camel-ai 0.2.67__py3-none-any.whl → 0.2.80a2__py3-none-any.whl

camel/toolkits/hybrid_browser_toolkit/ts/src/browser-session.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1815 @@
+import { Page, Browser, BrowserContext, chromium, ConsoleMessage, Frame } from 'playwright';
+import { BrowserToolkitConfig, SnapshotResult, SnapshotElement, ActionResult, TabInfo, BrowserAction, DetailedTiming } from './types';
+import { ConfigLoader, StealthConfig } from './config-loader';
+
+export class HybridBrowserSession {
+  private browser: Browser | null = null;
+  private context: BrowserContext | null = null;
+  private contextOwnedByUs: boolean = false;
+  private pages: Map<string, Page> = new Map();
+  private consoleLogs: Map<string, ConsoleMessage[]> = new Map();
+  private currentTabId: string | null = null;
+  private tabCounter = 0;
+  private configLoader: ConfigLoader;
+  private scrollPosition: { x: number; y: number } = {x: 0, y: 0};
+  private hasNavigatedBefore = false; //  Track if we've navigated before
+  private logLimit: number; 
+
+  constructor(config: BrowserToolkitConfig = {}) {
+    // Use ConfigLoader's fromPythonConfig to handle conversion properly
+    this.configLoader = ConfigLoader.fromPythonConfig(config);
+    // Load browser configuration for console log limit, default to 1000
+    this.logLimit = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig().consoleLogLimit || 1000;
+  }
+
+  private registerNewPage(tabId: string, page: Page): void {
+    // Register page and logs with tabId
+    this.pages.set(tabId, page);
+    this.consoleLogs.set(tabId, []);
+    // Set up console log listener for the page
+    page.on('console', (msg: ConsoleMessage) => {
+      const logs = this.consoleLogs.get(tabId);
+      if (logs) {
+        logs.push(msg);
+        if (logs.length >  this.logLimit) {
+          logs.shift();
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Clean logs on page close
+    page.on('close', () => {
+      this.consoleLogs.delete(tabId);
+    });
+  }
+
+  async ensureBrowser(): Promise<void> {  
+    if (this.browser) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+    const stealthConfig = this.configLoader.getStealthConfig();
+    
+    // Check if CDP URL is provided
+    if (browserConfig.cdpUrl) {
+      // Connect to existing browser via CDP
+      this.browser = await chromium.connectOverCDP(browserConfig.cdpUrl);
+      
+      // Get existing contexts or create new one
+      const contexts = this.browser.contexts();
+      if (contexts.length > 0) {
+        this.context = contexts[0];
+        this.contextOwnedByUs = false;
+        
+        // Apply stealth headers to existing context if configured
+        // Note: userAgent cannot be changed on an existing context
+        if (stealthConfig.enabled) {
+          if (stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders) {
+            await this.context.setExtraHTTPHeaders(stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders);
+          }
+          if (stealthConfig.userAgent) {
+            console.warn('[HybridBrowserSession] Cannot apply userAgent to existing context. Consider creating a new context if userAgent customization is required.');
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        const contextOptions: any = {
+          viewport: browserConfig.viewport
+        };
+        
+        // Apply stealth headers and UA if configured
+        if (stealthConfig.enabled) {
+          if (stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders) {
+            contextOptions.extraHTTPHeaders = stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders;
+          }
+          if (stealthConfig.userAgent) {
+            contextOptions.userAgent = stealthConfig.userAgent;
+          }
+        }
+        
+        this.context = await this.browser.newContext(contextOptions);
+        this.contextOwnedByUs = true;
+        this.browser = this.context.browser();
+      }
+      
+      const pages = this.context.pages();
+      console.log(`[CDP] cdpKeepCurrentPage: ${browserConfig.cdpKeepCurrentPage}, pages count: ${pages.length}`);
+      if (browserConfig.cdpKeepCurrentPage) {
+        // Use existing page without creating new ones
+        if (pages.length > 0) {
+          // Find first non-closed page
+          let validPage: Page | null = null;
+          for (const page of pages) {
+            if (!page.isClosed()) {
+              validPage = page;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          
+          if (validPage) {
+            const tabId = this.generateTabId();
+            this.registerNewPage(tabId, validPage);
+            this.currentTabId = tabId;
+            console.log(`[CDP] cdpKeepCurrentPage mode: using existing page as initial tab: ${tabId}, URL: ${validPage.url()}`);
+          } else {
+            throw new Error('No active pages available in CDP mode with cdpKeepCurrentPage=true (all pages are closed)');
+          }
+        } else {
+          throw new Error('No pages available in CDP mode with cdpKeepCurrentPage=true');
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Look for blank pages or create new ones
+        if (pages.length > 0) {
+          // Find one available blank page
+          let availablePageFound = false;
+          for (const page of pages) {
+            const pageUrl = page.url();
+            if (this.isBlankPageUrl(pageUrl)) {
+              const tabId = this.generateTabId();
+              this.registerNewPage(tabId, page);
+              this.currentTabId = tabId;
+              availablePageFound = true;
+              console.log(`[CDP] Registered blank page as initial tab: ${tabId}, URL: ${pageUrl}`);
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          
+          if (!availablePageFound) {
+            console.log('[CDP] No blank pages found, creating new page');
+            const newPage = await this.context.newPage();
+            const tabId = this.generateTabId();
+            this.registerNewPage(tabId, newPage);
+            this.currentTabId = tabId;
+          }
+        } else {
+          console.log('[CDP] No existing pages, creating initial page');
+          const newPage = await this.context.newPage();
+          const tabId = this.generateTabId();
+          this.registerNewPage(tabId, newPage);
+          this.currentTabId = tabId;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Original launch logic
+      const launchOptions: any = {
+        headless: browserConfig.headless,
+      };
+
+      if (stealthConfig.enabled) {
+        launchOptions.args = stealthConfig.args || [];
+        
+        // Apply stealth user agent/headers if configured
+        if (stealthConfig.userAgent) {
+          launchOptions.userAgent = stealthConfig.userAgent;
+        }
+        if (stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders) {
+          launchOptions.extraHTTPHeaders = stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (browserConfig.userDataDir) {
+        // Ensure viewport is honored in persistent context
+        launchOptions.viewport = browserConfig.viewport;
+        this.context = await chromium.launchPersistentContext(
+          browserConfig.userDataDir,
+          launchOptions
+        );
+        this.contextOwnedByUs = true;
+        this.browser = this.context.browser();
+        const pages = this.context.pages();
+        if (pages.length > 0) {
+          const initialTabId = this.generateTabId();
+          this.registerNewPage(initialTabId, pages[0]);
+          this.currentTabId = initialTabId;
+        }
+      } else {
+        this.browser = await chromium.launch(launchOptions);
+        const contextOptions: any = {
+          viewport: browserConfig.viewport
+        };
+        
+        // Apply stealth headers and UA if configured
+        if (stealthConfig.enabled) {
+          if (stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders) {
+            contextOptions.extraHTTPHeaders = stealthConfig.extraHTTPHeaders;
+          }
+          if (stealthConfig.userAgent) {
+            contextOptions.userAgent = stealthConfig.userAgent;
+          }
+        }
+        
+        this.context = await this.browser.newContext(contextOptions);
+        this.contextOwnedByUs = true;
+        
+        const initialPage = await this.context.newPage();
+        const initialTabId = this.generateTabId();
+        this.registerNewPage(initialTabId, initialPage);
+        this.currentTabId = initialTabId;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Set timeouts
+    for (const page of this.pages.values()) {
+      page.setDefaultNavigationTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+      page.setDefaultTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private generateTabId(): string {
+    const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+    return `${browserConfig.tabIdPrefix}${String(++this.tabCounter).padStart(browserConfig.tabCounterPadding, '0')}`;
+  }
+
+  private isBlankPageUrl(url: string): boolean {
+    // Unified blank page detection logic used across the codebase
+    const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+    return (
+      // Standard about:blank variations (prefix match for query params)
+      url === 'about:blank' || 
+      url.startsWith('about:blank?') ||
+      // Configured blank page URLs (exact match for compatibility)
+      browserConfig.blankPageUrls.includes(url) ||
+      // Empty URL
+      url === '' ||
+      // Data URLs (often used for blank pages)
+      url.startsWith(browserConfig.dataUrlPrefix || 'data:')
+    );
+  }
+
+  async getCurrentPage(): Promise<Page> {
+    if (!this.currentTabId || !this.pages.has(this.currentTabId)) {
+      const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+      
+      // In CDP keep-current-page mode, find existing page
+      if (browserConfig.cdpKeepCurrentPage && browserConfig.cdpUrl && this.context) {
+        const allPages = this.context.pages();
+        console.log(`[getCurrentPage] cdpKeepCurrentPage mode: Looking for existing page, found ${allPages.length} pages`);
+        
+        if (allPages.length > 0) {
+          // Try to find a page that's not already tracked
+          for (const page of allPages) {
+            const isTracked = Array.from(this.pages.values()).includes(page);
+            if (!isTracked && !page.isClosed()) {
+              const tabId = this.generateTabId();
+              this.registerNewPage(tabId, page);
+              this.currentTabId = tabId;
+              console.log(`[getCurrentPage] cdpKeepCurrentPage mode: Found and registered untracked page: ${tabId}`);
+              return page;
+            }
+          }
+          
+          // If all pages are tracked, use the first available one
+          const firstPage = allPages[0];
+          if (!firstPage.isClosed()) {
+            // Find the tab ID for this page
+            for (const [tabId, page] of this.pages.entries()) {
+              if (page === firstPage) {
+                this.currentTabId = tabId;
+                console.log(`[getCurrentPage] cdpKeepCurrentPage mode: Using existing tracked page: ${tabId}`);
+                return page;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        
+        throw new Error('No active page available in CDP mode with cdpKeepCurrentPage=true');
+      }
+      
+      // Normal mode: create new page
+      if (this.context) {
+        console.log('[getCurrentPage] No active page, creating new page');
+        const newPage = await this.context.newPage();
+        const tabId = this.generateTabId();
+        this.registerNewPage(tabId, newPage);
+        this.currentTabId = tabId;
+        
+        newPage.setDefaultNavigationTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+        newPage.setDefaultTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+        
+        return newPage;
+      }
+      throw new Error('No browser context available');
+    }
+    return this.pages.get(this.currentTabId)!;
+  }
+
+  async getCurrentLogs(): Promise<ConsoleMessage[]> {
+    if (!this.currentTabId || !this.consoleLogs.has(this.currentTabId)) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    return this.consoleLogs.get(this.currentTabId) || [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get current scroll position from the page
+   */
+  private async getCurrentScrollPosition(): Promise<{ x: number; y: number }> {
+    try {
+      const page = await this.getCurrentPage();
+      const scrollInfo = await page.evaluate(() => {
+        return {
+          x: window.pageXOffset || document.documentElement.scrollLeft || 0,
+          y: window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop || 0,
+          devicePixelRatio: window.devicePixelRatio || 1,
+          zoomLevel: window.outerWidth / window.innerWidth || 1
+        };
+      }) as { x: number; y: number; devicePixelRatio: number; zoomLevel: number };
+      
+      // Store scroll position
+      this.scrollPosition = { x: scrollInfo.x, y: scrollInfo.y };
+      return this.scrollPosition;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.warn('Failed to get scroll position:', error);
+      return this.scrollPosition;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async getSnapshotForAI(includeCoordinates = false, viewportLimit = false): Promise<SnapshotResult & { timing: DetailedTiming }> {
+    // Always use native Playwright mapping - this is the correct approach
+    return this.getSnapshotForAINative(includeCoordinates, viewportLimit);
+  }
+
+  private parseElementFromSnapshot(snapshotText: string, ref: string): { role?: string; text?: string } {
+    const lines = snapshotText.split('\n');
+    for (const line of lines) {
+      if (line.includes(`[ref=${ref}]`)) {
+        const typeMatch = line.match(/^\s*-?\s*([\w-]+)/);
+        const role = typeMatch ? typeMatch[1] : undefined;
+        const textMatch = line.match(/"([^"]*)"/);
+        const text = textMatch ? textMatch[1] : undefined;
+        return { role, text };
+      }
+    }
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  private buildSnapshotIndex(snapshotText: string): Map<string, { role?: string; text?: string }> {
+    const index = new Map<string, { role?: string; text?: string }>();
+    const refRe = /\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/i;
+    for (const line of snapshotText.split('\n')) {
+      const m = line.match(refRe);
+      if (!m) continue;
+      const ref = m[1];
+      const roleMatch = line.match(/^\s*-?\s*([a-z0-9_-]+)/i);
+      const role = roleMatch ? roleMatch[1].toLowerCase() : undefined;
+      const textMatch = line.match(/"([^"]*)"/);
+      const text = textMatch ? textMatch[1] : undefined;
+      index.set(ref, { role, text });
+    }
+    return index;
+  }
+
+  private async getSnapshotForAINative(includeCoordinates = false, viewportLimit = false): Promise<SnapshotResult & { timing: DetailedTiming }> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    const page = await this.getCurrentPage();
+    
+    try {
+      //  Use _snapshotForAI() to properly update _lastAriaSnapshot
+      const snapshotStart = Date.now();
+      const snapshotText = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+      const snapshotTime = Date.now() - snapshotStart;
+      
+      // Extract refs from the snapshot text
+      const refPattern = /\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/g;
+      const refs: string[] = [];
+      let match;
+      while ((match = refPattern.exec(snapshotText)) !== null) {
+        refs.push(match[1]);
+      }
+      
+      // Get element information including coordinates if needed
+      const mappingStart = Date.now();
+      const playwrightMapping: Record<string, any> = {};
+      
+      // Parse element info in a single pass
+      const snapshotIndex = this.buildSnapshotIndex(snapshotText);
+      for (const ref of refs) {
+        const elementInfo = snapshotIndex.get(ref) || {};
+        playwrightMapping[ref] = {
+          ref,
+          role: elementInfo.role || 'unknown',
+          text: elementInfo.text || '',
+        };
+      }
+      
+      if (includeCoordinates) {
+        // Get coordinates for each ref using aria-ref selector
+        for (const ref of refs) {
+          try {
+            const selector = `aria-ref=${ref}`;
+            const element = await page.locator(selector).first();
+            const exists = await element.count() > 0;
+            
+            if (exists) {
+              // Get bounding box
+              const boundingBox = await element.boundingBox();
+              
+              if (boundingBox) {
+                // Add coordinates to existing element info
+                playwrightMapping[ref] = {
+                  ...playwrightMapping[ref],
+                  coordinates: {
+                    x: Math.round(boundingBox.x),
+                    y: Math.round(boundingBox.y),
+                    width: Math.round(boundingBox.width),
+                    height: Math.round(boundingBox.height)
+                  }
+                };
+              }
+            }
+          } catch (error) {
+            // Failed to get coordinates for element
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      
+      const mappingTime = Date.now() - mappingStart;
+      
+      // Apply viewport filtering if requested
+      let finalElements = playwrightMapping;
+      let finalSnapshot = snapshotText;
+      
+      if (viewportLimit) {
+        const viewport = page.viewportSize() || { width: 1280, height: 720 };
+        const scrollPos = await this.getCurrentScrollPosition();
+        finalElements = this.filterElementsInViewport(playwrightMapping, viewport, scrollPos);
+        finalSnapshot = this.rebuildSnapshotText(snapshotText, finalElements);
+      }
+      
+      const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+      
+      return {
+        snapshot: finalSnapshot,
+        elements: finalElements,
+        metadata: {
+          elementCount: Object.keys(finalElements).length,
+          url: page.url(),
+          timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+        },
+        timing: {
+          total_time_ms: totalTime,
+          snapshot_time_ms: snapshotTime,
+          coordinate_enrichment_time_ms: 0, // Integrated into mapping
+          aria_mapping_time_ms: mappingTime,
+        },
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('Failed to get AI snapshot with native mapping:', error);
+      const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+      
+      return {
+        snapshot: 'Error: Unable to capture page snapshot',
+        elements: {},
+        metadata: {
+          elementCount: 0,
+          url: page.url(),
+          timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+        },
+        timing: {
+          total_time_ms: totalTime,
+          snapshot_time_ms: 0,
+          coordinate_enrichment_time_ms: 0,
+          aria_mapping_time_ms: 0,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+  /**
+   *  Enhanced click implementation with new tab detection and scroll fix
+   */
+  private async performClick(page: Page, ref: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; method?: string; error?: string; newTabId?: string; diffSnapshot?: string }> {
+    
+    try {
+      //  Ensure we have the latest snapshot and mapping
+      await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+      
+      //  Use Playwright's aria-ref selector engine
+      const selector = `aria-ref=${ref}`;
+      
+      // Check if element exists
+      const element = await page.locator(selector).first();
+      const exists = await element.count() > 0;
+      
+      if (!exists) {
+        return { success: false, error: `Element with ref ${ref} not found` };
+      }
+      
+      const role = await element.getAttribute('role');
+      const elementTagName = await element.evaluate(el => el.tagName.toLowerCase());
+      const isCombobox = role === 'combobox' || elementTagName === 'combobox';
+      const isTextbox = role === 'textbox' || elementTagName === 'input' || elementTagName === 'textarea';
+      const shouldCheckDiff = isCombobox || isTextbox;
+      
+      let snapshotBefore: string | null = null;
+      if (shouldCheckDiff) {
+        snapshotBefore = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+      }
+      
+      //  Check element properties
+      const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+      const target = await element.getAttribute(browserConfig.targetAttribute);
+      const href = await element.getAttribute(browserConfig.hrefAttribute);
+      const onclick = await element.getAttribute(browserConfig.onclickAttribute);
+      const tagName = await element.evaluate(el => el.tagName.toLowerCase());
+      
+      // Check if element naturally opens new tab
+      const naturallyOpensNewTab = (
+        target === browserConfig.blankTarget || 
+        (onclick && onclick.includes(browserConfig.windowOpenString)) ||
+        (tagName === 'a' && href && (href.includes(`javascript:${browserConfig.windowOpenString}`) || href.includes(browserConfig.blankTarget)))
+      );
+      
+      //  Open ALL links in new tabs
+      // Check if this is a navigable link
+      const isNavigableLink = tagName === 'a' && href && 
+        !href.startsWith(browserConfig.anchorOnly) &&  // Not an anchor link
+        !href.startsWith(browserConfig.javascriptVoidPrefix) && // Not a void javascript
+        href !== browserConfig.javascriptVoidEmpty && // Not empty javascript
+        href !== browserConfig.anchorOnly; // Not just #
+      
+      const shouldOpenNewTab = naturallyOpensNewTab || isNavigableLink;
+      
+      
+      if (shouldOpenNewTab) {
+        //  Handle new tab opening
+        // If it's a link that doesn't naturally open in new tab, force it
+        if (isNavigableLink && !naturallyOpensNewTab) {
+          await element.evaluate((el, blankTarget) => {
+            if (el.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'a') {
+              el.setAttribute('target', blankTarget);
+            }
+          }, browserConfig.blankTarget);
+        }
+        
+        // Set up popup listener before clicking
+        const popupPromise = page.context().waitForEvent('page', { timeout: browserConfig.popupTimeout });
+        
+        // Click with force to avoid scrolling issues
+        await element.click({ force: browserConfig.forceClick });
+        
+        try {
+          // Wait for new page to open
+          const newPage = await popupPromise;
+          
+          // Generate tab ID for the new page
+          const newTabId = this.generateTabId();
+          this.registerNewPage(newTabId, newPage);
+          
+          // Set up page properties
+          const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+          newPage.setDefaultNavigationTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+          newPage.setDefaultTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+          
+          
+          //  Automatically switch to the new tab
+          this.currentTabId = newTabId;
+          await newPage.bringToFront();
+          
+          // Wait for new page to be ready
+          await newPage.waitForLoadState('domcontentloaded', { timeout: browserConfig.popupTimeout }).catch(() => {});
+          
+          return { success: true, method: 'playwright-aria-ref-newtab', newTabId };
+        } catch (popupError) {
+          return { success: true, method: 'playwright-aria-ref' };
+        }
+      } else {
+        //  Add options to prevent scrolling issues
+        const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+        await element.click({ force: browserConfig.forceClick });
+        
+        if (shouldCheckDiff && snapshotBefore) {
+          await page.waitForTimeout(300);
+          const snapshotAfter = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+          const diffSnapshot = this.getSnapshotDiff(snapshotBefore, snapshotAfter, ['option', 'menuitem']);
+          
+          if (diffSnapshot && diffSnapshot.trim() !== '') {
+            return { success: true, method: 'playwright-aria-ref', diffSnapshot };
+          }
+        }
+        
+        return { success: true, method: 'playwright-aria-ref' };
+      }
+      
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[performClick] Exception during click for ref: %s', ref, error);
+      return { success: false, error: `Click failed with exception: ${error}` };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extract diff between two snapshots, returning only new elements of specified types
+   */
+  private getSnapshotDiff(snapshotBefore: string, snapshotAfter: string, targetRoles: string[]): string {
+    const refsBefore = new Set<string>();
+    const refPattern = /\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/g;
+    let match;
+    while ((match = refPattern.exec(snapshotBefore)) !== null) {
+      refsBefore.add(match[1]);
+    }
+    
+    const lines = snapshotAfter.split('\n');
+    const newElements: string[] = [];
+    
+    for (const line of lines) {
+      const refMatch = line.match(/\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/);
+      if (refMatch && !refsBefore.has(refMatch[1])) {
+        const hasTargetRole = targetRoles.some(role => {
+          const rolePattern = new RegExp(`\\b${role}\\b`, 'i');
+          return rolePattern.test(line);
+        });
+        
+        if (hasTargetRole) {
+          newElements.push(line.trim());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    
+    if (newElements.length > 0) {
+      return newElements.join('\n');
+    } else {
+      return '';
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  Simplified type implementation using Playwright's aria-ref selector
+   *  Supports both single and multiple input operations
+   */
+  private async performType(page: Page, ref: string | undefined, text: string | undefined, inputs?: Array<{ ref: string; text: string }>): Promise<{ success: boolean; error?: string; details?: Record<string, any>; diffSnapshot?: string }> {
+    try {
+      // Ensure we have the latest snapshot
+      await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+      
+      // Handle multiple inputs if provided
+      if (inputs && inputs.length > 0) {
+        const results: Record<string, { success: boolean; error?: string }> = {};
+        
+        for (const input of inputs) {
+          const singleResult = await this.performType(page, input.ref, input.text);
+          results[input.ref] = {
+            success: singleResult.success,
+            error: singleResult.error
+          };
+        }
+        
+        // Check if all inputs were successful
+        const allSuccess = Object.values(results).every(r => r.success);
+        const errors = Object.entries(results)
+          .filter(([_, r]) => !r.success)
+          .map(([ref, r]) => `${ref}: ${r.error}`)
+          .join('; ');
+        
+        return {
+          success: allSuccess,
+          error: allSuccess ? undefined : `Some inputs failed: ${errors}`,
+          details: results
+        };
+      }
+      
+      // Handle single input (backward compatibility)
+      if (ref && text !== undefined) {
+        const selector = `aria-ref=${ref}`;
+        const element = await page.locator(selector).first();
+        
+        const exists = await element.count() > 0;
+        if (!exists) {
+          return { success: false, error: `Element with ref ${ref} not found` };
+        }
+        
+        // Get element attributes to check if it's readonly or a special input type
+        let originalPlaceholder: string | null = null;
+        let isReadonly = false;
+        let elementType: string | null = null;
+        let isCombobox = false;
+        let isTextbox = false;
+        let shouldCheckDiff = false;
+        
+        try {
+          // Get element info in one evaluation to minimize interactions
+          const elementInfo = await element.evaluate((el: any) => {
+            return {
+              placeholder: el.placeholder || null,
+              readonly: el.readOnly || el.hasAttribute('readonly'),
+              type: el.type || null,
+              tagName: el.tagName.toLowerCase(),
+              disabled: el.disabled || false,
+              role: el.getAttribute('role'),
+              ariaHaspopup: el.getAttribute('aria-haspopup')
+            };
+          });
+          
+          originalPlaceholder = elementInfo.placeholder;
+          isReadonly = elementInfo.readonly;
+          elementType = elementInfo.type;
+          isCombobox = elementInfo.role === 'combobox' || 
+                       elementInfo.tagName === 'combobox' ||
+                       elementInfo.ariaHaspopup === 'listbox';
+          isTextbox = elementInfo.role === 'textbox' || 
+                      elementInfo.tagName === 'input' || 
+                      elementInfo.tagName === 'textarea';
+          shouldCheckDiff = isCombobox || isTextbox;
+          
+        } catch (e) {
+          console.log(`Warning: Failed to get element attributes: ${e}`);
+        }
+        
+        // Get snapshot before action to record existing elements
+        const snapshotBefore = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+        const existingRefs = new Set<string>();
+        const refPattern = /\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/g;
+        let match;
+        while ((match = refPattern.exec(snapshotBefore)) !== null) {
+          existingRefs.add(match[1]);
+        }
+        console.log(`Found ${existingRefs.size} total elements before action`);
+        
+        // If element is readonly or a date/time input, skip fill attempt and go directly to click
+        if (isReadonly || ['date', 'datetime-local', 'time'].includes(elementType || '')) {
+          console.log(`Element ref=${ref} is readonly or date/time input, skipping direct fill attempt`);
+          
+          // Click with force option to avoid scrolling
+          try {
+            await element.click({ force: true });
+            console.log(`Clicked readonly/special element ref=${ref} to trigger dynamic content`);
+            // Wait for potential dynamic content to appear
+            await page.waitForTimeout(500);
+          } catch (clickError) {
+            console.log(`Warning: Failed to click element: ${clickError}`);
+          }
+        } else {
+          // For normal inputs, click first then try to fill
+          try {
+            await element.click({ force: true });
+            console.log(`Clicked element ref=${ref} before typing`);
+          } catch (clickError) {
+            console.log(`Warning: Failed to click element before typing: ${clickError}`);
+          }
+          
+          // Try to fill the element directly
+          try {
+            // Use force option to avoid scrolling during fill
+            await element.fill(text, { timeout: 3000, force: true });
+            
+            // If this element might show dropdown, wait and check for new elements
+            if (shouldCheckDiff) {
+              await page.waitForTimeout(300);
+              const snapshotAfter = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+              const diffSnapshot = this.getSnapshotDiff(snapshotBefore, snapshotAfter, ['option', 'menuitem']);
+              
+              if (diffSnapshot && diffSnapshot.trim() !== '') {
+                return { success: true, diffSnapshot };
+              }
+            }
+            
+            return { success: true };
+          } catch (fillError: any) {
+            // Log the error for debugging
+            console.log(`Fill error for ref ${ref}: ${fillError.message}`);
+            
+            // Check for various error messages that indicate the element is not fillable
+            const errorMessage = fillError.message.toLowerCase();
+            if (errorMessage.includes('not an <input>') || 
+              errorMessage.includes('not have a role allowing') ||
+              errorMessage.includes('element is not') ||
+              errorMessage.includes('cannot type') ||
+              errorMessage.includes('readonly') ||
+              errorMessage.includes('not editable') ||
+              errorMessage.includes('timeout') ||
+              errorMessage.includes('timeouterror')) {
+            
+            // Click the element again to trigger dynamic content (like date pickers)
+            try {
+              await element.click({ force: true });
+              console.log(`Clicked element ref=${ref} again to trigger dynamic content`);
+              // Wait for potential dynamic content to appear
+              await page.waitForTimeout(500);
+            } catch (clickError) {
+              console.log(`Warning: Failed to click element to trigger dynamic content: ${clickError}`);
+            }
+            
+            // Step 1: Try to find input elements within the clicked element
+            const inputSelector = `input:visible, textarea:visible, [contenteditable="true"]:visible, [role="textbox"]:visible`;
+            const inputElement = await element.locator(inputSelector).first();
+            
+            const inputExists = await inputElement.count() > 0;
+            if (inputExists) {
+              console.log(`Found input element within ref ${ref}, attempting to fill`);
+              try {
+                await inputElement.fill(text, { force: true });
+                
+                // If element might show dropdown, check for new elements
+                if (shouldCheckDiff) {
+                  await page.waitForTimeout(300);
+                  const snapshotFinal = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+                  const diffSnapshot = this.getSnapshotDiff(snapshotBefore, snapshotFinal, ['option', 'menuitem']);
+                  
+                  if (diffSnapshot && diffSnapshot.trim() !== '') {
+                    return { success: true, diffSnapshot };
+                  }
+                }
+                
+                return { success: true };
+              } catch (innerError) {
+                console.log(`Failed to fill child element: ${innerError}`);
+              }
+            }
+            
+            // Step 2: Look for new elements that appeared after the action
+            console.log(`Looking for new elements that appeared after action...`);
+            
+            // Get snapshot after action to find new elements
+            const snapshotAfter = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+            const newRefs = new Set<string>();
+            const afterRefPattern = /\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/g;
+            let afterMatch;
+            while ((afterMatch = afterRefPattern.exec(snapshotAfter)) !== null) {
+              const refId = afterMatch[1];
+              if (!existingRefs.has(refId)) {
+                newRefs.add(refId);
+              }
+            }
+            
+            console.log(`Found ${newRefs.size} new elements after action`);
+            
+            // If we have a placeholder, try to find new input elements with that placeholder
+            if (originalPlaceholder && newRefs.size > 0) {
+              console.log(`Looking for new input elements with placeholder: ${originalPlaceholder}`);
+              
+              // Try each new ref to see if it's an input with our placeholder
+              for (const newRef of newRefs) {
+                try {
+                  const newElement = await page.locator(`aria-ref=${newRef}`).first();
+                  const tagName = await newElement.evaluate(el => el.tagName.toLowerCase()).catch(() => null);
+                  
+                  if (tagName === 'input' || tagName === 'textarea') {
+                    const placeholder = await newElement.getAttribute('placeholder').catch(() => null);
+                    if (placeholder === originalPlaceholder) {
+                      console.log(`Found new input element with matching placeholder: ref=${newRef}`);
+                      
+                      // Check if it's visible and fillable
+                      const elementInfo = await newElement.evaluate((el: any) => {
+                        return {
+                          tagName: el.tagName,
+                          id: el.id,
+                          className: el.className,
+                          placeholder: el.placeholder,
+                          isVisible: el.offsetParent !== null,
+                          isReadonly: el.readOnly || el.getAttribute('readonly') !== null
+                        };
+                      });
+                      console.log(`New element details:`, JSON.stringify(elementInfo));
+                      
+                      // Try to fill it with force to avoid scrolling
+                      await newElement.fill(text, { force: true });
+                      
+                      // If element might show dropdown, check for new elements
+                      if (shouldCheckDiff) {
+                        await page.waitForTimeout(300);
+                        const snapshotFinal = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+                        const diffSnapshot = this.getSnapshotDiff(snapshotBefore, snapshotFinal, ['option', 'menuitem']);
+                        
+                        if (diffSnapshot && diffSnapshot.trim() !== '') {
+                          return { success: true, diffSnapshot };
+                        }
+                      }
+                      
+                      return { success: true };
+                    }
+                  }
+                } catch (e) {
+                  // Ignore errors for non-input elements
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            
+            console.log(`No suitable input element found for ref ${ref}`);
+            }
+            // Re-throw the original error if we couldn't find an input element
+            throw fillError;
+          }
+        }
+        
+        // If we skipped the fill attempt (readonly elements), look for new elements directly
+        if (isReadonly || ['date', 'datetime-local', 'time'].includes(elementType || '')) {
+          // Look for new elements that appeared after clicking
+          console.log(`Looking for new elements that appeared after clicking readonly element...`);
+          
+          // Get snapshot after action to find new elements
+          const snapshotAfter = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+          const newRefs = new Set<string>();
+          const afterRefPattern = /\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/g;
+          let afterMatch;
+          while ((afterMatch = afterRefPattern.exec(snapshotAfter)) !== null) {
+            const refId = afterMatch[1];
+            if (!existingRefs.has(refId)) {
+              newRefs.add(refId);
+            }
+          }
+          
+          console.log(`Found ${newRefs.size} new elements after clicking readonly element`);
+          
+          // If we have a placeholder, try to find new input elements with that placeholder
+          if (originalPlaceholder && newRefs.size > 0) {
+            console.log(`Looking for new input elements with placeholder: ${originalPlaceholder}`);
+            
+            // Try each new ref to see if it's an input with our placeholder
+            for (const newRef of newRefs) {
+              try {
+                const newElement = await page.locator(`aria-ref=${newRef}`).first();
+                const tagName = await newElement.evaluate(el => el.tagName.toLowerCase()).catch(() => null);
+                
+                if (tagName === 'input' || tagName === 'textarea') {
+                  const placeholder = await newElement.getAttribute('placeholder').catch(() => null);
+                  if (placeholder === originalPlaceholder) {
+                    console.log(`Found new input element with matching placeholder: ref=${newRef}`);
+                    
+                    // Check if it's visible and fillable
+                    const elementInfo = await newElement.evaluate((el: any) => {
+                      return {
+                        tagName: el.tagName,
+                        id: el.id,
+                        className: el.className,
+                        placeholder: el.placeholder,
+                        isVisible: el.offsetParent !== null,
+                        isReadonly: el.readOnly || el.getAttribute('readonly') !== null
+                      };
+                    });
+                    console.log(`New element details:`, JSON.stringify(elementInfo));
+                    
+                    // Try to fill it with force to avoid scrolling
+                    await newElement.fill(text, { force: true });
+                    
+                    // If element might show dropdown, check for new elements
+                    if (shouldCheckDiff) {
+                      await page.waitForTimeout(300);
+                      const snapshotFinal = await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+                      const diffSnapshot = this.getSnapshotDiff(snapshotBefore, snapshotFinal, ['option', 'menuitem']);
+                      
+                      if (diffSnapshot && diffSnapshot.trim() !== '') {
+                        return { success: true, diffSnapshot };
+                      }
+                    }
+                    
+                    return { success: true };
+                  }
+                }
+              } catch (e) {
+                // Ignore errors for non-input elements
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          
+          console.log(`No suitable input element found for readonly ref ${ref}`);
+          return { success: false, error: `Element ref=${ref} is readonly and no suitable input was found` };
+        }
+      }
+      
+      return { success: false, error: 'No valid input provided' };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, error: `Type failed: ${error}` };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  Simplified select implementation using Playwright's aria-ref selector
+   */
+  private async performSelect(page: Page, ref: string, value: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; error?: string }> {
+    try {
+      // Ensure we have the latest snapshot
+      await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+      
+      // Use Playwright's aria-ref selector
+      const selector = `aria-ref=${ref}`;
+      const element = await page.locator(selector).first();
+      
+      const exists = await element.count() > 0;
+      if (!exists) {
+        return { success: false, error: `Element with ref ${ref} not found` };
+      }
+      
+      // Select value using Playwright's built-in selectOption method
+      await element.selectOption(value);
+      
+      return { success: true };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, error: `Select failed: ${error}` };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  Simplified mouse control implementation
+   */
+  private async performMouseControl(page: Page, control: string, x: number, y: number): Promise<{ success: boolean; error?: string }> {
+    try {
+      const viewport = page.viewportSize();
+      if (!viewport) {
+        return { success: false, error: 'Viewport size not available from page.' };
+      }
+      if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x > viewport.width || y > viewport.height) {
+        return { success: false, error: `Invalid coordinates, outside viewport bounds: (${x}, ${y})` };
+      }
+      switch (control) {
+        case 'click': {
+          await page.mouse.click(x, y);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'right_click': {
+          await page.mouse.click(x, y, { button: 'right' });
+          break;
+        }
+        case 'dblclick': {
+          await page.mouse.dblclick(x, y);
+          break;
+        }
+        default:
+          return { success: false, error: `Invalid control action: ${control}` };
+      }
+      
+      return { success: true };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, error: `Mouse action failed: ${error}` };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  Enhanced mouse drag and drop implementation using ref IDs
+   */
+  private async performMouseDrag(page: Page, fromRef: string, toRef: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; error?: string }> {
+    try {
+      // Ensure we have the latest snapshot
+      await (page as any)._snapshotForAI();
+      
+      // Get elements using Playwright's aria-ref selector
+      const fromSelector = `aria-ref=${fromRef}`;
+      const toSelector = `aria-ref=${toRef}`;
+      
+      const fromElement = await page.locator(fromSelector).first();
+      const toElement = await page.locator(toSelector).first();
+      
+      // Check if elements exist
+      const fromExists = await fromElement.count() > 0;
+      const toExists = await toElement.count() > 0;
+      
+      if (!fromExists) {
+        return { success: false, error: `Source element with ref ${fromRef} not found` };
+      }
+      
+      if (!toExists) {
+        return { success: false, error: `Target element with ref ${toRef} not found` };
+      }
+      
+      // Get the center coordinates of both elements
+      const fromBox = await fromElement.boundingBox();
+      const toBox = await toElement.boundingBox();
+      
+      if (!fromBox) {
+        return { success: false, error: `Could not get bounding box for source element with ref ${fromRef}` };
+      }
+      
+      if (!toBox) {
+        return { success: false, error: `Could not get bounding box for target element with ref ${toRef}` };
+      }
+      
+      const fromX = fromBox.x + fromBox.width / 2;
+      const fromY = fromBox.y + fromBox.height / 2;
+      const toX = toBox.x + toBox.width / 2;
+      const toY = toBox.y + toBox.height / 2;
+
+      // Perform the drag operation
+      await page.mouse.move(fromX, fromY);
+      await page.mouse.down();
+      // Destination coordinates
+      await page.mouse.move(toX, toY);
+      await page.mouse.up();
+
+      return { success: true };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { success: false, error: `Mouse drag action failed: ${error}` };
+    }
+  }
+
+  async executeAction(action: BrowserAction): Promise<ActionResult> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    const page = await this.getCurrentPage();
+    
+    let elementSearchTime = 0;
+    let actionExecutionTime = 0;
+    let stabilityWaitTime = 0;
+    
+    try {
+      const elementSearchStart = Date.now();
+      
+      //  No need to pre-fetch snapshot - each action method handles this
+      
+      let newTabId: string | undefined;
+      let customMessage: string | undefined;
+      let actionDetails: Record<string, any> | undefined;
+      
+      switch (action.type) {
+        case 'click': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const clickStart = Date.now();
+          
+          //  Use simplified click logic
+          const clickResult = await this.performClick(page, action.ref);
+          
+          if (!clickResult.success) {
+            throw new Error(`Click failed: ${clickResult.error}`);
+          }
+          
+          //  Capture new tab ID if present
+          newTabId = clickResult.newTabId;
+          
+          // Capture diff snapshot if present
+          if (clickResult.diffSnapshot) {
+            actionDetails = { diffSnapshot: clickResult.diffSnapshot };
+          }
+          
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - clickStart;
+          break;
+        }
+          
+        case 'type': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const typeStart = Date.now();
+
+          const typeResult = await this.performType(page, action.ref, action.text, action.inputs);
+          
+          if (!typeResult.success) {
+            throw new Error(`Type failed: ${typeResult.error}`);
+          }
+          
+          // Set custom message and details if multiple inputs were used
+          if (typeResult.details) {
+            const successCount = Object.values(typeResult.details).filter((r: any) => r.success).length;
+            const totalCount = Object.keys(typeResult.details).length;
+            customMessage = `Typed text into ${successCount}/${totalCount} elements`;
+            actionDetails = typeResult.details;
+          }
+          
+          // Capture diff snapshot if present
+          if (typeResult.diffSnapshot) {
+            if (!actionDetails) {
+              actionDetails = {};
+            }
+            actionDetails.diffSnapshot = typeResult.diffSnapshot;
+          }
+          
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - typeStart;
+          break;
+        }
+          
+        case 'select': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const selectStart = Date.now();
+          
+          const selectResult = await this.performSelect(page, action.ref, action.value);
+
+          if (!selectResult.success) {
+            throw new Error(`Select failed: ${selectResult.error}`);
+          }
+          
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - selectStart;
+          break;
+        }
+          
+        case 'scroll': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const scrollStart = Date.now();
+          const scrollAmount = action.direction === 'up' ? -action.amount : action.amount;
+          await page.evaluate((amount: number) => {
+            window.scrollBy(0, amount);
+          }, scrollAmount);
+          // Update scroll position tracking
+          await this.getCurrentScrollPosition();
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - scrollStart;
+          break;
+        }
+          
+        case 'enter': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const enterStart = Date.now();
+          const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+          await page.keyboard.press(browserConfig.enterKey);
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - enterStart;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        case 'mouse_control': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const mouseControlStart = Date.now();
+          const mouseControlResult = await this.performMouseControl(page, action.control, action.x, action.y);
+
+          if (!mouseControlResult.success) {
+            throw new Error(`Action failed: ${mouseControlResult.error}`);
+          }
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - mouseControlStart;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        case 'mouse_drag': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const mouseDragStart = Date.now();
+          const mouseDragResult = await this.performMouseDrag(page, action.from_ref, action.to_ref);
+
+          if (!mouseDragResult.success) {
+            throw new Error(`Action failed: ${mouseDragResult.error}`);
+          }
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - mouseDragStart;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        case 'press_key': {
+          elementSearchTime = Date.now() - elementSearchStart;
+          const keyPressStart = Date.now();
+          // concatenate keys with '+' for key combinations
+          const keys = action.keys.join('+');
+          await page.keyboard.press(keys);
+          actionExecutionTime = Date.now() - keyPressStart;
+          break;
+        }
+          
+        default:
+          throw new Error(`Unknown action type: ${(action as any).type}`);
+      }
+
+      // Wait for stability after action
+      const stabilityStart = Date.now();
+      const stabilityResult = await this.waitForPageStability(page);
+      stabilityWaitTime = Date.now() - stabilityStart;
+      
+      const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+      
+      return {
+        success: true,
+        message: customMessage || `Action ${action.type} executed successfully`,
+        timing: {
+          total_time_ms: totalTime,
+          element_search_time_ms: elementSearchTime,
+          action_execution_time_ms: actionExecutionTime,
+          stability_wait_time_ms: stabilityWaitTime,
+          dom_content_loaded_time_ms: stabilityResult.domContentLoadedTime,
+          network_idle_time_ms: stabilityResult.networkIdleTime,
+        },
+        ...(newTabId && { newTabId }), //  Include new tab ID if present
+        ...(actionDetails && { details: actionDetails }), // Include action details if present
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: `Action ${action.type} failed: ${error}`,
+        timing: {
+          total_time_ms: totalTime,
+          element_search_time_ms: elementSearchTime,
+          action_execution_time_ms: actionExecutionTime,
+          stability_wait_time_ms: stabilityWaitTime,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wait for DOM to stop changing for a specified duration
+   */
+  private async waitForDOMStability(page: Page, maxWaitTime: number = 500): Promise<void> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    const stabilityThreshold = 100; // Consider stable if no changes for 100ms
+    let lastChangeTime = Date.now();
+    
+    try {
+      // Monitor DOM changes
+      await page.evaluate(() => {
+        let changeCount = 0;
+        (window as any).__domStabilityCheck = { changeCount: 0, lastChange: Date.now() };
+        
+        const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+          (window as any).__domStabilityCheck.changeCount++;
+          (window as any).__domStabilityCheck.lastChange = Date.now();
+        });
+        
+        observer.observe(document.body, { 
+          childList: true, 
+          subtree: true,
+          attributes: true,
+          characterData: true
+        });
+        
+        (window as any).__domStabilityObserver = observer;
+      });
+      
+      // Wait until no changes for stabilityThreshold or timeout
+      await page.waitForFunction(
+        (threshold) => {
+          const check = (window as any).__domStabilityCheck;
+          return check && (Date.now() - check.lastChange) > threshold;
+        },
+        stabilityThreshold,
+        { timeout: Math.max(0, maxWaitTime) }
+      ).catch(() => {});
+    } finally {
+      // Cleanup
+      await page.evaluate(() => {
+        const observer = (window as any).__domStabilityObserver;
+        if (observer) observer.disconnect();
+        delete (window as any).__domStabilityObserver;
+        delete (window as any).__domStabilityCheck;
+      }).catch(() => {});
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async waitForPageStability(page: Page): Promise<{ domContentLoadedTime: number; networkIdleTime: number }> {
+    let domContentLoadedTime = 0;
+    let networkIdleTime = 0;
+    
+    try {
+      const domStart = Date.now();
+      const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+      await page.waitForLoadState(browserConfig.domContentLoadedState as any, { timeout: browserConfig.pageStabilityTimeout });
+      domContentLoadedTime = Date.now() - domStart;
+      
+      const networkStart = Date.now();
+      await page.waitForLoadState(browserConfig.networkIdleState as any, { timeout: browserConfig.networkIdleTimeout });
+      networkIdleTime = Date.now() - networkStart;
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Continue even if stability wait fails
+    }
+    
+    return { domContentLoadedTime, networkIdleTime };
+  }
+
+  async visitPage(url: string): Promise<ActionResult & { newTabId?: string }> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    
+    try {
+      // Get current page to check if it's blank
+      let currentPage: Page;
+      let currentUrl: string;
+      
+      try {
+        currentPage = await this.getCurrentPage();
+        currentUrl = currentPage.url();
+      } catch (error: any) {
+        // If no active page is available, getCurrentPage() will create one in CDP mode
+        console.log('[visitPage] Failed to get current page:', error);
+        throw new Error(`No active page available: ${error?.message || error}`);
+      }
+      
+      //  Check if current page is blank or if this is the first navigation
+      const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+      
+      // Use unified blank page detection
+      const isBlankPage = this.isBlankPageUrl(currentUrl) || currentUrl === browserConfig.defaultStartUrl;
+      
+      const shouldUseCurrentTab = isBlankPage || !this.hasNavigatedBefore;
+      
+      
+      if (shouldUseCurrentTab) {
+        // Navigate in current tab if it's blank
+        
+        const navigationStart = Date.now();
+        const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+        await currentPage.goto(url, { 
+          timeout: browserConfig.navigationTimeout,
+          waitUntil: browserConfig.domContentLoadedState as any
+        });
+        
+        // Reset scroll position after navigation
+        this.scrollPosition = { x: 0, y: 0 };
+        
+        //  Mark that we've navigated
+        this.hasNavigatedBefore = true;
+        
+        const navigationTime = Date.now() - navigationStart;
+        const stabilityResult = await this.waitForPageStability(currentPage);
+        const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+        
+        return {
+          success: true,
+          message: `Navigated to ${url}`,
+          timing: {
+            total_time_ms: totalTime,
+            navigation_time_ms: navigationTime,
+            dom_content_loaded_time_ms: stabilityResult.domContentLoadedTime,
+            network_idle_time_ms: stabilityResult.networkIdleTime,
+          },
+        };
+      } else {
+        //  Open in new tab if current page has content
+        if (!this.context) {
+          throw new Error('Browser context not initialized');
+        }
+        
+        const navigationStart = Date.now();
+        
+        // In CDP mode, find an available blank tab instead of creating new page
+        let newPage: Page | null = null;
+        let newTabId: string | null = null;
+        
+        const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+        if (browserConfig.cdpUrl) {
+          // CDP mode: find an available blank tab
+          const allPages = this.context.pages();
+          for (const page of allPages) {
+            const pageUrl = page.url();
+            // Check if this page is not already tracked and is blank
+            const isTracked = Array.from(this.pages.values()).includes(page);
+            if (!isTracked && this.isBlankPageUrl(pageUrl)) {
+              newPage = page;
+              newTabId = this.generateTabId();
+              this.registerNewPage(newTabId, newPage);
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          
+          if (!newPage || !newTabId) {
+            console.log('[CDP] No available blank tabs, creating new page');
+            newPage = await this.context.newPage();
+            newTabId = this.generateTabId();
+            this.registerNewPage(newTabId, newPage);
+          }
+        } else {
+          // Non-CDP mode: create new page as usual
+          newPage = await this.context.newPage();
+          newTabId = this.generateTabId();
+          this.registerNewPage(newTabId, newPage);
+        }
+        
+        // Set up page properties
+        newPage.setDefaultNavigationTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+        newPage.setDefaultTimeout(browserConfig.navigationTimeout);
+        
+        // Navigate to the URL
+        await newPage.goto(url, { 
+          timeout: browserConfig.navigationTimeout,
+          waitUntil: browserConfig.domContentLoadedState as any
+        });
+        
+        //  Automatically switch to the new tab
+        this.currentTabId = newTabId;
+        await newPage.bringToFront();
+        
+        // Reset scroll position for the new page
+        this.scrollPosition = { x: 0, y: 0 };
+        
+        //  Mark that we've navigated
+        this.hasNavigatedBefore = true;
+        
+        const navigationTime = Date.now() - navigationStart;
+        const stabilityResult = await this.waitForPageStability(newPage);
+        const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+        
+        return {
+          success: true,
+          message: `Opened ${url} in new tab`,
+          newTabId: newTabId, //  Include the new tab ID
+          timing: {
+            total_time_ms: totalTime,
+            navigation_time_ms: navigationTime,
+            dom_content_loaded_time_ms: stabilityResult.domContentLoadedTime,
+            network_idle_time_ms: stabilityResult.networkIdleTime,
+          },
+        };
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: `Navigation to ${url} failed: ${error}`,
+        timing: {
+          total_time_ms: totalTime,
+          navigation_time_ms: 0,
+          dom_content_loaded_time_ms: 0,
+          network_idle_time_ms: 0,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  async switchToTab(tabId: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    if (!this.pages.has(tabId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    
+    const page = this.pages.get(tabId)!;
+    
+    if (page.isClosed()) {
+      this.pages.delete(tabId);
+      return false;
+    }
+    
+    try {
+      console.log(`Switching to tab ${tabId}`);
+      
+      // Update internal state first
+      this.currentTabId = tabId;
+      
+      // Try to activate the tab using a gentler approach
+      // Instead of bringToFront, we'll use a combination of methods
+      try {
+        // Method 1: Evaluate focus in the page context
+        await page.evaluate(() => {
+          // Focus the window
+          window.focus();
+          // Dispatch a focus event
+          window.dispatchEvent(new Event('focus'));
+        }).catch(() => {});
+        
+        // Method 2: For non-headless mode, schedule bringToFront asynchronously
+        // This prevents WebSocket disruption by not blocking the current operation
+        if (!this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig().headless) {
+          // Use Promise to handle async operation without await
+          Promise.resolve().then(async () => {
+            // Small delay to ensure WebSocket message is processed
+            const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+            await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, browserConfig.navigationDelay));
+            try {
+              await page.bringToFront();
+            } catch (e) {
+              // Silently ignore - tab switching still works internally
+              console.debug(`bringToFront failed for ${tabId}, but tab is switched internally`);
+            }
+          });
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        // Log but don't fail - internal state is still updated
+        console.warn(`Tab focus warning for ${tabId}:`, error);
+      }
+      
+      console.log(`Successfully switched to tab ${tabId}`);
+      return true;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`Error switching to tab ${tabId}:`, error);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async closeTab(tabId: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    if (!this.pages.has(tabId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    
+    const page = this.pages.get(tabId)!;
+    
+    if (!page.isClosed()) {
+      await page.close();
+    }
+    
+    this.pages.delete(tabId);
+    
+    if (tabId === this.currentTabId) {
+      const remainingTabs = Array.from(this.pages.keys());
+      if (remainingTabs.length > 0) {
+        this.currentTabId = remainingTabs[0];
+      } else {
+        this.currentTabId = null;
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  async batchKeyboardInput(operations: Array<{type: string, keys?: string[], text?: string, delay?: number}>, skipStabilityWait: boolean = false): Promise<any> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    const page = await this.getCurrentPage();
+
+    try {
+      const maxOperations = 100; // Prevent excessive number of operations per batch
+      if (!Array.isArray(operations) || operations.length > maxOperations) {
+        throw new Error(`Too many operations in batch (max ${maxOperations} allowed)`);
+      }
+
+      const executionStart = Date.now();
+
+      for (const op of operations) {
+        switch (op.type) {
+          case 'press':
+            if (op.keys) {
+              const keys = op.keys.join('+');
+              await page.keyboard.press(keys);
+            }
+            break;
+          case 'type':
+            if (op.text) {
+              // Limit delay to prevent resource exhaustion attacks
+              const maxTypeDelay = 1000; // 1 second per character max
+              let delayValue = Number(op.delay);
+              if (!isFinite(delayValue) || delayValue < 0) delayValue = 0;
+              const safeTypeDelay = Math.min(delayValue, maxTypeDelay);
+              await page.keyboard.type(op.text, { delay: safeTypeDelay });
+            }
+            break;
+          case 'wait':
+            // Only apply wait if op.delay is a non-negative finite number
+            // Limit to prevent resource exhaustion (CodeQL js/resource-exhaustion)
+            {
+              const MAX_WAIT_DELAY = 10000; // 10 seconds maximum
+              let delayValue = Number(op.delay);
+              if (!isFinite(delayValue) || delayValue < 0) {
+                delayValue = 0;
+              }
+              // Clamp delay to safe range [0, MAX_WAIT_DELAY]
+              const safeDelay = delayValue > MAX_WAIT_DELAY ? MAX_WAIT_DELAY : delayValue;
+              // lgtm[js/resource-exhaustion]
+              // Safe: delay is clamped to MAX_WAIT_DELAY (10 seconds)
+              await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, safeDelay));
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      const executionTime = Date.now() - executionStart;
+      let stabilityTime = 0;
+      let stabilityResult = { domContentLoadedTime: 0, networkIdleTime: 0 };
+
+      if (!skipStabilityWait) {
+        const stabilityStart = Date.now();
+
+        try {
+          const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+          await page.waitForLoadState(browserConfig.domContentLoadedState as any, { timeout: browserConfig.pageStabilityTimeout });
+          stabilityResult.domContentLoadedTime = Date.now() - stabilityStart;
+        } catch (error) {
+        }
+
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+        stabilityTime = Date.now() - stabilityStart;
+      } else {
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+        stabilityTime = 50;
+      }
+
+      const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+
+      return {
+        success: true,
+        message: `Batch keyboard input completed (${operations.length} operations)`,
+        timing: {
+          total_time_ms: totalTime,
+          execution_time_ms: executionTime,
+          stability_wait_time_ms: stabilityTime,
+          operations_count: operations.length,
+          skipped_stability: skipStabilityWait,
+        },
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: `Batch keyboard input failed: ${error}`,
+        timing: {
+          total_time_ms: totalTime,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  async getTabInfo(): Promise<TabInfo[]> {
+    const tabInfo: TabInfo[] = [];
+
+    for (const [tabId, page] of this.pages) {
+      if (!page.isClosed()) {
+        try {
+          const title = await page.title();
+          const url = page.url();
+
+          tabInfo.push({
+            tab_id: tabId,
+            title,
+            url,
+            is_current: tabId === this.currentTabId,
+          });
+        } catch (error) {
+          // Skip tabs that can't be accessed
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return tabInfo;
+  }
+
+  async takeScreenshot(): Promise<{ buffer: Buffer; timing: { screenshot_time_ms: number } }> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    const page = await this.getCurrentPage();
+    
+    const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+    const buffer = await page.screenshot({ 
+      timeout: browserConfig.screenshotTimeout,
+      fullPage: browserConfig.fullPageScreenshot
+    });
+    
+    const screenshotTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+    
+    return {
+      buffer,
+      timing: {
+        screenshot_time_ms: screenshotTime,
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  async close(): Promise<void> {
+    const browserConfig = this.configLoader.getBrowserConfig();
+    
+    for (const page of this.pages.values()) {
+      if (!page.isClosed()) {
+        await page.close();
+      }
+    }
+    
+    this.pages.clear();
+    this.currentTabId = null;
+    
+    // Handle context cleanup separately for CDP mode
+    if (!browserConfig.cdpUrl && this.context && this.contextOwnedByUs) {
+      // For non-CDP mode, close context here
+      await this.context.close();
+      this.context = null;
+      this.contextOwnedByUs = false;
+    }
+    
+    if (this.browser) {
+      if (browserConfig.cdpUrl) {
+        // In CDP mode: tear down only our context, then disconnect
+        if (this.context && this.contextOwnedByUs) {
+          await this.context.close().catch(() => {});
+          this.context = null;
+          this.contextOwnedByUs = false;
+        }
+        await this.browser.close(); // disconnect
+      } else {
+        // Local launch: close everything
+        await this.browser.close();
+      }
+      this.browser = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private filterElementsInViewport(
+    elements: Record<string, SnapshotElement>, 
+    viewport: { width: number, height: number }, 
+    scrollPos: { x: number, y: number }
+  ): Record<string, SnapshotElement> {
+    const filtered: Record<string, SnapshotElement> = {};
+    
+    
+    // Apply viewport filtering
+    // boundingBox() returns viewport-relative coordinates, so we don't need to add scroll offsets
+    const viewportLeft = 0;
+    const viewportTop = 0;
+    const viewportRight = viewport.width;
+    const viewportBottom = viewport.height;
+    
+    for (const [ref, element] of Object.entries(elements)) {
+      // If element has no coordinates, include it (fallback)
+      if (!element.coordinates) {
+        filtered[ref] = element;
+        continue;
+      }
+      
+      const { x, y, width, height } = element.coordinates;
+      
+      // Check if element is visible in current viewport
+      // Element is visible if it overlaps with viewport bounds
+      // Since boundingBox() coords are viewport-relative, we compare directly
+      const isVisible = (
+        x < viewportRight &&              // Left edge is before viewport right
+        y < viewportBottom &&             // Top edge is before viewport bottom  
+        x + width > viewportLeft &&       // Right edge is after viewport left
+        y + height > viewportTop          // Bottom edge is after viewport top
+      );
+      
+      if (isVisible) {
+        filtered[ref] = element;
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return filtered;
+  }
+
+  private rebuildSnapshotText(originalSnapshot: string, filteredElements: Record<string, SnapshotElement>): string {
+    const lines = originalSnapshot.split('\n');
+    const filteredLines: string[] = [];
+    
+    for (const line of lines) {
+      const refMatch = line.match(/\[ref=([^\]]+)\]/);
+      
+      if (refMatch) {
+        const ref = refMatch[1];
+        // Only include lines for elements that passed viewport filtering
+        if (filteredElements[ref]) {
+          filteredLines.push(line);
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Include non-element lines (headers, etc.)
+        filteredLines.push(line);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return filteredLines.join('\n');
+  }
+
+}