braindecode 1.3.0.dev180329405__py3-none-any.whl → 1.3.0.dev182330353__py3-none-any.whl

braindecode/models/medformer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,758 @@
+# Authors: Yihe Wang <ywang145@charlotte.edu>
+#          Nan Huang <nhuang1@charlotte.edu>
+#          Taida Li <tli14@charlotte.edu>
+#
+# License: MIT
+
+"""Medformer: A Multi-Granularity Patching Transformer for Medical Time-Series Classification."""
+
+import math
+from math import sqrt
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+
+from braindecode.models.base import EEGModuleMixin
+
+
+class MEDFormer(EEGModuleMixin, nn.Module):
+    r"""Medformer from Wang et al. (2024) [Medformer2024]_.
+
+    :bdg-success:`Convolution` :bdg-danger:`Large Brain Model`
+
+    .. figure:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DL4mHealth/Medformer/refs/heads/main/figs/medformer_architecture.png
+        :align: center
+        :alt: MEDFormer Architecture.
+
+        a) Workflow. b) For the input sample :math:`{x}_{\\textrm{in}}`, the authors apply :math:`n`
+        different patch lengths in parallel to create patched features :math:`{x}_p^{(i)}`, where :math:`i`
+        ranges from 1 to :math:`n`. Each patch length represents a different granularity. These patched
+        features are linearly transformed into :math:`{x}_e^{(i)}` and augmented into :math:`\\widetilde{x}_e^{(i)}`.
+        c) The final patch embedding :math:`{x}^{(i)}` fuses augmented :math:`\\widetilde{{x}}_e^{(i)}` with the
+        positional embedding :math:`{W}_{\\text{pos}}` and the granularity embedding :math:`{W}_{\\text{gr}}^{(i)}`.
+        Each granularity employs a router :math:`{u}^{(i)}` to capture aggregated information.
+        Intra-granularity attention focuses within individual granularities, and inter-granularity attention
+        leverages the routers to integrate information across granularities.
+
+    The **MedFormer** is a multi-granularity patching transformer tailored to medical
+    time-series (MedTS) classification, with an emphasis on EEG and ECG signals. It captures
+    local temporal dynamics, inter-channel correlations, and multi-scale temporal structure
+    through cross-channel patching, multi-granularity embeddings, and two-stage attention
+    [Medformer2024]_.
+
+    .. rubric:: Architecture Overview
+
+    MedFormer integrates three mechanisms to enhance representation learning [Medformer2024]_:
+
+    1. **Cross-channel patching.** Leverages inter-channel correlations by forming patches
+       across multiple channels and timestamps, capturing multi-timestamp and cross-channel
+       patterns.
+    2. **Multi-granularity embedding.** Extracts features at different temporal scales from
+       :attr:`patch_len_list`, emulating frequency-band behavior without hand-crafted filters.
+    3. **Two-stage multi-granularity self-attention.** Learns intra- and inter-granularity
+       correlations to fuse information across temporal scales.
+
+    .. rubric:: Macro Components
+
+    ``MEDFormer.enc_embedding`` (Embedding Layer)
+        **Operations.** :class:`~braindecode.models.medformer._ListPatchEmbedding` implements
+        cross-channel multi-granularity patching. For each patch length :math:`L_i`, the input
+        :math:`\mathbf{x}_{\text{in}} \in \mathbb{R}^{T \times C}` is segmented into
+        :math:`N_i` cross-channel non-overlapping patches
+        :math:`\mathbf{x}_p^{(i)} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_i \times (L_i \cdot C)}`, where
+        :math:`N_i = \lceil T/L_i \rceil`. Each patch is linearly projected via
+        :class:`~braindecode.models.medformer._CrossChannelTokenEmbedding` to obtain
+        :math:`\mathbf{x}_e^{(i)} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_i \times D}`. Data augmentations
+        (masking, jittering) produce augmented embeddings :math:`\tilde{\mathbf{x}}_e^{(i)}`.
+        The final embedding combines augmented patches, fixed positional embeddings
+        (:class:`~braindecode.models.medformer._PositionalEmbedding`), and learnable
+        granularity embeddings :math:`\mathbf{W}_{\text{gr}}^{(i)}`:
+
+        .. math::
+            \mathbf{x}^{(i)} = \tilde{\mathbf{x}}_e^{(i)} + \mathbf{W}_{\text{pos}}[1:N_i] + \mathbf{W}_{\text{gr}}^{(i)}
+
+        Additionally, a router token is initialized for each granularity:
+
+        .. math::
+            \mathbf{u}^{(i)} = \mathbf{W}_{\text{pos}}[N_i+1] + \mathbf{W}_{\text{gr}}^{(i)}
+
+        **Role.** Converts raw input into granularity-specific patch embeddings
+        :math:`\{\mathbf{x}^{(1)}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}^{(n)}\}` and router embeddings
+        :math:`\{\mathbf{u}^{(1)}, \ldots, \mathbf{u}^{(n)}\}` for multi-scale processing.
+
+    ``MEDFormer.encoder`` (Transformer Encoder Stack)
+        **Operations.** A stack of :class:`~braindecode.models.medformer._EncoderLayer` modules,
+        each containing a :class:`~braindecode.models.medformer._MedformerLayer` that implements
+        two-stage self-attention. The two-stage mechanism splits self-attention into:
+
+        **(a) Intra-Granularity Self-Attention.** For granularity :math:`i`, the patch embedding
+        :math:`\mathbf{x}^{(i)} \in \mathbb{R}^{N_i \times D}` and router embedding
+        :math:`\mathbf{u}^{(i)} \in \mathbb{R}^{1 \times D}` are concatenated:
+
+        .. math::
+            \mathbf{z}^{(i)} = [\mathbf{x}^{(i)} \| \mathbf{u}^{(i)}] \in \mathbb{R}^{(N_i+1) \times D}
+
+        Self-attention is applied to update both embeddings:
+
+        .. math::
+            \mathbf{x}^{(i)} &\leftarrow \text{Attn}_{\text{intra}}(\mathbf{x}^{(i)}, \mathbf{z}^{(i)}, \mathbf{z}^{(i)})\\
+            \mathbf{u}^{(i)} &\leftarrow \text{Attn}_{\text{intra}}(\mathbf{u}^{(i)}, \mathbf{z}^{(i)}, \mathbf{z}^{(i)})
+
+        This captures temporal features within each granularity independently.
+
+        **(b) Inter-Granularity Self-Attention.** All router embeddings are concatenated:
+
+        .. math::
+            \mathbf{U} = [\mathbf{u}^{(1)} \| \mathbf{u}^{(2)} \| \cdots \| \mathbf{u}^{(n)}] \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times D}
+
+        Self-attention among routers exchanges information across granularities:
+
+        .. math::
+            \mathbf{u}^{(i)} \leftarrow \text{Attn}_{\text{inter}}(\mathbf{u}^{(i)}, \mathbf{U}, \mathbf{U})
+
+        **Role.** Learns representations and correlations within and across temporal scales while
+        reducing complexity from :math:`O((\sum_i N_i)^2)` to
+        :math:`O(\sum_i N_i^2 + n^2)` through the router mechanism.
+    .. rubric:: Temporal, Spatial, and Spectral Encoding
+
+    - **Temporal:** Multiple patch lengths in :attr:`patch_len_list` capture features at several
+      temporal granularities, while intra-granularity attention supports long-range temporal
+      dependencies.
+    - **Spatial:** Cross-channel patching embeds inter-channel dependencies by applying kernels
+      that span every input channel.
+    - **Spectral:** Differing patch lengths simulate multiple sampling frequencies analogous to
+      clinically relevant bands (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma).
+
+    .. rubric:: Additional Mechanisms
+
+    - **Granularity router:** Each granularity :math:`i` receives a dedicated router token
+      :math:`\\mathbf{u}^{(i)}`. Intra-attention updates the token, and inter-attention exchanges
+      aggregated information across scales.
+    - **Complexity:** Router-mediated two-stage attention maintains :math:`O(T^2)` complexity for
+      suitable patch lengths (e.g., power series), preserving transformer-like efficiency while
+      modeling multiple granularities.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    patch_len_list : list of int, optional
+        Patch lengths for multi-granularity patching; each entry selects a temporal scale.
+        The default is ``[14, 44, 45]``.
+    d_model : int, optional
+        Embedding dimensionality. The default is ``128``.
+    num_heads : int, optional
+        Number of attention heads, which must divide :attr:`d_model`. The default is ``8``.
+    drop_prob : float, optional
+        Dropout probability. The default is ``0.1``.
+    no_inter_attn : bool, optional
+        If ``True``, disables inter-granularity attention. The default is ``False``.
+    n_layers : int, optional
+        Number of encoder layers. The default is ``6``.
+    dim_feedforward : int, optional
+        Feedforward dimensionality. The default is ``256``.
+    activation_trans : nn.Module, optional
+        Activation module used in transformer encoder layers. The default is :class:`nn.ReLU`.
+    single_channel : bool, optional
+        If ``True``, processes each channel independently, increasing capacity and cost. The default is ``False``.
+    output_attention : bool, optional
+        If ``True``, returns attention weights for interpretability. The default is ``True``.
+    activation_class : nn.Module, optional
+        Activation used in the final classification layer. The default is :class:`nn.GELU`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - MedFormer outperforms strong baselines across six metrics on five MedTS datasets in a
+      subject-independent evaluation [Medformer2024]_.
+    - Cross-channel patching provides the largest F1 improvement in ablation studies (average
+      +6.10%), highlighting its importance for MedTS tasks [Medformer2024]_.
+    - Setting :attr:`no_inter_attn` to ``True`` disables inter-granularity attention while retaining
+      intra-granularity attention.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [Medformer2024] Wang, Y., Huang, N., Li, T., Yan, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024).
+       Medformer: A Multi-Granularity Patching Transformer for Medical Time-Series Classification.
+       In A. Globerson, L. Mackey, D. Belgrave, A. Fan, U. Paquet, J. Tomczak, & C. Zhang (Eds.),
+       Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (Vol. 37, pp. 36314-36341).
+       doi:10.52202/079017-1145.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        # Signal related parameters
+        n_chans=None,
+        n_outputs=None,
+        n_times=None,
+        chs_info=None,
+        input_window_seconds=None,
+        sfreq=None,
+        # Model parameters
+        patch_len_list: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        d_model: int = 128,
+        num_heads: int = 8,
+        drop_prob: float = 0.1,
+        no_inter_attn: bool = False,
+        n_layers: int = 6,
+        dim_feedforward: int = 256,
+        activation_trans: Optional[nn.Module] = nn.ReLU,
+        single_channel: bool = False,
+        output_attention: bool = True,
+        activation_class: Optional[nn.Module] = nn.GELU,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            n_outputs=n_outputs,
+            n_chans=n_chans,
+            chs_info=chs_info,
+            n_times=n_times,
+            input_window_seconds=input_window_seconds,
+            sfreq=sfreq,
+        )
+        del n_outputs, n_chans, chs_info, n_times, input_window_seconds, sfreq
+
+        # In the original Medformer paper:
+        # - seq_len refers to the number of channels
+        # - enc_in refers to the number of time points
+
+        # Save model parameters as instance variables
+        self.d_model = d_model
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.drop_prob = drop_prob
+        self.no_inter_attn = no_inter_attn
+        self.n_layers = n_layers
+        self.dim_feedforward = dim_feedforward
+        self.activation_trans = activation_trans
+        self.output_attention = output_attention
+        self.single_channel = single_channel
+        self.activation_class = activation_class
+
+        # Process the sequence and patch configurations.
+        if patch_len_list is None:
+            patch_len_list = [2, 8, 16]
+
+        self.patch_len_list = patch_len_list
+        stride_list = patch_len_list  # Using the same values for strides.
+        self.stride_list = stride_list
+        patch_num_list = [
+            int((self.n_chans - patch_len) / stride + 2)
+            for patch_len, stride in zip(patch_len_list, stride_list)
+        ]
+        self.patch_num_list = patch_num_list
+
+        # Initialize the embedding layer.
+        self.enc_embedding = _ListPatchEmbedding(
+            enc_in=self.n_times,
+            d_model=self.d_model,
+            seq_len=self.n_chans,
+            patch_len_list=self.patch_len_list,
+            stride_list=self.stride_list,
+            dropout=self.drop_prob,
+            single_channel=self.single_channel,
+            n_chans=self.n_chans,
+            n_times=self.n_times,
+        )
+        # Build the encoder with multiple layers.
+        self.encoder = _Encoder(
+            [
+                _EncoderLayer(
+                    attention=_MedformerLayer(
+                        num_blocks=len(self.patch_len_list),
+                        d_model=self.d_model,
+                        num_heads=self.num_heads,
+                        dropout=self.drop_prob,
+                        output_attention=self.output_attention,
+                        no_inter=self.no_inter_attn,
+                    ),
+                    d_model=self.d_model,
+                    dim_feedforward=self.dim_feedforward,
+                    dropout=self.drop_prob,
+                    activation=self.activation_trans()
+                    if self.activation_trans is not None
+                    else nn.ReLU(),
+                )
+                for _ in range(self.n_layers)
+            ],
+            norm_layer=torch.nn.LayerNorm(self.d_model),
+        )
+
+        # For classification tasks, add additional layers.
+        self.activation_layer = (
+            self.activation_class() if self.activation_class is not None else nn.GELU()
+        )
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(self.drop_prob)
+        self.final_layer = nn.Linear(
+            self.d_model
+            * len(self.patch_num_list)
+            * (1 if not self.single_channel else self.n_chans),
+            self.n_outputs,
+        )
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Forward pass of the Medformer model.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : torch.Tensor
+            Input tensor of shape (batch_size, n_chans, n_times).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        torch.Tensor
+            Output tensor of shape (batch_size, n_outputs).
+        """
+        # Embedding
+        enc_out = self.enc_embedding(x)
+        enc_out, _ = self.encoder(enc_out, attn_mask=None)
+
+        if self.single_channel:
+            # Reshape back from (batch_size * n_chans, ...) to (batch_size, n_chans, ...)
+            # Explicitly construct the reshape dimensions to be TorchScript compatible
+            batch_size = enc_out.shape[0] // self.n_chans
+            seq_len = enc_out.shape[1]
+            d_model = enc_out.shape[2]
+            enc_out = torch.reshape(
+                enc_out, (batch_size, self.n_chans, seq_len, d_model)
+            )
+
+        # Output
+        output = self.activation_layer(enc_out)
+        output = self.dropout(output)
+        output = output.reshape(
+            output.shape[0], -1
+        )  # (batch_size, seq_length * d_model)
+        output = self.final_layer(output)  # (batch_size, num_classes)
+        return output
+
+
+class _PositionalEmbedding(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, d_model: int, max_len: int = 5000):
+        super().__init__()
+        # If d_model is odd, temporarily work with d_model + 1.
+        if d_model % 2 == 1:
+            d_model_adj = d_model + 1
+        else:
+            d_model_adj = d_model
+        self.d_model = d_model  # store the original dimension
+
+        # Create a pe tensor of size (max_len, d_model_adj)
+        pe = torch.zeros(max_len, d_model_adj).float()
+        pe.requires_grad = False
+
+        # Compute the sinusoidal factors.
+        position = torch.arange(0, max_len).float().unsqueeze(1)
+        # Use d_model_adj in the denominator so that the frequencies are computed over an even number.
+        div_term = torch.exp(
+            torch.arange(0, d_model_adj, 2).float() * (-math.log(10000.0) / d_model_adj)
+        )
+        pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term)
+        pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term)
+
+        # Unsqueeze to shape (1, max_len, d_model_adj)
+        pe = pe.unsqueeze(0)
+        self.register_buffer("pe", pe)
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        # x is assumed to have shape (B, L, d_model_target)
+        # We return the first self.d_model columns from the computed pe.
+        return self.pe[:, : x.size(1), : self.d_model]
+
+
+class _CrossChannelTokenEmbedding(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self, c_in: int, l_patch: int, d_model: int, stride: Optional[int] = None
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        if stride is None:
+            stride = l_patch
+        self.token_conv = nn.Conv2d(
+            in_channels=1,
+            out_channels=d_model,
+            kernel_size=(c_in, l_patch),
+            stride=(1, stride),
+            padding=0,
+            padding_mode="circular",
+            bias=False,
+        )
+        for m in self.modules():
+            if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
+                nn.init.kaiming_normal_(
+                    m.weight, mode="fan_in", nonlinearity="leaky_relu"
+                )
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        x = self.token_conv(x)
+        return x
+
+
+class _ListPatchEmbedding(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        enc_in: int,
+        d_model: int,
+        seq_len: int,
+        patch_len_list: List[int],
+        stride_list: List[int],
+        dropout: float,
+        single_channel: bool = False,
+        n_chans: Optional[int] = None,
+        n_times: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.patch_len_list = patch_len_list
+        self.stride_list = stride_list
+        # Use ModuleList so TorchScript can statically infer module attribute types
+        self.paddings: nn.ModuleList = nn.ModuleList(
+            [nn.ReplicationPad1d((0, stride)) for stride in stride_list]
+        )
+        self.single_channel = single_channel
+        self.n_chans = n_chans
+        self.n_times = n_times
+
+        # Number of different patch/granularity blocks (used to make loops TorchScript-friendly)
+        self.num_patches = len(patch_len_list)
+
+        linear_layers = [
+            _CrossChannelTokenEmbedding(
+                c_in=enc_in if not single_channel else 1,
+                l_patch=patch_len,
+                d_model=d_model,
+            )
+            for patch_len in patch_len_list
+        ]
+        self.value_embeddings = nn.ModuleList(linear_layers)
+        self.position_embedding = _PositionalEmbedding(d_model=d_model)
+        self.channel_embedding = _PositionalEmbedding(d_model=seq_len)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+
+        self.learnable_embeddings = nn.ParameterList(
+            [nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, d_model)) for _ in patch_len_list]
+        )
+
+    def forward(
+        self, x: torch.Tensor
+    ) -> List[torch.Tensor]:  # (batch_size, seq_len, enc_in)
+        x = x.permute(0, 2, 1)  # (batch_size, enc_in, seq_len)
+        if self.single_channel:
+            # After permute: x.shape = (batch_size, n_times, n_chans)
+            # We want to process each channel independently
+            batch_size = x.shape[0]
+            # Permute to get channels in the middle: (batch_size, n_chans, n_times)
+            x = x.permute(0, 2, 1)
+            # Reshape to treat each channel independently: (batch_size * n_chans, 1, n_times)
+            x = torch.reshape(x, (batch_size * self.n_chans, 1, self.n_times))
+
+        x_list = []
+        for padding, value_embedding in zip(self.paddings, self.value_embeddings):
+            x_copy = x.clone()
+            # add positional embedding to tag each channel (only when not single_channel)
+            if not self.single_channel:
+                x_new = x_copy + self.channel_embedding(x_copy)
+            else:
+                x_new = x_copy
+            x_new = padding(x_new).unsqueeze(
+                1
+            )  # (batch_size, 1, enc_in, seq_len+stride)
+            x_new = value_embedding(x_new)  # (batch_size, d_model, 1, patch_num)
+            x_new = x_new.squeeze(2).transpose(1, 2)  # (batch_size, patch_num, d_model)
+            x_list.append(x_new)
+
+        # Combine each patch embedding with its corresponding learnable granularity
+        # embedding and positional embedding. Use an explicit indexed loop so
+        # TorchScript can statically determine lengths instead of iterating over
+        # Python lists/ParameterList via zip.
+        out_list: List[torch.Tensor] = []
+        # Iterate over learnable_embeddings with enumerate (supported by TorchScript)
+        for idx, cxt in enumerate(self.learnable_embeddings):
+            xi = x_list[idx]
+            xi = xi + cxt + self.position_embedding(xi)
+            out_list.append(xi)
+
+        return out_list
+
+
+class _AttentionLayer(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attention: nn.Module,
+        d_model: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        d_keys: Optional[int] = None,
+        d_values: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        d_keys = d_keys or (d_model // num_heads)
+        d_values = d_values or (d_model // num_heads)
+
+        self.inner_attention = attention
+        self.query_projection = nn.Linear(d_model, d_keys * num_heads)
+        self.key_projection = nn.Linear(d_model, d_keys * num_heads)
+        self.value_projection = nn.Linear(d_model, d_values * num_heads)
+        self.out_projection = nn.Linear(d_values * num_heads, d_model)
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        queries: torch.Tensor,
+        keys: torch.Tensor,
+        values: torch.Tensor,
+        attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+        tau: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        delta: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor]]:
+        batch_size, query_len, _ = queries.shape
+        _, key_len, _ = keys.shape
+        num_heads = self.num_heads
+
+        queries = self.query_projection(queries).view(
+            batch_size, query_len, num_heads, -1
+        )  # multi-head
+        keys = self.key_projection(keys).view(batch_size, key_len, num_heads, -1)
+        values = self.value_projection(values).view(batch_size, key_len, num_heads, -1)
+
+        out, attn = self.inner_attention(
+            queries, keys, values, attn_mask, tau=tau, delta=delta
+        )
+        out = out.view(batch_size, query_len, -1)
+
+        return self.out_projection(out), attn
+
+
+class _TriangularCausalMask:
+    def __init__(
+        self, batch_size: int, seq_len: int, device: Optional[torch.device] = None
+    ):
+        # Normalize device to a torch.device for .to(device)
+        if device is None:
+            device = torch.device("cpu")
+        mask_shape = [batch_size, 1, seq_len, seq_len]
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            self._mask = torch.triu(
+                torch.ones(mask_shape, dtype=torch.bool), diagonal=1
+            ).to(device)
+
+    @property
+    def mask(self) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self._mask
+
+
+class _FullAttention(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mask_flag: bool = True,
+        scale: Optional[float] = None,
+        attention_dropout: float = 0.1,
+        output_attention: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.mask_flag = mask_flag
+        self.output_attention = output_attention
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(attention_dropout)
+        super().__init__()
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.mask_flag = mask_flag
+        self.output_attention = output_attention
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(attention_dropout)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        queries: torch.Tensor,
+        keys: torch.Tensor,
+        values: torch.Tensor,
+        attn_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+        tau: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        delta: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor]]:
+        batch_size, query_len, _, embed_dim = queries.shape
+        _, _, _, _ = values.shape
+        # Avoid using `or` because TorchScript may fail to cast None/float
+        if self.scale is None:
+            scale = 1.0 / sqrt(embed_dim)
+        else:
+            scale = self.scale
+
+        scores = torch.einsum("blhe,bshe->bhls", queries, keys)
+
+        if self.mask_flag:
+            if attn_mask is None:
+                # create a triangular causal mask tensor of shape [B,1,L,L]
+                attn_mask = torch.triu(
+                    torch.ones([batch_size, 1, query_len, query_len], dtype=torch.bool),
+                    diagonal=1,
+                ).to(queries.device)
+
+            # attn_mask is expected to be a boolean tensor with same shape
+            scores.masked_fill_(attn_mask, -np.inf)
+
+        attention_weights = self.dropout(
+            torch.softmax(scale * scores, dim=-1)
+        )  # Scaled Dot-Product Attention
+        output_values = torch.einsum("bhls,bshd->blhd", attention_weights, values)
+
+        if self.output_attention:
+            return output_values.contiguous(), attention_weights
+        else:
+            return output_values.contiguous(), None
+
+
+class _MedformerLayer(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_blocks: int,
+        d_model: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        dropout: float = 0.1,
+        output_attention: bool = False,
+        no_inter: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.intra_attentions = nn.ModuleList(
+            [
+                _AttentionLayer(
+                    _FullAttention(
+                        mask_flag=False,
+                        attention_dropout=dropout,
+                        output_attention=output_attention,
+                    ),
+                    d_model,
+                    num_heads,
+                )
+                for _ in range(num_blocks)
+            ]
+        )
+        if no_inter or num_blocks <= 1:
+            # print("No inter attention for time")
+            self.inter_attention = None
+        else:
+            self.inter_attention = _AttentionLayer(
+                _FullAttention(
+                    mask_flag=False,
+                    attention_dropout=dropout,
+                    output_attention=output_attention,
+                ),
+                d_model,
+                num_heads,
+            )
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: List[torch.Tensor],
+        attn_mask: Optional[List[Optional[torch.Tensor]]] = None,
+        tau: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        delta: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[torch.Tensor], List[Optional[torch.Tensor]]]:
+        # Explicit None check because TorchScript cannot evaluate truthiness of lists
+        if attn_mask is None:
+            # Build a list of None with explicit typing for TorchScript
+            new_mask_list: List[Optional[torch.Tensor]] = []
+            for _ in range(len(x)):
+                new_mask_list.append(None)
+            attn_mask = new_mask_list
+        # Intra attention
+        x_intra: List[torch.Tensor] = []
+        attn_out: List[Optional[torch.Tensor]] = []
+        # Iterate over ModuleList with enumerate (TorchScript supports enumerate over modules)
+        for idx, layer in enumerate(self.intra_attentions):
+            x_in_i = x[idx]
+            mask_i = attn_mask[idx]
+            x_out_temp, attn_temp = layer(
+                x_in_i, x_in_i, x_in_i, attn_mask=mask_i, tau=tau, delta=delta
+            )
+            x_intra.append(x_out_temp)  # (B, Li, D)
+            attn_out.append(attn_temp)
+        if self.inter_attention is not None:
+            # Inter attention
+            routers = torch.cat([xi[:, -1:] for xi in x_intra], dim=1)  # (B, N, D)
+            x_inter, attn_inter = self.inter_attention(
+                routers, routers, routers, attn_mask=None, tau=tau, delta=delta
+            )
+            x_out = [
+                torch.cat([xi[:, :-1], x_inter[:, i : i + 1]], dim=1)  # (B, Li, D)
+                for i, xi in enumerate(x_intra)
+            ]
+            attn_out += [attn_inter]
+        else:
+            x_out = x_intra
+        return x_out, attn_out
+
+
+class _EncoderLayer(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attention: nn.Module,
+        d_model: int,
+        dim_feedforward: Optional[int],
+        dropout: float,
+        activation: Optional[nn.Module] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        dim_feedforward = dim_feedforward or 4 * d_model
+        self.attention = attention
+        self.conv1 = nn.Conv1d(
+            in_channels=d_model, out_channels=dim_feedforward, kernel_size=1
+        )
+        self.conv2 = nn.Conv1d(
+            in_channels=dim_feedforward, out_channels=d_model, kernel_size=1
+        )
+        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(d_model)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.activation = activation if activation is not None else nn.ReLU()
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: List[torch.Tensor],
+        attn_mask: Optional[List[Optional[torch.Tensor]]] = None,
+        tau: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        delta: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[torch.Tensor], List[Optional[torch.Tensor]]]:
+        new_x, attn = self.attention(x, attn_mask=attn_mask, tau=tau, delta=delta)
+        x = [x_orig + self.dropout(x_new) for x_orig, x_new in zip(x, new_x)]
+
+        y = x = [self.norm1(x_val) for x_val in x]
+        y = [
+            self.dropout(self.activation(self.conv1(y_val.transpose(-1, 1))))
+            for y_val in y
+        ]
+        y = [self.dropout(self.conv2(y_val).transpose(-1, 1)) for y_val in y]
+
+        return [self.norm2(x_val + y_val) for x_val, y_val in zip(x, y)], attn
+
+
+class _Encoder(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self, attn_layers: List[nn.Module], norm_layer: Optional[nn.Module] = None
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.attn_layers = nn.ModuleList(attn_layers)
+        self.norm = norm_layer
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: List[torch.Tensor],
+        attn_mask: Optional[List[Optional[torch.Tensor]]] = None,
+        tau: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+        delta: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, List[List[Optional[torch.Tensor]]]]:
+        # x [[B, L1, D], [B, L2, D], ...]
+        attns: List[List[Optional[torch.Tensor]]] = []
+        for attn_layer in self.attn_layers:
+            x, attn = attn_layer(x, attn_mask=attn_mask, tau=tau, delta=delta)
+            attns.append(attn)
+
+        # concat all the outputs
+        """x = torch.cat(
+            x, dim=1
+        )  # (batch_size, patch_num_1 + patch_num_2 + ... , d_model)"""
+
+        # concat all the routers
+        x = torch.cat(
+            [xi[:, -1, :].unsqueeze(1) for xi in x], dim=1
+        )  # (batch_size, len(patch_len_list), d_model)
+
+        if self.norm is not None:
+            x = self.norm(x)
+
+        return x, attns