cirq-core 1.4.1__py3-none-any.whl → 1.5.0__py3-none-any.whl

cirq/transformers/dynamical_decoupling.py

@@ -15,72 +15,191 @@
 """Transformer pass that adds dynamical decoupling operations to a circuit."""
 
 from functools import reduce
-from typing import Dict, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from itertools import cycle
+from typing import Dict, Optional, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING, Union
 
-from cirq.transformers import transformer_api
-import cirq
 import numpy as np
 
+from cirq import circuits, ops, protocols
+from cirq.protocols import unitary_protocol
+from cirq.protocols.has_stabilizer_effect_protocol import has_stabilizer_effect
+from cirq.protocols.has_unitary_protocol import has_unitary
+from cirq.transformers import transformer_api
+from cirq.transformers.analytical_decompositions import single_qubit_decompositions
 
-def _repeat_sequence(
-    base_sequence: Sequence['cirq.Gate'], num_idle_moments: int
-) -> Sequence['cirq.Gate']:
-    """Returns the longest possible dynamical decoupling sequence."""
-    repeat_times = num_idle_moments // len(base_sequence)
-    return list(base_sequence) * repeat_times
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import cirq
 
 
-def _get_dd_sequence_from_schema_name(schema: str) -> Sequence['cirq.Gate']:
+def _get_dd_sequence_from_schema_name(schema: str) -> Tuple[ops.Gate, ...]:
     """Gets dynamical decoupling sequence from a schema name."""
-    dd_sequence: Sequence['cirq.Gate']
     match schema:
+        case 'DEFAULT':
+            return (ops.X, ops.Y, ops.X, ops.Y)
         case 'XX_PAIR':
-            dd_sequence = (cirq.X, cirq.X)
+            return (ops.X, ops.X)
         case 'X_XINV':
-            dd_sequence = (cirq.X, cirq.X**-1)
+            return (ops.X, ops.X**-1)
         case 'YY_PAIR':
-            dd_sequence = (cirq.Y, cirq.Y)
+            return (ops.Y, ops.Y)
         case 'Y_YINV':
-            dd_sequence = (cirq.Y, cirq.Y**-1)
+            return (ops.Y, ops.Y**-1)
         case _:
             raise ValueError('Invalid schema name.')
-    return dd_sequence
 
 
-def _validate_dd_sequence(dd_sequence: Sequence['cirq.Gate']) -> None:
+def _pauli_up_to_global_phase(gate: ops.Gate) -> Union[ops.Pauli, None]:
+    for pauli_gate in [ops.X, ops.Y, ops.Z]:
+        if protocols.equal_up_to_global_phase(gate, pauli_gate):
+            return pauli_gate
+    return None
+
+
+def _validate_dd_sequence(dd_sequence: Tuple[ops.Gate, ...]) -> None:
     """Validates a given dynamical decoupling sequence.
 
+    The sequence should only consists of Pauli gates and is essentially an identity gate.
+
     Args:
         dd_sequence: Input dynamical sequence to be validated.
 
-    Returns:
-        A tuple containing:
-            - is_valid (bool): True if the dd sequence is valid, False otherwise.
-            - error_message (str): An error message if the dd sequence is invalid, else None.
-
     Raises:
         ValueError: If dd_sequence is not valid.
     """
     if len(dd_sequence) < 2:
         raise ValueError('Invalid dynamical decoupling sequence. Expect more than one gates.')
-    matrices = [cirq.unitary(gate) for gate in dd_sequence]
+    for gate in dd_sequence:
+        if _pauli_up_to_global_phase(gate) is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'Dynamical decoupling sequence should only contain gates that are essentially'
+                ' Pauli gates.'
+            )
+    matrices = [unitary_protocol.unitary(gate) for gate in dd_sequence]
     product = reduce(np.matmul, matrices)
 
-    if not cirq.equal_up_to_global_phase(product, np.eye(2)):
+    if not protocols.equal_up_to_global_phase(product, np.eye(2)):
         raise ValueError(
             'Invalid dynamical decoupling sequence. Expect sequence production equals'
             f' identity up to a global phase, got {product}.'.replace('\n', ' ')
         )
 
 
-def _parse_dd_sequence(schema: Union[str, Sequence['cirq.Gate']]) -> Sequence['cirq.Gate']:
-    """Parses and returns dynamical decoupling sequence from schema."""
+def _parse_dd_sequence(
+    schema: Union[str, Tuple[ops.Gate, ...]],
+) -> Tuple[Tuple[ops.Gate, ...], Dict[ops.Gate, ops.Pauli]]:
+    """Parses and returns dynamical decoupling sequence and its associated pauli map from schema."""
+    dd_sequence = None
     if isinstance(schema, str):
         dd_sequence = _get_dd_sequence_from_schema_name(schema)
     else:
         _validate_dd_sequence(schema)
         dd_sequence = schema
-    return dd_sequence
+
+    # Map gate to Pauli gate. This is necessary as dd sequence might contain gates like X^-1.
+    pauli_map: Dict[ops.Gate, ops.Pauli] = {}
+    for gate in dd_sequence:
+        pauli_gate = _pauli_up_to_global_phase(gate)
+        if pauli_gate is not None:
+            pauli_map[gate] = pauli_gate
+    for gate in [ops.X, ops.Y, ops.Z]:
+        pauli_map[gate] = gate
+
+    return (dd_sequence, pauli_map)
+
+
+def _is_single_qubit_operation(operation: ops.Operation) -> bool:
+    return len(operation.qubits) == 1
+
+
+def _is_single_qubit_gate_moment(moment: circuits.Moment) -> bool:
+    return all(_is_single_qubit_operation(op) for op in moment)
+
+
+def _is_clifford_op(op: ops.Operation) -> bool:
+    return has_unitary(op) and has_stabilizer_effect(op)
+
+
+def _calc_busy_moment_range_of_each_qubit(
+    circuit: circuits.FrozenCircuit,
+) -> Dict[ops.Qid, list[int]]:
+    busy_moment_range_by_qubit: Dict[ops.Qid, list[int]] = {
+        q: [len(circuit), -1] for q in circuit.all_qubits()
+    }
+    for moment_id, moment in enumerate(circuit):
+        for q in moment.qubits:
+            busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][0] = min(busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][0], moment_id)
+            busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][1] = max(busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][1], moment_id)
+    return busy_moment_range_by_qubit
+
+
+def _is_insertable_moment(moment: circuits.Moment, single_qubit_gate_moments_only: bool) -> bool:
+    return not single_qubit_gate_moments_only or _is_single_qubit_gate_moment(moment)
+
+
+def _merge_single_qubit_ops_to_phxz(
+    q: ops.Qid, operations: Tuple[ops.Operation, ...]
+) -> ops.Operation:
+    """Merges [op1, op2, ...] and returns an equivalent op"""
+    if len(operations) == 1:
+        return operations[0]
+    matrices = [unitary_protocol.unitary(op) for op in reversed(operations)]
+    product = reduce(np.matmul, matrices)
+    gate = single_qubit_decompositions.single_qubit_matrix_to_phxz(product) or ops.I
+    return gate.on(q)
+
+
+def _try_merge_single_qubit_ops_of_two_moments(
+    m1: circuits.Moment, m2: circuits.Moment
+) -> Tuple[circuits.Moment, ...]:
+    """Merge single qubit ops of 2 moments if possible, returns 2 moments otherwise."""
+    for q in m1.qubits & m2.qubits:
+        op1 = m1.operation_at(q)
+        op2 = m2.operation_at(q)
+        if any(
+            not (_is_single_qubit_operation(op) and has_unitary(op))
+            for op in [op1, op2]
+            if op is not None
+        ):
+            return (m1, m2)
+    merged_ops: set[ops.Operation] = set()
+    # Merge all operators on q to a single op.
+    for q in m1.qubits | m2.qubits:
+        # ops_on_q may contain 1 op or 2 ops.
+        ops_on_q = [op for op in [m.operation_at(q) for m in [m1, m2]] if op is not None]
+        merged_ops.add(_merge_single_qubit_ops_to_phxz(q, tuple(ops_on_q)))
+    return (circuits.Moment(merged_ops),)
+
+
+def _calc_pulled_through(
+    moment: circuits.Moment, input_pauli_ops: ops.PauliString
+) -> ops.PauliString:
+    """Calculates the pulled_through such that circuit(input_pauli_ops, moment.clifford_ops) is
+    equivalent to circuit(moment.clifford_ops, pulled_through).
+    """
+    clifford_ops_in_moment: list[ops.Operation] = [
+        op for op in moment.operations if _is_clifford_op(op)
+    ]
+    return input_pauli_ops.after(clifford_ops_in_moment)
+
+
+def _get_stop_qubits(moment: circuits.Moment) -> set[ops.Qid]:
+    stop_pulling_through_qubits: set[ops.Qid] = set()
+    for op in moment:
+        if (not _is_clifford_op(op) and not _is_single_qubit_operation(op)) or not has_unitary(
+            op
+        ):  # multi-qubit clifford op or non-mergable op.
+            stop_pulling_through_qubits.update(op.qubits)
+    return stop_pulling_through_qubits
+
+
+def _need_merge_pulled_through(op_at_q: ops.Operation, is_at_last_busy_moment: bool) -> bool:
+    """With a pulling through pauli gate before op_at_q, need to merge with the
+    pauli in the conditions below."""
+    # The op must be mergable and single-qubit
+    if not (_is_single_qubit_operation(op_at_q) and has_unitary(op_at_q)):
+        return False
+    # Either non-Clifford or at the last busy moment
+    return is_at_last_busy_moment or not _is_clifford_op(op_at_q)
 
 
 @transformer_api.transformer
@@ -88,10 +207,11 @@ def add_dynamical_decoupling(
     circuit: 'cirq.AbstractCircuit',
     *,
     context: Optional['cirq.TransformerContext'] = None,
-    schema: Union[str, Sequence['cirq.Gate']] = 'X_XINV',
+    schema: Union[str, Tuple[ops.Gate, ...]] = 'DEFAULT',
+    single_qubit_gate_moments_only: bool = True,
 ) -> 'cirq.Circuit':
-    """Adds dynamical decoupling gate operations to idle moments of a given circuit.
-    This transformer preserves the moment structure of the circuit.
+    """Adds dynamical decoupling gate operations to a given circuit.
+    This transformer might add new moments thus change structure of the original circuit.
 
     Args:
           circuit: Input circuit to transform.
@@ -99,24 +219,116 @@ def add_dynamical_decoupling(
           schema: Dynamical decoupling schema name or a dynamical decoupling sequence.
             If a schema is specified, provided dynamical decouping sequence will be used.
             Otherwise, customized dynamical decoupling sequence will be applied.
+          single_qubit_gate_moments_only: If set True, dynamical decoupling operation will only be
+            added in single-qubit gate moments.
 
     Returns:
           A copy of the input circuit with dynamical decoupling operations.
     """
-    last_busy_moment_by_qubits: Dict['cirq.Qid', int] = {q: 0 for q in circuit.all_qubits()}
-    insert_into: list[Tuple[int, 'cirq.OP_TREE']] = []
+    base_dd_sequence, pauli_map = _parse_dd_sequence(schema)
+    orig_circuit = circuit.freeze()
 
-    base_dd_sequence = _parse_dd_sequence(schema)
+    busy_moment_range_by_qubit = _calc_busy_moment_range_of_each_qubit(orig_circuit)
 
-    for moment_id, moment in enumerate(circuit):
-        for q in moment.qubits:
-            insert_gates = _repeat_sequence(
-                base_dd_sequence, num_idle_moments=moment_id - last_busy_moment_by_qubits[q] - 1
+    # Stores all the moments of the output circuit chronologically.
+    transformed_moments: list[circuits.Moment] = []
+    # A PauliString stores the result of 'pulling' Pauli gates past each operations
+    # right before the current moment.
+    pulled_through: ops.PauliString = ops.PauliString()
+    # Iterator of gate to be used in dd sequence for each qubit.
+    dd_iter_by_qubits = {q: cycle(base_dd_sequence) for q in circuit.all_qubits()}
+
+    def _update_pulled_through(q: ops.Qid, insert_gate: ops.Gate) -> ops.Operation:
+        nonlocal pulled_through, pauli_map
+        pulled_through *= pauli_map[insert_gate].on(q)
+        return insert_gate.on(q)
+
+    # Insert and pull remaining Pauli ops through the whole circuit.
+    # General ideas are
+    #   * Pull through Clifford gates.
+    #   * Stop at multi-qubit non-Clifford ops (and other non-mergable ops).
+    #   * Merge to single-qubit non-Clifford ops.
+    #   * Insert a new moment if necessary.
+    # After pulling through pulled_through at `moment`, we expect a transformation of
+    #  (pulled_through, moment) -> (updated_moment, updated_pulled_through) or
+    #  (pulled_through, moment) -> (new_moment, updated_moment, updated_pulled_through)
+    # Moments structure changes are split into 3 steps:
+    #   1, (..., last_moment, pulled_through1, moment, ...)
+    #        -> (..., try_merge(last_moment, new_moment or None), pulled_through2, moment, ...)
+    #   2, (..., pulled_through2, moment, ...)  -> (..., pulled_through3, updated_moment, ...)
+    #   3, (..., pulled_through3, updated_moment, ...)
+    #        -> (..., updated_moment, pulled_through4, ...)
+    for moment_id, moment in enumerate(orig_circuit.moments):
+        # Step 1, insert new_moment if necessary.
+        # In detail: stop pulling through for multi-qubit non-Clifford ops or gates without
+        # unitary representation (e.g., measure gates). If there are remaining pulled through ops,
+        # insert into a new moment before current moment.
+        stop_pulling_through_qubits: set[ops.Qid] = _get_stop_qubits(moment)
+        new_moment_ops = []
+        for q in stop_pulling_through_qubits:
+            # Insert the remaining pulled_through
+            remaining_pulled_through_gate = pulled_through.get(q)
+            if remaining_pulled_through_gate is not None:
+                new_moment_ops.append(_update_pulled_through(q, remaining_pulled_through_gate))
+            # Reset dd sequence
+            dd_iter_by_qubits[q] = cycle(base_dd_sequence)
+        # Need to insert a new moment before current moment
+        if new_moment_ops:
+            # Fill insertable idle moments in the new moment using dd sequence
+            for q in orig_circuit.all_qubits() - stop_pulling_through_qubits:
+                if busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][0] < moment_id <= busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][1]:
+                    new_moment_ops.append(_update_pulled_through(q, next(dd_iter_by_qubits[q])))
+            moments_to_be_appended = _try_merge_single_qubit_ops_of_two_moments(
+                transformed_moments.pop(), circuits.Moment(new_moment_ops)
             )
-            for idx, gate in enumerate(insert_gates):
-                insert_into.append((last_busy_moment_by_qubits[q] + idx + 1, gate.on(q)))
-            last_busy_moment_by_qubits[q] = moment_id
+            transformed_moments.extend(moments_to_be_appended)
+
+        # Step 2, calc updated_moment with insertions / merges.
+        updated_moment_ops: set['cirq.Operation'] = set()
+        for q in orig_circuit.all_qubits():
+            op_at_q = moment.operation_at(q)
+            remaining_pulled_through_gate = pulled_through.get(q)
+            updated_op = op_at_q
+            if op_at_q is None:  # insert into idle op
+                if not _is_insertable_moment(moment, single_qubit_gate_moments_only):
+                    continue
+                if (
+                    busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][0] < moment_id < busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][1]
+                ):  # insert next pauli gate in the dd sequence
+                    updated_op = _update_pulled_through(q, next(dd_iter_by_qubits[q]))
+                elif (  # insert the remaining pulled through if beyond the ending busy moment
+                    moment_id > busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][1]
+                    and remaining_pulled_through_gate is not None
+                ):
+                    updated_op = _update_pulled_through(q, remaining_pulled_through_gate)
+            elif (
+                remaining_pulled_through_gate is not None
+            ):  # merge pulled-through of q to op_at_q if needed
+                if _need_merge_pulled_through(
+                    op_at_q, moment_id == busy_moment_range_by_qubit[q][1]
+                ):
+                    remaining_op = _update_pulled_through(q, remaining_pulled_through_gate)
+                    updated_op = _merge_single_qubit_ops_to_phxz(q, (remaining_op, op_at_q))
+            if updated_op is not None:
+                updated_moment_ops.add(updated_op)
+
+        if updated_moment_ops:
+            updated_moment = circuits.Moment(updated_moment_ops)
+            transformed_moments.append(updated_moment)
+
+            # Step 3, update pulled through.
+            # In detail: pulling current `pulled_through` through updated_moment.
+            pulled_through = _calc_pulled_through(updated_moment, pulled_through)
+
+    # Insert a new moment if there are remaining pulled-through operations.
+    ending_moment_ops = []
+    for affected_q, combined_op_in_pauli in pulled_through.items():
+        ending_moment_ops.append(combined_op_in_pauli.on(affected_q))
+    if ending_moment_ops:
+        transformed_moments.extend(
+            _try_merge_single_qubit_ops_of_two_moments(
+                transformed_moments.pop(), circuits.Moment(ending_moment_ops)
+            )
+        )
 
-    updated_circuit = circuit.unfreeze(copy=True)
-    updated_circuit.batch_insert_into(insert_into)
-    return updated_circuit
+    return circuits.Circuit(transformed_moments)