask.sum() < 2:
-            continue
-
-        stat = np.sum((observed[mask] - expected[mask]) ** 2 / expected[mask])
-        df = max(1, mask.sum() - 1)
-        p_val = 1 - chi2.cdf(stat, df)
-
-        chi2_stats.append(stat)
-        p_values.append(p_val)
-
-    if len(p_values) == 0:
-        return 1.0, 0.0
-
-    acceptance_rate = np.mean(np.array(p_values) > alpha)
-    mean_stat = np.mean(chi2_stats)
-
-    return acceptance_rate, mean_stat
-
-
-def _find_sigma(distances: np.ndarray, target_perplexity: float, tol: float = 1e-5) -> float:
-    """
-    Binary search for sigma to achieve target perplexity.
-
-    Used in LISI computation.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    distances : np.ndarray
-        Distances to neighbors.
-    target_perplexity : float
-        Target perplexity value.
-    tol : float
-        Tolerance for convergence.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Sigma value.
-    """
-    target_H = np.log2(target_perplexity + 1e-10)
-
-    sigma_min, sigma_max = 1e-10, 1e10
-    sigma = 1.0
-
-    for _ in range(50):
-        P = np.exp(-(distances**2) / (2 * sigma**2 + 1e-10))
-        P_sum = P.sum()
-        if P_sum < 1e-10:
-            sigma = (sigma + sigma_max) / 2
-            continue
-        P = P / P_sum
-        P = np.clip(P, 1e-10, 1.0)
-        H = -np.sum(P * np.log2(P))
-
-        if abs(H - target_H) < tol:
-            break
-        elif target_H > H:
-            sigma_min = sigma
-        else:
-            sigma_max = sigma
-        sigma = (sigma_min + sigma_max) / 2
-
-    return sigma
-
-
-def _lisi_score(
-    X: np.ndarray,
-    batch_labels: np.ndarray,
-    perplexity: int = 30,
-) -> float:
-    """
-    Compute mean Local Inverse Simpson's Index (LISI).
-
-    Range: [1, n_batches], where n_batches = perfect mixing.
-    Higher = better batch mixing.
-
-    Reference: Korsunsky et al. (2019) Nature Methods (Harmony paper)
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X : np.ndarray
-        Data matrix.
-    batch_labels : np.ndarray
-        Batch labels for each sample.
-    perplexity : int
-        Perplexity for Gaussian kernel.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Mean LISI score.
-    """
-    n_samples = X.shape[0]
-    unique_batches = np.unique(batch_labels)
-    n_batches = len(unique_batches)
-    batch_to_idx = {b: i for i, b in enumerate(unique_batches)}
-
-    if n_batches < 2:
-        return 1.0
-
-    k = min(3 * perplexity, n_samples - 1)
-
-    nn = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=k + 1, algorithm="auto")
-    nn.fit(X)
-    distances, indices = nn.kneighbors(X)
-
-    distances = distances[:, 1:]
-    indices = indices[:, 1:]
-
-    lisi_values = []
-
-    for i in range(n_samples):
-        sigma = _find_sigma(distances[i], perplexity)
-
-        P = np.exp(-(distances[i] ** 2) / (2 * sigma**2 + 1e-10))
-        P_sum = P.sum()
-        if P_sum < 1e-10:
-            lisi_values.append(1.0)
-            continue
-        P = P / P_sum
-
-        neighbor_batches = batch_labels[indices[i]]
-        batch_probs = np.zeros(n_batches)
-        for j, nb in enumerate(neighbor_batches):
-            batch_probs[batch_to_idx[nb]] += P[j]
-
-        simpson = np.sum(batch_probs**2)
-        lisi = n_batches if simpson < 1e-10 else 1.0 / simpson
-        lisi_values.append(lisi)
-
-    return np.mean(lisi_values)
-
-
-def _variance_ratio(X: np.ndarray, batch_labels: np.ndarray) -> float:
-    """
-    Compute between-batch to within-batch variance ratio.
-
-    Similar to F-statistic in one-way ANOVA.
-    Lower ratio after correction = better batch effect removal.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X : np.ndarray
-        Data matrix.
-    batch_labels : np.ndarray
-        Batch labels for each sample.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Variance ratio (between/within).
-    """
-    unique_batches = np.unique(batch_labels)
-    n_batches = len(unique_batches)
-    n_samples = X.shape[0]
-
-    if n_batches < 2:
-        return 0.0
-
-    grand_mean = np.mean(X, axis=0)
-
-    between_var = 0.0
-    within_var = 0.0
-
-    for batch in unique_batches:
-        mask = batch_labels == batch
-        n_b = np.sum(mask)
-        X_batch = X[mask]
-        batch_mean = np.mean(X_batch, axis=0)
-
-        between_var += n_b * np.sum((batch_mean - grand_mean) ** 2)
-        within_var += np.sum((X_batch - batch_mean) ** 2)
-
-    between_var /= n_batches - 1
-    within_var /= n_samples - n_batches
-
-    if within_var < 1e-10:
-        return 0.0
-
-    return between_var / within_var
-
-
-def _knn_preservation(
-    X_before: np.ndarray,
-    X_after: np.ndarray,
-    k_values: list[int],
-    n_jobs: int = 1,
-) -> dict[int, float]:
-    """
-    Compute fraction of k-nearest neighbors preserved after correction.
-
-    Range: [0, 1], where 1 = perfect preservation.
-    Higher = better biological structure preservation.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X_before : np.ndarray
-        Original data.
-    X_after : np.ndarray
-        Corrected data.
-    k_values : list of int
-        Values of k for k-NN.
-    n_jobs : int
-        Number of parallel jobs.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        Mapping from k to preservation fraction.
-    """
-    results = {}
-    max_k = max(k_values)
-    max_k = min(max_k, X_before.shape[0] - 1)
-
-    nn_before = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=max_k + 1, algorithm="auto", n_jobs=n_jobs)
-    nn_before.fit(X_before)
-    _, indices_before = nn_before.kneighbors(X_before)
-
-    nn_after = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=max_k + 1, algorithm="auto", n_jobs=n_jobs)
-    nn_after.fit(X_after)
-    _, indices_after = nn_after.kneighbors(X_after)
-
-    for k in k_values:
-        if k > max_k:
-            results[k] = 0.0
-            continue
-
-        overlaps = []
-        for i in range(X_before.shape[0]):
-            neighbors_before = set(indices_before[i, 1 : k + 1])
-            neighbors_after = set(indices_after[i, 1 : k + 1])
-            overlap = len(neighbors_before & neighbors_after) / k
-            overlaps.append(overlap)
-
-        results[k] = np.mean(overlaps)
-
-    return results
-
-
-def _pairwise_distance_correlation(
-    X_before: np.ndarray,
-    X_after: np.ndarray,
-    subsample: int = 1000,
-    random_state: int = 42,
-) -> float:
-    """
-    Compute Spearman correlation of pairwise distances.
-
-    Range: [-1, 1], where 1 = perfect rank preservation.
-    Higher = better relative relationship preservation.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X_before : np.ndarray
-        Original data.
-    X_after : np.ndarray
-        Corrected data.
-    subsample : int
-        Maximum samples to use (for efficiency).
-    random_state : int
-        Random seed for subsampling.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Spearman correlation coefficient.
-    """
-    n_samples = X_before.shape[0]
-
-    if n_samples > subsample:
-        rng = np.random.default_rng(random_state)
-        idx = rng.choice(n_samples, subsample, replace=False)
-        X_before = X_before[idx]
-        X_after = X_after[idx]
-
-    dist_before = pdist(X_before, metric="euclidean")
-    dist_after = pdist(X_after, metric="euclidean")
-
-    if len(dist_before) == 0:
-        return 1.0
-
-    corr, _ = spearmanr(dist_before, dist_after)
-
-    if np.isnan(corr):
-        return 1.0
-
-    return corr
-
-
-def _mean_centroid_distance(X: np.ndarray, batch_labels: np.ndarray) -> float:
-    """
-    Compute mean pairwise Euclidean distance between batch centroids.
-
-    Lower after correction = better batch alignment.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X : np.ndarray
-        Data matrix.
-    batch_labels : np.ndarray
-        Batch labels for each sample.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Mean pairwise distance between centroids.
-    """
-    unique_batches = np.unique(batch_labels)
-    n_batches = len(unique_batches)
-
-    if n_batches < 2:
-        return 0.0
-
-    centroids = []
-    for batch in unique_batches:
-        mask = batch_labels == batch
-        centroid = np.mean(X[mask], axis=0)
-        centroids.append(centroid)
-
-    centroids = np.array(centroids)
-    distances = pdist(centroids, metric="euclidean")
-
-    return np.mean(distances)
-
-
-def _levene_median_statistic(X: np.ndarray, batch_labels: np.ndarray) -> float:
-    """
-    Compute median Levene test statistic across features.
-
-    Lower statistic = more homogeneous variances across batches.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    X : np.ndarray
-        Data matrix.
-    batch_labels : np.ndarray
-        Batch labels for each sample.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Median Levene test statistic.
-    """
-    unique_batches = np.unique(batch_labels)
-    if len(unique_batches) < 2:
-        return 0.0
-
-    levene_stats = []
-    for j in range(X.shape[1]):
-        groups = [X[batch_labels == b, j] for b in unique_batches]
-        groups = [g for g in groups if len(g) > 0]
-        if len(groups) < 2:
-            continue
-        try:
-            stat, _ = levene(*groups, center="median")
-            if not np.isnan(stat):
-                levene_stats.append(stat)
-        except Exception:
-            continue
-
-    if len(levene_stats) == 0:
-        return 0.0
-
-    return np.median(levene_stats)
-
-
-class ComBatModel:
-    """ComBat algorithm.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    method : {'johnson', 'fortin', 'chen'}, default='johnson'
-        * 'johnson' - classic ComBat.
-        * 'fortin' - covariate-aware ComBat.
-        * 'chen' - CovBat, PCA-based ComBat.
-    parametric : bool, default=True
-        Use the parametric empirical Bayes variant.
-    mean_only : bool, default=False
-        If True, only the mean is adjusted (`gamma_star`),
-        ignoring the variance (`delta_star`).
-    reference_batch : str, optional
-        If specified, the batch level to use as reference.
-    covbat_cov_thresh : float or int, default=0.9
-        CovBat: cumulative variance threshold (0, 1] to retain PCs, or
-        integer >= 1 specifying the number of components directly.
-    eps : float, default=1e-8
-        Numerical jitter to avoid division-by-zero.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        *,
-        method: Literal["johnson", "fortin", "chen"] = "johnson",
-        parametric: bool = True,
-        mean_only: bool = False,
-        reference_batch: str | None = None,
-        eps: float = 1e-8,
-        covbat_cov_thresh: float | int = 0.9,
-    ) -> None:
-        self.method: str = method
-        self.parametric: bool = parametric
-        self.mean_only: bool = bool(mean_only)
-        self.reference_batch: str | None = reference_batch
-        self.eps: float = float(eps)
-        self.covbat_cov_thresh: float | int = covbat_cov_thresh
-
-        self._batch_levels: pd.Index
-        self._grand_mean: pd.Series
-        self._pooled_var: pd.Series
-        self._gamma_star: FloatArray
-        self._delta_star: FloatArray
-        self._n_per_batch: dict[str, int]
-        self._reference_batch_idx: int | None
-        self._beta_hat_nonbatch: FloatArray
-        self._n_batch: int
-        self._p_design: int
-        self._covbat_pca: PCA
-        self._covbat_n_pc: int
-        self._batch_levels_pc: pd.Index
-        self._pc_gamma_star: FloatArray
-        self._pc_delta_star: FloatArray
-
-        # Validate covbat_cov_thresh
-        if isinstance(self.covbat_cov_thresh, float):
-            if not (0.0 < self.covbat_cov_thresh <= 1.0):
-                raise ValueError("covbat_cov_thresh must be in (0, 1] when float.")
-        elif isinstance(self.covbat_cov_thresh, int):
-            if self.covbat_cov_thresh < 1:
-                raise ValueError("covbat_cov_thresh must be >= 1 when int.")
-        else:
-            raise TypeError("covbat_cov_thresh must be float or int.")
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _as_series(arr: ArrayLike, index: pd.Index, name: str) -> pd.Series:
-        """Convert array-like to categorical Series with validation."""
-        ser = arr.copy() if isinstance(arr, pd.Series) else pd.Series(arr, index=index, name=name)
-        if not ser.index.equals(index):
-            raise ValueError(f"`{name}` index mismatch with `X`.")
-        return ser.astype("category")
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _to_df(arr: ArrayLike | None, index: pd.Index, name: str) -> pd.DataFrame | None:
-        """Convert array-like to DataFrame."""
-        if arr is None:
-            return None
-        if isinstance(arr, pd.Series):
-            arr = arr.to_frame()
-        if not isinstance(arr, pd.DataFrame):
-            arr = pd.DataFrame(arr, index=index)
-        if not arr.index.equals(index):
-            raise ValueError(f"`{name}` index mismatch with `X`.")
-        return arr
-
-    def fit(
-        self,
-        X: ArrayLike,
-        y: ArrayLike | None = None,
-        *,
-        batch: ArrayLike,
-        discrete_covariates: ArrayLike | None = None,
-        continuous_covariates: ArrayLike | None = None,
-    ) -> ComBatModel:
-        """Fit the ComBat model."""
-        method = self.method.lower()
-        if method not in {"johnson", "fortin", "chen"}:
-            raise ValueError("method must be 'johnson', 'fortin', or 'chen'.")
-        if not isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
-            X = pd.DataFrame(X)
-        idx = X.index
-        batch = self._as_series(batch, idx, "batch")
-
-        disc = self._to_df(discrete_covariates, idx, "discrete_covariates")
-        cont = self._to_df(continuous_covariates, idx, "continuous_covariates")
-
-        if self.reference_batch is not None and self.reference_batch not in batch.cat.categories:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"reference_batch={self.reference_batch!r} not present in the data batches."
-                f"{list(batch.cat.categories)}"
-            )
-
-        if method == "johnson":
-            if disc is not None or cont is not None:
-                warnings.warn("Covariates are ignored when using method='johnson'.", stacklevel=2)
-            self._fit_johnson(X, batch)
-        elif method == "fortin":
-            self._fit_fortin(X, batch, disc, cont)
-        elif method == "chen":
-            self._fit_chen(X, batch, disc, cont)
-        return self
-
-    def _fit_johnson(self, X: pd.DataFrame, batch: pd.Series) -> None:
-        """Johnson et al. (2007) ComBat."""
-        self._batch_levels = batch.cat.categories
-        pooled_var = X.var(axis=0, ddof=1) + self.eps
-        grand_mean = X.mean(axis=0)
-
-        Xs = (X - grand_mean) / np.sqrt(pooled_var)
-
-        n_per_batch: dict[str, int] = {}
-        gamma_hat: list[npt.NDArray[np.float64]] = []
-        delta_hat: list[npt.NDArray[np.float64]] = []
-
-        for lvl in self._batch_levels:
-            idx = batch == lvl
-            n_b = int(idx.sum())
-            if n_b < 2:
-                raise ValueError(f"Batch '{lvl}' has <2 samples.")
-            n_per_batch[str(lvl)] = n_b
-            xb = Xs.loc[idx]
-            gamma_hat.append(xb.mean(axis=0).values)
-            delta_hat.append(xb.var(axis=0, ddof=1).values + self.eps)
-
-        gamma_hat_arr = np.vstack(gamma_hat)
-        delta_hat_arr = np.vstack(delta_hat)
-
-        if self.mean_only:
-            gamma_star = self._shrink_gamma(
-                gamma_hat_arr, delta_hat_arr, n_per_batch, parametric=self.parametric
-            )
-            delta_star = np.ones_like(delta_hat_arr)
-        else:
-            gamma_star, delta_star = self._shrink_gamma_delta(
-                gamma_hat_arr, delta_hat_arr, n_per_batch, parametric=self.parametric
-            )
-
-        if self.reference_batch is not None:
-            ref_idx = list(self._batch_levels).index(self.reference_batch)
-            gamma_ref = gamma_star[ref_idx]
-            delta_ref = delta_star[ref_idx]
-            gamma_star = gamma_star - gamma_ref
-            if not self.mean_only:
-                delta_star = delta_star / delta_ref
-            self._reference_batch_idx = ref_idx
-        else:
-            self._reference_batch_idx = None
-
-        self._grand_mean = grand_mean
-        self._pooled_var = pooled_var
-        self._gamma_star = gamma_star
-        self._delta_star = delta_star
-        self._n_per_batch = n_per_batch
-
-    def _fit_fortin(
-        self,
-        X: pd.DataFrame,
-        batch: pd.Series,
-        disc: pd.DataFrame | None,
-        cont: pd.DataFrame | None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Fortin et al. (2018) neuroComBat."""
-        self._batch_levels = batch.cat.categories
-        n_batch = len(self._batch_levels)
-        n_samples = len(X)
-
-        batch_dummies = pd.get_dummies(batch, drop_first=False).astype(float)
-        if self.reference_batch is not None:
-            if self.reference_batch not in self._batch_levels:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"reference_batch={self.reference_batch!r} not present in batches."
-                    f"{list(self._batch_levels)}"
-                )
-            batch_dummies.loc[:, self.reference_batch] = 1.0
-
-        parts: list[pd.DataFrame] = [batch_dummies]
-        if disc is not None:
-            parts.append(pd.get_dummies(disc.astype("category"), drop_first=True).astype(float))
-
-        if cont is not None:
-            parts.append(cont.astype(float))
-
-        design = pd.concat(parts, axis=1).values
-        p_design = design.shape[1]
-
-        X_np = X.values
-        beta_hat = la.lstsq(design, X_np, rcond=None)[0]
-
-        beta_hat_batch = beta_hat[:n_batch]
-        self._beta_hat_nonbatch = beta_hat[n_batch:]
-
-        n_per_batch = batch.value_counts().sort_index().astype(int).values
-        self._n_per_batch = dict(zip(self._batch_levels, n_per_batch, strict=True))
-
-        if self.reference_batch is not None:
-            ref_idx = list(self._batch_levels).index(self.reference_batch)
-            grand_mean = beta_hat_batch[ref_idx]
-        else:
-            grand_mean = (n_per_batch / n_samples) @ beta_hat_batch
-            ref_idx = None
-
-        self._grand_mean = pd.Series(grand_mean, index=X.columns)
-
-        if self.reference_batch is not None:
-            ref_mask = (batch == self.reference_batch).values
-            resid = X_np[ref_mask] - design[ref_mask] @ beta_hat
-            denom = int(ref_mask.sum())
-        else:
-            resid = X_np - design @ beta_hat
-            denom = n_samples
-        var_pooled = (resid**2).sum(axis=0) / denom + self.eps
-        self._pooled_var = pd.Series(var_pooled, index=X.columns)
-
-        stand_mean = grand_mean + design[:, n_batch:] @ self._beta_hat_nonbatch
-        Xs = (X_np - stand_mean) / np.sqrt(var_pooled)
-
-        gamma_hat = np.vstack([Xs[batch == lvl].mean(axis=0) for lvl in self._batch_levels])
-        delta_hat = np.vstack(
-            [Xs[batch == lvl].var(axis=0, ddof=1) + self.eps for lvl in self._batch_levels]
-        )
-
-        if self.mean_only:
-            gamma_star = self._shrink_gamma(
-                gamma_hat, delta_hat, n_per_batch, parametric=self.parametric
-            )
-            delta_star = np.ones_like(delta_hat)
-        else:
-            gamma_star, delta_star = self._shrink_gamma_delta(
-                gamma_hat, delta_hat, n_per_batch, parametric=self.parametric
-            )
-
-        if ref_idx is not None:
-            gamma_star[ref_idx] = 0.0
-            if not self.mean_only:
-                delta_star[ref_idx] = 1.0
-        self._reference_batch_idx = ref_idx
-
-        self._gamma_star = gamma_star
-        self._delta_star = delta_star
-        self._n_batch = n_batch
-        self._p_design = p_design
-
-    def _fit_chen(
-        self,
-        X: pd.DataFrame,
-        batch: pd.Series,
-        disc: pd.DataFrame | None,
-        cont: pd.DataFrame | None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Chen et al. (2022) CovBat."""
-        self._fit_fortin(X, batch, disc, cont)
-        X_meanvar_adj = self._transform_fortin(X, batch, disc, cont)
-        X_centered = X_meanvar_adj - X_meanvar_adj.mean(axis=0)
-        pca = PCA(svd_solver="full", whiten=False).fit(X_centered)
-
-        # Determine number of components based on threshold type
-        if isinstance(self.covbat_cov_thresh, int):
-            n_pc = min(self.covbat_cov_thresh, len(pca.explained_variance_ratio_))
-        else:
-            cumulative = np.cumsum(pca.explained_variance_ratio_)
-            n_pc = int(np.searchsorted(cumulative, self.covbat_cov_thresh) + 1)
-
-        self._covbat_pca = pca
-        self._covbat_n_pc = n_pc
-
-        scores = pca.transform(X_centered)[:, :n_pc]
-        scores_df = pd.DataFrame(scores, index=X.index, columns=[f"PC{i + 1}" for i in range(n_pc)])
-        self._batch_levels_pc = self._batch_levels
-        n_per_batch = self._n_per_batch
-
-        gamma_hat: list[npt.NDArray[np.float64]] = []
-        delta_hat: list[npt.NDArray[np.float64]] = []
-        for lvl in self._batch_levels_pc:
-            idx = batch == lvl
-            xb = scores_df.loc[idx]
-            gamma_hat.append(xb.mean(axis=0).values)
-            delta_hat.append(xb.var(axis=0, ddof=1).values + self.eps)
-        gamma_hat_arr = np.vstack(gamma_hat)
-        delta_hat_arr = np.vstack(delta_hat)
-
-        if self.mean_only:
-            gamma_star = self._shrink_gamma(
-                gamma_hat_arr, delta_hat_arr, n_per_batch, parametric=self.parametric
-            )
-            delta_star = np.ones_like(delta_hat_arr)
-        else:
-            gamma_star, delta_star = self._shrink_gamma_delta(
-                gamma_hat_arr, delta_hat_arr, n_per_batch, parametric=self.parametric
-            )
-
-        if self.reference_batch is not None:
-            ref_idx = list(self._batch_levels_pc).index(self.reference_batch)
-            gamma_ref = gamma_star[ref_idx]
-            delta_ref = delta_star[ref_idx]
-            gamma_star = gamma_star - gamma_ref
-            if not self.mean_only:
-                delta_star = delta_star / delta_ref
-
-        self._pc_gamma_star = gamma_star
-        self._pc_delta_star = delta_star
-
-    def _shrink_gamma_delta(
-        self,
-        gamma_hat: FloatArray,
-        delta_hat: FloatArray,
-        n_per_batch: dict[str, int] | FloatArray,
-        *,
-        parametric: bool,
-        max_iter: int = 100,
-        tol: float = 1e-4,
-    ) -> tuple[FloatArray, FloatArray]:
-        """Empirical Bayes shrinkage estimation."""
-        if parametric:
-            gamma_bar = gamma_hat.mean(axis=0)
-            t2 = gamma_hat.var(axis=0, ddof=1)
-            a_prior = (delta_hat.mean(axis=0) ** 2) / delta_hat.var(axis=0, ddof=1) + 2
-            b_prior = delta_hat.mean(axis=0) * (a_prior - 1)
-
-            B, _p = gamma_hat.shape
-            gamma_star = np.empty_like(gamma_hat)
-            delta_star = np.empty_like(delta_hat)
-            n_vec = (
-                np.array(list(n_per_batch.values()))
-                if isinstance(n_per_batch, dict)
-                else n_per_batch
-            )
-
-            for i in range(B):
-                n_i = n_vec[i]
-                g, d = gamma_hat[i], delta_hat[i]
-                gamma_post_var = 1.0 / (n_i / d + 1.0 / t2)
-                gamma_star[i] = gamma_post_var * (n_i * g / d + gamma_bar / t2)
-
-                a_post = a_prior + n_i / 2.0
-                b_post = b_prior + 0.5 * n_i * d
-                delta_star[i] = b_post / (a_post - 1)
-            return gamma_star, delta_star
-
-        else:
-            B, _p = gamma_hat.shape
-            n_vec = (
-                np.array(list(n_per_batch.values()))
-                if isinstance(n_per_batch, dict)
-                else n_per_batch
-            )
-            gamma_bar = gamma_hat.mean(axis=0)
-            t2 = gamma_hat.var(axis=0, ddof=1)
-
-            def postmean(
-                g_hat: FloatArray,
-                g_bar: FloatArray,
-                n: float,
-                d_star: FloatArray,
-                t2_: FloatArray,
-            ) -> FloatArray:
-                return (t2_ * n * g_hat + d_star * g_bar) / (t2_ * n + d_star)
-
-            def postvar(sum2: FloatArray, n: float, a: FloatArray, b: FloatArray) -> FloatArray:
-                return (0.5 * sum2 + b) / (n / 2.0 + a - 1.0)
-
-            def aprior(delta: FloatArray) -> FloatArray:
-                m, s2 = delta.mean(), delta.var()
-                s2 = max(s2, self.eps)
-                return (2 * s2 + m**2) / s2
-
-            def bprior(delta: FloatArray) -> FloatArray:
-                m, s2 = delta.mean(), delta.var()
-                s2 = max(s2, self.eps)
-                return (m * s2 + m**3) / s2
-
-            gamma_star = np.empty_like(gamma_hat)
-            delta_star = np.empty_like(delta_hat)
-
-            for i in range(B):
-                n_i = n_vec[i]
-                g_hat_i = gamma_hat[i]
-                d_hat_i = delta_hat[i]
-                a_i = aprior(d_hat_i)
-                b_i = bprior(d_hat_i)
-
-                g_new, d_new = g_hat_i.copy(), d_hat_i.copy()
-                for _ in range(max_iter):
-                    g_prev, d_prev = g_new, d_new
-                    g_new = postmean(g_hat_i, gamma_bar, n_i, d_prev, t2)
-                    sum2 = (n_i - 1) * d_hat_i + n_i * (g_hat_i - g_new) ** 2
-                    d_new = postvar(sum2, n_i, a_i, b_i)
-                    if np.max(np.abs(g_new - g_prev) / (np.abs(g_prev) + self.eps)) < tol and (
-                        self.mean_only
-                        or np.max(np.abs(d_new - d_prev) / (np.abs(d_prev) + self.eps)) < tol
-                    ):
-                        break
-                gamma_star[i] = g_new
-                delta_star[i] = 1.0 if self.mean_only else d_new
-            return gamma_star, delta_star
-
-    def _shrink_gamma(
-        self,
-        gamma_hat: FloatArray,
-        delta_hat: FloatArray,
-        n_per_batch: dict[str, int] | FloatArray,
-        *,
-        parametric: bool,
-    ) -> FloatArray:
-        """Convenience wrapper that returns only gamma* (for *mean-only* mode)."""
-        gamma, _ = self._shrink_gamma_delta(
-            gamma_hat, delta_hat, n_per_batch, parametric=parametric
-        )
-        return gamma
-
-    def transform(
-        self,
-        X: ArrayLike,
-        *,
-        batch: ArrayLike,
-        discrete_covariates: ArrayLike | None = None,
-        continuous_covariates: ArrayLike | None = None,
-    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Transform the data using fitted ComBat parameters."""
-        if not hasattr(self, "_gamma_star"):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "This ComBatModel instance is not fitted yet. Call 'fit' before 'transform'."
-            )
-        if not isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
-            X = pd.DataFrame(X)
-        idx = X.index
-        batch = self._as_series(batch, idx, "batch")
-        unseen = set(batch.cat.categories) - set(self._batch_levels)
-        if unseen:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unseen batch levels during transform: {unseen}.")
-        disc = self._to_df(discrete_covariates, idx, "discrete_covariates")
-        cont = self._to_df(continuous_covariates, idx, "continuous_covariates")
-
-        method = self.method.lower()
-        if method == "johnson":
-            return self._transform_johnson(X, batch)
-        elif method == "fortin":
-            return self._transform_fortin(X, batch, disc, cont)
-        elif method == "chen":
-            return self._transform_chen(X, batch, disc, cont)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unknown method: {method}.")
-
-    def _transform_johnson(self, X: pd.DataFrame, batch: pd.Series) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Johnson transform implementation."""
-        pooled = self._pooled_var
-        grand = self._grand_mean
-
-        Xs = (X - grand) / np.sqrt(pooled)
-        X_adj = pd.DataFrame(index=X.index, columns=X.columns, dtype=float)
-
-        for i, lvl in enumerate(self._batch_levels):
-            idx = batch == lvl
-            if not idx.any():
-                continue
-            if self.reference_batch is not None and lvl == self.reference_batch:
-                X_adj.loc[idx] = X.loc[idx].values
-                continue
-
-            g = self._gamma_star[i]
-            d = self._delta_star[i]
-            Xb = Xs.loc[idx] - g if self.mean_only else (Xs.loc[idx] - g) / np.sqrt(d)
-            X_adj.loc[idx] = (Xb * np.sqrt(pooled) + grand).values
-        return X_adj
-
-    def _transform_fortin(
-        self,
-        X: pd.DataFrame,
-        batch: pd.Series,
-        disc: pd.DataFrame | None,
-        cont: pd.DataFrame | None,
-    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Fortin transform implementation."""
-        batch_dummies = pd.get_dummies(batch, drop_first=False).astype(float)[self._batch_levels]
-        if self.reference_batch is not None:
-            batch_dummies.loc[:, self.reference_batch] = 1.0
-
-        parts = [batch_dummies]
-        if disc is not None:
-            parts.append(pd.get_dummies(disc.astype("category"), drop_first=True).astype(float))
-        if cont is not None:
-            parts.append(cont.astype(float))
-
-        design = pd.concat(parts, axis=1).values
-
-        X_np = X.values
-        stand_mu = self._grand_mean.values + design[:, self._n_batch :] @ self._beta_hat_nonbatch
-        Xs = (X_np - stand_mu) / np.sqrt(self._pooled_var.values)
-
-        for i, lvl in enumerate(self._batch_levels):
-            idx = batch == lvl
-            if not idx.any():
-                continue
-            if self.reference_batch is not None and lvl == self.reference_batch:
-                # leave reference samples unchanged
-                continue
-
-            g = self._gamma_star[i]
-            d = self._delta_star[i]
-            if self.mean_only:
-                Xs[idx] = Xs[idx] - g
-            else:
-                Xs[idx] = (Xs[idx] - g) / np.sqrt(d)
-
-        X_adj = Xs * np.sqrt(self._pooled_var.values) + stand_mu
-        return pd.DataFrame(X_adj, index=X.index, columns=X.columns, dtype=float)
-
-    def _transform_chen(
-        self,
-        X: pd.DataFrame,
-        batch: pd.Series,
-        disc: pd.DataFrame | None,
-        cont: pd.DataFrame | None,
-    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Chen transform implementation."""
-        X_meanvar_adj = self._transform_fortin(X, batch, disc, cont)
-        X_centered = X_meanvar_adj - self._covbat_pca.mean_
-        scores = self._covbat_pca.transform(X_centered)
-        n_pc = self._covbat_n_pc
-        scores_adj = scores.copy()
-
-        for i, lvl in enumerate(self._batch_levels_pc):
-            idx = batch == lvl
-            if not idx.any():
-                continue
-            if self.reference_batch is not None and lvl == self.reference_batch:
-                continue
-            g = self._pc_gamma_star[i]
-            d = self._pc_delta_star[i]
-            if self.mean_only:
-                scores_adj[idx, :n_pc] = scores_adj[idx, :n_pc] - g
-            else:
-                scores_adj[idx, :n_pc] = (scores_adj[idx, :n_pc] - g) / np.sqrt(d)
-
-        X_recon = self._covbat_pca.inverse_transform(scores_adj) + self._covbat_pca.mean_
-        return pd.DataFrame(X_recon, index=X.index, columns=X.columns)
-
-
-class ComBat(BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin):
-    """Pipeline-friendly wrapper around `ComBatModel`.
-
-    Stores batch (and optional covariates) passed at construction and
-    appropriately uses them for separate `fit` and `transform`.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        batch: ArrayLike,
-        *,
-        discrete_covariates: ArrayLike | None = None,
-        continuous_covariates: ArrayLike | None = None,
-        method: str = "johnson",
-        parametric: bool = True,
-        mean_only: bool = False,
-        reference_batch: str | None = None,
-        eps: float = 1e-8,
-        covbat_cov_thresh: float | int = 0.9,
-        compute_metrics: bool = False,
-    ) -> None:
-        self.batch = batch
-        self.discrete_covariates = discrete_covariates
-        self.continuous_covariates = continuous_covariates
-        self.method = method
-        self.parametric = parametric
-        self.mean_only = mean_only
-        self.reference_batch = reference_batch
-        self.eps = eps
-        self.covbat_cov_thresh = covbat_cov_thresh
-        self.compute_metrics = compute_metrics
-        self._model = ComBatModel(
-            method=method,
-            parametric=parametric,
-            mean_only=mean_only,
-            reference_batch=reference_batch,
-            eps=eps,
-            covbat_cov_thresh=covbat_cov_thresh,
-        )
-
-    def fit(self, X: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike | None = None) -> ComBat:
-        """Fit the ComBat model."""
-        idx = X.index if isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame) else pd.RangeIndex(len(X))
-        batch_vec = self._subset(self.batch, idx)
-        disc = self._subset(self.discrete_covariates, idx)
-        cont = self._subset(self.continuous_covariates, idx)
-        self._model.fit(
-            X,
-            batch=batch_vec,
-            discrete_covariates=disc,
-            continuous_covariates=cont,
-        )
-        self._fitted_batch = batch_vec
-        return self
-
-    def transform(self, X: ArrayLike) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """Transform the data using fitted ComBat parameters."""
-        idx = X.index if isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame) else pd.RangeIndex(len(X))
-        batch_vec = self._subset(self.batch, idx)
-        disc = self._subset(self.discrete_covariates, idx)
-        cont = self._subset(self.continuous_covariates, idx)
-        return self._model.transform(
-            X,
-            batch=batch_vec,
-            discrete_covariates=disc,
-            continuous_covariates=cont,
-        )
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _subset(obj: ArrayLike | None, idx: pd.Index) -> pd.DataFrame | pd.Series | None:
-        """Subset array-like object by index."""
-        if obj is None:
-            return None
-        if isinstance(obj, (pd.Series, pd.DataFrame)):
-            return obj.loc[idx]
-        else:
-            if isinstance(obj, np.ndarray) and obj.ndim == 1:
-                return pd.Series(obj, index=idx)
-            else:
-                return pd.DataFrame(obj, index=idx)
-
-    @property
-    def metrics_(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
-        """Return cached metrics from last fit_transform with compute_metrics=True.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        dict or None
-            Cached metrics dictionary, or None if no metrics have been computed.
-        """
-        return getattr(self, "_metrics_cache", None)
-
-    def compute_batch_metrics(
-        self,
-        X: ArrayLike,
-        batch: ArrayLike | None = None,
-        *,
-        pca_components: int | None = None,
-        k_neighbors: list[int] | None = None,
-        kbet_k0: int | None = None,
-        lisi_perplexity: int = 30,
-        n_jobs: int = 1,
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Compute batch effect metrics before and after ComBat correction.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
-            Input data to evaluate.
-        batch : array-like of shape (n_samples,), optional
-            Batch labels. If None, uses the batch stored at construction.
-        pca_components : int, optional
-            Number of PCA components for dimensionality reduction before
-            computing metrics. If None (default), metrics are computed in
-            the original feature space. Must be less than min(n_samples, n_features).
-        k_neighbors : list of int, default=[5, 10, 50]
-            Values of k for k-NN preservation metric.
-        kbet_k0 : int, optional
-            Neighborhood size for kBET. Default is 10% of samples.
-        lisi_perplexity : int, default=30
-            Perplexity for LISI computation.
-        n_jobs : int, default=1
-            Number of parallel jobs for neighbor computations.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        dict
-            Dictionary with three main keys:
-
-            - ``batch_effect``: Silhouette, Davies-Bouldin, kBET, LISI, variance ratio
-              (each with 'before' and 'after' values)
-            - ``preservation``: k-NN preservation fractions, distance correlation
-            - ``alignment``: Centroid distance, Levene statistic (each with
-              'before' and 'after' values)
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError
-            If the model is not fitted or if pca_components is invalid.
-        """
-        if not hasattr(self._model, "_gamma_star"):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "This ComBat instance is not fitted yet. Call 'fit' before 'compute_batch_metrics'."
-            )
-
-        if not isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
-            X = pd.DataFrame(X)
-
-        idx = X.index
-
-        if batch is None:
-            batch_vec = self._subset(self.batch, idx)
-        else:
-            if isinstance(batch, (pd.Series, pd.DataFrame)):
-                batch_vec = batch.loc[idx] if hasattr(batch, "loc") else batch
-            elif isinstance(batch, np.ndarray):
-                batch_vec = pd.Series(batch, index=idx)
-            else:
-                batch_vec = pd.Series(batch, index=idx)
-
-        batch_labels = np.array(batch_vec)
-
-        X_before = X.values
-        X_after = self.transform(X).values
-
-        n_samples, n_features = X_before.shape
-        if kbet_k0 is None:
-            kbet_k0 = max(10, int(0.10 * n_samples))
-        if k_neighbors is None:
-            k_neighbors = [5, 10, 50]
-
-        # Validate and apply PCA if requested
-        if pca_components is not None:
-            max_components = min(n_samples, n_features)
-            if pca_components >= max_components:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"pca_components={pca_components} must be less than "
-                    f"min(n_samples, n_features)={max_components}."
-                )
-            X_before_pca, X_after_pca, _ = _compute_pca_embedding(X_before, X_after, pca_components)
-        else:
-            X_before_pca = X_before
-            X_after_pca = X_after
-
-        silhouette_before = _silhouette_batch(X_before_pca, batch_labels)
-        silhouette_after = _silhouette_batch(X_after_pca, batch_labels)
-
-        db_before = _davies_bouldin_batch(X_before_pca, batch_labels)
-        db_after = _davies_bouldin_batch(X_after_pca, batch_labels)
-
-        kbet_before, _ = _kbet_score(X_before_pca, batch_labels, kbet_k0)
-        kbet_after, _ = _kbet_score(X_after_pca, batch_labels, kbet_k0)
-
-        lisi_before = _lisi_score(X_before_pca, batch_labels, lisi_perplexity)
-        lisi_after = _lisi_score(X_after_pca, batch_labels, lisi_perplexity)
-
-        var_ratio_before = _variance_ratio(X_before_pca, batch_labels)
-        var_ratio_after = _variance_ratio(X_after_pca, batch_labels)
-
-        knn_results = _knn_preservation(X_before_pca, X_after_pca, k_neighbors, n_jobs)
-        dist_corr = _pairwise_distance_correlation(X_before_pca, X_after_pca)
-
-        centroid_before = _mean_centroid_distance(X_before_pca, batch_labels)
-        centroid_after = _mean_centroid_distance(X_after_pca, batch_labels)
-
-        levene_before = _levene_median_statistic(X_before, batch_labels)
-        levene_after = _levene_median_statistic(X_after, batch_labels)
-
-        n_batches = len(np.unique(batch_labels))
-
-        metrics = {
-            "batch_effect": {
-                "silhouette": {
-                    "before": silhouette_before,
-                    "after": silhouette_after,
-                },
-                "davies_bouldin": {
-                    "before": db_before,
-                    "after": db_after,
-                },
-                "kbet": {
-                    "before": kbet_before,
-                    "after": kbet_after,
-                },
-                "lisi": {
-                    "before": lisi_before,
-                    "after": lisi_after,
-                    "max_value": n_batches,
-                },
-                "variance_ratio": {
-                    "before": var_ratio_before,
-                    "after": var_ratio_after,
-                },
-            },
-            "preservation": {
-                "knn": knn_results,
-                "distance_correlation": dist_corr,
-            },
-            "alignment": {
-                "centroid_distance": {
-                    "before": centroid_before,
-                    "after": centroid_after,
-                },
-                "levene_statistic": {
-                    "before": levene_before,
-                    "after": levene_after,
-                },
-            },
-        }
-
-        return metrics
-
-    def fit_transform(self, X: ArrayLike, y: ArrayLike | None = None) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        """
-        Fit and transform the data, optionally computing metrics.
-
-        If ``compute_metrics=True`` was set at construction, batch effect
-        metrics are computed and cached in the ``metrics_`` property.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
-            Input data to fit and transform.
-        y : None
-            Ignored. Present for API compatibility.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        X_transformed : pd.DataFrame
-            Batch-corrected data.
-        """
-        self.fit(X, y)
-        X_transformed = self.transform(X)
-
-        if self.compute_metrics:
-            self._metrics_cache = self.compute_batch_metrics(X)
-
-        return X_transformed
-
-    def plot_transformation(
-        self,
-        X: ArrayLike,
-        *,
-        reduction_method: Literal["pca", "tsne", "umap"] = "pca",
-        n_components: Literal[2, 3] = 2,
-        plot_type: Literal["static", "interactive"] = "static",
-        figsize: tuple[int, int] = (12, 5),
-        alpha: float = 0.7,
-        point_size: int = 50,
-        cmap: str = "Set1",
-        title: str | None = None,
-        show_legend: bool = True,
-        return_embeddings: bool = False,
-        **reduction_kwargs,
-    ) -> Any | tuple[Any, dict[str, FloatArray]]:
-        """
-        Visualize the ComBat transformation effect using dimensionality reduction.
-
-        It shows a before/after comparison of data transformed by `ComBat` using
-        PCA, t-SNE, or UMAP to reduce dimensions for visualization.
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
-            Input data to transform and visualize.
-
-        reduction_method : {`'pca'`, `'tsne'`, `'umap'`}, default=`'pca'`
-            Dimensionality reduction method.
-
-        n_components : {2, 3}, default=2
-            Number of components for dimensionality reduction.
-
-        plot_type : {`'static'`, `'interactive'`}, default=`'static'`
-            Visualization type:
-            - `'static'`: matplotlib plots (can be saved as images)
-            - `'interactive'`: plotly plots (explorable, requires plotly)
-
-        return_embeddings : bool, default=False
-            If `True`, return embeddings along with the plot.
-
-        **reduction_kwargs : dict
-            Additional parameters for reduction methods.
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-        fig : matplotlib.figure.Figure or plotly.graph_objects.Figure
-            The figure object containing the plots.
-
-        embeddings : dict, optional
-            If `return_embeddings=True`, dictionary with:
-            - `'original'`: embedding of original data
-            - `'transformed'`: embedding of ComBat-transformed data
-        """
-        if not hasattr(self._model, "_gamma_star"):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "This ComBat instance is not fitted yet. Call 'fit' before 'plot_transformation'."
-            )
-
-        if n_components not in [2, 3]:
-            raise ValueError(f"n_components must be 2 or 3, got {n_components}")
-        if reduction_method not in ["pca", "tsne", "umap"]:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"reduction_method must be 'pca', 'tsne', or 'umap', got '{reduction_method}'"
-            )
-        if plot_type not in ["static", "interactive"]:
-            raise ValueError(f"plot_type must be 'static' or 'interactive', got '{plot_type}'")
-
-        if not isinstance(X, pd.DataFrame):
-            X = pd.DataFrame(X)
-
-        idx = X.index
-        batch_vec = self._subset(self.batch, idx)
-        if batch_vec is None:
-            raise ValueError("Batch information is required for visualization")
-
-        X_transformed = self.transform(X)
-
-        X_np = X.values
-        X_trans_np = X_transformed.values
-
-        if reduction_method == "pca":
-            reducer_orig = PCA(n_components=n_components, **reduction_kwargs)
-            reducer_trans = PCA(n_components=n_components, **reduction_kwargs)
-        elif reduction_method == "tsne":
-            tsne_params = {"perplexity": 30, "max_iter": 1000, "random_state": 42}
-            tsne_params.update(reduction_kwargs)
-            reducer_orig = TSNE(n_components=n_components, **tsne_params)
-            reducer_trans = TSNE(n_components=n_components, **tsne_params)
-        else:
-            umap_params = {"random_state": 42}
-            umap_params.update(reduction_kwargs)
-            reducer_orig = umap.UMAP(n_components=n_components, **umap_params)
-            reducer_trans = umap.UMAP(n_components=n_components, **umap_params)
-
-        X_embedded_orig = reducer_orig.fit_transform(X_np)
-        X_embedded_trans = reducer_trans.fit_transform(X_trans_np)
-
-        if plot_type == "static":
-            fig = self._create_static_plot(
-                X_embedded_orig,
-                X_embedded_trans,
-                batch_vec,
-                reduction_method,
-                n_components,
-                figsize,
-                alpha,
-                point_size,
-                cmap,
-                title,
-                show_legend,
-            )
-        else:
-            fig = self._create_interactive_plot(
-                X_embedded_orig,
-                X_embedded_trans,
-                batch_vec,
-                reduction_method,
-                n_components,
-                cmap,
-                title,
-                show_legend,
-            )
-
-        if return_embeddings:
-            embeddings = {"original": X_embedded_orig, "transformed": X_embedded_trans}
-            return fig, embeddings
-        else:
-            return fig
-
-    def _create_static_plot(
-        self,
-        X_orig: FloatArray,
-        X_trans: FloatArray,
-        batch_labels: pd.Series,
-        method: str,
-        n_components: int,
-        figsize: tuple[int, int],
-        alpha: float,
-        point_size: int,
-        cmap: str,
-        title: str | None,
-        show_legend: bool,
-    ) -> Any:
-        """Create static plots using matplotlib."""
-
-        fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
-
-        unique_batches = batch_labels.drop_duplicates()
-        n_batches = len(unique_batches)
-
-        if n_batches <= 10:
-            colors = matplotlib.colormaps.get_cmap(cmap)(np.linspace(0, 1, n_batches))
-        else:
-            colors = matplotlib.colormaps.get_cmap("tab20")(np.linspace(0, 1, n_batches))
-
-        if n_components == 2:
-            ax1 = plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
-            ax2 = plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
-        else:
-            ax1 = fig.add_subplot(121, projection="3d")
-            ax2 = fig.add_subplot(122, projection="3d")
-
-        for i, batch in enumerate(unique_batches):
-            mask = batch_labels == batch
-            if n_components == 2:
-                ax1.scatter(
-                    X_orig[mask, 0],
-                    X_orig[mask, 1],
-                    c=[colors[i]],
-                    s=point_size,
-                    alpha=alpha,
-                    label=f"Batch {batch}",
-                    edgecolors="black",
-                    linewidth=0.5,
-                )
-            else:
-                ax1.scatter(
-                    X_orig[mask, 0],
-                    X_orig[mask, 1],
-                    X_orig[mask, 2],
-                    c=[colors[i]],
-                    s=point_size,
-                    alpha=alpha,
-                    label=f"Batch {batch}",
-                    edgecolors="black",
-                    linewidth=0.5,
-                )
-
-        ax1.set_title(f"Before ComBat correction\n({method.upper()})")
-        ax1.set_xlabel(f"{method.upper()}1")
-        ax1.set_ylabel(f"{method.upper()}2")
-        if n_components == 3:
-            ax1.set_zlabel(f"{method.upper()}3")
-
-        for i, batch in enumerate(unique_batches):
-            mask = batch_labels == batch
-            if n_components == 2:
-                ax2.scatter(
-                    X_trans[mask, 0],
-                    X_trans[mask, 1],
-                    c=[colors[i]],
-                    s=point_size,
-                    alpha=alpha,
-                    label=f"Batch {batch}",
-                    edgecolors="black",
-                    linewidth=0.5,
-                )
-            else:
-                ax2.scatter(
-                    X_trans[mask, 0],
-                    X_trans[mask, 1],
-                    X_trans[mask, 2],
-                    c=[colors[i]],
-                    s=point_size,
-                    alpha=alpha,
-                    label=f"Batch {batch}",
-                    edgecolors="black",
-                    linewidth=0.5,
-                )
-
-        ax2.set_title(f"After ComBat correction\n({method.upper()})")
-        ax2.set_xlabel(f"{method.upper()}1")
-        ax2.set_ylabel(f"{method.upper()}2")
-        if n_components == 3:
-            ax2.set_zlabel(f"{method.upper()}3")
-
-        if show_legend and n_batches <= 20:
-            ax2.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc="upper left")
-
-        if title is None:
-            title = f"ComBat correction effect visualized with {method.upper()}"
-        fig.suptitle(title, fontsize=14, fontweight="bold")
-
-        plt.tight_layout()
-        return fig
-
-    def _create_interactive_plot(
-        self,
-        X_orig: FloatArray,
-        X_trans: FloatArray,
-        batch_labels: pd.Series,
-        method: str,
-        n_components: int,
-        cmap: str,
-        title: str | None,
-        show_legend: bool,
-    ) -> Any:
-        """Create interactive plots using plotly."""
-        if n_components == 2:
-            fig = make_subplots(
-                rows=1,
-                cols=2,
-                subplot_titles=(
-                    f"Before ComBat correction ({method.upper()})",
-                    f"After ComBat correction ({method.upper()})",
-                ),
-            )
-        else:
-            fig = make_subplots(
-                rows=1,
-                cols=2,
-                specs=[[{"type": "scatter3d"}, {"type": "scatter3d"}]],
-                subplot_titles=(
-                    f"Before ComBat correction ({method.upper()})",
-                    f"After ComBat correction ({method.upper()})",
-                ),
-            )
-
-        unique_batches = batch_labels.drop_duplicates()
-
-        n_batches = len(unique_batches)
-        cmap_func = matplotlib.colormaps.get_cmap(cmap)
-        color_list = [
-            mcolors.to_hex(cmap_func(i / max(n_batches - 1, 1))) for i in range(n_batches)
-        ]
-
-        batch_to_color = dict(zip(unique_batches, color_list, strict=True))
-
-        for batch in unique_batches:
-            mask = batch_labels == batch
-
-            if n_components == 2:
-                fig.add_trace(
-                    go.Scatter(
-                        x=X_orig[mask, 0],
-                        y=X_orig[mask, 1],
-                        mode="markers",
-                        name=f"Batch {batch}",
-                        marker={
-                            "size": 8,
-                            "color": batch_to_color[batch],
-                            "line": {"width": 1, "color": "black"},
-                        },
-                        showlegend=False,
-                    ),
-                    row=1,
-                    col=1,
-                )
-
-                fig.add_trace(
-                    go.Scatter(
-                        x=X_trans[mask, 0],
-                        y=X_trans[mask, 1],
-                        mode="markers",
-                        name=f"Batch {batch}",
-                        marker={
-                            "size": 8,
-                            "color": batch_to_color[batch],
-                            "line": {"width": 1, "color": "black"},
-                        },
-                        showlegend=show_legend,
-                    ),
-                    row=1,
-                    col=2,
-                )
-            else:
-                fig.add_trace(
-                    go.Scatter3d(
-                        x=X_orig[mask, 0],
-                        y=X_orig[mask, 1],
-                        z=X_orig[mask, 2],
-                        mode="markers",
-                        name=f"Batch {batch}",
-                        marker={
-                            "size": 5,
-                            "color": batch_to_color[batch],
-                            "line": {"width": 0.5, "color": "black"},
-                        },
-                        showlegend=False,
-                    ),
-                    row=1,
-                    col=1,
-                )
-
-                fig.add_trace(
-                    go.Scatter3d(
-                        x=X_trans[mask, 0],
-                        y=X_trans[mask, 1],
-                        z=X_trans[mask, 2],
-                        mode="markers",
-                        name=f"Batch {batch}",
-                        marker={
-                            "size": 5,
-                            "color": batch_to_color[batch],
-                            "line": {"width": 0.5, "color": "black"},
-                        },
-                        showlegend=show_legend,
-                    ),
-                    row=1,
-                    col=2,
-                )
-
-        if title is None:
-            title = f"ComBat correction effect visualized with {method.upper()}"
-
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title=title,
-            title_font_size=16,
-            height=600,
-            showlegend=show_legend,
-            hovermode="closest",
-        )
-
-        axis_labels = [f"{method.upper()}{i + 1}" for i in range(n_components)]
-
-        if n_components == 2:
-            fig.update_xaxes(title_text=axis_labels[0])
-            fig.update_yaxes(title_text=axis_labels[1])
-        else:
-            fig.update_scenes(
-                xaxis_title=axis_labels[0],
-                yaxis_title=axis_labels[1],
-                zaxis_title=axis_labels[2],
-            )
-
-        return fig