cocotb 2.0.1__cp38-cp38-win32.whl

cocotb/types/_logic_array.py

@@ -0,0 +1,884 @@
+# Copyright cocotb contributors
+# Licensed under the Revised BSD License, see LICENSE for details.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+import copy
+import warnings
+from math import ceil
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from cocotb._deprecation import deprecated
+from cocotb._py_compat import Literal, TypeAlias
+from cocotb.types._abstract_array import AbstractMutableArray
+from cocotb.types._indexing import IndexingChangedWarning
+from cocotb.types._logic import Logic, LogicConstructibleT
+from cocotb.types._range import Range
+from cocotb.types._resolve import RESOLVE_X, ResolverLiteral, get_str_resolver
+
+_resolve_lh_table = str.maketrans({"L": "0", "H": "1"})
+_str_literals = frozenset("uUxX01zZwWlLhH-")
+
+
+ByteOrder: TypeAlias = Literal["big", "little"]
+
+
+class LogicArray(AbstractMutableArray[Logic]):
+    r"""Fixed-sized, arbitrarily-indexed, :class:`.Array` of :class:`.Logic`\ s.
+
+    An :class:`!Array`, where all elements are enforced to be :class:`!Logic`.
+    Additionally, this type supports bit-wise logical operators, conversions to integers and bytes,
+    and ``X`` testing and mapping.
+
+    :class:`!LogicArray`\ s can be constructed from an iterable of :class:`!Logic`\ s,
+    or values constructible into :class:`!Logic`, like :class:`bool`, :class:`str`, or :class:`int`.
+    Alternatively, they can be constructed from :class:`!str` or :class:`!int` literals.
+
+    Like :class:`!Array`, if *range* is not given, the range ``Range(len(value)-1, "downto", 0)`` is used;
+    and if an :class:`int` is passed for *range*, the range ``Range(range-1, "downto", 0)`` is used.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> LogicArray(0b0111, 4)
+        LogicArray('0111', Range(3, 'downto', 0))
+
+        >>> LogicArray("01XZ", Range(0, "to", 3))
+        LogicArray('01XZ', Range(0, 'to', 3))
+
+        >>> LogicArray([0, True, "X", Logic("-")])
+        LogicArray('01X-', Range(3, 'downto', 0))
+
+    .. note::
+        If constructing from an unsigned :class:`!int` literal, *range* `must` be given.
+
+    :class:`!LogicArray`\ s can be constructed from :class:`int`\ s using :meth:`from_unsigned` or :meth:`from_signed`.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> LogicArray.from_unsigned(0xA, 4)
+        LogicArray('1010', Range(3, 'downto', 0))
+
+        >>> LogicArray.from_signed(-4, Range(0, "to", 3))  # will sign-extend
+        LogicArray('1100', Range(0, 'to', 3))
+
+    :class:`!LogicArray`\ s can be constructed from :class:`bytes` or :class:`bytearray` using :meth:`from_bytes`.
+    Use the *byteorder* argument to control endianness.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> LogicArray.from_bytes(b"1n", byteorder="big")
+        LogicArray('0011000101101110', Range(15, 'downto', 0))
+
+        >>> LogicArray.from_bytes(b"1n", byteorder="little")
+        LogicArray('0110111000110001', Range(15, 'downto', 0))
+
+    :class:`!LogicArray`\ s support the same :class:`list`-like operations as :class:`!Array`;
+    however, it enforces the condition that all elements must be a :class:`!Logic`.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> array = LogicArray("1010")
+        >>> array[0]  # is indexable
+        Logic('0')
+
+        >>> array[1:]  # is slice-able
+        LogicArray('10', Range(1, 'downto', 0))
+
+        >>> Logic("0") in array  # is a collection
+        True
+
+        >>> list(array)  # is an iterable
+        [Logic('1'), Logic('0'), Logic('1'), Logic('0')]
+
+    When setting an element or slice, the *value* is first constructed into a :class:`!Logic`.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> array = LogicArray("1010")
+        >>> array[3] = "Z"
+        >>> array[3]
+        Logic('Z')
+
+        >>> array[2:] = ["X", True, 0]
+        >>> array
+        LogicArray('ZX10', Range(3, 'downto', 0))
+
+        >>> array[:] = 0b0101
+        >>> array
+        LogicArray('0101', Range(3, 'downto', 0))
+
+    :class:`!LogicArray`\ s can be converted into their :class:`str` or :class:`int` literal values using casts.
+    They can also be used in conditionals.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> value = LogicArray("1010")
+        >>> str(value)
+        '1010'
+
+        >>> int(value)
+        10
+        >>> if value:
+        ...     print("Not 0!")
+        Not 0!
+
+    .. warning::
+        The :class:`int` cast, :class:`bool` cast, and use in conditionals assumes the
+        value is entirely ``0``, ``1``, ``L``, or ``H``, and will raise an exception otherwise.
+
+    The :meth:`to_unsigned`, :meth:`to_signed`, and :meth:`to_bytes` methods can be used to convert
+    the value into an unsigned or signed integer, or bytes, respectively.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> value = LogicArray("1010")
+        >>> value.to_unsigned()
+        10
+
+        >>> value.to_signed()
+        -6
+
+        >>> value.to_bytes(byteorder="big")
+        b'\n'
+
+    .. warning::
+        These operations assume the value is entirely ``0``, ``1``, ``L``, or ``H``, and will raise an exception otherwise.
+
+    You can also convert :class:`!LogicArray`\ s to hexadecimal or binary strings using
+    the built-ins :func:`hex` and :func:`bin`, respectively.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> value = LogicArray("01111010")
+        >>> hex(value)
+        '0x7a'
+
+        >>> bin(value)
+        '0b1111010'
+
+    .. warning::
+        Using :func:`hex` or :func:`bin` first turns the :class:`!LogicArray` into an :class:`int`.
+        This means the exact length of the :class:`!LogicArray` is lost.
+        It also means that these expressions will raise an exception if the value is not entirely ``0``, ``1``, ``L``, or ``H``.
+
+    :class:`!LogicArray`\ s also support element-wise logical operations: ``&``, ``|``,
+    ``^``, and ``~``.
+
+    .. code-block:: pycon3
+
+        >>> def big_mux(a: LogicArray, b: LogicArray, sel: Logic) -> LogicArray:
+        ...     s = LogicArray([sel] * len(a))
+        ...     return (a & ~s) | (b & s)
+
+        >>> a = LogicArray("0110")
+        >>> b = LogicArray("1110")
+        >>> sel = Logic("1")  # choose second option
+        >>> big_mux(a, b, sel)
+        LogicArray('1110', Range(3, 'downto', 0))
+
+    Args:
+        value: Initial value for the :class:`!LogicArray`.
+        range: The indexing scheme of the :class:`!LogicArray`.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: When invalid argument types are used.
+        ValueError: When *value* will not fit in a :class:`!LogicArray` of the given *range*.
+    """
+
+    # These three attribute contain the current value of the array in one or more of
+    # three different implementations. This is done for performance reasons, as certain
+    # implementations are faster for particular operations.
+    # Each implementation can be present, or None if the implementation has not been
+    # computed or has been invalidated by a mutating operation.
+    _value_as_array: Union[List[Logic], None]
+    _value_as_int: Union[int, None]
+    _value_as_str: Union[str, None]
+    _range: Range
+    _warn_indexing: bool
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_value_as_array",
+        "_value_as_int",
+        "_value_as_str",
+        "_range",
+        "_warn_indexing",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        value: Union[int, str, Iterable[LogicConstructibleT]],
+        range: Union[Range, int, None] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._value_as_array = None
+        self._value_as_int = None
+        self._value_as_str = None
+        self._warn_indexing = False
+
+        if isinstance(range, int):
+            range = Range(range - 1, "downto", 0)
+        elif range is not None and not isinstance(range, Range):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected Range or int for parameter 'range', not {type(range).__qualname__}"
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            if not (set(value) <= _str_literals):
+                raise ValueError("Invalid str literal")
+            self._value_as_str = value.upper()
+            if range is not None:
+                if len(value) != len(range):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Length of {value!r} does not match {range!r}")
+                self._range = range
+            else:
+                self._range = Range(len(self._value_as_str) - 1, "downto", 0)
+        elif isinstance(value, int):
+            value = int(value)  # force bool to int
+            if value < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid int literal")
+            if range is None:
+                raise TypeError("Missing required arguments: 'range'")
+            bitlen = max(1, int.bit_length(value))
+            if bitlen > len(range):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"{value!r} is too large to fit in LogicArray with {range!r}"
+                )
+            self._value_as_int = value
+            self._range = range
+        elif isinstance(value, LogicArray):
+            array = value._value_as_array
+            self._value_as_array = list(array) if array is not None else None
+            self._value_as_int = value._value_as_int
+            self._value_as_str = value._value_as_str
+            if range is None:
+                self._range = value._range
+            else:
+                if len(range) != len(value):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Length of {value!r} does not match {range!r}")
+                self._range = range
+        else:
+            self._value_as_array = [Logic(v) for v in value]
+            if range is not None:
+                if len(self._value_as_array) != len(range):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Value of length {len(self._value_as_array)} does not match range: {range!r}"
+                    )
+                self._range = range
+            else:
+                self._range = Range(len(self._value_as_array) - 1, "downto", 0)
+
+    def _get_array(self) -> List[Logic]:
+        if self._value_as_array is None:
+            # May convert int to str before to converting to array.
+            self._value_as_array = [Logic(v) for v in self._get_str()]
+        return self._value_as_array
+
+    def _get_str(self) -> str:
+        if self._value_as_str is None:
+            if self._value_as_int is not None:
+                self._value_as_str = format(self._value_as_int, f"0{len(self)}b")
+            else:
+                self._value_as_str = "".join(
+                    str(v) for v in cast("List[Logic]", self._value_as_array)
+                )
+        return self._value_as_str
+
+    def _get_int(self) -> int:
+        if self._value_as_int is None:
+            # May convert list to str before converting to int.
+            value_as_str = self._get_str()
+
+            # always resolve L and H to 0 and 1
+            value_as_str = value_as_str.translate(_resolve_lh_table)
+
+            try:
+                self._value_as_int = int(value_as_str, 2)
+            except ValueError:
+                if RESOLVE_X is None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Can't convert {type(self).__qualname__} to int: it contains non-0/1 values"
+                    ) from None
+                else:
+                    value_as_str = RESOLVE_X(value_as_str)
+                    return int(value_as_str, 2)
+
+        return self._value_as_int
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_unsigned(
+        cls,
+        value: int,
+        range: Union[Range, int],
+    ) -> "LogicArray":
+        """Construct a :class:`!LogicArray` from an :class:`int` with unsigned representation.
+
+        The :class:`int` is treated as an arbitrary-length bit vector with unsigned representation where the left-most bit is the most significant bit.
+        This bit vector is then constructed into a :class:`!LogicArray`.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The integer to convert.
+            range: Indexing scheme for the :class:`!LogicArray`.
+
+        Returns:
+            A :class:`!LogicArray` equivalent to the *value*.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: When invalid argument types are used.
+            ValueError: When a :class:`!LogicArray` of the given *range* can't hold the *value*, or *value* is negative.
+        """
+        if value < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Expected unsigned integer, got negative value")
+        return LogicArray(value, range)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_signed(
+        cls,
+        value: int,
+        range: Union[Range, int],
+    ) -> "LogicArray":
+        """Construct a :class:`!LogicArray` from an :class:`int` with two's complement representation.
+
+        The :class:`int` is treated as an arbitrary-length bit vector with two's complement representation where the left-most bit is the most significant bit.
+        This bit vector is then constructed into a :class:`!LogicArray`.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The integer to convert.
+            range: Indexing scheme for the :class:`!LogicArray`.
+
+        Returns:
+            A :class:`!LogicArray` equivalent to the *value*.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: When invalid argument types are used.
+            ValueError: When a :class:`!LogicArray` of the given *range* can't hold the *value*.
+        """
+        if isinstance(range, int):
+            range = Range(range - 1, "downto", 0)
+        elif not isinstance(range, Range):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected Range or int for parameter 'range', not {type(range).__qualname__}"
+            )
+
+        # Prevent null range from blowing up the below code.
+        if len(range) == 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Signed integer {value!r} will not fit in a LogicArray with bounds: {range!r}"
+            )
+
+        limit = 1 << (len(range) - 1)
+        if value < -limit or limit <= value:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Signed integer {value!r} will not fit in a LogicArray with bounds: {range!r}"
+            )
+        value %= 2 * limit
+
+        return LogicArray(value, range)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(
+        cls,
+        value: Union[bytes, bytearray],
+        range: Union[Range, int, None] = None,
+        *,
+        byteorder: ByteOrder,
+    ) -> "LogicArray":
+        """Construct a :class:`!LogicArray` from :class:`bytes`.
+
+        The :class:`bytes` is first converted to an unsigned integer using *byteorder*-endian representation,
+        then is converted to a :class:`!LogicArray` as in :meth:`from_unsigned`.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The bytes to convert.
+            range: Indexing scheme for the :class:`!LogicArray`.
+            byteorder: The endianness used to construct the intermediate integer, either ``"big"`` or ``"little"``.
+
+        Returns:
+            A :class:`!LogicArray` equivalent to the *value*.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: When a :class:`!LogicArray` of the given *range* can't hold the *value*.
+        """
+        if range is None:
+            range = Range(len(value) * 8 - 1, "downto", 0)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(range, int):
+                range = Range(range - 1, "downto", 0)
+            if len(value) * 8 != len(range):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Value of length {len(value)} will not fit in a LogicArray with bounds: {range!r}"
+                )
+        value_as_int = int.from_bytes(value, byteorder=byteorder, signed=False)
+        return LogicArray(value_as_int, range)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_handle(cls, value: str, warn_indexing: bool) -> "LogicArray":
+        # Used by cocotb.handle classes to make LogicArray from values gotten from the
+        # simulator which we expect to be well-formed.
+        # Values are required to be uppercase.
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self._value_as_array = None
+        self._value_as_int = None
+        self._value_as_str = value
+        self._range = Range(len(value) - 1, "downto", 0)
+        self._warn_indexing = warn_indexing
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def range(self) -> Range:
+        """:class:`Range` of the indexes of the array."""
+        return self._range
+
+    @range.setter
+    def range(self, new_range: Range) -> None:
+        """Set a new indexing scheme on the array. Must be the same size."""
+        if not isinstance(new_range, Range):
+            raise TypeError("range argument must be of type 'Range'")
+        if len(new_range) != len(self):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{new_range!r} not the same length as old range: {self._range!r}"
+            )
+        self._range = new_range
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Logic]:
+        return iter(self._get_array())
+
+    def __reversed__(self) -> Iterator[Logic]:
+        return reversed(self._get_array())
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: object) -> bool:
+        return item in self._get_array()
+
+    def __eq__(
+        self,
+        other: object,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            if len(self) == 0:
+                # Null arrays don't have a value and thus always compare False.
+                return False
+            try:
+                return self.to_unsigned() == other
+            except ValueError:
+                return False
+        elif isinstance(other, str):
+            return str(self) == other.upper()
+        elif isinstance(other, LogicArray):
+            if len(self) != len(other):
+                return False
+            # Complex, but efficient chain of checking logic.
+            # Avoid conversions if it can help it at first.
+            # Prefers checking against str vs any type since that is going to be the
+            #   most common type and also the "middle" type for conversions.
+            # Always converts away from ints to prevent issues with non-0/1 data.
+            if self._value_as_str is not None and other._value_as_str is not None:
+                # (STR, STR)
+                return self._value_as_str == other._value_as_str
+            elif self._value_as_array is not None and other._value_as_array is not None:
+                # (ARRAY, ARRAY)
+                return self._value_as_array == other._value_as_array
+            elif self._value_as_int is not None and other._value_as_int is not None:
+                # (INT, INT)
+                return self._value_as_int == other._value_as_int
+            elif self._value_as_str is not None:
+                # (STR, INT)
+                # (STR, ARRAY)
+                return self._value_as_str == other._get_str()
+            elif other._value_as_str is not None:
+                # (INT, STR)
+                # (ARRAY, STR)
+                return self._get_str() == other._value_as_str
+            elif self._value_as_array is not None:
+                # (ARRAY, INT)
+                return self._value_as_array == other._get_array()
+            else:
+                # (INT, ARRAY)
+                return self._get_array() == other._value_as_array
+        elif isinstance(other, (list, tuple)):
+            try:
+                other = LogicArray(other)
+            except ValueError:
+                return False
+            return self == other
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    @property
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.binstr` getter is deprecated. Use `str(logic_array)` instead."
+    )
+    def binstr(self) -> str:
+        """The :class:`!LogicArray`'s value in :class:`str` literal representation.
+
+        :getter:
+            Return the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value in :class:`str` literal representation.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use ``str(logic_array)`` instead.
+
+        :setter:
+            Set the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value using a :class:`str` literal representation.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use ``logic_array[:] = value`` instead.
+        """
+        return str(self)
+
+    @binstr.setter
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.binstr = value` setter is deprecated. Use `logic_array[:] = value` instead."
+    )
+    def binstr(self, value: str) -> None:
+        self[:] = value
+
+    @property
+    def is_resolvable(self) -> bool:
+        """``True`` if all elements are ``0``, ``1``, ``L``, ``H``."""
+        return all(bit.is_resolvable for bit in self)
+
+    @property
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.integer` getter is deprecated. Use `logic_array.to_unsigned()` instead."
+    )
+    def integer(self) -> int:
+        """The :class:`!LogicArray`'s value as an unsigned :class:`int`.
+
+        The :class:`!LogicArray` is treated as an arbitrary-length vector of bits
+        with the left-most bit being the most significant bit in the integer value.
+        The bit vector is then interpreted as an integer using unsigned representation.
+
+        :getter:
+            Return the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value as an unsigned integer.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use :meth:`logic_array.to_unsigned() <cocotb.types.LogicArray.to_unsigned>` instead.
+
+        :setter:
+            Set the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value using an unsigned integer.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use ``logic_array[:] = value`` instead.
+        """
+        return self.to_unsigned()
+
+    @integer.setter
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.integer = value` setter is deprecated. Use `logic_array[:] = value` instead."
+    )
+    def integer(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self[:] = value
+
+    @property
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.signed_integer` getter is deprecated. Use `logic_array.to_signed()` instead."
+    )
+    def signed_integer(self) -> int:
+        """The :class:`!LogicArray`'s value as a signed :class:`int`.
+
+        The :class:`!LogicArray` is treated as an arbitrary-length vector of bits
+        with the left-most bit being the most significant bit in the integer value.
+        The bit vector is then interpreted as an integer using two's complement representation.
+
+        :getter:
+            Return the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value as a signed integer.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use :meth:`logic_array.to_signed() <cocotb.types.LogicArray.to_signed>` instead.
+
+        :setter:
+            Set the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value using a signed integer.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use ``logic_array[:] = LogicArray.from_signed(value, len(logic_array))`` instead.
+        """
+        return self.to_signed()
+
+    @signed_integer.setter
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.signed_integer = value` setter is deprecated. "
+        "Use `logic_array[:] = LogicArray.from_signed(value, len(logic_array))` instead."
+    )
+    def signed_integer(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self[:] = LogicArray.from_signed(value, len(self))
+
+    @property
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.buff` getter is deprecated. "
+        'Use `logic_array.to_bytes(byteorder="big")` instead.'
+    )
+    def buff(self) -> bytes:
+        """The :class:`!LogicArray`'s value as :class:`bytes`.
+
+        The object is first converted to an :class:`int` as in :meth:`to_unsigned`.
+        Then the object is converted to :class:`bytes` by converting the resulting integer value as in :meth:`int.to_bytes`.
+        This assumes big-endian byte order and the minimal number of bytes necessary to hold any value of the current object.
+
+        :getter:
+            Return the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value as :class:`bytes`.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use :meth:`logic_array.to_bytes(byteorder="big") <cocotb.types.LogicArray.to_bytes>` instead.
+
+        :setter:
+            Set the :class:`!LogicArray`'s value using :class:`bytes`.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0
+                Use ``logic_array[:] = LogicArray.from_bytes(value, len(logic_array), byteorder="big")`` instead.
+        """
+        return self.to_bytes(byteorder="big")
+
+    @buff.setter
+    @deprecated(
+        "`logic_array.buff = value` setter is deprecated. "
+        'Use `logic_array[:] = LogicArray.from_bytes(value, len(logic_array), byteorder="big")` instead.'
+    )
+    def buff(self, value: bytes) -> None:
+        self[:] = LogicArray.from_bytes(value, len(self), byteorder="big")
+
+    def to_unsigned(self) -> int:
+        """Convert the value to an integer by interpreting it using unsigned representation.
+
+        The :class:`!LogicArray` is treated as an arbitrary-length vector of bits
+        with the left-most bit being the most significant bit in the integer value.
+        The bit vector is then interpreted as an integer using unsigned representation.
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer equivalent to the value by interpreting it using unsigned representation.
+        """
+        if len(self) == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot convert null vector to integer")
+        return self._get_int()
+
+    def to_signed(self) -> int:
+        """Convert the value to an integer by interpreting it using two's complement representation.
+
+        The :class:`!LogicArray` is treated as an arbitrary-length vector of bits
+        with the left-most bit being the most significant bit in the integer value.
+        The bit vector is then interpreted as an integer using two's complement representation.
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer equivalent to the value by interpreting it using two's complement representation.
+        """
+        if len(self) == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot convert null vector to integer")
+        value = self._get_int()
+        limit = 1 << (len(self) - 1)
+        if value >= limit:
+            value -= 2 * limit
+        return value
+
+    def to_bytes(
+        self,
+        *,
+        byteorder: ByteOrder,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """Convert the value to bytes.
+
+        The :class:`!LogicArray` is converted to an unsigned integer as in :meth:`to_unsigned`,
+        then is converted to :class:`bytes` using *byteorder*-endian representation
+        with the minimum number of bytes which can store all the bits in the original :class:`!LogicArray`.
+
+        Args:
+            byteorder: The endianness used to construct the intermediate integer, either ``"big"`` or ``"little"``.
+
+        Returns:
+            :class:`bytes` equivalent to the value.
+        """
+        return self.to_unsigned().to_bytes(ceil(len(self) / 8), byteorder=byteorder)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: int) -> Logic: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: slice) -> "LogicArray": ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[Logic, "LogicArray"]:
+        array = self._get_array()
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            if self._warn_indexing:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Update index {item} to {self.range[item]}",
+                    IndexingChangedWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
+            idx = self._translate_index(item)
+            return array[idx]
+        elif isinstance(item, slice):
+            if self._warn_indexing:
+                start = item.start if item.start is not None else 0
+                stop = item.stop if item.stop is not None else len(self) - 1
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Update slice {start}:{stop} to {self.range[start]}:{self.range[stop]}",
+                    IndexingChangedWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
+            start = item.start if item.start is not None else self.left
+            stop = item.stop if item.stop is not None else self.right
+            if item.step is not None:
+                raise IndexError("do not specify step")
+            start_i = self._translate_index(start)
+            stop_i = self._translate_index(stop)
+            if start_i > stop_i:
+                raise IndexError(
+                    f"slice [{start}:{stop}] direction does not match array direction [{self.left}:{self.right}]"
+                )
+            value = array[start_i : stop_i + 1]
+            range = Range(start, self.direction, stop)
+            return LogicArray(value=value, range=range)
+        raise TypeError(f"indexes must be ints or slices, not {type(item).__name__}")
+
+    @overload
+    def __setitem__(self, item: int, value: LogicConstructibleT) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __setitem__(
+        self, item: slice, value: Union[str, Iterable[LogicConstructibleT], int]
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __setitem__(
+        self,
+        item: Union[int, slice],
+        value: Union[LogicConstructibleT, Iterable[LogicConstructibleT]],
+    ) -> None:
+        array = self._get_array()
+        # invalid other impls
+        self._value_as_str = None
+        self._value_as_int = None
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            idx = self._translate_index(item)
+            array[idx] = Logic(cast("LogicConstructibleT", value))
+        elif isinstance(item, slice):
+            start = item.start if item.start is not None else self.left
+            stop = item.stop if item.stop is not None else self.right
+            if item.step is not None:
+                raise IndexError("do not specify step")
+            start_i = self._translate_index(start)
+            stop_i = self._translate_index(stop)
+            if start_i > stop_i:
+                raise IndexError(
+                    f"slice [{start}:{stop}] direction does not match array direction [{self.left}:{self.right}]"
+                )
+            value = cast("str | int | Iterable[LogicConstructibleT]", value)
+            value_as_logics = LogicArray(value, stop_i - start_i + 1)
+            array[start_i : stop_i + 1] = value_as_logics
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"indexes must be ints or slices, not {type(item).__name__}"
+            )
+
+    def _translate_index(self, item: int) -> int:
+        try:
+            return self._range.index(item)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise IndexError(f"index {item} out of range") from None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{type(self).__qualname__}({str(self)!r}, {self.range!r})"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._get_str()
+
+    def __int__(self) -> int:
+        return self.to_unsigned()
+
+    def __index__(self) -> int:
+        return int(self)
+
+    def __and__(self, other: "LogicArray") -> "LogicArray":
+        if not isinstance(other, LogicArray):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if len(self) != len(other):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"cannot perform bitwise & "
+                f"between {type(self).__qualname__} of length {len(self)} "
+                f"and {type(other).__qualname__} of length {len(other)}"
+            )
+        return LogicArray(a & b for a, b in zip(self, other))
+
+    def __or__(self, other: "LogicArray") -> "LogicArray":
+        if not isinstance(other, LogicArray):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if len(self) != len(other):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"cannot perform bitwise | "
+                f"between {type(self).__qualname__} of length {len(self)} "
+                f"and {type(other).__qualname__} of length {len(other)}"
+            )
+        return LogicArray(a | b for a, b in zip(self, other))
+
+    def __xor__(self, other: "LogicArray") -> "LogicArray":
+        if not isinstance(other, LogicArray):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if len(self) != len(other):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"cannot perform bitwise ^ "
+                f"between {type(self).__qualname__} of length {len(self)} "
+                f"and {type(other).__qualname__} of length {len(other)}"
+            )
+        return LogicArray(a ^ b for a, b in zip(self, other))
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> "LogicArray":
+        return LogicArray(~v for v in self)
+
+    if RESOLVE_X is None:
+
+        def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+            if len(self) == 0:
+                return False
+            return bool(int(self))
+
+    else:
+
+        def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+            if len(self) == 0:
+                return False
+            return any(bool(bit) for bit in self)
+
+    def resolve(self, resolver: ResolverLiteral) -> "LogicArray":
+        """Resolves non-0/1 values to 0/1.
+
+        The possible values of the *resolver* argument are:
+
+        * ``"weak"``:
+            Weak values are resolved to their strong-valued equivalents.
+
+        * ``"zeros"``:
+            ``L`` and ``H`` are resolved to ``0`` and ``1``, respectively.
+            Remaining non-``0``/``1`` values are resolved to ``0``.
+
+        * ``"ones"``:
+            ``L`` and ``H`` are resolved to ``0`` and ``1``, respectively.
+            Remaining non-``0``/``1`` values are resolved to ``1``.
+
+        * ``"random"``:
+            ``L`` and ``H`` are resolved to ``0`` and ``1``, respectively.
+            Remaining non-``0``/``1`` values are randomly resolved to either ``0`` or ``1``.
+
+        Args:
+            resolver: How to resolve non-``0``/``1`` values. See possible values above.
+
+        Returns:
+            The resolved Logic.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: Invalid *resolver* value.
+            TypeError: Unsupported *value* type.
+        """
+        return LogicArray(get_str_resolver(resolver)(str(self)), self.range)
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> "LogicArray":
+        raise NotImplementedError("`copy.copy` on LogicArray is not supported")
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: Dict[int, Any]) -> "LogicArray":
+        res = LogicArray.__new__(LogicArray)
+        res._value_as_array = copy.deepcopy(self._value_as_array, memo=memo)
+        res._value_as_int = self._value_as_int
+        res._value_as_str = self._value_as_str
+        res._range = copy.deepcopy(self._range, memo=memo)
+        res._warn_indexing = self._warn_indexing
+        return res