cal-docs-client 1.0.0b1__py3-none-any.whl

cal_docs_client/argbuilder.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1424 @@
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   argbuilder.py
+#   ─────────────
+#
+#   A wrapper around Python's argparse using deferred execution. Arguments and commands
+#   are collected first, then applied when parse() is called. This enables:
+#
+#   - Reusable arguments: add the same ArgsArgument instance to multiple commands
+#   - Flexible ordering: define arguments in any order, not just top-down
+#   - Command groups: organise subcommands under headings in --help output
+#   - Collections: bundle related arguments for easy reuse across commands
+#
+#   Main classes:
+#   - ArgsParser: entry point, call parse() to build argparse and get results
+#   - ArgsCommand: defines a subcommand with its own arguments
+#   - ArgsArgument: stores add_argument() params for later application
+#   - ArgsCommandGroup: groups commands under a heading (cosmetic only)
+#   - ArgsGroup: groups arguments under a heading in command help
+#   - ArgsMutexGroup: mutually exclusive argument group
+#   - ArgsCollection: reusable bundle of arguments
+#
+#   (c) 2026 Cyber Assessment Labs — MIT License; see LICENSE in the project root.
+#
+#   Authors
+#   ───────
+#   bena (via Claude)
+#
+#   Created: Nov 2025
+#   Version: 2026-01-30
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   Exports
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArgsArgument",
+    "ArgsCollection",
+    "ArgsCommand",
+    "ArgsCommandGroup",
+    "ArgsGroup",
+    "ArgsMutexGroup",
+    "ArgsParser",
+    "Namespace",
+]
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   Settings
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# pyright: reportPrivateUsage=false
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   Imports
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+from argparse import Action
+from argparse import Namespace
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Any
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import cast
+from typing import overload
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+    from collections.abc import Iterable
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   Types
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+# All argparse container types that can receive arguments
+type ParserLike = (
+    argparse.ArgumentParser | argparse._ArgumentGroup | argparse._MutuallyExclusiveGroup
+)
+
+# Union of all item types that can be added to a parser/command
+type ArgsItem = ArgsArgument | ArgsGroup | ArgsCollection | ArgsMutexGroup
+
+type ArgsCompleteItem = ArgsItem | ArgsCommand | ArgsCommandGroup
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   Private Base Class (must be defined before public classes that inherit from it)
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class _BaseClass:
+    """Base class providing common argument/command management functionality.
+
+    Uses deferred execution: items are collected first, then applied to argparse
+    when parse() is called. This allows flexible ordering and reuse of arguments.
+    """
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __init__(self, *, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None):
+        # Uses __all_items__ (dunder) to avoid name mangling, allowing subclass access
+        self.__all_items__: list[ArgsCompleteItem] = []
+        if items:
+            self.add(*items)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @overload
+    def add_argument(
+        self,
+        *name_or_flags: str,
+        action: str | type[Action] = ...,
+        nargs: int | str = ...,
+        const: Any = ...,
+        default: Any = ...,
+        type: Callable[[str], _T] | Callable[[str], _T] = ...,
+        choices: Iterable[_T] = ...,
+        required: bool = ...,
+        help: str | None = ...,
+        metavar: str | tuple[str, ...] | None = ...,
+        dest: str | None = ...,
+        version: str = ...,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ArgsArgument:
+        """
+        Create and add a new argument.
+
+        Takes the same parameters as `argparse.ArgumentParser.add_argument()`.
+
+        Args:
+            *name_or_flags: Argument name or option flags (e.g., "--verbose", "-v").
+            action: How to handle the argument (store, store_true, count, etc.).
+            nargs: Number of arguments to consume.
+            const: Constant value for certain actions.
+            default: Default value if argument not provided.
+            type: Callable to convert the argument string.
+            choices: Allowed values for the argument.
+            required: Whether the argument is required.
+            help: Help text for the argument.
+            metavar: Display name in usage/help messages.
+            dest: Attribute name in the resulting Namespace.
+            version: Version string for version action.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to argparse.
+
+        Returns:
+            The created ArgsArgument instance, which can be reused in other commands.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            parser = ArgsParser("My app")
+            cmd = parser.add_command("run")
+            cmd.add_argument(
+                "--verbose", "-v", action="store_true", help="Verbose output"
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def add_argument(self) -> ArgsArgument: ...
+
+    def add_argument(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ArgsArgument:
+        new_argument = ArgsArgument(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.__all_items__.append(new_argument)
+        return new_argument
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def add_group(self, name: str, *, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None) -> ArgsGroup:
+        """
+        Create and add an argument group for organised help display.
+
+        Groups arguments under a heading in the --help output.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The group heading shown in help output.
+            items: Optional list of arguments to add to this group.
+
+        Returns:
+            The created ArgsGroup instance.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            cmd = parser.add_command("run")
+            output_group = cmd.add_group("Output Options")
+            output_group.add_argument("--format", choices=["json", "text"])
+            output_group.add_argument("--output", "-o", help="Output file")
+            ```
+        """
+        new_group = ArgsGroup(name=name, items=items)
+        self.__all_items__.append(new_group)
+        return new_group
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def add_mutex_group(
+        self, *, required: bool = False, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None
+    ) -> ArgsMutexGroup:
+        """
+        Create and add a mutually exclusive argument group.
+
+        Only one argument from this group can be used at a time.
+
+        Args:
+            required: If True, one of the arguments must be provided.
+            items: Optional list of arguments to add to this group.
+
+        Returns:
+            The created ArgsMutexGroup instance.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            cmd = parser.add_command("output")
+            mutex = cmd.add_mutex_group(required=True)
+            mutex.add_argument("--json", action="store_true")
+            mutex.add_argument("--xml", action="store_true")
+            ```
+        """
+        mutex_group = ArgsMutexGroup(required=required)
+        if items:
+            mutex_group.add(*items)
+        self.__all_items__.append(mutex_group)
+        return mutex_group
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def add(self, *items: ArgsItem) -> None:
+        """
+        Add existing items (arguments, groups, collections) to this container.
+
+        Use this to reuse ArgsArgument or ArgsCollection instances across
+        multiple commands.
+
+        Args:
+            *items: One or more items to add.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            verbose = ArgsArgument("--verbose", "-v", action="store_true")
+            cmd1.add(verbose)
+            cmd2.add(verbose)  # Same argument in both commands
+            ```
+        """
+        for item in items:
+            self.__all_items__.append(item)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def _add_item(self, item: ArgsCompleteItem) -> None:
+        """Internal method to add an item to the parser."""
+        self.__all_items__.append(item)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __add_to_parser__(self, parser: ParserLike) -> None:
+        """Apply all collected items to the actual argparse parser.
+
+        This is the deferred execution point where our wrapper objects
+        are converted into real argparse objects.
+        """
+        sub_parsers = None
+        for item in self.__all_items__:
+            if isinstance(item, ArgsCommand):
+                # Lazily create subparsers container on first command
+                if not sub_parsers:
+                    assert isinstance(parser, argparse.ArgumentParser)
+                    sub_parsers = parser.add_subparsers(
+                        title="commands",
+                        dest="command",
+                        required=False,
+                        metavar="command",
+                    )
+                item.__add_to_sub_parser__(sub_parsers)
+            else:
+                item.__add_to_parser__(parser)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   Public Classes
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class ArgsParser(_BaseClass):
+    """
+    Main entry point for building CLI applications.
+
+    Create a parser, add commands and arguments, then call `parse()` to
+    process command-line arguments.
+
+    Args:
+        prog: Program name for usage/help output (optional).
+        description: Description shown at the top of --help output (optional).
+        version: Version string; if set, adds --version option (optional).
+        default_command: Default command when user doesn't specify one (optional).
+
+    Attributes:
+        prog (str | None): Can be set after initialisation, before parse().
+        description (str | None): Can be set after initialisation, before parse().
+        version (str | None): Can be set after initialisation, before parse().
+        default_command (str | None): Can be set after initialisation, before parse().
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        parser = ArgsParser("My CLI application")
+
+        # Can also set attributes directly
+        parser.prog = "mycli"
+        parser.version = "1.0.0"
+        parser.default_command = "help"
+
+        # Add global arguments
+        parser.add_argument("--verbose", "-v", action="store_true")
+
+        # Add commands
+        init = parser.add_command("init", help="Initialise project")
+        init.add_argument("--force", action="store_true")
+
+        # Parse and use results
+        args = parser.parse()
+        if args.command == "init":
+            initialise(force=args.force)
+        ```
+    """
+
+    prog: str | None
+    """Program name shown in usage/help output."""
+
+    description: str | None
+    """Description shown at top of help output."""
+
+    version: str | None
+    """Version string; if set, adds --version option."""
+
+    default_command: str | None
+    """Default command when none specified by user."""
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prog: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
+        version: str | None = None,
+        default_command: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialise the helper with program metadata and defaults.
+
+        Parameters:
+            prog: Program name for usage output.
+            description: Top-level description for help.
+            version: Version string; if provided, a --version option is added.
+            default_command: Default command to use when none is specified.
+                If set and user doesn't provide a command, this one is used.
+                If not set and user doesn't provide a command, help is shown.
+        """
+
+        super().__init__()
+        self.description = description
+        self.prog = prog
+        self.version = version
+        self.default_command = default_command
+        self._common_options_first = False
+        self.__command_groups: list[ArgsCommandGroup] = []
+        self.__common_collection__: ArgsCollection | None = None
+        self.__parser: argparse.ArgumentParser | None = None
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def add_command(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None,
+        help: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
+        exclude_common: bool = False,
+    ) -> ArgsCommand:
+        """
+        Create and add a new subcommand.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The command name used on the command line.
+            items: Optional list of arguments/groups to add to this command.
+            help: Short help text shown in parent's command list.
+            description: Longer description shown in command's own --help.
+                If only one of help/description is provided, it's used for both.
+            exclude_common: If True, excludes common options from this command.
+
+        Returns:
+            The created ArgsCommand instance.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            parser = ArgsParser("My app")
+            cmd = parser.add_command("init", help="Initialise project")
+            cmd.add_argument("--force", action="store_true")
+
+            # Command without common options
+            special = parser.add_command("special", exclude_common=True)
+            ```
+        """
+        new_command = ArgsCommand(
+            name=name, items=items, help=help, description=description
+        )
+        if self.__common_collection__ and not exclude_common:
+            if self._common_options_first:
+                # Insert at the beginning of items list
+                new_command._prepend_item(self.__common_collection__)
+            else:
+                # Store for later application at the end
+                new_command._common_collection = self.__common_collection__
+        self.__all_items__.append(new_command)
+        return new_command
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def create_common_collection(
+        self, *, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None, options_first: bool = False
+    ) -> ArgsCollection:
+        """
+        Create a reusable collection automatically added to every command.
+
+        Use this when you have arguments that should be present on all commands
+        (for example `--verbose`). The returned collection behaves like any other
+        `ArgsCollection` and can be added to additional commands manually if
+        needed.
+
+        Note:
+            To exclude common options from specific commands, use the
+            `exclude_common=True` parameter when calling `add_command()`.
+
+        Args:
+            items: Optional list of pre-defined arguments/groups to seed the
+                collection with.
+            options_first: If True, common options appear at the beginning of
+                each command's help output. If False (default), they appear at
+                the end.
+
+        Returns:
+            The collection instance that will be appended to each command added
+            to this parser (unless excluded via `exclude_common=True`).
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            parser = ArgsParser("My app")
+            common = parser.create_common_collection(options_first=True)
+            common.add_argument("--verbose", "-v", action="count")
+
+            deploy = parser.add_command("deploy")
+            test = parser.add_command("test")
+            # Both commands now accept --verbose automatically at the beginning
+
+            # Exclude common options from a specific command
+            special = parser.add_command("special", exclude_common=True)
+            # special command will NOT have --verbose
+
+            args = parser.parse()
+            ```
+        """
+
+        self._common_options_first = options_first
+        self.__common_collection__ = ArgsCollection(items=items)
+        return self.__common_collection__
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def add_command_group(
+        self, name: str, *, description: str | None = None
+    ) -> ArgsCommandGroup:
+        """
+        Create a command group for organising commands in help output.
+
+        Command groups are purely cosmetic - they organise how commands
+        appear in --help but don't affect parsing behaviour.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The group heading shown in help output.
+            description: Optional description shown below the heading.
+
+        Returns:
+            The created ArgsCommandGroup instance.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            parser = ArgsParser("My app")
+
+            basic = parser.add_command_group("Basic Commands")
+            basic.add_command("init", help="Initialise project")
+            basic.add_command("status", help="Show status")
+
+            advanced = parser.add_command_group("Advanced Commands")
+            advanced.add_command("migrate", help="Run migrations")
+            ```
+        """
+        group = ArgsCommandGroup(name=name, description=description, parent=self)
+        self.__command_groups.append(group)
+        return group
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def _get_all_command_names(self) -> set[str]:
+        """Get all registered command names."""
+        names: set[str] = set()
+        # Commands added directly to parser
+        for item in self.__all_items__:
+            if isinstance(item, ArgsCommand):
+                names.add(item._command_name)
+        # Commands added via command groups
+        for group in self.__command_groups:
+            for cmd in group.commands:
+                names.add(cmd._command_name)
+        return names
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def _reorder_args(self, argv: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+        """Move command to front of argument list if found.
+
+        Allows commands to appear anywhere in the argument list, not just
+        at the beginning. For example: `mytool --verbose run --force`
+        becomes `mytool run --verbose --force`.
+        """
+        command_names = self._get_all_command_names()
+        if not command_names:
+            return argv
+
+        # Find the first argument that matches a command name
+        command_index = None
+        for i, arg in enumerate(argv):
+            if arg in command_names:
+                command_index = i
+                break
+
+        # If command found and not already at front, move it
+        if command_index is not None and command_index > 0:
+            command = argv[command_index]
+            return [command] + argv[:command_index] + argv[command_index + 1 :]
+
+        return argv
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def _print_help_all(self, parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        """Print markdown-formatted help for main parser and all commands."""
+        prog = self.prog or sys.argv[0]
+
+        # Print main help
+        print(f"## `{prog}`\n")
+        print("```")
+        print(parser.format_help())
+        print("```\n")
+
+        # Find and print help for each command
+        subparsers_group = parser._subparsers  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        if subparsers_group is None:
+            return
+
+        for action in subparsers_group._actions:
+            if isinstance(action, argparse._SubParsersAction):
+                parser_map = cast(
+                    "dict[str, argparse.ArgumentParser]",
+                    action._name_parser_map,  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue, reportUnknownMemberType]
+                )
+                for name, subparser in parser_map.items():
+                    print(f"## `{prog} {name}`\n")
+                    print("```")
+                    print(subparser.format_help())
+                    print("```\n")
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def parse(self, argv: list[str] | None = None) -> Namespace:
+        """Build the argument parser and parse command-line arguments.
+
+        This triggers deferred execution: all collected arguments and commands
+        are applied to create the actual argparse structure, then arguments
+        are parsed.
+
+        Commands can appear anywhere in the argument list - they will be
+        automatically moved to the front before parsing.
+
+        Args:
+            argv: Optional list of argument strings to parse. If not provided,
+                defaults to sys.argv[1:] (command-line arguments).
+
+        Returns:
+            Namespace object with parsed argument values. Access the selected
+            command name via the `command` attribute.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # Parse command-line arguments (default behaviour)
+            args = parser.parse()
+            print(args.command)   # "init", "run", etc.
+            print(args.verbose)   # True/False
+
+            # Parse custom arguments
+            args = parser.parse(argv=["init", "--config", "app.yml"])
+            print(args.command)   # "init"
+            ```
+        """
+        # Use provided argv or default to sys.argv[1:]
+        if argv is None:
+            argv = sys.argv[1:]
+
+        # Build command group metadata for the custom help formatter
+        command_groups: dict[str, list[tuple[str, str | None]]] = {}
+        group_descriptions: dict[str, str | None] = {}
+
+        for group in self.__command_groups:
+            group_descriptions[group.name] = group.description
+            command_groups[group.name] = [
+                (cmd._command_name, cmd._help) for cmd in group.commands
+            ]
+
+        # Factory function to inject group metadata into formatter
+        # (argparse only passes prog to formatter_class, so we use a closure)
+        def formatter_class(prog: str, **kwargs: Any) -> _GroupedCommandsHelpFormatter:
+            return _GroupedCommandsHelpFormatter(
+                prog,
+                command_groups=command_groups,
+                group_descriptions=group_descriptions,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+            prog=self.prog,
+            description=self.description,
+            formatter_class=formatter_class,
+        )
+
+        if self.version:
+            parser.add_argument(
+                "--version", action=_RawVersionAction, version=self.version
+            )
+
+        self.__add_to_parser__(parser)
+
+        # Handle --help-all before normal parsing
+        if "--help-all" in argv:
+            self._print_help_all(parser)
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+        # Reorder arguments to allow command anywhere in the argument list
+        reordered_argv = self._reorder_args(argv)
+
+        # Handle missing command when commands exist
+        command_names = self._get_all_command_names()
+        if command_names:
+            # Check if a command was provided
+            has_command = any(arg in command_names for arg in reordered_argv)
+
+            if not has_command:
+                # Check if user is asking for help or version (let argparse handle these)
+                is_help = "--help" in reordered_argv or "-h" in reordered_argv
+                is_version = "--version" in reordered_argv
+
+                if is_help or is_version:
+                    # User wants help or version - let argparse show them
+                    pass
+                elif self.default_command:
+                    # Inject default command at the front
+                    reordered_argv = [self.default_command] + reordered_argv
+                else:
+                    # No command and no default: show help and exit
+                    parser.print_help()
+                    sys.exit(0)
+
+        args = parser.parse_args(reordered_argv)
+        self.__parser = parser
+        return args
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def error(self, msg: str) -> NoReturn:
+        """Print an error message and exit, using the same format as argparse.
+
+        This method can only be called after parse() has been invoked, as the
+        underlying ArgumentParser is created during parsing.
+
+        Args:
+            msg: The error message to display.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If called before parse() has been run.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            args = parser.parse()
+            if not args.config:
+                parser.error("--config is required")
+            ```
+        """
+        if self.__parser is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "parser.error() cannot be called before parse() has been executed. "
+                "Call parse() first to initialise the argument parser."
+            )
+        self.__parser.error(msg)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def new_argument(
+        cls,
+        *name_or_flags: str,
+        action: str | type[Action] = ...,
+        nargs: int | str = ...,
+        const: Any = ...,
+        default: Any = ...,
+        type: Callable[[str], _T] | Callable[[str], _T] = ...,
+        choices: Iterable[_T] = ...,
+        required: bool = ...,
+        help: str | None = ...,
+        metavar: str | tuple[str, ...] | None = ...,
+        dest: str | None = ...,
+        version: str = ...,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ArgsArgument: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def new_argument(cls) -> ArgsArgument: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def new_argument(cls, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ArgsArgument:
+        """
+        Convenience constructor for `ArgsArgument`.
+
+        Mirrors `ArgsArgument(*args, **kwargs)` so callers can create reusable
+        arguments without importing the class directly.
+        """
+        return ArgsArgument(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @classmethod
+    def new_collection(cls, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None) -> ArgsCollection:
+        """
+        Convenience constructor for `ArgsCollection`.
+
+        Args:
+            items: Optional list of arguments or groups to seed the collection.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new `ArgsCollection` instance.
+        """
+        return ArgsCollection(items=items)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @classmethod
+    def new_group(cls, name: str, *, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None) -> ArgsGroup:
+        """
+        Convenience constructor for `ArgsGroup`.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Heading shown in command help.
+            items: Optional list of arguments or nested groups to add.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new `ArgsGroup` instance.
+        """
+        return ArgsGroup(name=name, items=items)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @classmethod
+    def new_mutex_group(
+        cls, *, required: bool = False, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None
+    ) -> ArgsMutexGroup:
+        """
+        Convenience constructor for `ArgsMutexGroup`.
+
+        Args:
+            required: If True, one of the arguments must be provided.
+            items: Optional list of mutually exclusive arguments to add.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new `ArgsMutexGroup` instance.
+        """
+        return ArgsMutexGroup(required=required, items=items)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @classmethod
+    def new_command(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None,
+        help: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
+    ) -> ArgsCommand:
+        """
+        Convenience constructor for `ArgsCommand`.
+
+        Note:
+            This creates a standalone command not attached to any parser.
+            The `exclude_common` parameter is not available here since
+            common collections are managed by `ArgsParser`.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Command name shown on the CLI.
+            items: Optional list of arguments/groups to add to the command.
+            help: Short summary displayed in parent command lists.
+            description: Detailed description for the command's own help.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new `ArgsCommand` instance.
+        """
+        return ArgsCommand(name=name, items=items, help=help, description=description)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class ArgsArgument:
+    """
+    A reusable command-line argument definition.
+
+    Wraps the parameters for `argparse.ArgumentParser.add_argument()` so they
+    can be stored and applied later. The same ArgsArgument instance can be
+    added to multiple commands for reuse.
+
+    Args:
+        *name_or_flags: Argument name or option flags (e.g., "filename", "--verbose",
+            "-v").
+        action: How to handle the argument (store, store_true, count, etc.).
+        nargs: Number of arguments to consume.
+        const: Constant value for certain actions.
+        default: Default value if argument not provided.
+        type: Callable to convert the argument string.
+        choices: Allowed values for the argument.
+        required: Whether the argument is required.
+        help: Help text for the argument.
+        metavar: Display name in usage/help messages.
+        dest: Attribute name in the resulting Namespace.
+        version: Version string for version action.
+        **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to argparse.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # Create reusable argument
+            verbose = ArgsArgument(
+                "--verbose", "-v", action="store_true", help="Verbose mode"
+            )
+
+        # Use in multiple commands
+        cmd1.add(verbose)
+        cmd2.add(verbose)
+        ```
+    """
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *name_or_flags: str,
+        action: str | type[Action] = ...,
+        nargs: int | str = ...,
+        const: Any = ...,
+        default: Any = ...,
+        type: Callable[[str], _T] | Callable[[str], _T] = ...,
+        choices: Iterable[_T] = ...,
+        required: bool = ...,
+        help: str | None = ...,
+        metavar: str | tuple[str, ...] | None = ...,
+        dest: str | None = ...,
+        version: str = ...,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.__args = args
+        self.__kwargs = kwargs
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @property
+    def args(self) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """The positional arguments (name/flags) for this argument."""
+        return self.__args
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @property
+    def kwargs(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """The keyword arguments (action, help, etc.) for this argument."""
+        return self.__kwargs
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def clone(self, **kwargs: Any) -> ArgsArgument:
+        """
+        Clone this argument with modified keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns a new ArgsArgument instance with the same positional arguments
+        (name/flags) and keyword arguments as this one, but with specified
+        keyword arguments overridden.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to override or add. These will replace
+                any matching kwargs from the original argument.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new ArgsArgument instance with the modifications applied.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # Create base argument
+            dir_arg = ArgsArgument(
+                "--dir", "-d",
+                help="Directory to process"
+            )
+
+            # Create required variant
+            dir_required = dir_arg.clone(required=True)
+
+            # Create variant with different help text
+            dir_custom = dir_arg.clone(
+                help="Custom help text",
+                metavar="PATH"
+            )
+            ```
+        """
+        # Create a new dict with existing kwargs, then update with modifications
+        new_kwargs = self.__kwargs.copy()
+        new_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+        return ArgsArgument(*self.__args, **new_kwargs)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __add_to_parser__(self, parser: ParserLike) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class ArgsCommand(_BaseClass):
+    """
+    A subcommand in the CLI.
+
+    Commands can have their own arguments, argument groups, and even nested
+    subcommands.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The command name used on the command line.
+        items: Optional list of arguments/groups to add to this command.
+        help: Short help text shown in parent's command list.
+        description: Longer description shown in command's own --help.
+            If only one of help/description is provided, it's used for both.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        parser = ArgsParser("My app")
+        cmd = parser.add_command("deploy", help="Deploy the application")
+        cmd.add_argument("--env", choices=["dev", "prod"], required=True)
+        cmd.add_argument("--dry-run", action="store_true")
+        ```
+    """
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None,
+        help: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._command_name = name
+        self._help = help or description
+        self._description = description or help
+        self._common_collection: ArgsCollection | None = None
+        if items:
+            self.add(*items)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def _prepend_item(self, item: ArgsItem) -> None:
+        """Add an item at the beginning of the items list."""
+        self.__all_items__.insert(0, item)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __add_to_sub_parser__(
+        self, sub_parsers: argparse._SubParsersAction[argparse.ArgumentParser]
+    ) -> None:
+        command_parser = sub_parsers.add_parser(
+            name=self._command_name,
+            description=self._description,
+            help=self._help,
+            add_help=False,
+            formatter_class=_FixedHelpFormatter,
+        )
+        command_parser.add_argument(
+            "--help", "-h", action="help", help=argparse.SUPPRESS
+        )
+        for item in self.__all_items__:
+            item.__add_to_parser__(command_parser)
+        # Apply common options at the end if they were deferred
+        if self._common_collection:
+            self._common_collection.__add_to_parser__(command_parser)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class ArgsCollection(_BaseClass):
+    """
+    A reusable collection of arguments that can be added to multiple commands.
+
+    Use collections to bundle related arguments that should be available
+    in multiple commands.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        # Create a collection of common output options
+        output_opts = ArgsCollection()
+        output_opts.add_argument("--format", choices=["json", "text", "yaml"])
+        output_opts.add_argument("--output", "-o", help="Output file")
+        output_opts.add_argument("--quiet", "-q", action="store_true")
+
+        # Add to multiple commands
+        list_cmd.add(output_opts)
+        show_cmd.add(output_opts)
+        export_cmd.add(output_opts)
+        ```
+    """
+
+    ...
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class ArgsCommandGroup:
+    """
+    A group of commands for organisational display in help output.
+
+    This is purely cosmetic - it affects how commands appear in --help
+    but doesn't change parsing behaviour. Commands are grouped under
+    headings instead of being listed in one flat section.
+
+    Note:
+        Create command groups via `ArgsParser.add_command_group()`, not directly.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The group heading shown in help output.
+        description: Optional description shown below the heading.
+        parent: The parent ArgsParser (set automatically).
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        parser = ArgsParser("My app")
+
+        # Create groups for organised help
+        basic = parser.add_command_group(
+            "Basic Commands", description="Common operations"
+        )
+        basic.add_command("init", help="Initialise project")
+        basic.add_command("status", help="Show project status")
+
+        advanced = parser.add_command_group("Advanced Commands")
+        advanced.add_command("migrate", help="Run database migrations")
+        ```
+    """
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        description: str | None = None,
+        parent: ArgsParser | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.__group_name = name
+        self.__description = description
+        self.__commands: list[ArgsCommand] = []
+        self.__parent = parent
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """The group heading name."""
+        return self.__group_name
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @property
+    def description(self) -> str | None:
+        """Optional description shown below the heading."""
+        return self.__description
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    @property
+    def commands(self) -> list[ArgsCommand]:
+        """List of commands in this group."""
+        return self.__commands
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def add_command(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None,
+        help: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
+        exclude_common: bool = False,
+    ) -> ArgsCommand:
+        """Add a command to this group.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The command name used on the command line.
+            items: Optional list of arguments/groups to add to this command.
+            help: Short help text shown in parent's command list.
+            description: Longer description shown in command's own --help.
+            exclude_common: If True, excludes common options from this command.
+
+        Returns:
+            The created ArgsCommand instance.
+        """
+        new_command = ArgsCommand(
+            name=name, items=items, help=help, description=description
+        )
+        self.__commands.append(new_command)
+        if self.__parent:
+            self.__parent._add_item(new_command)
+            if self.__parent.__common_collection__ and not exclude_common:
+                if self.__parent._common_options_first:
+                    # Insert at the beginning of items list
+                    new_command._prepend_item(self.__parent.__common_collection__)
+                else:
+                    # Store for later application at the end
+                    new_command._common_collection = self.__parent.__common_collection__
+        return new_command
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __add_to_parser__(self, _parser: ParserLike) -> None:
+        # Commands are added via parent, this is just for interface compatibility
+        pass
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class ArgsGroup(_BaseClass):
+    """
+    A named group of arguments for organisational display in help output.
+
+    Groups arguments under a heading in the command's --help output.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The group heading shown in help output.
+        items: Optional list of arguments to add to this group.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        cmd = parser.add_command("run")
+
+        # Group related arguments
+        output = cmd.add_group("Output Options")
+        output.add_argument("--format", choices=["json", "text"])
+        output.add_argument("--output", "-o", help="Output file")
+
+        debug = cmd.add_group("Debug Options")
+        debug.add_argument("--verbose", "-v", action="store_true")
+        debug.add_argument("--trace", action="store_true")
+        ```
+    """
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __init__(self, name: str, *, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.__group_name = name
+        if items:
+            self.add(*items)
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __add_to_parser__(self, parser: ParserLike) -> None:
+        group_parser = parser.add_argument_group(title=self.__group_name)
+        for item in self.__all_items__:
+            item.__add_to_parser__(group_parser)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class ArgsMutexGroup(_BaseClass):
+    """
+    A mutually exclusive group of arguments.
+
+    Only one argument from this group can be specified at a time.
+
+    Args:
+        required: If True, one of the arguments must be provided.
+        items: Optional list of arguments to add to this group.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        cmd = parser.add_command("output")
+
+        # User must choose exactly one format
+        format_group = cmd.add_mutex_group(required=True)
+        format_group.add_argument("--json", action="store_true", help="JSON output")
+        format_group.add_argument("--xml", action="store_true", help="XML output")
+        format_group.add_argument("--csv", action="store_true", help="CSV output")
+
+        # Optional mutex: at most one can be specified
+        verbosity = cmd.add_mutex_group()
+        verbosity.add_argument("--quiet", "-q", action="store_true")
+        verbosity.add_argument("--verbose", "-v", action="store_true")
+        ```
+    """
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __init__(self, *, required: bool = False, items: list[ArgsItem] | None = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        if items:
+            self.add(*items)
+        self.__mutex_group_required = required
+
+    # ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    def __add_to_parser__(self, parser: ParserLike) -> None:
+        mutex_group_parser = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(
+            required=self.__mutex_group_required
+        )
+        for item in self.__all_items__:
+            item.__add_to_parser__(mutex_group_parser)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+#   Private Classes (internal implementation details)
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class _FixedHelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
+    """HelpFormatter with Python 3.12 double metavar fix and newline preservation.
+
+    Python 3.12 shows: --value VALUE, -v VALUE
+    This fixes it to: --value, -v VALUE
+    (Fixed upstream in Python 3.13+)
+
+    Also preserves explicit newlines in description and help text.
+    """
+
+    def _fill_text(self, text: str, width: int, indent: str) -> str:
+        """Fill text while preserving explicit line breaks.
+
+        This handles the description text at the top of command help.
+        Processes each paragraph (separated by \n\n) independently.
+        """
+        paragraphs = text.split("\n\n")
+        result_paragraphs: list[str] = []
+
+        for paragraph in paragraphs:
+            # For each paragraph, handle explicit single newlines
+            lines: list[str] = []
+            for segment in paragraph.split("\n"):
+                if segment.strip():
+                    # Wrap this segment to the width
+                    wrapped: str = super()._fill_text(segment, width, indent)
+                    lines.append(wrapped)
+                else:
+                    lines.append("")
+            result_paragraphs.append("\n".join(lines))
+
+        return "\n\n".join(result_paragraphs)
+
+    def _split_lines(self, text: str, width: int) -> list[str]:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Split lines while preserving explicit newlines.
+
+        This handles the help text for individual options.
+        """
+        lines: list[str] = []
+        for segment in text.split("\n"):
+            if segment == "":
+                lines.append("")  # keep blank lines
+            else:
+                lines.extend(super()._split_lines(segment, width))
+        return lines
+
+    def _format_action_invocation(self, action: Action) -> str:
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 13) and action.option_strings:
+            if action.nargs != 0:
+                default = self._get_default_metavar_for_optional(action)
+                args_string = self._format_args(action, default)
+                return ", ".join(action.option_strings) + " " + args_string
+        return super()._format_action_invocation(action)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class _GroupedCommandsHelpFormatter(_FixedHelpFormatter):
+    """Custom formatter that displays subcommands grouped under headings."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prog: str,
+        indent_increment: int = 2,
+        max_help_position: int = 24,
+        width: int | None = None,
+        command_groups: dict[str, list[tuple[str, str | None]]] | None = None,
+        group_descriptions: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(prog, indent_increment, max_help_position, width, **kwargs)
+        self._command_groups = command_groups or {}
+        self._group_descriptions = group_descriptions or {}
+
+    def _format_actions_usage(
+        self,
+        actions: Iterable[Action],
+        groups: Iterable[argparse._MutuallyExclusiveGroup],
+    ) -> str:
+        return super()._format_actions_usage(actions, groups)
+
+    def _metavar_formatter(
+        self, action: Action, default_metavar: str
+    ) -> Callable[[int], tuple[str, ...]]:
+        return super()._metavar_formatter(action, default_metavar)
+
+    def _format_action(self, action: Action) -> str:
+        # Intercept subparser action to control how commands are displayed
+        if isinstance(action, argparse._SubParsersAction):
+            return self._format_grouped_subparsers(
+                cast("argparse._SubParsersAction[argparse.ArgumentParser]", action)
+            )
+        # Cast needed: isinstance check leaves type as Action | _SubParsersAction[Unknown]
+        return super()._format_action(action)
+
+    def _format_grouped_subparsers(
+        self,
+        action: argparse._SubParsersAction[argparse.ArgumentParser],
+    ) -> str:
+        """Format subcommands organised under group headings."""
+        parts: list[str] = []
+        width = self._width or 80
+        help_position = self._max_help_position
+        name_indent = "  "
+        help_indent = " " * help_position
+
+        # Build dict of all subparsers with their help text
+        # (used to track which commands aren't in any group)
+        subparsers: dict[str, str | None] = {}
+        for name in action._name_parser_map:
+            help_text: str | None = None
+            for choice_action in action._choices_actions:
+                if choice_action.dest == name:
+                    help_text = choice_action.help
+                    break
+            subparsers[name] = help_text
+
+        # Python 3.14+ supports coloured terminal output via _theme
+        theme: Any = getattr(self, "_theme", None)
+        has_colors = theme is not None
+
+        if has_colors:
+            heading_style: str = getattr(theme, "heading", "")
+            action_style: str = getattr(theme, "action", "")
+            reset_style: str = getattr(theme, "reset", "")
+        else:
+            heading_style = action_style = reset_style = ""
+
+        def format_command(
+            name: str, help_text: str | None, *, coloured_name: str
+        ) -> str:
+            # Align help text at help_position and wrap long descriptions
+            visible_name_len = len(name_indent) + len(name)
+
+            if not help_text:
+                return f"{name_indent}{coloured_name}\n"
+
+            wrapped_help = self._split_lines(help_text, max(1, width - help_position))
+            if not wrapped_help:
+                return f"{name_indent}{coloured_name}\n"
+
+            lines: list[str] = []
+            if visible_name_len >= help_position:
+                lines.append(f"{name_indent}{coloured_name}\n")
+                lines.append(f"{help_indent}{wrapped_help[0]}\n")
+            else:
+                padding = " " * (help_position - visible_name_len)
+                lines.append(
+                    f"{name_indent}{coloured_name}{padding}{wrapped_help[0]}\n"
+                )
+
+            for line in wrapped_help[1:]:
+                lines.append(f"{help_indent}{line}\n")
+
+            return "".join(lines)
+
+        def format_group_description(text: str) -> str:
+            wrapped = self._split_lines(text, max(1, width - len(name_indent)))
+            return "".join(f"{name_indent}{line}\n" for line in wrapped)
+
+        # Format each command group
+        for group_name, commands in self._command_groups.items():
+            if not commands:
+                continue
+
+            parts.append(f"\n{heading_style}{group_name}:{reset_style}\n")
+
+            group_desc = self._group_descriptions.get(group_name)
+            if group_desc:
+                parts.append(format_group_description(group_desc))
+                parts.append("\n")
+
+            for cmd_name, cmd_help in commands:
+                coloured_name = (
+                    f"{action_style}{cmd_name}{reset_style}" if has_colors else cmd_name
+                )
+                parts.append(
+                    format_command(cmd_name, cmd_help, coloured_name=coloured_name)
+                )
+                # Mark as processed
+                subparsers.pop(cmd_name, None)
+
+        # Commands not assigned to any group go under generic "Commands:" heading
+        if subparsers:
+            for name, help_text in subparsers.items():
+                coloured_name = (
+                    f"{action_style}{name}{reset_style}" if has_colors else name
+                )
+                parts.append(
+                    format_command(name, help_text, coloured_name=coloured_name)
+                )
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class _RawVersionAction(argparse._VersionAction):
+    """Version action that preserves newlines in version strings."""
+
+    version: str | None
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        parser: argparse.ArgumentParser,
+        namespace: Namespace,
+        values: str | Sequence[Any] | None,
+        option_string: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        parser_version: Any = getattr(parser, "version", None)
+        version_value = self.version or parser_version or parser.prog or ""
+        version_str = str(version_value)
+        if not version_str.endswith("\n"):
+            version_str += "\n"
+        parser._print_message(version_str, sys.stdout)
+        parser.exit()