bumble 0.0.204__py3-none-any.whl → 0.0.207__py3-none-any.whl

bumble/profiles/aics.py

@@ -451,54 +451,35 @@ class AICSServiceProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: ServiceProxy) -> None:
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy
 
-        if not (
-            characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-                GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_STATE_CHARACTERISTIC
-            )
-        ):
-            raise gatt.InvalidServiceError("Audio Input State Characteristic not found")
         self.audio_input_state = SerializableCharacteristicAdapter(
-            characteristics[0], AudioInputState
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+                GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_STATE_CHARACTERISTIC
+            ),
+            AudioInputState,
         )
 
-        if not (
-            characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-                GATT_GAIN_SETTINGS_ATTRIBUTE_CHARACTERISTIC
-            )
-        ):
-            raise gatt.InvalidServiceError(
-                "Gain Settings Attribute Characteristic not found"
-            )
         self.gain_settings_properties = SerializableCharacteristicAdapter(
-            characteristics[0], GainSettingsProperties
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+                GATT_GAIN_SETTINGS_ATTRIBUTE_CHARACTERISTIC
+            ),
+            GainSettingsProperties,
         )
 
-        if not (
-            characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+        self.audio_input_status = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
                 GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_STATUS_CHARACTERISTIC
-            )
-        ):
-            raise gatt.InvalidServiceError(
-                "Audio Input Status Characteristic not found"
-            )
-        self.audio_input_status = PackedCharacteristicAdapter(characteristics[0], 'B')
+            ),
+            'B',
+        )
 
-        if not (
-            characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+        self.audio_input_control_point = (
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
                 GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC
             )
-        ):
-            raise gatt.InvalidServiceError(
-                "Audio Input Control Point Characteristic not found"
-            )
-        self.audio_input_control_point = characteristics[0]
+        )
 
-        if not (
-            characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+        self.audio_input_description = UTF8CharacteristicAdapter(
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
                 GATT_AUDIO_INPUT_DESCRIPTION_CHARACTERISTIC
             )
-        ):
-            raise gatt.InvalidServiceError(
-                "Audio Input Description Characteristic not found"
-            )
-        self.audio_input_description = UTF8CharacteristicAdapter(characteristics[0])
+        )

bumble/profiles/ascs.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 # Imports
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import enum
 import logging
 import struct
@@ -258,8 +259,8 @@ class AseReasonCode(enum.IntEnum):
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class AudioRole(enum.IntEnum):
-    SINK = hci.HCI_LE_Setup_ISO_Data_Path_Command.Direction.CONTROLLER_TO_HOST
-    SOURCE = hci.HCI_LE_Setup_ISO_Data_Path_Command.Direction.HOST_TO_CONTROLLER
+    SINK = device.CisLink.Direction.CONTROLLER_TO_HOST
+    SOURCE = device.CisLink.Direction.HOST_TO_CONTROLLER
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -354,16 +355,7 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
             cis_link.on('disconnection', self.on_cis_disconnection)
 
             async def post_cis_established():
-                await self.service.device.send_command(
-                    hci.HCI_LE_Setup_ISO_Data_Path_Command(
-                        connection_handle=cis_link.handle,
-                        data_path_direction=self.role,
-                        data_path_id=0x00,  # Fixed HCI
-                        codec_id=hci.CodingFormat(hci.CodecID.TRANSPARENT),
-                        controller_delay=0,
-                        codec_configuration=b'',
-                    )
-                )
+                await cis_link.setup_data_path(direction=self.role)
                 if self.role == AudioRole.SINK:
                     self.state = self.State.STREAMING
                 await self.service.device.notify_subscribers(self, self.value)
@@ -511,12 +503,8 @@ class AseStateMachine(gatt.Characteristic):
         self.state = self.State.RELEASING
 
         async def remove_cis_async():
-            await self.service.device.send_command(
-                hci.HCI_LE_Remove_ISO_Data_Path_Command(
-                    connection_handle=self.cis_link.handle,
-                    data_path_direction=self.role,
-                )
-            )
+            if self.cis_link:
+                await self.cis_link.remove_data_path(self.role)
             self.state = self.State.IDLE
             await self.service.device.notify_subscribers(self, self.value)
 

bumble/profiles/asha.py

@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ class AshaServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
                 'psm_characteristic',
             ),
         ):
-            if not (
-                characteristics := self.service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(uuid)
-            ):
-                raise gatt.InvalidServiceError(f"Missing {uuid} Characteristic")
-            setattr(self, attribute_name, characteristics[0])
+            setattr(
+                self,
+                attribute_name,
+                self.service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(uuid),
+            )

bumble/profiles/bass.py

@@ -354,34 +354,25 @@ class BroadcastAudioScanServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
     SERVICE_CLASS = BroadcastAudioScanService
 
     broadcast_audio_scan_control_point: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy
-    broadcast_receive_states: List[gatt.SerializableCharacteristicAdapter]
+    broadcast_receive_states: List[gatt.DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter]
 
     def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy):
         self.service_proxy = service_proxy
 
-        if not (
-            characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+        self.broadcast_audio_scan_control_point = (
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
                 gatt.GATT_BROADCAST_AUDIO_SCAN_CONTROL_POINT_CHARACTERISTIC
             )
-        ):
-            raise gatt.InvalidServiceError(
-                "Broadcast Audio Scan Control Point characteristic not found"
-            )
-        self.broadcast_audio_scan_control_point = characteristics[0]
+        )
 
-        if not (
-            characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
-                gatt.GATT_BROADCAST_RECEIVE_STATE_CHARACTERISTIC
-            )
-        ):
-            raise gatt.InvalidServiceError(
-                "Broadcast Receive State characteristic not found"
-            )
         self.broadcast_receive_states = [
-            gatt.SerializableCharacteristicAdapter(
-                characteristic, BroadcastReceiveState
+            gatt.DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(
+                characteristic,
+                decode=lambda x: BroadcastReceiveState.from_bytes(x) if x else None,
+            )
+            for characteristic in service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+                gatt.GATT_BROADCAST_RECEIVE_STATE_CHARACTERISTIC
             )
-            for characteristic in characteristics
         ]
 
     async def send_control_point_operation(

bumble/profiles/gatt_service.py

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# Copyright 2021-2025 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import struct
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from bumble import att
+from bumble import gatt
+from bumble import gatt_client
+from bumble import crypto
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from bumble import device
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class GenericAttributeProfileService(gatt.TemplateService):
+    '''See Vol 3, Part G - 7 - DEFINED GENERIC ATTRIBUTE PROFILE SERVICE.'''
+
+    UUID = gatt.GATT_GENERIC_ATTRIBUTE_SERVICE
+
+    client_supported_features_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic | None = None
+    server_supported_features_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic | None = None
+    database_hash_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic | None = None
+    service_changed_characteristic: gatt.Characteristic | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        server_supported_features: gatt.ServerSupportedFeatures | None = None,
+        database_hash_enabled: bool = True,
+        service_change_enabled: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+
+        if server_supported_features is not None:
+            self.server_supported_features_characteristic = gatt.Characteristic(
+                uuid=gatt.GATT_SERVER_SUPPORTED_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=gatt.Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+                permissions=gatt.Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+                value=bytes([server_supported_features]),
+            )
+
+        if database_hash_enabled:
+            self.database_hash_characteristic = gatt.Characteristic(
+                uuid=gatt.GATT_DATABASE_HASH_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=gatt.Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+                permissions=gatt.Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+                value=gatt.CharacteristicValue(read=self.get_database_hash),
+            )
+
+        if service_change_enabled:
+            self.service_changed_characteristic = gatt.Characteristic(
+                uuid=gatt.GATT_SERVICE_CHANGED_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=gatt.Characteristic.Properties.INDICATE,
+                permissions=gatt.Characteristic.Permissions(0),
+                value=b'',
+            )
+
+        if (database_hash_enabled and service_change_enabled) or (
+            server_supported_features
+            and (
+                server_supported_features & gatt.ServerSupportedFeatures.EATT_SUPPORTED
+            )
+        ):  # TODO: Support Multiple Handle Value Notifications
+            self.client_supported_features_characteristic = gatt.Characteristic(
+                uuid=gatt.GATT_CLIENT_SUPPORTED_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=(
+                    gatt.Characteristic.Properties.READ
+                    | gatt.Characteristic.Properties.WRITE
+                ),
+                permissions=(
+                    gatt.Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE
+                    | gatt.Characteristic.Permissions.WRITEABLE
+                ),
+                value=bytes(1),
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            characteristics=[
+                c
+                for c in (
+                    self.service_changed_characteristic,
+                    self.client_supported_features_characteristic,
+                    self.database_hash_characteristic,
+                    self.server_supported_features_characteristic,
+                )
+                if c is not None
+            ],
+            primary=True,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_attribute_data(cls, attribute: att.Attribute) -> bytes:
+        if attribute.type in (
+            gatt.GATT_PRIMARY_SERVICE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
+            gatt.GATT_SECONDARY_SERVICE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
+            gatt.GATT_INCLUDE_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
+            gatt.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_ATTRIBUTE_TYPE,
+            gatt.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_EXTENDED_PROPERTIES_DESCRIPTOR,
+        ):
+            return (
+                struct.pack("<H", attribute.handle)
+                + attribute.type.to_bytes()
+                + attribute.value
+            )
+        elif attribute.type in (
+            gatt.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_USER_DESCRIPTION_DESCRIPTOR,
+            gatt.GATT_CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIGURATION_DESCRIPTOR,
+            gatt.GATT_SERVER_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIGURATION_DESCRIPTOR,
+            gatt.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_PRESENTATION_FORMAT_DESCRIPTOR,
+            gatt.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_AGGREGATE_FORMAT_DESCRIPTOR,
+        ):
+            return struct.pack("<H", attribute.handle) + attribute.type.to_bytes()
+
+        return b''
+
+    def get_database_hash(self, connection: device.Connection | None) -> bytes:
+        assert connection
+
+        m = b''.join(
+            [
+                self.get_attribute_data(attribute)
+                for attribute in connection.device.gatt_server.attributes
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return crypto.aes_cmac(m=m, k=bytes(16))
+
+
+class GenericAttributeProfileServiceProxy(gatt_client.ProfileServiceProxy):
+    SERVICE_CLASS = GenericAttributeProfileService
+
+    client_supported_features_characteristic: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy | None = (
+        None
+    )
+    server_supported_features_characteristic: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy | None = (
+        None
+    )
+    database_hash_characteristic: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy | None = None
+    service_changed_characteristic: gatt_client.CharacteristicProxy | None = None
+
+    _CHARACTERISTICS = {
+        gatt.GATT_CLIENT_SUPPORTED_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC: 'client_supported_features_characteristic',
+        gatt.GATT_SERVER_SUPPORTED_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC: 'server_supported_features_characteristic',
+        gatt.GATT_DATABASE_HASH_CHARACTERISTIC: 'database_hash_characteristic',
+        gatt.GATT_SERVICE_CHANGED_CHARACTERISTIC: 'service_changed_characteristic',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, service_proxy: gatt_client.ServiceProxy) -> None:
+        self.service_proxy = service_proxy
+
+        for uuid, attribute_name in self._CHARACTERISTICS.items():
+            if characteristics := self.service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(uuid):
+                setattr(self, attribute_name, characteristics[0])

bumble/profiles/gmap.py

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# Copyright 2024 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""LE Audio - Gaming Audio Profile"""
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Imports
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+import struct
+from typing import Optional
+
+from bumble.gatt import (
+    TemplateService,
+    DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter,
+    Characteristic,
+    GATT_GAMING_AUDIO_SERVICE,
+    GATT_GMAP_ROLE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_UGG_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_UGT_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_BGS_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+    GATT_BGR_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+)
+from bumble.gatt_client import ProfileServiceProxy, ServiceProxy
+from enum import IntFlag
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Classes
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class GmapRole(IntFlag):
+    UNICAST_GAME_GATEWAY = 1 << 0
+    UNICAST_GAME_TERMINAL = 1 << 1
+    BROADCAST_GAME_SENDER = 1 << 2
+    BROADCAST_GAME_RECEIVER = 1 << 3
+
+
+class UggFeatures(IntFlag):
+    UGG_MULTIPLEX = 1 << 0
+    UGG_96_KBPS_SOURCE = 1 << 1
+    UGG_MULTISINK = 1 << 2
+
+
+class UgtFeatures(IntFlag):
+    UGT_SOURCE = 1 << 0
+    UGT_80_KBPS_SOURCE = 1 << 1
+    UGT_SINK = 1 << 2
+    UGT_64_KBPS_SINK = 1 << 3
+    UGT_MULTIPLEX = 1 << 4
+    UGT_MULTISINK = 1 << 5
+    UGT_MULTISOURCE = 1 << 6
+
+
+class BgsFeatures(IntFlag):
+    BGS_96_KBPS = 1 << 0
+
+
+class BgrFeatures(IntFlag):
+    BGR_MULTISINK = 1 << 0
+    BGR_MULTIPLEX = 1 << 1
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Server
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class GamingAudioService(TemplateService):
+    UUID = GATT_GAMING_AUDIO_SERVICE
+
+    gmap_role: Characteristic
+    ugg_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
+    ugt_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
+    bgs_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
+    bgr_features: Optional[Characteristic] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        gmap_role: GmapRole,
+        ugg_features: Optional[UggFeatures] = None,
+        ugt_features: Optional[UgtFeatures] = None,
+        bgs_features: Optional[BgsFeatures] = None,
+        bgr_features: Optional[BgrFeatures] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        characteristics = []
+
+        ugg_features = UggFeatures(0) if ugg_features is None else ugg_features
+        ugt_features = UgtFeatures(0) if ugt_features is None else ugt_features
+        bgs_features = BgsFeatures(0) if bgs_features is None else bgs_features
+        bgr_features = BgrFeatures(0) if bgr_features is None else bgr_features
+
+        self.gmap_role = Characteristic(
+            uuid=GATT_GMAP_ROLE_CHARACTERISTIC,
+            properties=Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+            permissions=Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+            value=struct.pack('B', gmap_role),
+        )
+        characteristics.append(self.gmap_role)
+
+        if gmap_role & GmapRole.UNICAST_GAME_GATEWAY:
+            self.ugg_features = Characteristic(
+                uuid=GATT_UGG_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+                permissions=Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+                value=struct.pack('B', ugg_features),
+            )
+            characteristics.append(self.ugg_features)
+
+        if gmap_role & GmapRole.UNICAST_GAME_TERMINAL:
+            self.ugt_features = Characteristic(
+                uuid=GATT_UGT_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+                permissions=Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+                value=struct.pack('B', ugt_features),
+            )
+            characteristics.append(self.ugt_features)
+
+        if gmap_role & GmapRole.BROADCAST_GAME_SENDER:
+            self.bgs_features = Characteristic(
+                uuid=GATT_BGS_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+                permissions=Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+                value=struct.pack('B', bgs_features),
+            )
+            characteristics.append(self.bgs_features)
+
+        if gmap_role & GmapRole.BROADCAST_GAME_RECEIVER:
+            self.bgr_features = Characteristic(
+                uuid=GATT_BGR_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC,
+                properties=Characteristic.Properties.READ,
+                permissions=Characteristic.Permissions.READABLE,
+                value=struct.pack('B', bgr_features),
+            )
+            characteristics.append(self.bgr_features)
+
+        super().__init__(characteristics)
+
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Client
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class GamingAudioServiceProxy(ProfileServiceProxy):
+    SERVICE_CLASS = GamingAudioService
+
+    def __init__(self, service_proxy: ServiceProxy) -> None:
+        self.service_proxy = service_proxy
+
+        self.gmap_role = DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(
+            service_proxy.get_required_characteristic_by_uuid(
+                GATT_GMAP_ROLE_CHARACTERISTIC
+            ),
+            decode=lambda value: GmapRole(value[0]),
+        )
+
+        if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+            GATT_UGG_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC
+        ):
+            self.ugg_features = DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(
+                characteristic=characteristics[0],
+                decode=lambda value: UggFeatures(value[0]),
+            )
+
+        if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+            GATT_UGT_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC
+        ):
+            self.ugt_features = DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(
+                characteristic=characteristics[0],
+                decode=lambda value: UgtFeatures(value[0]),
+            )
+
+        if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+            GATT_BGS_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC
+        ):
+            self.bgs_features = DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(
+                characteristic=characteristics[0],
+                decode=lambda value: BgsFeatures(value[0]),
+            )
+
+        if characteristics := service_proxy.get_characteristics_by_uuid(
+            GATT_BGR_FEATURES_CHARACTERISTIC
+        ):
+            self.bgr_features = DelegatedCharacteristicAdapter(
+                characteristic=characteristics[0],
+                decode=lambda value: BgrFeatures(value[0]),
+            )

bumble/profiles/le_audio.py

@@ -17,23 +17,35 @@
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import annotations
 import dataclasses
+import enum
 import struct
-from typing import List, Type
+from typing import Any, List, Type
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
+from bumble.profiles import bap
 from bumble import utils
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+class AudioActiveState(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    NO_AUDIO_DATA_TRANSMITTED = 0x00
+    AUDIO_DATA_TRANSMITTED = 0x01
+
+
+class AssistedListeningStream(utils.OpenIntEnum):
+    UNSPECIFIED_AUDIO_ENHANCEMENT = 0x00
+
+
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 class Metadata:
     '''Bluetooth Assigned Numbers, Section 6.12.6 - Metadata LTV structures.
 
-    As Metadata fields may extend, and Spec doesn't forbid duplication, we don't parse
-    Metadata into a key-value style dataclass here. Rather, we encourage users to parse
-    again outside the lib.
+    As Metadata fields may extend, and the spec may not guarantee the uniqueness of
+    tags, we don't automatically parse the Metadata data into specific classes.
+    Users of this class may decode the data by themselves, or use the Entry.decode
+    method.
     '''
 
     class Tag(utils.OpenIntEnum):
@@ -57,6 +69,44 @@ class Metadata:
         tag: Metadata.Tag
         data: bytes
 
+        def decode(self) -> Any:
+            """
+            Decode the data into an object, if possible.
+
+            If no specific object class exists to represent the data, the raw data
+            bytes are returned.
+            """
+
+            if self.tag in (
+                Metadata.Tag.PREFERRED_AUDIO_CONTEXTS,
+                Metadata.Tag.STREAMING_AUDIO_CONTEXTS,
+            ):
+                return bap.ContextType(struct.unpack("<H", self.data)[0])
+
+            if self.tag in (
+                Metadata.Tag.PROGRAM_INFO,
+                Metadata.Tag.PROGRAM_INFO_URI,
+                Metadata.Tag.BROADCAST_NAME,
+            ):
+                return self.data.decode("utf-8")
+
+            if self.tag == Metadata.Tag.LANGUAGE:
+                return self.data.decode("ascii")
+
+            if self.tag == Metadata.Tag.CCID_LIST:
+                return list(self.data)
+
+            if self.tag == Metadata.Tag.PARENTAL_RATING:
+                return self.data[0]
+
+            if self.tag == Metadata.Tag.AUDIO_ACTIVE_STATE:
+                return AudioActiveState(self.data[0])
+
+            if self.tag == Metadata.Tag.ASSISTED_LISTENING_STREAM:
+                return AssistedListeningStream(self.data[0])
+
+            return self.data
+
         @classmethod
         def from_bytes(cls: Type[Self], data: bytes) -> Self:
             return cls(tag=Metadata.Tag(data[0]), data=data[1:])
@@ -66,6 +116,29 @@ class Metadata:
 
     entries: List[Entry] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=list)
 
+    def pretty_print(self, indent: str) -> str:
+        """Convenience method to generate a string with one key-value pair per line."""
+
+        max_key_length = 0
+        keys = []
+        values = []
+        for entry in self.entries:
+            key = entry.tag.name
+            max_key_length = max(max_key_length, len(key))
+            keys.append(key)
+            decoded = entry.decode()
+            if isinstance(decoded, enum.Enum):
+                values.append(decoded.name)
+            elif isinstance(decoded, bytes):
+                values.append(decoded.hex())
+            else:
+                values.append(str(decoded))
+
+        return '\n'.join(
+            f'{indent}{key}: {" " * (max_key_length-len(key))}{value}'
+            for key, value in zip(keys, values)
+        )
+
     @classmethod
     def from_bytes(cls: Type[Self], data: bytes) -> Self:
         entries = []
@@ -81,3 +154,13 @@ class Metadata:
 
     def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
         return b''.join([bytes(entry) for entry in self.entries])
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        entries_str = []
+        for entry in self.entries:
+            decoded = entry.decode()
+            entries_str.append(
+                f'{entry.tag.name}: '
+                f'{decoded.hex() if isinstance(decoded, bytes) else decoded!r}'
+            )
+        return f'Metadata(entries={", ".join(entry_str for entry_str in entries_str)})'