celldetective 1.4.1.post1__py3-none-any.whl → 1.4.2__py3-none-any.whl

celldetective/tracking.py

@@ -14,1037 +14,1343 @@ import os
 import subprocess
 import trackpy as tp
 
-abs_path = os.sep.join([os.path.split(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))[0],'celldetective'])
-
-def track(labels, configuration=None, stack=None, spatial_calibration=1, features=None, channel_names=None,
-		  haralick_options=None, return_napari_data=False, view_on_napari=False, mask_timepoints=None, mask_channels=None, volume=(2048,2048),
-		  optimizer_options = {'tm_lim': int(12e4)}, track_kwargs={'step_size': 100}, objects=None,
-		  clean_trajectories_kwargs=None, btrack_option=True, search_range=None, memory=None,column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'},
-		  ):
-
-	"""
-
-	Perform cell tracking on segmented labels using the bTrack library.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	labels : ndarray
-		The segmented labels representing cell objects.
-	configuration : Configuration or None
-		The bTrack configuration object. If None, a default configuration is used.
-	stack : ndarray or None, optional
-		The image stack corresponding to the labels. Default is None.
-	spatial_calibration : float, optional
-		The spatial calibration factor to convert pixel coordinates to physical units. Default is 1.
-	features : list or None, optional
-		The list of features to extract from the objects. If None, no additional features are extracted. Default is None.
-	channel_names : list or None, optional
-		The list of channel names corresponding to the image stack. Used for renaming intensity columns in the output DataFrame.
-		Default is None.
-	haralick_options : dict or None, optional
-		The options for Haralick feature extraction. If None, no Haralick features are extracted. Default is None.
-	return_napari_data : bool, optional
-		Whether to return the napari data dictionary along with the DataFrame. Default is False.
-	view_on_napari : bool, optional
-		Whether to view the tracking results on napari. Default is False.
-	optimizer_options : dict, optional
-		The options for the optimizer. Default is {'tm_lim': int(12e4)}.
-	track_kwargs : dict, optional
-		Additional keyword arguments for the bTrack tracker. Default is {'step_size': 100}.
-	clean_trajectories_kwargs : dict or None, optional
-		Keyword arguments for the clean_trajectories function to post-process the tracking trajectories. If None, no post-processing is performed.
-		Default is None.
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		The column labels to use in the output DataFrame. Default is {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	DataFrame or tuple
-		If return_napari_data is False, returns the DataFrame containing the tracking results. If return_napari_data is True, returns a tuple
-		containing the DataFrame and the napari data dictionary.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function performs cell tracking on the segmented labels using the bTrack library. It extracts features from the objects, normalizes
-	the features, tracks the objects, and generates a DataFrame with the tracking results. The DataFrame can be post-processed using the
-	clean_trajectories function. If specified, the tracking results can be visualized on napari.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> labels = np.array([[1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0],
-						   [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0],
-						   [0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0]])
-	>>> configuration = cell_config()
-	>>> stack = np.random.rand(3, 6)
-	>>> df = track(labels, configuration, stack=stack, spatial_calibration=0.5)
-	>>> df.head()
-
-	   TRACK_ID  FRAME  POSITION_Y  POSITION_X
-	0         0      0         0.0         0.0
-	1         0      1         0.0         0.0
-	2         0      2         0.0         0.0
-	3         1      0         0.5         0.5
-	4         1      1         0.5         0.5
-
-	"""
-
-	configuration = interpret_tracking_configuration(configuration)
-
-	if objects is None:
-		
-		if not btrack_option:
-			features = []
-			channel_names = None
-			haralick_options = None
-
-		objects = extract_objects_and_features(labels, stack, features, 
-										   channel_names=channel_names,
-										   haralick_options=haralick_options,
-										   mask_timepoints=mask_timepoints,
-										   mask_channels=mask_channels,
-										   )
-
-	if btrack_option:
-		columns = list(objects.columns)
-		to_remove = ['x','y','class_id','t']
-		for tr in to_remove:
-			try:
-				columns.remove(tr)
-			except:
-				print(f'column {tr} could not be found...')
-
-		scaler = StandardScaler()
-		if columns:
-			x = objects[columns].values
-			x_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(x)
-			df_temp = pd.DataFrame(x_scaled, columns=columns, index = objects.index)
-			objects[columns] = df_temp
-		else:
-			print('Warning: no features were passed to bTrack...')
-
-		# 2) track the objects
-		new_btrack_objects = localizations_to_objects(objects)
-
-		with BayesianTracker() as tracker:
-
-			tracker.configure(configuration)
-
-			if columns:
-				tracking_updates = ["motion","visual"]
-				#tracker.tracking_updates = ["motion","visual"]
-				tracker.features = columns
-			else:
-				tracking_updates = ["motion"]
-			
-			tracker.append(new_btrack_objects)
-			tracker.volume = ((0,volume[0]), (0,volume[1]), (-1e5, 1e5)) #(-1e5, 1e5)
-			#print(tracker.volume)
-			tracker.track(tracking_updates=tracking_updates, **track_kwargs)
-			tracker.optimize(options=optimizer_options)
-
-			data, properties, graph = tracker.to_napari() #ndim=2
-		# do the table post processing and napari options
-		if data.shape[1]==4:
-			df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time'],column_labels['y'],column_labels['x']])
-		elif data.shape[1]==5:
-			df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time'],"z",column_labels['y'],column_labels['x']])
-			df = df.drop(columns=['z'])	
-		df[column_labels['x']+'_um'] = df[column_labels['x']]*spatial_calibration
-		df[column_labels['y']+'_um'] = df[column_labels['y']]*spatial_calibration
-
-	else:
-		properties = None
-		graph = {}
-		print(f"{objects=} {objects.columns=}")
-		objects = objects.rename(columns={"t": "frame"})
-		if search_range is not None and memory is not None:
-			data = tp.link(objects, search_range, memory=memory,link_strategy='auto')
-		else:
-			print('Please provide a valid search range and memory value...')
-			return None
-		data['particle'] = data['particle'] + 1 # force track id to start at 1
-		df = data.rename(columns={'frame': column_labels['time'], 'x': column_labels['x'], 'y': column_labels['y'], 'particle': column_labels['track']})
-		df['state'] = 5.0; df['generation'] = 0.0; df['root'] = 1.0; df['parent'] = 1.0; df['dummy'] = False; df['z'] = 0.0;
-		data = df[[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time'],"z",column_labels['y'],column_labels['x']]].to_numpy()
-		print(f"{df=}")
-
-	if btrack_option:
-		df = df.merge(pd.DataFrame(properties),left_index=True, right_index=True)
-		if columns:
-			x = df[columns].values
-			x_scaled = scaler.inverse_transform(x)
-			df_temp = pd.DataFrame(x_scaled, columns=columns, index = df.index)
-			df[columns] = df_temp
-
-		# set dummy features to NaN
-		df.loc[df['dummy'],['class_id']+columns] = np.nan
-
-	df = df.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']])
-	df = velocity_per_track(df, window_size=3, mode='bi')
-
-	if channel_names is not None:
-		df = rename_intensity_column(df, channel_names)
-
-	df = write_first_detection_class(df, img_shape=volume, column_labels=column_labels)
-
-	if clean_trajectories_kwargs is not None:
-		df = clean_trajectories(df.copy(),**clean_trajectories_kwargs)
-	
-	df.loc[df["status_firstdetection"].isna(), "status_firstdetection"] = 0
-	df['ID'] = np.arange(len(df)).astype(int)
-
-	invalid_cols = [c for c in list(df.columns) if c.startswith('Unnamed')]
-	if len(invalid_cols)>0:
-		df = df.drop(invalid_cols, axis=1)	
-
-	# if view_on_napari:
-	# 	view_on_napari_btrack(data,properties,graph,stack=stack,labels=labels,relabel=True)
-
-	if return_napari_data:
-		napari_data = {"data": data, "properties": properties, "graph": graph}
-		return df, napari_data
-	else:
-		return df
-
-def extract_objects_and_features(labels, stack, features, channel_names=None, haralick_options=None, mask_timepoints=None, mask_channels=None):
-
-	"""
-
-	Extract objects and features from segmented labels and image stack.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	labels : ndarray
-		The segmented labels representing cell objects.
-	stack : ndarray
-		The image stack corresponding to the labels.
-	features : list or None
-		The list of features to extract from the objects. If None, no additional features are extracted.
-	channel_names : list or None, optional
-		The list of channel names corresponding to the image stack. Used for extracting Haralick features. Default is None.
-	haralick_options : dict or None, optional
-		The options for Haralick feature extraction. If None, no Haralick features are extracted. Default is None.
-	mask_timepoints : list of None, optionak
-		Frames to hide during tracking. 
-	Returns
-	-------
-	DataFrame
-		The DataFrame containing the extracted object features.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function extracts objects and features from the segmented labels and image stack. It computes the specified features for each
-	labeled object and returns a DataFrame containing the object features. Additional features such as centroid coordinates can also
-	be extracted. If Haralick features are enabled, they are computed based on the image stack using the specified options.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> labels = np.array([[1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0],
-						   [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0],
-						   [0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0]])
-	>>> stack = np.random.rand(3, 6, 3)
-	>>> features = ['area', 'mean_intensity']
-	>>> df = extract_objects_and_features(labels, stack, features)
-	
-	"""
-
-	if features is None:
-		features = []
-
-	if stack is None:
-		haralick_options = None
-
-	if mask_timepoints is not None:
-		for f in mask_timepoints:
-			labels[f] = 0.
-
-	nbr_frames = len(labels)
-	timestep_dataframes = []
-
-	for t in tqdm(range(nbr_frames),desc='frame'):
-
-		if stack is not None:
-			img = stack[t]
-		else:
-			img = None
-
-		if (haralick_options is not None) and (t==0) and (stack is not None):
-			if not 'percentiles' in haralick_options:
-				haralick_options.update({'percentiles': (0.01,99.99)})
-			if not 'target_channel' in haralick_options:
-				haralick_options.update({'target_channel': 0})
-			haralick_percentiles = haralick_options['percentiles']
-			haralick_channel_index = haralick_options['target_channel']
-			min_value = np.nanpercentile(img[:,:,haralick_channel_index].flatten(), haralick_percentiles[0])
-			max_value = np.nanpercentile(img[:,:,haralick_channel_index].flatten(), haralick_percentiles[1])			
-			haralick_options.update({'clip_values': (min_value, max_value)})
-
-		df_props = measure_features(img, labels[t], features = features+['centroid'], border_dist=None, 
-										channels=channel_names, haralick_options=haralick_options, verbose=False)
-		df_props.rename(columns={'centroid-1': 'x', 'centroid-0': 'y'},inplace=True)
-		df_props['t'] = int(t)
-		timestep_dataframes.append(df_props)
-
-	df = pd.concat(timestep_dataframes)	
-	df.reset_index(inplace=True, drop=True)
-
-	if mask_channels is not None:
-		cols_to_drop = []
-		for mc in mask_channels:
-			columns = df.columns
-			col_contains = [mc in c for c in columns]
-			to_remove = np.array(columns)[np.array(col_contains)]
-			cols_to_drop.extend(to_remove)
-		if len(cols_to_drop)>0:
-			df = df.drop(cols_to_drop, axis=1)
-
-	return df
-
-
-def clean_trajectories(trajectories,remove_not_in_first=False,remove_not_in_last=False,
-					   minimum_tracklength=0, interpolate_position_gaps=False,
-					   extrapolate_tracks_post=False,
-					   extrapolate_tracks_pre=False,
-					   interpolate_na=False,
-					   column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}):
-
-	"""
-	Clean trajectories by applying various cleaning operations.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	remove_not_in_first : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the first frame.
-		Defaults to True.
-	remove_not_in_last : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the last frame.
-		Defaults to True.
-	minimum_tracklength : int, optional
-		The minimum length of a track to be retained.
-		Defaults to 0.
-	interpolate_position_gaps : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to interpolate position gaps in tracks.
-		Defaults to True.
-	extrapolate_tracks_post : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to extrapolate tracks after the last known position.
-		Defaults to True.
-	extrapolate_tracks_pre : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to extrapolate tracks before the first known position.
-		Defaults to False.
-	interpolate_na : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to interpolate missing values in tracks.
-		Defaults to False.
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
-		The keys represent the following column labels:
-		- 'track': The column label for the track ID.
-		- 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
-		- 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
-		- 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
-		Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The cleaned DataFrame with trajectories.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function applies various cleaning operations to the input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	The cleaning operations include:
-	- Filtering tracks based on their endpoints.
-	- Filtering tracks based on their length.
-	- Interpolating position gaps in tracks.
-	- Extrapolating tracks after the last known position.
-	- Extrapolating tracks before the first known position.
-	- Interpolating missing values in tracks.
-
-	The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
-	- track: The unique ID of each track.
-	- time: The timestamp of each data point.
-	- x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
-	- y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> cleaned_data = clean_trajectories(trajectories, remove_not_in_first=True, remove_not_in_last=True,
-	...                                   minimum_tracklength=10, interpolate_position_gaps=True,
-	...                                   extrapolate_tracks_post=True, extrapolate_tracks_pre=False,
-	...                                   interpolate_na=True, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
-	>>> print(cleaned_data.head())
-
-	"""
-
-	trajectories.reset_index
-	trajectories.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']],inplace=True)
-	
-	if minimum_tracklength>0:
-		trajectories = filter_by_tracklength(trajectories.copy(), minimum_tracklength, track_label=column_labels['track'])
-	
-	if np.any([remove_not_in_first, remove_not_in_last]):
-		trajectories = filter_by_endpoints(trajectories.copy(), remove_not_in_first=remove_not_in_first,
-		remove_not_in_last=remove_not_in_last, column_labels=column_labels)
-
-	if np.any([extrapolate_tracks_post, extrapolate_tracks_pre]):
-		trajectories = extrapolate_tracks(trajectories.copy(), post=extrapolate_tracks_post,
-		pre=extrapolate_tracks_pre, column_labels=column_labels)
-
-	if interpolate_position_gaps:
-		trajectories = interpolate_time_gaps(trajectories.copy(), column_labels=column_labels)    
-
-	if interpolate_na:
-		trajectories = interpolate_nan_properties(trajectories.copy(), track_label=column_labels['track'])
-	
-	trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']])
-	trajectories.reset_index(inplace=True, drop=True)
-
-	if 'class_firstdetection' in list(trajectories.columns):
-		for tid, track_group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']):
-			indices = track_group.index
-
-			class_values = np.array(track_group['class_firstdetection'].unique())
-			class_values = class_values[class_values==class_values]
-			t_values = np.array(track_group['t_firstdetection'].unique())
-			t_values = t_values[t_values==t_values]
-			if len(class_values)==0:
-				class_values = 2
-				t_values = -1
-			else:
-				class_values = class_values[0]
-				t_values = t_values[0]
-
-			trajectories.loc[indices, 'class_firstdetection'] = class_values
-			trajectories.loc[indices, 't_firstdetection'] = t_values
-
-	return trajectories
+abs_path = os.sep.join(
+    [os.path.split(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))[0], "celldetective"]
+)
+
+
+def track(
+    labels,
+    configuration=None,
+    stack=None,
+    spatial_calibration=1,
+    features=None,
+    channel_names=None,
+    haralick_options=None,
+    return_napari_data=False,
+    view_on_napari=False,
+    mask_timepoints=None,
+    mask_channels=None,
+    volume=(2048, 2048),
+    optimizer_options={"tm_lim": int(12e4)},
+    track_kwargs={"step_size": 100},
+    objects=None,
+    clean_trajectories_kwargs=None,
+    btrack_option=True,
+    search_range=None,
+    memory=None,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+
+    Perform cell tracking on segmented labels using the bTrack library.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    labels : ndarray
+            The segmented labels representing cell objects.
+    configuration : Configuration or None
+            The bTrack configuration object. If None, a default configuration is used.
+    stack : ndarray or None, optional
+            The image stack corresponding to the labels. Default is None.
+    spatial_calibration : float, optional
+            The spatial calibration factor to convert pixel coordinates to physical units. Default is 1.
+    features : list or None, optional
+            The list of features to extract from the objects. If None, no additional features are extracted. Default is None.
+    channel_names : list or None, optional
+            The list of channel names corresponding to the image stack. Used for renaming intensity columns in the output DataFrame.
+            Default is None.
+    haralick_options : dict or None, optional
+            The options for Haralick feature extraction. If None, no Haralick features are extracted. Default is None.
+    return_napari_data : bool, optional
+            Whether to return the napari data dictionary along with the DataFrame. Default is False.
+    view_on_napari : bool, optional
+            Whether to view the tracking results on napari. Default is False.
+    optimizer_options : dict, optional
+            The options for the optimizer. Default is {'tm_lim': int(12e4)}.
+    track_kwargs : dict, optional
+            Additional keyword arguments for the bTrack tracker. Default is {'step_size': 100}.
+    clean_trajectories_kwargs : dict or None, optional
+            Keyword arguments for the clean_trajectories function to post-process the tracking trajectories. If None, no post-processing is performed.
+            Default is None.
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            The column labels to use in the output DataFrame. Default is {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    DataFrame or tuple
+            If return_napari_data is False, returns the DataFrame containing the tracking results. If return_napari_data is True, returns a tuple
+            containing the DataFrame and the napari data dictionary.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function performs cell tracking on the segmented labels using the bTrack library. It extracts features from the objects, normalizes
+    the features, tracks the objects, and generates a DataFrame with the tracking results. The DataFrame can be post-processed using the
+    clean_trajectories function. If specified, the tracking results can be visualized on napari.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> labels = np.array([[1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0],
+                                               [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0],
+                                               [0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0]])
+    >>> configuration = cell_config()
+    >>> stack = np.random.rand(3, 6)
+    >>> df = track(labels, configuration, stack=stack, spatial_calibration=0.5)
+    >>> df.head()
+
+       TRACK_ID  FRAME  POSITION_Y  POSITION_X
+    0         0      0         0.0         0.0
+    1         0      1         0.0         0.0
+    2         0      2         0.0         0.0
+    3         1      0         0.5         0.5
+    4         1      1         0.5         0.5
+
+    """
+
+    configuration = interpret_tracking_configuration(configuration)
+
+    if objects is None:
+
+        if not btrack_option:
+            features = []
+            channel_names = None
+            haralick_options = None
+
+        objects = extract_objects_and_features(
+            labels,
+            stack,
+            features,
+            channel_names=channel_names,
+            haralick_options=haralick_options,
+            mask_timepoints=mask_timepoints,
+            mask_channels=mask_channels,
+        )
+
+    if btrack_option:
+        columns = list(objects.columns)
+        to_remove = ["x", "y", "class_id", "t"]
+        for tr in to_remove:
+            try:
+                columns.remove(tr)
+            except:
+                print(f"column {tr} could not be found...")
+
+        scaler = StandardScaler()
+        if columns:
+            x = objects[columns].values
+            x_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(x)
+            df_temp = pd.DataFrame(x_scaled, columns=columns, index=objects.index)
+            objects[columns] = df_temp
+        else:
+            print("Warning: no features were passed to bTrack...")
+
+        # 2) track the objects
+        new_btrack_objects = localizations_to_objects(objects)
+
+        with BayesianTracker() as tracker:
+
+            tracker.configure(configuration)
+
+            if columns:
+                tracking_updates = ["motion", "visual"]
+                # tracker.tracking_updates = ["motion","visual"]
+                tracker.features = columns
+            else:
+                tracking_updates = ["motion"]
+
+            tracker.append(new_btrack_objects)
+            tracker.volume = (
+                (0, volume[0]),
+                (0, volume[1]),
+                (-1e5, 1e5),
+            )  # (-1e5, 1e5)
+            # print(tracker.volume)
+            tracker.track(tracking_updates=tracking_updates, **track_kwargs)
+            tracker.optimize(options=optimizer_options)
+
+            data, properties, graph = tracker.to_napari()  # ndim=2
+        # do the table post processing and napari options
+        if data.shape[1] == 4:
+            df = pd.DataFrame(
+                data,
+                columns=[
+                    column_labels["track"],
+                    column_labels["time"],
+                    column_labels["y"],
+                    column_labels["x"],
+                ],
+            )
+        elif data.shape[1] == 5:
+            df = pd.DataFrame(
+                data,
+                columns=[
+                    column_labels["track"],
+                    column_labels["time"],
+                    "z",
+                    column_labels["y"],
+                    column_labels["x"],
+                ],
+            )
+            df = df.drop(columns=["z"])
+        df[column_labels["x"] + "_um"] = df[column_labels["x"]] * spatial_calibration
+        df[column_labels["y"] + "_um"] = df[column_labels["y"]] * spatial_calibration
+
+    else:
+        properties = None
+        graph = {}
+        print(f"{objects=} {objects.columns=}")
+        objects = objects.rename(columns={"t": "frame"})
+        if search_range is not None and memory is not None:
+            data = tp.link(objects, search_range, memory=memory, link_strategy="auto")
+        else:
+            print("Please provide a valid search range and memory value...")
+            return None
+        data["particle"] = data["particle"] + 1  # force track id to start at 1
+        df = data.rename(
+            columns={
+                "frame": column_labels["time"],
+                "x": column_labels["x"],
+                "y": column_labels["y"],
+                "particle": column_labels["track"],
+            }
+        )
+        df["state"] = 5.0
+        df["generation"] = 0.0
+        df["root"] = 1.0
+        df["parent"] = 1.0
+        df["dummy"] = False
+        df["z"] = 0.0
+        data = df[
+            [
+                column_labels["track"],
+                column_labels["time"],
+                "z",
+                column_labels["y"],
+                column_labels["x"],
+            ]
+        ].to_numpy()
+        print(f"{df=}")
+
+    if btrack_option:
+        df = df.merge(pd.DataFrame(properties), left_index=True, right_index=True)
+        if columns:
+            x = df[columns].values
+            x_scaled = scaler.inverse_transform(x)
+            df_temp = pd.DataFrame(x_scaled, columns=columns, index=df.index)
+            df[columns] = df_temp
+
+        # set dummy features to NaN
+        df.loc[df["dummy"], ["class_id"] + columns] = np.nan
+
+    df = df.sort_values(by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]])
+    df = velocity_per_track(df, window_size=3, mode="bi")
+
+    if channel_names is not None:
+        df = rename_intensity_column(df, channel_names)
+
+    df = write_first_detection_class(df, img_shape=volume, column_labels=column_labels)
+
+    if clean_trajectories_kwargs is not None:
+        df = clean_trajectories(df.copy(), **clean_trajectories_kwargs)
+
+    df.loc[df["status_firstdetection"].isna(), "status_firstdetection"] = 0
+    df["ID"] = np.arange(len(df)).astype(int)
+
+    invalid_cols = [c for c in list(df.columns) if c.startswith("Unnamed")]
+    if len(invalid_cols) > 0:
+        df = df.drop(invalid_cols, axis=1)
+
+    # if view_on_napari:
+    # 	view_on_napari_btrack(data,properties,graph,stack=stack,labels=labels,relabel=True)
+
+    if return_napari_data:
+        napari_data = {"data": data, "properties": properties, "graph": graph}
+        return df, napari_data
+    else:
+        return df
+
+
+def extract_objects_and_features(
+    labels,
+    stack,
+    features,
+    channel_names=None,
+    haralick_options=None,
+    mask_timepoints=None,
+    mask_channels=None,
+):
+    """
+
+    Extract objects and features from segmented labels and image stack.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    labels : ndarray
+            The segmented labels representing cell objects.
+    stack : ndarray
+            The image stack corresponding to the labels.
+    features : list or None
+            The list of features to extract from the objects. If None, no additional features are extracted.
+    channel_names : list or None, optional
+            The list of channel names corresponding to the image stack. Used for extracting Haralick features. Default is None.
+    haralick_options : dict or None, optional
+            The options for Haralick feature extraction. If None, no Haralick features are extracted. Default is None.
+    mask_timepoints : list of None, optionak
+            Frames to hide during tracking.
+    Returns
+    -------
+    DataFrame
+            The DataFrame containing the extracted object features.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function extracts objects and features from the segmented labels and image stack. It computes the specified features for each
+    labeled object and returns a DataFrame containing the object features. Additional features such as centroid coordinates can also
+    be extracted. If Haralick features are enabled, they are computed based on the image stack using the specified options.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> labels = np.array([[1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0],
+                                               [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0],
+                                               [0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0]])
+    >>> stack = np.random.rand(3, 6, 3)
+    >>> features = ['area', 'mean_intensity']
+    >>> df = extract_objects_and_features(labels, stack, features)
+
+    """
+
+    if features is None:
+        features = []
+
+    if stack is None:
+        haralick_options = None
+
+    if mask_timepoints is not None:
+        for f in mask_timepoints:
+            labels[f] = 0.0
+
+    nbr_frames = len(labels)
+    timestep_dataframes = []
+
+    for t in tqdm(range(nbr_frames), desc="frame"):
+
+        if stack is not None:
+            img = stack[t]
+        else:
+            img = None
+
+        if (haralick_options is not None) and (t == 0) and (stack is not None):
+            if not "percentiles" in haralick_options:
+                haralick_options.update({"percentiles": (0.01, 99.99)})
+            if not "target_channel" in haralick_options:
+                haralick_options.update({"target_channel": 0})
+            haralick_percentiles = haralick_options["percentiles"]
+            haralick_channel_index = haralick_options["target_channel"]
+            min_value = np.nanpercentile(
+                img[:, :, haralick_channel_index].flatten(), haralick_percentiles[0]
+            )
+            max_value = np.nanpercentile(
+                img[:, :, haralick_channel_index].flatten(), haralick_percentiles[1]
+            )
+            haralick_options.update({"clip_values": (min_value, max_value)})
+
+        df_props = measure_features(
+            img,
+            labels[t],
+            features=features + ["centroid"],
+            border_dist=None,
+            channels=channel_names,
+            haralick_options=haralick_options,
+            verbose=False,
+        )
+        df_props.rename(columns={"centroid-1": "x", "centroid-0": "y"}, inplace=True)
+        df_props["t"] = int(t)
+        timestep_dataframes.append(df_props)
+
+    df = pd.concat(timestep_dataframes)
+    df.reset_index(inplace=True, drop=True)
+
+    if mask_channels is not None:
+        cols_to_drop = []
+        for mc in mask_channels:
+            columns = df.columns
+            col_contains = [mc in c for c in columns]
+            to_remove = np.array(columns)[np.array(col_contains)]
+            cols_to_drop.extend(to_remove)
+        if len(cols_to_drop) > 0:
+            df = df.drop(cols_to_drop, axis=1)
+
+    return df
+
+
+def clean_trajectories(
+    trajectories,
+    remove_not_in_first=False,
+    remove_not_in_last=False,
+    minimum_tracklength=0,
+    interpolate_position_gaps=False,
+    extrapolate_tracks_post=False,
+    extrapolate_tracks_pre=False,
+    interpolate_na=False,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+    Clean trajectories by applying various cleaning operations.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    remove_not_in_first : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the first frame.
+            Defaults to True.
+    remove_not_in_last : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the last frame.
+            Defaults to True.
+    minimum_tracklength : int, optional
+            The minimum length of a track to be retained.
+            Defaults to 0.
+    interpolate_position_gaps : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to interpolate position gaps in tracks.
+            Defaults to True.
+    extrapolate_tracks_post : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to extrapolate tracks after the last known position.
+            Defaults to True.
+    extrapolate_tracks_pre : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to extrapolate tracks before the first known position.
+            Defaults to False.
+    interpolate_na : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to interpolate missing values in tracks.
+            Defaults to False.
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
+            The keys represent the following column labels:
+            - 'track': The column label for the track ID.
+            - 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
+            - 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
+            - 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
+            Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The cleaned DataFrame with trajectories.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function applies various cleaning operations to the input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    The cleaning operations include:
+    - Filtering tracks based on their endpoints.
+    - Filtering tracks based on their length.
+    - Interpolating position gaps in tracks.
+    - Extrapolating tracks after the last known position.
+    - Extrapolating tracks before the first known position.
+    - Interpolating missing values in tracks.
+
+    The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
+    - track: The unique ID of each track.
+    - time: The timestamp of each data point.
+    - x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
+    - y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> cleaned_data = clean_trajectories(trajectories, remove_not_in_first=True, remove_not_in_last=True,
+    ...                                   minimum_tracklength=10, interpolate_position_gaps=True,
+    ...                                   extrapolate_tracks_post=True, extrapolate_tracks_pre=False,
+    ...                                   interpolate_na=True, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
+    >>> print(cleaned_data.head())
+
+    """
+
+    trajectories.reset_index
+    trajectories.sort_values(
+        by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]], inplace=True
+    )
+
+    if minimum_tracklength > 0:
+        trajectories = filter_by_tracklength(
+            trajectories.copy(), minimum_tracklength, track_label=column_labels["track"]
+        )
+
+    if np.any([remove_not_in_first, remove_not_in_last]):
+        trajectories = filter_by_endpoints(
+            trajectories.copy(),
+            remove_not_in_first=remove_not_in_first,
+            remove_not_in_last=remove_not_in_last,
+            column_labels=column_labels,
+        )
+
+    if np.any([extrapolate_tracks_post, extrapolate_tracks_pre]):
+        trajectories = extrapolate_tracks(
+            trajectories.copy(),
+            post=extrapolate_tracks_post,
+            pre=extrapolate_tracks_pre,
+            column_labels=column_labels,
+        )
+
+    if interpolate_position_gaps:
+        trajectories = interpolate_time_gaps(
+            trajectories.copy(), column_labels=column_labels
+        )
+
+    if interpolate_na:
+        trajectories = interpolate_nan_properties(
+            trajectories.copy(), track_label=column_labels["track"]
+        )
+
+    trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(
+        by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]]
+    )
+    trajectories.reset_index(inplace=True, drop=True)
+
+    if "class_firstdetection" in list(trajectories.columns):
+        for tid, track_group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]):
+            indices = track_group.index
+
+            class_values = np.array(track_group["class_firstdetection"].unique())
+            class_values = class_values[class_values == class_values]
+            t_values = np.array(track_group["t_firstdetection"].unique())
+            t_values = t_values[t_values == t_values]
+            if len(class_values) == 0:
+                class_values = 2
+                t_values = -1
+            else:
+                class_values = class_values[0]
+                t_values = t_values[0]
+
+            trajectories.loc[indices, "class_firstdetection"] = class_values
+            trajectories.loc[indices, "t_firstdetection"] = t_values
+
+    return trajectories
+
 
 def interpolate_per_track(group_df):
+    """
+    Interpolate missing values within a track.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    group_df : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing data for a single track.
 
-	"""
-	Interpolate missing values within a track.
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The interpolated DataFrame with missing values filled.
 
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	group_df : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing data for a single track.
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function performs linear interpolation to fill missing values within a track.
+    Missing values are interpolated based on the neighboring data points in the track.
 
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The interpolated DataFrame with missing values filled.
+    """
 
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function performs linear interpolation to fill missing values within a track.
-	Missing values are interpolated based on the neighboring data points in the track.
+    for c in list(group_df.columns):
+        group_df_new_dtype = group_df[c].infer_objects(copy=False)
+        if group_df_new_dtype.dtype != "O":
+            group_df[c] = group_df_new_dtype.interpolate(
+                method="linear", limit_direction="both"
+            )
 
-	"""
+    # interpolated_group = group_df.interpolate(method='linear',limit_direction="both")
 
-	for c in list(group_df.columns):
-		group_df_new_dtype = group_df[c].infer_objects(copy=False)
-		if group_df_new_dtype.dtype!='O':
-			group_df[c] = group_df_new_dtype.interpolate(method='linear',limit_direction="both")
-	
-	#interpolated_group = group_df.interpolate(method='linear',limit_direction="both")
+    return group_df
 
-	return group_df
 
 def interpolate_nan_properties(trajectories, track_label="TRACK_ID"):
+    """
+    Interpolate missing values within tracks in the input DataFrame.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    track_label : str, optional
+            The column label for the track ID.
+            Defaults to "TRACK_ID".
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The DataFrame with missing values interpolated within tracks.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function groups the input DataFrame by track ID and applies `interpolate_per_track` function
+    to interpolate missing values within each track.
+    Missing values are interpolated based on the neighboring data points in each track.
+
+    The input DataFrame is expected to have a column with the specified `track_label` containing the track IDs.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> interpolated_data = interpolate_nan_properties(trajectories, track_label="ID")
+    >>> print(interpolated_data.head())
+
+    """
+
+    trajectories = trajectories.groupby(track_label, group_keys=False).apply(
+        interpolate_per_track
+    )
+
+    return trajectories
+
+
+def filter_by_endpoints(
+    trajectories,
+    remove_not_in_first=True,
+    remove_not_in_last=False,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+    Filter trajectories based on their endpoints.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    remove_not_in_first : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the first frame.
+            Defaults to True.
+    remove_not_in_last : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the last frame.
+            Defaults to False.
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
+            The keys represent the following column labels:
+            - 'track': The column label for the track ID.
+            - 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
+            - 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
+            - 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
+            Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The filtered DataFrame with trajectories based on their endpoints.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function filters the input DataFrame based on the endpoints of the trajectories.
+    The filtering can be performed in three modes:
+    - remove_not_in_first=True and remove_not_in_last=False: Remove tracks that are not present in the first frame.
+    - remove_not_in_first=False and remove_not_in_last=True: Remove tracks that are not present in the last frame.
+    - remove_not_in_first=True and remove_not_in_last=True: Remove tracks that are not present in both the first and last frames.
+
+    The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
+    - track: The unique ID of each track.
+    - time: The timestamp of each data point.
+    - x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
+    - y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> filtered_data = filter_by_endpoints(trajectories, remove_not_in_first=True, remove_not_in_last=False, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
+    >>> print(filtered_data.head())
+
+    """
+
+    if (remove_not_in_first) * (not remove_not_in_last):
+        # filter tracks not in first frame
+        leftover_tracks = (
+            trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"])
+            .min()
+            .index[
+                trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]).min()[
+                    column_labels["time"]
+                ]
+                == np.amin(trajectories[column_labels["time"]])
+            ]
+        )
+        trajectories = trajectories.loc[
+            trajectories[column_labels["track"]].isin(leftover_tracks)
+        ]
+
+    elif (remove_not_in_last) * (not remove_not_in_first):
+        # filter tracks not in last frame
+        leftover_tracks = (
+            trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"])
+            .max()
+            .index[
+                trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]).max()[
+                    column_labels["time"]
+                ]
+                == np.amax(trajectories[column_labels["time"]])
+            ]
+        )
+        trajectories = trajectories.loc[
+            trajectories[column_labels["track"]].isin(leftover_tracks)
+        ]
+
+    elif remove_not_in_first * remove_not_in_last:
+        # filter tracks both not in first and last frame
+        leftover_tracks = (
+            trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"])
+            .max()
+            .index[
+                (
+                    trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]).max()[
+                        column_labels["time"]
+                    ]
+                    == np.amax(trajectories[column_labels["time"]])
+                )
+                * (
+                    trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]).min()[
+                        column_labels["time"]
+                    ]
+                    == np.amin(trajectories[column_labels["time"]])
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+        trajectories = trajectories.loc[
+            trajectories[column_labels["track"]].isin(leftover_tracks)
+        ]
+
+    trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(
+        by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]]
+    )
+
+    return trajectories
 
-	"""
-	Interpolate missing values within tracks in the input DataFrame.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	track_label : str, optional
-		The column label for the track ID.
-		Defaults to "TRACK_ID".
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The DataFrame with missing values interpolated within tracks.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function groups the input DataFrame by track ID and applies `interpolate_per_track` function
-	to interpolate missing values within each track.
-	Missing values are interpolated based on the neighboring data points in each track.
-
-	The input DataFrame is expected to have a column with the specified `track_label` containing the track IDs.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> interpolated_data = interpolate_nan_properties(trajectories, track_label="ID")
-	>>> print(interpolated_data.head())
-
-	"""
-
-	trajectories = trajectories.groupby(track_label, group_keys=False).apply(interpolate_per_track)
-
-	return trajectories
-
-
-def filter_by_endpoints(trajectories, remove_not_in_first=True, remove_not_in_last=False,
-						column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}):
-
-	"""
-	Filter trajectories based on their endpoints.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	remove_not_in_first : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the first frame.
-		Defaults to True.
-	remove_not_in_last : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to remove tracks not present in the last frame.
-		Defaults to False.
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
-		The keys represent the following column labels:
-		- 'track': The column label for the track ID.
-		- 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
-		- 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
-		- 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
-		Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The filtered DataFrame with trajectories based on their endpoints.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function filters the input DataFrame based on the endpoints of the trajectories.
-	The filtering can be performed in three modes:
-	- remove_not_in_first=True and remove_not_in_last=False: Remove tracks that are not present in the first frame.
-	- remove_not_in_first=False and remove_not_in_last=True: Remove tracks that are not present in the last frame.
-	- remove_not_in_first=True and remove_not_in_last=True: Remove tracks that are not present in both the first and last frames.
-
-	The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
-	- track: The unique ID of each track.
-	- time: The timestamp of each data point.
-	- x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
-	- y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> filtered_data = filter_by_endpoints(trajectories, remove_not_in_first=True, remove_not_in_last=False, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
-	>>> print(filtered_data.head())
-
-	"""
-
-	if (remove_not_in_first)*(not remove_not_in_last):
-		# filter tracks not in first frame
-		leftover_tracks = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']).min().index[trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']).min()[column_labels['time']]==np.amin(trajectories[column_labels['time']])]
-		trajectories = trajectories.loc[trajectories[column_labels['track']].isin(leftover_tracks)]
-		
-	elif (remove_not_in_last)*(not remove_not_in_first):
-		# filter tracks not in last frame
-		leftover_tracks = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']).max().index[trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']).max()[column_labels['time']]==np.amax(trajectories[column_labels['time']])]
-		trajectories = trajectories.loc[trajectories[column_labels['track']].isin(leftover_tracks)]
-	  
-	elif remove_not_in_first*remove_not_in_last:
-		# filter tracks both not in first and last frame
-		leftover_tracks = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']).max().index[(trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']).max()[column_labels['time']]==np.amax(trajectories[column_labels['time']]))*(trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']).min()[column_labels['time']]==np.amin(trajectories[column_labels['time']]))]
-		trajectories = trajectories.loc[trajectories[column_labels['track']].isin(leftover_tracks)]
-
-	trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']])
-
-	return trajectories
 
 def filter_by_tracklength(trajectories, minimum_tracklength, track_label="TRACK_ID"):
-	
-	"""
-	Filter trajectories based on the minimum track length.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	minimum_tracklength : int
-		The minimum length required for a track to be included.
-	track_label : str, optional
-		The column name in the DataFrame that represents the track ID.
-		Defaults to "TRACK_ID".
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The filtered DataFrame with trajectories that meet the minimum track length.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function removes any tracks from the input DataFrame that have a length
-	(number of data points) less than the specified minimum track length.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> filtered_data = filter_by_tracklength(trajectories, 10, track_label="TrackID")
-	>>> print(filtered_data.head())
-
-	"""
-	
-	if minimum_tracklength>0:
-		
-		leftover_tracks = trajectories.groupby(track_label, group_keys=False).size().index[trajectories.groupby(track_label, group_keys=False).size() > minimum_tracklength]
-		trajectories = trajectories.loc[trajectories[track_label].isin(leftover_tracks)]
-	
-	trajectories = trajectories.reset_index(drop=True)
-	
-	return trajectories
-	
-
-def interpolate_time_gaps(trajectories, column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}):
-
-	"""
-	Interpolate time gaps in trajectories.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
-		The keys represent the following column labels:
-		- 'track': The column label for the track ID.
-		- 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
-		- 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
-		- 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
-		Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The interpolated DataFrame with reduced time gaps in trajectories.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function performs interpolation on the input trajectories to reduce time gaps between data points.
-	It uses linear interpolation to fill missing values for the specified x and y coordinate attributes.
-
-	The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
-	- track: The unique ID of each track.
-	- time: The timestamp of each data point (in seconds).
-	- x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
-	- y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> interpolated_data = interpolate_time_gaps(trajectories, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
-	>>> print(interpolated_data.head())
-
-	"""
-
-	trajectories[column_labels['time']] = pd.to_datetime(trajectories[column_labels['time']], unit='s')
-	trajectories.set_index(column_labels['track'], inplace=True)
-	trajectories = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track'], group_keys=True).apply(lambda x: x.set_index(column_labels['time']).resample('1s').asfreq()).reset_index()
-	trajectories[[column_labels['x'], column_labels['y']]] = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track'], group_keys=False)[[column_labels['x'], column_labels['y']]].apply(lambda x: x.interpolate(method='linear'))
-	trajectories.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)
-	trajectories[column_labels['time']] = trajectories[column_labels['time']].astype('int64').astype(float) / 10**9
-	#trajectories[column_labels['time']] = trajectories[column_labels['time']].astype('int64')
-	trajectories.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']],inplace=True)
-	
-	return trajectories
-		
-
-def extrapolate_tracks(trajectories, post=False, pre=False, column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}):
-	
-	"""
-	Extrapolate tracks in trajectories.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	post : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to perform post-extrapolation.
-		Defaults to True.
-	pre : bool, optional
-		Flag indicating whether to perform pre-extrapolation.
-		Defaults to False.
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
-		The keys represent the following column labels:
-		- 'track': The column label for the track ID.
-		- 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
-		- 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
-		- 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
-		Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The extrapolated DataFrame with extended tracks.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function extrapolates tracks in the input DataFrame by repeating the last known position
-	either after (post-extrapolation) or before (pre-extrapolation) the available data.
-
-	The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
-	- track: The unique ID of each track.
-	- time: The timestamp of each data point.
-	- x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
-	- y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> extrapolated_data = extrapolate_tracks(trajectories, post=True, pre=False, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
-	>>> print(extrapolated_data.head())
-
-	"""
-	
-	if post:
-		
-		# get the maximum time T in the dataframe
-		max_time = trajectories[column_labels['time']].max()
-
-		# extrapolate the position until time T by repeating the last known position
-		df_extrapolated = pd.DataFrame()
-		for track_id, group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']):
-			last_known_position = group.loc[group[column_labels['time']] <= max_time].tail(1)[[column_labels['time'],column_labels['x'], column_labels['y']]].values
-			extrapolated_frames = pd.DataFrame({column_labels['time']: np.arange(last_known_position[0][0] + 1, max_time + 1)})
-			extrapolated_positions = pd.DataFrame({column_labels['x']: last_known_position[0][1], column_labels['y']: last_known_position[0][2]}, index=np.arange(last_known_position[0][0] + 1, max_time + 1))
-			track_data = extrapolated_frames.join(extrapolated_positions, how="inner", on=column_labels['time'])
-			track_data[column_labels['track']] = track_id
-
-			if len(df_extrapolated)==0:
-				df_extrapolated = track_data
-			elif len(track_data)!=0:
-				df_extrapolated = pd.concat([df_extrapolated, track_data])
-
-
-		# concatenate the original dataframe and the extrapolated dataframe
-		trajectories = pd.concat([trajectories, df_extrapolated], axis=0)
-		# sort the dataframe by TRACK_ID and FRAME
-		trajectories.sort_values([column_labels['track'], column_labels['time']], inplace=True)
-
-	if pre:
-		
-		# get the maximum time T in the dataframe
-		min_time = 0 #trajectories[column_labels['time']].min()
-
-		# extrapolate the position until time T by repeating the last known position
-		df_extrapolated = pd.DataFrame()
-		for track_id, group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']):
-			last_known_position = group.loc[group[column_labels['time']] >= min_time].head(1)[[column_labels['time'],column_labels['x'], column_labels['y']]].values
-			extrapolated_frames = pd.DataFrame({column_labels['time']: np.arange(min_time, last_known_position[0][0] + 1)})
-			extrapolated_positions = pd.DataFrame({column_labels['x']: last_known_position[0][1], column_labels['y']: last_known_position[0][2]}, index=np.arange(min_time, last_known_position[0][0]))
-			track_data = extrapolated_frames.join(extrapolated_positions, how="inner", on=column_labels['time'])
-			track_data[column_labels['track']] = track_id
-			df_extrapolated = pd.concat([df_extrapolated, track_data])
-
-		# concatenate the original dataframe and the extrapolated dataframe
-		trajectories = pd.concat([trajectories, df_extrapolated], axis=0)
-
-		# sort the dataframe by TRACK_ID and FRAME
-		trajectories.sort_values([column_labels['track'], column_labels['time']], inplace=True)
-	
-	return trajectories
-
-def compute_instantaneous_velocity(trajectories, column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}):
-
-	"""
-	
-	Compute the instantaneous velocity for each point in the trajectories.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		A dictionary specifying the column labels for track ID, time, position X, and position Y.
-		Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The DataFrame with added 'velocity' column representing the instantaneous velocity for each point.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	This function calculates the instantaneous velocity for each point in the trajectories.
-	The velocity is computed as the Euclidean distance traveled divided by the time difference between consecutive points.
-
-	The input DataFrame is expected to have columns with the specified column labels for track ID, time, position X, and position Y.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> velocity_data = compute_instantaneous_velocity(trajectories)
-	>>> print(velocity_data.head())
-
-	"""
-
-	# Calculate the time differences and position differences
-	trajectories['dt'] = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track'])[column_labels['time']].diff()
-	trajectories['dx'] = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track'])[column_labels['x']].diff()
-	trajectories['dy'] = trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track'])[column_labels['y']].diff()
-
-	# Calculate the instantaneous velocity
-	trajectories['velocity'] = np.sqrt(trajectories['dx']**2 +trajectories['dy']**2) / trajectories['dt']
-	trajectories = trajectories.drop(['dx', 'dy', 'dt'], axis=1)
-	trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']])    
-
-	return trajectories
-
-def instantaneous_diffusion(positions_x, positions_y, timeline):
-	
-	"""
-	Compute the instantaneous diffusion coefficients for each position coordinate.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	positions_x : numpy.ndarray
-		Array of x-coordinates of positions.
-	positions_y : numpy.ndarray
-		Array of y-coordinates of positions.
-	timeline : numpy.ndarray
-		Array of corresponding time points.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	numpy.ndarray
-		Array of instantaneous diffusion coefficients for each position coordinate.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	The function calculates the instantaneous diffusion coefficients for each position coordinate (x, y) based on the provided positions and timeline.
-	The diffusion coefficient at each time point is computed using the formula:
-	D = ((x[t+1] - x[t-1])^2 / (2 * (t[t+1] - t[t-1]))) + (1 / (t[t+1] - t[t-1])) * ((x[t+1] - x[t]) * (x[t] - x[t-1]))
-	where x represents the position coordinate (x or y) and t represents the corresponding time point.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
-	>>> y = np.array([0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25])
-	>>> t = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
-	>>> diff = instantaneous_diffusion(x, y, t)
-	>>> print(diff)
-
-	"""
-
-	diff = np.zeros((len(positions_x),2))
-	diff[:,:] = np.nan
-	
-	for t in range(1,len(positions_x)-1):
-		diff[t,0] = (positions_x[t+1] - positions_x[t-1])**2/(2*(timeline[t+1] - timeline[t-1])) + 1/(timeline[t+1] - timeline[t-1])*((positions_x[t+1] - positions_x[t])*(positions_x[t] - positions_x[t-1]))
-
-	for t in range(1,len(positions_y)-1):
-		diff[t,1] = (positions_y[t+1] - positions_y[t-1])**2/(2*(timeline[t+1] - timeline[t-1])) + 1/(timeline[t+1] - timeline[t-1])*((positions_y[t+1] - positions_y[t])*(positions_y[t] - positions_y[t-1]))
-
-	return diff
-
-def magnitude_diffusion(diffusion_vector):
-
-	"""
-	Compute the magnitude of diffusion for each diffusion vector.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	diffusion_vector : numpy.ndarray
-		Array of diffusion vectors.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	numpy.ndarray
-		Array of magnitudes of diffusion.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	The function calculates the magnitude of diffusion for each diffusion vector (x, y) based on the provided diffusion vectors.
-	The magnitude of diffusion is computed as the Euclidean norm of the diffusion vector.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> diffusion = np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0], [0.5, 0.5]])
-	>>> magnitudes = magnitude_diffusion(diffusion)
-	>>> print(magnitudes)
+    """
+    Filter trajectories based on the minimum track length.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    minimum_tracklength : int
+            The minimum length required for a track to be included.
+    track_label : str, optional
+            The column name in the DataFrame that represents the track ID.
+            Defaults to "TRACK_ID".
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The filtered DataFrame with trajectories that meet the minimum track length.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function removes any tracks from the input DataFrame that have a length
+    (number of data points) less than the specified minimum track length.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> filtered_data = filter_by_tracklength(trajectories, 10, track_label="TrackID")
+    >>> print(filtered_data.head())
+
+    """
+
+    if minimum_tracklength > 0:
+
+        leftover_tracks = (
+            trajectories.groupby(track_label, group_keys=False)
+            .size()
+            .index[
+                trajectories.groupby(track_label, group_keys=False).size()
+                > minimum_tracklength
+            ]
+        )
+        trajectories = trajectories.loc[trajectories[track_label].isin(leftover_tracks)]
+
+    trajectories = trajectories.reset_index(drop=True)
+
+    return trajectories
+
+
+def interpolate_time_gaps(
+    trajectories,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+    Interpolate time gaps in trajectories.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
+            The keys represent the following column labels:
+            - 'track': The column label for the track ID.
+            - 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
+            - 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
+            - 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
+            Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The interpolated DataFrame with reduced time gaps in trajectories.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function performs interpolation on the input trajectories to reduce time gaps between data points.
+    It uses linear interpolation to fill missing values for the specified x and y coordinate attributes.
+
+    The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
+    - track: The unique ID of each track.
+    - time: The timestamp of each data point (in seconds).
+    - x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
+    - y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> interpolated_data = interpolate_time_gaps(trajectories, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
+    >>> print(interpolated_data.head())
+
+    """
+
+    trajectories[column_labels["time"]] = pd.to_datetime(
+        trajectories[column_labels["time"]], unit="s"
+    )
+    trajectories.set_index(column_labels["track"], inplace=True)
+    trajectories = (
+        trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"], group_keys=True)
+        .apply(lambda x: x.set_index(column_labels["time"]).resample("1s").asfreq())
+        .reset_index()
+    )
+    trajectories[[column_labels["x"], column_labels["y"]]] = trajectories.groupby(
+        column_labels["track"], group_keys=False
+    )[[column_labels["x"], column_labels["y"]]].apply(
+        lambda x: x.interpolate(method="linear")
+    )
+    trajectories.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)
+    trajectories[column_labels["time"]] = np.round(
+        (trajectories[column_labels["time"]] - pd.Timestamp("1970-01-01"))
+        / pd.Timedelta("1s"),
+        9,
+    )
+    # trajectories[column_labels['time']] = trajectories[column_labels['time']].astype('int64')
+    trajectories.sort_values(
+        by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]], inplace=True
+    )
+
+    return trajectories
+
+
+def extrapolate_tracks(
+    trajectories,
+    post=False,
+    pre=False,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+    Extrapolate tracks in trajectories.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    post : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to perform post-extrapolation.
+            Defaults to True.
+    pre : bool, optional
+            Flag indicating whether to perform pre-extrapolation.
+            Defaults to False.
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            Dictionary specifying the column labels used in the input DataFrame.
+            The keys represent the following column labels:
+            - 'track': The column label for the track ID.
+            - 'time': The column label for the timestamp.
+            - 'x': The column label for the x-coordinate.
+            - 'y': The column label for the y-coordinate.
+            Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The extrapolated DataFrame with extended tracks.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function extrapolates tracks in the input DataFrame by repeating the last known position
+    either after (post-extrapolation) or before (pre-extrapolation) the available data.
+
+    The input DataFrame is expected to have the following columns:
+    - track: The unique ID of each track.
+    - time: The timestamp of each data point.
+    - x: The x-coordinate of each data point.
+    - y: The y-coordinate of each data point.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> extrapolated_data = extrapolate_tracks(trajectories, post=True, pre=False, column_labels={'track': "ID", 'time': 'TIME', 'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y'})
+    >>> print(extrapolated_data.head())
+
+    """
+
+    if post:
+
+        # get the maximum time T in the dataframe
+        max_time = trajectories[column_labels["time"]].max()
+
+        # extrapolate the position until time T by repeating the last known position
+        df_extrapolated = pd.DataFrame()
+        for track_id, group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]):
+            last_known_position = (
+                group.loc[group[column_labels["time"]] <= max_time]
+                .tail(1)[
+                    [column_labels["time"], column_labels["x"], column_labels["y"]]
+                ]
+                .values
+            )
+            extrapolated_frames = pd.DataFrame(
+                {
+                    column_labels["time"]: np.arange(
+                        last_known_position[0][0] + 1, max_time + 1
+                    )
+                }
+            )
+            extrapolated_positions = pd.DataFrame(
+                {
+                    column_labels["x"]: last_known_position[0][1],
+                    column_labels["y"]: last_known_position[0][2],
+                },
+                index=np.arange(last_known_position[0][0] + 1, max_time + 1),
+            )
+            track_data = extrapolated_frames.join(
+                extrapolated_positions, how="inner", on=column_labels["time"]
+            )
+            track_data[column_labels["track"]] = track_id
+
+            if len(df_extrapolated) == 0:
+                df_extrapolated = track_data
+            elif len(track_data) != 0:
+                df_extrapolated = pd.concat([df_extrapolated, track_data])
+
+        # concatenate the original dataframe and the extrapolated dataframe
+        trajectories = pd.concat([trajectories, df_extrapolated], axis=0)
+        # sort the dataframe by TRACK_ID and FRAME
+        trajectories.sort_values(
+            [column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]], inplace=True
+        )
+
+    if pre:
+
+        # get the maximum time T in the dataframe
+        min_time = 0  # trajectories[column_labels['time']].min()
+
+        # extrapolate the position until time T by repeating the last known position
+        df_extrapolated = pd.DataFrame()
+        for track_id, group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]):
+            last_known_position = (
+                group.loc[group[column_labels["time"]] >= min_time]
+                .head(1)[
+                    [column_labels["time"], column_labels["x"], column_labels["y"]]
+                ]
+                .values
+            )
+            extrapolated_frames = pd.DataFrame(
+                {
+                    column_labels["time"]: np.arange(
+                        min_time, last_known_position[0][0] + 1
+                    )
+                }
+            )
+            extrapolated_positions = pd.DataFrame(
+                {
+                    column_labels["x"]: last_known_position[0][1],
+                    column_labels["y"]: last_known_position[0][2],
+                },
+                index=np.arange(min_time, last_known_position[0][0]),
+            )
+            track_data = extrapolated_frames.join(
+                extrapolated_positions, how="inner", on=column_labels["time"]
+            )
+            track_data[column_labels["track"]] = track_id
+            df_extrapolated = pd.concat([df_extrapolated, track_data])
+
+        # concatenate the original dataframe and the extrapolated dataframe
+        trajectories = pd.concat([trajectories, df_extrapolated], axis=0)
+
+        # sort the dataframe by TRACK_ID and FRAME
+        trajectories.sort_values(
+            [column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]], inplace=True
+        )
+
+    return trajectories
+
+
+def compute_instantaneous_velocity(
+    trajectories,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+
+    Compute the instantaneous velocity for each point in the trajectories.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectory data.
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            A dictionary specifying the column labels for track ID, time, position X, and position Y.
+            Defaults to {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The DataFrame with added 'velocity' column representing the instantaneous velocity for each point.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function calculates the instantaneous velocity for each point in the trajectories.
+    The velocity is computed as the Euclidean distance traveled divided by the time difference between consecutive points.
+
+    The input DataFrame is expected to have columns with the specified column labels for track ID, time, position X, and position Y.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> velocity_data = compute_instantaneous_velocity(trajectories)
+    >>> print(velocity_data.head())
+
+    """
+
+    # Calculate the time differences and position differences
+    trajectories["dt"] = trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"])[
+        column_labels["time"]
+    ].diff()
+    trajectories["dx"] = trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"])[
+        column_labels["x"]
+    ].diff()
+    trajectories["dy"] = trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"])[
+        column_labels["y"]
+    ].diff()
+
+    # Calculate the instantaneous velocity
+    trajectories["velocity"] = (
+        np.sqrt(trajectories["dx"] ** 2 + trajectories["dy"] ** 2) / trajectories["dt"]
+    )
+    trajectories = trajectories.drop(["dx", "dy", "dt"], axis=1)
+    trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(
+        by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]]
+    )
+
+    return trajectories
 
-	"""
 
-	return np.sqrt(diffusion_vector[:,0]**2+diffusion_vector[:,1]**2)
-
-
-def compute_instantaneous_diffusion(trajectories, column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}):
-
-	"""
-	
-	Compute the instantaneous diffusion for each track in the provided trajectories DataFrame.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	trajectories : DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame containing trajectories with position and time information.
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		A dictionary specifying the column labels for track ID, time, x-coordinate, and y-coordinate. 
-		The default is {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	DataFrame
-		The modified DataFrame with an additional column "diffusion" containing the computed diffusion values.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-
-	The instantaneous diffusion is calculated using the positions and times of each track. The diffusion values
-	are computed for each track individually and added as a new column "diffusion" in the output DataFrame.
-
-	Examples
-	--------
-	>>> trajectories = pd.DataFrame({'TRACK_ID': [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
-	...                              'FRAME': [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2],
-	...                              'POSITION_X': [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6],
-	...                              'POSITION_Y': [0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]})
-	>>> compute_instantaneous_diffusion(trajectories)
-	# Output DataFrame with added "diffusion" column
-
-	"""
+def instantaneous_diffusion(positions_x, positions_y, timeline):
+    """
+    Compute the instantaneous diffusion coefficients for each position coordinate.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    positions_x : numpy.ndarray
+            Array of x-coordinates of positions.
+    positions_y : numpy.ndarray
+            Array of y-coordinates of positions.
+    timeline : numpy.ndarray
+            Array of corresponding time points.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    numpy.ndarray
+            Array of instantaneous diffusion coefficients for each position coordinate.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The function calculates the instantaneous diffusion coefficients for each position coordinate (x, y) based on the provided positions and timeline.
+    The diffusion coefficient at each time point is computed using the formula:
+    D = ((x[t+1] - x[t-1])^2 / (2 * (t[t+1] - t[t-1]))) + (1 / (t[t+1] - t[t-1])) * ((x[t+1] - x[t]) * (x[t] - x[t-1]))
+    where x represents the position coordinate (x or y) and t represents the corresponding time point.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    >>> y = np.array([0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25])
+    >>> t = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    >>> diff = instantaneous_diffusion(x, y, t)
+    >>> print(diff)
+
+    """
+
+    diff = np.zeros((len(positions_x), 2))
+    diff[:, :] = np.nan
+
+    for t in range(1, len(positions_x) - 1):
+        diff[t, 0] = (positions_x[t + 1] - positions_x[t - 1]) ** 2 / (
+            2 * (timeline[t + 1] - timeline[t - 1])
+        ) + 1 / (timeline[t + 1] - timeline[t - 1]) * (
+            (positions_x[t + 1] - positions_x[t])
+            * (positions_x[t] - positions_x[t - 1])
+        )
+
+    for t in range(1, len(positions_y) - 1):
+        diff[t, 1] = (positions_y[t + 1] - positions_y[t - 1]) ** 2 / (
+            2 * (timeline[t + 1] - timeline[t - 1])
+        ) + 1 / (timeline[t + 1] - timeline[t - 1]) * (
+            (positions_y[t + 1] - positions_y[t])
+            * (positions_y[t] - positions_y[t - 1])
+        )
+
+    return diff
 
-	trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']])
-	trajectories['diffusion'] = np.nan  
-	
-	for tid,group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels['track']):
 
-		indices = group.index
-		x = group[column_labels['x']].to_numpy()
-		y = group[column_labels['y']].to_numpy()
-		t = group[column_labels['time']].to_numpy()
-		
-		if len(x)>3: #to have t-1,t,t+1
-			diff = instantaneous_diffusion(x,y,t)
-			d = magnitude_diffusion(diff)
-			trajectories.loc[indices, "diffusion"] = d
+def magnitude_diffusion(diffusion_vector):
+    """
+    Compute the magnitude of diffusion for each diffusion vector.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    diffusion_vector : numpy.ndarray
+            Array of diffusion vectors.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    numpy.ndarray
+            Array of magnitudes of diffusion.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The function calculates the magnitude of diffusion for each diffusion vector (x, y) based on the provided diffusion vectors.
+    The magnitude of diffusion is computed as the Euclidean norm of the diffusion vector.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> diffusion = np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0], [0.5, 0.5]])
+    >>> magnitudes = magnitude_diffusion(diffusion)
+    >>> print(magnitudes)
+
+    """
+
+    return np.sqrt(diffusion_vector[:, 0] ** 2 + diffusion_vector[:, 1] ** 2)
+
+
+def compute_instantaneous_diffusion(
+    trajectories,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+
+    Compute the instantaneous diffusion for each track in the provided trajectories DataFrame.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    trajectories : DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame containing trajectories with position and time information.
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            A dictionary specifying the column labels for track ID, time, x-coordinate, and y-coordinate.
+            The default is {'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    DataFrame
+            The modified DataFrame with an additional column "diffusion" containing the computed diffusion values.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+
+    The instantaneous diffusion is calculated using the positions and times of each track. The diffusion values
+    are computed for each track individually and added as a new column "diffusion" in the output DataFrame.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> trajectories = pd.DataFrame({'TRACK_ID': [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+    ...                              'FRAME': [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2],
+    ...                              'POSITION_X': [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6],
+    ...                              'POSITION_Y': [0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]})
+    >>> compute_instantaneous_diffusion(trajectories)
+    # Output DataFrame with added "diffusion" column
+
+    """
+
+    trajectories = trajectories.sort_values(
+        by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]]
+    )
+    trajectories["diffusion"] = np.nan
+
+    for tid, group in trajectories.groupby(column_labels["track"]):
+
+        indices = group.index
+        x = group[column_labels["x"]].to_numpy()
+        y = group[column_labels["y"]].to_numpy()
+        t = group[column_labels["time"]].to_numpy()
+
+        if len(x) > 3:  # to have t-1,t,t+1
+            diff = instantaneous_diffusion(x, y, t)
+            d = magnitude_diffusion(diff)
+            trajectories.loc[indices, "diffusion"] = d
+
+    return trajectories
 
-	return trajectories
 
 def track_at_position(pos, mode, return_tracks=False, view_on_napari=False, threads=1):
-	
-	pos = pos.replace('\\','/')
-	pos = rf"{pos}"
-	assert os.path.exists(pos),f'Position {pos} is not a valid path.'
-	if not pos.endswith('/'):
-		pos += '/'
-
-	script_path = os.sep.join([abs_path, 'scripts', 'track_cells.py'])	
-	cmd = f'python "{script_path}" --pos "{pos}" --mode "{mode}" --threads "{threads}"'
-	subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
-
-	track_table = pos + os.sep.join(["output","tables",f"trajectories_{mode}.csv"])
-	if return_tracks:
-		df = pd.read_csv(track_table)
-		return df
-	else:
-		return None	
-
-def write_first_detection_class(df, img_shape=None, edge_threshold=20, column_labels={'track': "TRACK_ID", 'time': 'FRAME', 'x': 'POSITION_X', 'y': 'POSITION_Y'}):
-	
-	"""
-	Assigns a classification and first detection time to tracks in the given DataFrame. This function must be called
-	before any track post-processing.
-
-	This function computes the first detection time and a detection class (`class_firstdetection`) for each track in the data. 
-	Tracks that start on or near the image edge, or those detected at the initial frame, are marked with special classes.
-
-	Parameters
-	----------
-	df : pandas.DataFrame
-		A DataFrame containing track data. Expected to have at least the columns specified in `column_labels` and `class_id` (mask value).
-
-	img_shape : tuple of int, optional
-		The shape of the image as `(height, width)`. Used to determine whether the first detection occurs near the image edge.
-
-	edge_threshold : int, optional, default=20
-		The distance in pixels from the image edge to consider a detection as near the edge.
-
-	column_labels : dict, optional
-		A dictionary mapping logical column names to actual column names in `tab`. Keys include:
-		
-			- `'track'`: The column indicating the track ID (default: `"TRACK_ID"`).
-			- `'time'`: The column indicating the frame/time (default: `"FRAME"`).
-			- `'x'`: The column indicating the X-coordinate (default: `"POSITION_X"`).
-			- `'y'`: The column indicating the Y-coordinate (default: `"POSITION_Y"`).
-
-	Returns
-	-------
-	pandas.DataFrame
-		The input DataFrame `df` with two additional columns:
-		
-			- `'class_firstdetection'`: A class assigned based on detection status:
-			
-				- `0`: Valid detection not near the edge and not at the initial frame.
-				- `2`: Detection near the edge, at the initial frame, or no detection available.
-		
-			- `'t_firstdetection'`: The adjusted first detection time (in frame units):
-			
-				- `-1`: Indicates no valid detection or detection near the edge.
-				- A float value representing the adjusted first detection time otherwise.
-
-	Notes
-	-----
-	- The function assumes that tracks are grouped and sorted by track ID and frame.
-	- Detections near the edge or at the initial frame (frame 0) are considered invalid and assigned special values.
-	- If `img_shape` is not provided, edge checks are skipped.
-
-	"""
-
-	df = df.sort_values(by=[column_labels['track'],column_labels['time']])
-	for tid,track_group in df.groupby(column_labels['track']):
-		indices = track_group.index
-		detection = track_group['class_id'].values
-		timeline = track_group[column_labels['time']].values
-		positions_x = track_group[column_labels['x']].values
-		positions_y = track_group[column_labels['y']].values
-		dt = 1
-		
-		timeline = track_group['FRAME'].to_numpy()
-		status = np.ones_like(timeline)
-		
-		# Initialize
-		cclass = 2; t_first = np.nan;
-
-		if np.any(detection==detection):
-
-			t_first = timeline[detection==detection][0]
-			x_first = positions_x[detection==detection][0]; y_first = positions_y[detection==detection][0];
-
-			edge_test = False
-			if img_shape is not None:
-				edge_test = (x_first < edge_threshold) or (y_first < edge_threshold) or (y_first > (img_shape[0] - edge_threshold)) or (x_first > (img_shape[1] - edge_threshold))
-
-			cclass = 0
-			if t_first<=0:
-				t_first = -1
-				cclass = 2
-			else:
-				t_first =  float(t_first) - float(dt)
-				if t_first==0:
-					t_first += 0.01
-			
-			if edge_test:
-				cclass = 2
-				# switch to class 2 but keep time/status information
-		else:
-			t_first = -1
-			cclass = 2
-		
-		status[timeline < t_first] = 0.
-		df.loc[indices, 'class_firstdetection'] = cclass
-		df.loc[indices, 't_firstdetection'] = t_first
-		df.loc[indices, 'status_firstdetection'] = status
-
-	return df
 
+    pos = pos.replace("\\", "/")
+    pos = rf"{pos}"
+    assert os.path.exists(pos), f"Position {pos} is not a valid path."
+    if not pos.endswith("/"):
+        pos += "/"
+
+    script_path = os.sep.join([abs_path, "scripts", "track_cells.py"])
+    cmd = f'python "{script_path}" --pos "{pos}" --mode "{mode}" --threads "{threads}"'
+    subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
+
+    track_table = pos + os.sep.join(["output", "tables", f"trajectories_{mode}.csv"])
+    if return_tracks:
+        df = pd.read_csv(track_table)
+        return df
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def write_first_detection_class(
+    df,
+    img_shape=None,
+    edge_threshold=20,
+    column_labels={
+        "track": "TRACK_ID",
+        "time": "FRAME",
+        "x": "POSITION_X",
+        "y": "POSITION_Y",
+    },
+):
+    """
+    Assigns a classification and first detection time to tracks in the given DataFrame. This function must be called
+    before any track post-processing.
+
+    This function computes the first detection time and a detection class (`class_firstdetection`) for each track in the data.
+    Tracks that start on or near the image edge, or those detected at the initial frame, are marked with special classes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df : pandas.DataFrame
+            A DataFrame containing track data. Expected to have at least the columns specified in `column_labels` and `class_id` (mask value).
+
+    img_shape : tuple of int, optional
+            The shape of the image as `(height, width)`. Used to determine whether the first detection occurs near the image edge.
+
+    edge_threshold : int, optional, default=20
+            The distance in pixels from the image edge to consider a detection as near the edge.
+
+    column_labels : dict, optional
+            A dictionary mapping logical column names to actual column names in `tab`. Keys include:
+
+                    - `'track'`: The column indicating the track ID (default: `"TRACK_ID"`).
+                    - `'time'`: The column indicating the frame/time (default: `"FRAME"`).
+                    - `'x'`: The column indicating the X-coordinate (default: `"POSITION_X"`).
+                    - `'y'`: The column indicating the Y-coordinate (default: `"POSITION_Y"`).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pandas.DataFrame
+            The input DataFrame `df` with two additional columns:
+
+                    - `'class_firstdetection'`: A class assigned based on detection status:
+
+                            - `0`: Valid detection not near the edge and not at the initial frame.
+                            - `2`: Detection near the edge, at the initial frame, or no detection available.
+
+                    - `'t_firstdetection'`: The adjusted first detection time (in frame units):
+
+                            - `-1`: Indicates no valid detection or detection near the edge.
+                            - A float value representing the adjusted first detection time otherwise.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - The function assumes that tracks are grouped and sorted by track ID and frame.
+    - Detections near the edge or at the initial frame (frame 0) are considered invalid and assigned special values.
+    - If `img_shape` is not provided, edge checks are skipped.
+
+    """
+
+    df = df.sort_values(by=[column_labels["track"], column_labels["time"]])
+    for tid, track_group in df.groupby(column_labels["track"]):
+        indices = track_group.index
+        detection = track_group["class_id"].values
+        timeline = track_group[column_labels["time"]].values
+        positions_x = track_group[column_labels["x"]].values
+        positions_y = track_group[column_labels["y"]].values
+        dt = 1
+
+        timeline = track_group["FRAME"].to_numpy()
+        status = np.ones_like(timeline)
+
+        # Initialize
+        cclass = 2
+        t_first = np.nan
+
+        if np.any(detection == detection):
+
+            t_first = timeline[detection == detection][0]
+            x_first = positions_x[detection == detection][0]
+            y_first = positions_y[detection == detection][0]
+
+            edge_test = False
+            if img_shape is not None:
+                edge_test = (
+                    (x_first < edge_threshold)
+                    or (y_first < edge_threshold)
+                    or (y_first > (img_shape[0] - edge_threshold))
+                    or (x_first > (img_shape[1] - edge_threshold))
+                )
+
+            cclass = 0
+            if t_first <= 0:
+                t_first = -1
+                cclass = 2
+            else:
+                t_first = float(t_first) - float(dt)
+                if t_first == 0:
+                    t_first += 0.01
+
+            if edge_test:
+                cclass = 2
+                # switch to class 2 but keep time/status information
+        else:
+            t_first = -1
+            cclass = 2
+
+        status[timeline < t_first] = 0.0
+        df.loc[indices, "class_firstdetection"] = cclass
+        df.loc[indices, "t_firstdetection"] = t_first
+        df.loc[indices, "status_firstdetection"] = status
+
+    return df
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	track_at_position("/home/limozin/Documents/Experiments/MinimumJan/W4/401",
-					  "targets",
-					  )
+    track_at_position(
+        "/home/limozin/Documents/Experiments/MinimumJan/W4/401",
+        "targets",
+    )