claude-mpm 5.4.48__py3-none-any.whl → 5.6.34__py3-none-any.whl

claude_mpm/skills/bundled/testing/test-driven-development/references/examples.md

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+# Real-World TDD Examples
+
+> **Part of**: [Test-Driven Development](../SKILL.md)
+> **Category**: testing
+> **Reading Level**: Intermediate
+
+## Purpose
+
+Real-world scenarios demonstrating test-driven development in action, with complete RED/GREEN/REFACTOR cycles and step-by-step walkthroughs.
+
+## Example 1: Form Validation
+
+### Scenario
+Build email validation for user registration form.
+
+### Iteration 1: Basic Email Validation
+
+**RED - Write Failing Test:**
+```typescript
+describe('Email Validation', () => {
+  test('accepts valid email format', () => {
+    const result = validateEmail('user@example.com');
+    expect(result.valid).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+```
+
+**VERIFY RED - Run Test:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+FAIL: accepts valid email format
+ReferenceError: validateEmail is not defined
+```
+✓ Fails correctly - function doesn't exist
+
+**GREEN - Minimal Implementation:**
+```typescript
+interface ValidationResult {
+  valid: boolean;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+function validateEmail(email: string): ValidationResult {
+  return { valid: true };  // Simplest thing that passes
+}
+```
+
+**VERIFY GREEN - Run Test:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+PASS: accepts valid email format
+```
+✓ Test passes
+
+### Iteration 2: Reject Invalid Format
+
+**RED:**
+```typescript
+test('rejects email without @ symbol', () => {
+  const result = validateEmail('userexample.com');
+  expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
+  expect(result.error).toBe('Invalid email format');
+});
+```
+
+**VERIFY RED:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+FAIL: rejects email without @ symbol
+Expected valid: false, Received: true
+```
+✓ Fails correctly
+
+**GREEN:**
+```typescript
+function validateEmail(email: string): ValidationResult {
+  if (!email.includes('@')) {
+    return { valid: false, error: 'Invalid email format' };
+  }
+  return { valid: true };
+}
+```
+
+**VERIFY GREEN:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+PASS: accepts valid email format
+PASS: rejects email without @ symbol
+```
+✓ Both tests pass
+
+### Iteration 3: Reject Multiple @ Symbols
+
+**RED:**
+```typescript
+test('rejects email with multiple @ symbols', () => {
+  const result = validateEmail('user@@example.com');
+  expect(result.valid).toBe(false);
+});
+```
+
+**GREEN:**
+```typescript
+function validateEmail(email: string): ValidationResult {
+  if (!email.includes('@')) {
+    return { valid: false, error: 'Invalid email format' };
+  }
+  if (email.indexOf('@') !== email.lastIndexOf('@')) {
+    return { valid: false, error: 'Invalid email format' };
+  }
+  return { valid: true };
+}
+```
+
+**REFACTOR - Clean Up:**
+```typescript
+function validateEmail(email: string): ValidationResult {
+  const hasAtSymbol = email.includes('@');
+  const hasSingleAtSymbol = email.indexOf('@') === email.lastIndexOf('@');
+
+  if (!hasAtSymbol || !hasSingleAtSymbol) {
+    return { valid: false, error: 'Invalid email format' };
+  }
+
+  return { valid: true };
+}
+```
+
+**Time:** 15 minutes, 3 tests, working validation
+
+## Example 2: Bug Fix with TDD
+
+### Scenario
+Bug reported: Empty shopping cart shows "$0" instead of "Cart is empty" message.
+
+### Step 1: Reproduce with Test
+
+**RED - Failing Test:**
+```typescript
+describe('Shopping Cart Display', () => {
+  test('shows empty message when cart has no items', () => {
+    const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+    const display = cart.getDisplayMessage();
+    expect(display).toBe('Cart is empty');
+  });
+});
+```
+
+**VERIFY RED:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+FAIL: shows empty message when cart has no items
+Expected: 'Cart is empty'
+Received: 'Total: $0'
+```
+✓ Test reproduces the bug
+
+### Step 2: Fix with Minimal Change
+
+**GREEN:**
+```typescript
+class ShoppingCart {
+  private items: Item[] = [];
+
+  getDisplayMessage(): string {
+    if (this.items.length === 0) {
+      return 'Cart is empty';
+    }
+    return `Total: $${this.getTotal()}`;
+  }
+
+  getTotal(): number {
+    return this.items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**VERIFY GREEN:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+PASS: shows empty message when cart has no items
+PASS: calculates total correctly (existing test)
+```
+✓ Bug fixed, no regressions
+
+### Step 3: Prevent Regression
+
+Test stays in suite permanently - bug can never return without test failing.
+
+**Time:** 10 minutes, bug fixed with regression protection
+
+## Example 3: API Client Development
+
+### Scenario
+Build HTTP client with retry logic for failed requests.
+
+### Iteration 1: Basic Request
+
+**RED:**
+```typescript
+describe('HTTP Client', () => {
+  test('makes GET request successfully', async () => {
+    const client = new HttpClient('https://api.example.com');
+    const response = await client.get('/users/1');
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+    expect(response.data).toBeDefined();
+  });
+});
+```
+
+**GREEN:**
+```typescript
+class HttpClient {
+  constructor(private baseUrl: string) {}
+
+  async get(path: string): Promise<Response> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${this.baseUrl}${path}`);
+    return {
+      status: res.status,
+      data: await res.json()
+    };
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Iteration 2: Handle Network Errors
+
+**RED:**
+```typescript
+test('retries on network error', async () => {
+  const client = new HttpClient('https://api.example.com');
+
+  // Mock fetch to fail once then succeed
+  let attempts = 0;
+  global.fetch = jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+    attempts++;
+    if (attempts === 1) {
+      throw new Error('Network error');
+    }
+    return Promise.resolve({
+      status: 200,
+      json: () => Promise.resolve({ id: 1 })
+    });
+  });
+
+  const response = await client.get('/users/1');
+
+  expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+  expect(attempts).toBe(2);
+});
+```
+
+**GREEN:**
+```typescript
+class HttpClient {
+  constructor(private baseUrl: string) {}
+
+  async get(path: string): Promise<Response> {
+    try {
+      return await this.makeRequest(path);
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Retry once
+      return await this.makeRequest(path);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async makeRequest(path: string): Promise<Response> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${this.baseUrl}${path}`);
+    return {
+      status: res.status,
+      data: await res.json()
+    };
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Iteration 3: Configurable Retries
+
+**RED:**
+```typescript
+test('retries up to max attempts', async () => {
+  const client = new HttpClient('https://api.example.com', {
+    maxRetries: 3
+  });
+
+  let attempts = 0;
+  global.fetch = jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+    attempts++;
+    if (attempts < 3) {
+      throw new Error('Network error');
+    }
+    return Promise.resolve({
+      status: 200,
+      json: () => Promise.resolve({ id: 1 })
+    });
+  });
+
+  const response = await client.get('/users/1');
+
+  expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+  expect(attempts).toBe(3);
+});
+```
+
+**GREEN:**
+```typescript
+interface HttpClientOptions {
+  maxRetries?: number;
+}
+
+class HttpClient {
+  private maxRetries: number;
+
+  constructor(
+    private baseUrl: string,
+    options: HttpClientOptions = {}
+  ) {
+    this.maxRetries = options.maxRetries ?? 1;
+  }
+
+  async get(path: string): Promise<Response> {
+    let lastError: Error;
+
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= this.maxRetries; attempt++) {
+      try {
+        return await this.makeRequest(path);
+      } catch (error) {
+        lastError = error as Error;
+      }
+    }
+
+    throw lastError!;
+  }
+
+  private async makeRequest(path: string): Promise<Response> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${this.baseUrl}${path}`);
+    return {
+      status: res.status,
+      data: await res.json()
+    };
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**REFACTOR:**
+```typescript
+// Extract retry logic to utility
+async function withRetry<T>(
+  fn: () => Promise<T>,
+  maxRetries: number
+): Promise<T> {
+  let lastError: Error;
+
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
+    try {
+      return await fn();
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error as Error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw lastError!;
+}
+
+class HttpClient {
+  constructor(
+    private baseUrl: string,
+    private options: HttpClientOptions = {}
+  ) {}
+
+  async get(path: string): Promise<Response> {
+    return withRetry(
+      () => this.makeRequest(path),
+      this.options.maxRetries ?? 1
+    );
+  }
+
+  private async makeRequest(path: string): Promise<Response> {
+    const res = await fetch(`${this.baseUrl}${path}`);
+    return {
+      status: res.status,
+      data: await res.json()
+    };
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Time:** 30 minutes, robust HTTP client with retry logic
+
+## Example 4: Refactoring with Test Protection
+
+### Scenario
+Legacy code needs refactoring - extract business logic from controller.
+
+### Step 1: Write Tests for Current Behavior
+
+**RED (characterization tests):**
+```typescript
+describe('User Registration', () => {
+  test('registers new user with valid data', async () => {
+    const controller = new UserController();
+    const result = await controller.register({
+      email: 'user@example.com',
+      password: 'SecurePass123',
+      name: 'Test User'
+    });
+
+    expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.userId).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  test('rejects duplicate email', async () => {
+    const controller = new UserController();
+    await controller.register({
+      email: 'existing@example.com',
+      password: 'Pass123',
+      name: 'First User'
+    });
+
+    const result = await controller.register({
+      email: 'existing@example.com',
+      password: 'Pass456',
+      name: 'Second User'
+    });
+
+    expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBe('Email already exists');
+  });
+});
+```
+
+**GREEN - Tests pass on legacy code:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+PASS: registers new user with valid data
+PASS: rejects duplicate email
+```
+
+### Step 2: Refactor with Test Protection
+
+**Before (everything in controller):**
+```typescript
+class UserController {
+  async register(data: UserData) {
+    // Validation
+    if (!data.email.includes('@')) {
+      return { success: false, error: 'Invalid email' };
+    }
+    if (data.password.length < 8) {
+      return { success: false, error: 'Password too short' };
+    }
+
+    // Check duplicate
+    const existing = await db.users.findByEmail(data.email);
+    if (existing) {
+      return { success: false, error: 'Email already exists' };
+    }
+
+    // Create user
+    const user = await db.users.create({
+      email: data.email,
+      password: hashPassword(data.password),
+      name: data.name
+    });
+
+    return { success: true, userId: user.id };
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**After (extracted service):**
+```typescript
+// Extract service
+class UserService {
+  async registerUser(data: UserData): Promise<User> {
+    this.validateUserData(data);
+    await this.checkDuplicateEmail(data.email);
+    return this.createUser(data);
+  }
+
+  private validateUserData(data: UserData): void {
+    if (!data.email.includes('@')) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid email');
+    }
+    if (data.password.length < 8) {
+      throw new Error('Password too short');
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async checkDuplicateEmail(email: string): Promise<void> {
+    const existing = await db.users.findByEmail(email);
+    if (existing) {
+      throw new Error('Email already exists');
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async createUser(data: UserData): Promise<User> {
+    return db.users.create({
+      email: data.email,
+      password: hashPassword(data.password),
+      name: data.name
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+// Simplified controller
+class UserController {
+  private userService = new UserService();
+
+  async register(data: UserData) {
+    try {
+      const user = await this.userService.registerUser(data);
+      return { success: true, userId: user.id };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, error: error.message };
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Verify refactoring:**
+```bash
+$ npm test
+PASS: registers new user with valid data
+PASS: rejects duplicate email
+```
+✓ Behavior unchanged, structure improved
+
+### Step 3: Add Tests for New Service
+
+**Now test service directly:**
+```typescript
+describe('UserService', () => {
+  test('validates email format', async () => {
+    const service = new UserService();
+    await expect(
+      service.registerUser({
+        email: 'invalid',
+        password: 'Pass123456',
+        name: 'Test'
+      })
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Invalid email');
+  });
+
+  test('validates password length', async () => {
+    const service = new UserService();
+    await expect(
+      service.registerUser({
+        email: 'test@example.com',
+        password: 'short',
+        name: 'Test'
+      })
+    ).rejects.toThrow('Password too short');
+  });
+});
+```
+
+**Time:** 45 minutes, safe refactoring with test protection
+
+## Example 5: Building a Feature from Scratch
+
+### Scenario
+Implement shopping cart with add/remove/total functionality.
+
+### Complete TDD Session
+
+**Iteration 1 - Add Item:**
+```typescript
+// RED
+test('adds item to cart', () => {
+  const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+  cart.addItem({ id: 1, name: 'Book', price: 10 });
+  expect(cart.getItemCount()).toBe(1);
+});
+
+// GREEN
+class ShoppingCart {
+  private items: Item[] = [];
+
+  addItem(item: Item) {
+    this.items.push(item);
+  }
+
+  getItemCount(): number {
+    return this.items.length;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Iteration 2 - Calculate Total:**
+```typescript
+// RED
+test('calculates total price', () => {
+  const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+  cart.addItem({ id: 1, name: 'Book', price: 10 });
+  cart.addItem({ id: 2, name: 'Pen', price: 5 });
+  expect(cart.getTotal()).toBe(15);
+});
+
+// GREEN
+class ShoppingCart {
+  private items: Item[] = [];
+
+  addItem(item: Item) {
+    this.items.push(item);
+  }
+
+  getItemCount(): number {
+    return this.items.length;
+  }
+
+  getTotal(): number {
+    return this.items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Iteration 3 - Remove Item:**
+```typescript
+// RED
+test('removes item from cart', () => {
+  const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+  cart.addItem({ id: 1, name: 'Book', price: 10 });
+  cart.addItem({ id: 2, name: 'Pen', price: 5 });
+  cart.removeItem(1);
+  expect(cart.getItemCount()).toBe(1);
+  expect(cart.getTotal()).toBe(5);
+});
+
+// GREEN
+class ShoppingCart {
+  private items: Item[] = [];
+
+  addItem(item: Item) {
+    this.items.push(item);
+  }
+
+  removeItem(itemId: number) {
+    this.items = this.items.filter(item => item.id !== itemId);
+  }
+
+  getItemCount(): number {
+    return this.items.length;
+  }
+
+  getTotal(): number {
+    return this.items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Iteration 4 - Handle Empty Cart:**
+```typescript
+// RED
+test('returns zero for empty cart', () => {
+  const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+  expect(cart.getTotal()).toBe(0);
+});
+
+// GREEN - Already passes!
+```
+
+**Iteration 5 - Quantity Support:**
+```typescript
+// RED
+test('handles item quantity', () => {
+  const cart = new ShoppingCart();
+  cart.addItem({ id: 1, name: 'Book', price: 10 }, 3);
+  expect(cart.getTotal()).toBe(30);
+});
+
+// GREEN
+interface CartItem extends Item {
+  quantity: number;
+}
+
+class ShoppingCart {
+  private items: CartItem[] = [];
+
+  addItem(item: Item, quantity: number = 1) {
+    this.items.push({ ...item, quantity });
+  }
+
+  removeItem(itemId: number) {
+    this.items = this.items.filter(item => item.id !== itemId);
+  }
+
+  getItemCount(): number {
+    return this.items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.quantity, 0);
+  }
+
+  getTotal(): number {
+    return this.items.reduce(
+      (sum, item) => sum + (item.price * item.quantity),
+      0
+    );
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**Time:** 25 minutes, complete shopping cart with 5 tests
+
+## Key Patterns Demonstrated
+
+### Incremental Development
+- Each test adds one small behavior
+- Build complexity gradually
+- Each step verified before next
+
+### Test Protection
+- Refactoring safe with tests
+- Regressions caught immediately
+- Behavior preserved across changes
+
+### Test-First Benefits
+- Clear requirements from tests
+- No over-engineering
+- 100% relevant test coverage
+
+### Time Investment
+- Small features: 10-25 minutes
+- Medium features: 25-45 minutes
+- Includes tests, implementation, refactoring
+- Compare to: 15 min coding + 60-120 min debugging
+
+## Summary
+
+TDD in practice:
+- Start with failing test
+- Implement minimally
+- Refactor safely
+- Build incrementally
+- Fast feedback loop
+- High confidence
+
+## Related References
+
+- [Workflow](workflow.md): Complete RED/GREEN/REFACTOR process
+- [Philosophy](philosophy.md): Why TDD works
+- [Anti-patterns](anti-patterns.md): Common mistakes
+- [Integration](integration.md): TDD with other skills