biotite 0.41.1__cp311-cp311-macosx_10_16_arm64.whl

biotite/structure/resutil.py

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+# This source code is part of the Biotite package and is distributed
+# under the 3-Clause BSD License. Please see 'LICENSE.rst' for further
+# information.
+
+__name__ = "biotite.structure"
+__author__ = "Patrick Kunzmann"
+__all__ = ["apply_segment_wise", "spread_segment_wise", "get_segment_masks",
+           "get_segment_starts_for", "get_segment_positions", "segment_iter"]
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+def apply_segment_wise(starts, data, function, axis):
+    """
+    Generalized version of :func:`apply_residue_wise()` for
+    residues and chains.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    starts : ndarray, dtype=int
+        The sorted start indices of segments.
+        Includes exclusive stop, i.e. the length of the corresponding
+        atom array.
+    """
+    # The result array
+    processed_data = None
+    for i in range(len(starts)-1):
+        segment = data[starts[i]:starts[i+1]]
+        if axis == None:
+            value = function(segment)
+        else:
+            value = function(segment, axis=axis)
+        value = function(segment, axis=axis)
+        # Identify the shape of the resulting array by evaluation
+        # of the function return value for the first segment
+        if processed_data is None:
+            if isinstance(value, np.ndarray):
+                # Maximum length of the processed data
+                # is length of segment of size 1 -> length of all IDs
+                # (equal to atom array length)
+                processed_data = np.zeros(
+                    (len(starts)-1,) + value.shape, dtype=value.dtype
+                )
+            else:
+                # Scalar value -> one dimensional result array
+                processed_data = np.zeros(
+                    len(starts)-1, dtype=type(value)
+                )
+        # Write values into result arrays
+        processed_data[i] = value
+    return processed_data
+
+
+def spread_segment_wise(starts, input_data):
+    """
+    Generalized version of :func:`spread_residue_wise()`
+    for residues and chains.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    starts : ndarray, dtype=int
+        The sorted start indices of segments.
+        Includes exclusive stop, i.e. the length of the corresponding
+        atom array.
+    """
+    output_data = np.zeros(starts[-1], dtype=input_data.dtype)
+    for i in range(len(starts)-1):
+        start = starts[i]
+        stop = starts[i + 1]
+        output_data[start:stop] = input_data[i]
+    return output_data
+
+
+def get_segment_masks(starts, indices):
+    """
+    Generalized version of :func:`get_residue_masks()`
+    for residues and chains.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    starts : ndarray, dtype=int
+        The sorted start indices of segments.
+        Includes exclusive stop, i.e. the length of the corresponding
+        atom array.
+    """
+    indices = np.asarray(indices)
+    length = starts[-1]
+    masks = np.zeros((len(indices), length), dtype=bool)
+
+    if (indices < 0).any():
+        raise ValueError("This function does not support negative indices")
+    if (indices >= length).any():
+        index = np.min(np.where(indices >= length)[0])
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Index {index} is out of range for "
+            f"an atom array with length {length}"
+        )
+    
+    insertion_points = np.searchsorted(starts, indices, side="right") - 1
+    for i, point in enumerate(insertion_points):
+        masks[i, starts[point] : starts[point+1]] = True
+    
+    return masks
+
+
+def get_segment_starts_for(starts, indices):
+    """
+    Generalized version of :func:`get_residue_starts_for()`
+    for residues and chains.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    starts : ndarray, dtype=int
+        The sorted start indices of segments.
+        Includes exclusive stop, i.e. the length of the corresponding
+        atom array.
+    """
+    indices = np.asarray(indices)
+    length = starts[-1]
+    # Remove exclusive stop
+    starts = starts[:-1]
+
+    if (indices < 0).any():
+        raise ValueError("This function does not support negative indices")
+    if (indices >= length).any():
+        index = np.min(np.where(indices >= length)[0])
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Index {index} is out of range for "
+            f"an atom array with length {length}"
+        )
+    
+    insertion_points = np.searchsorted(starts, indices, side="right") - 1
+    return starts[insertion_points]
+
+
+def get_segment_positions(starts, indices):
+    """
+    Generalized version of :func:`get_residue_positions()`
+    for residues and chains.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    starts : ndarray, dtype=int
+        The sorted start indices of segments.
+        Includes exclusive stop, i.e. the length of the corresponding
+        atom array.
+    """
+    indices = np.asarray(indices)
+    length = starts[-1]
+    # Remove exclusive stop
+    starts = starts[:-1]
+
+    if (indices < 0).any():
+        raise ValueError("This function does not support negative indices")
+    if (indices >= length).any():
+        index = np.min(np.where(indices >= length)[0])
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Index {index} is out of range for "
+            f"an atom array with length {length}"
+        )
+    
+    return np.searchsorted(starts, indices, side="right") - 1
+
+
+def segment_iter(array, starts):
+    """
+    Generalized version of :func:`residue_iter()`
+    for residues and chains.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    starts : ndarray, dtype=int
+        The sorted start indices of segments.
+        Includes exclusive stop, i.e. the length of the corresponding
+        atom array.
+    """
+    for i in range(len(starts)-1):
+        yield array[..., starts[i] : starts[i+1]]

biotite/structure/sasa.pyx

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+# This source code is part of the Biotite package and is distributed
+# under the 3-Clause BSD License. Please see 'LICENSE.rst' for further
+# information.
+
+"""
+Use this module to calculate the Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA) of
+a protein or single atoms.
+"""
+
+__name__ = "biotite.structure"
+__author__ = "Patrick Kunzmann"
+__all__ = ["sasa"]
+
+cimport cython
+cimport numpy as np
+from libc.stdlib cimport malloc, free
+
+import numpy as np
+from .celllist import CellList
+from .filter import filter_solvent, filter_monoatomic_ions
+from .info.radii import vdw_radius_protor, vdw_radius_single
+
+ctypedef np.uint8_t np_bool
+ctypedef np.int64_t int64
+ctypedef np.float32_t float32
+
+
+@cython.boundscheck(False)
+@cython.wraparound(False)
+def sasa(array, float probe_radius=1.4, np.ndarray atom_filter=None,
+         bint ignore_ions=True, int point_number=1000,
+         point_distr="Fibonacci", vdw_radii="ProtOr"):
+    """
+    sasa(array, probe_radius=1.4, atom_filter=None, ignore_ions=True,
+         point_number=1000, point_distr="Fibonacci", vdw_radii="ProtOr")
+
+    Calculate the Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA) of a protein.
+    
+    This function uses the Shrake-Rupley ("rolling probe")
+    algorithm :footcite:`Shrake1973`:
+    Every atom is occupied by a evenly distributed point mesh. The
+    points that can be reached by the "rolling probe", are surface
+    accessible.
+    
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    array : AtomArray
+        The protein model to calculate the SASA for.
+    probe_radius : float, optional
+        The VdW-radius of the solvent molecules (default: 1.4).
+    atom_filter : ndarray, dtype=bool, optional
+        If this parameter is given, SASA is only calculated for the
+        filtered atoms.
+    ignore_ions : bool, optional
+        If true, all monoatomic ions are removed before SASA calculation
+        (default: True).
+    point_number : int, optional
+        The number of points in the mesh occupying each atom for SASA
+        calculation (default: 100). The SASA calculation time is
+        proportional to the amount of sphere points.
+    point_distr : str or function, optional
+        If a function is given, the function is used to calculate the
+        point distribution for the mesh (the function must take `float`
+        *n* as parameter and return a *(n x 3)* :class:`ndarray`).
+        Alternatively a string can be given to choose a built-in
+        distribution:
+            
+            - **Fibonacci** - Distribute points using a golden section
+              spiral.
+            
+        By default *Fibonacci* is used.
+    vdw_radii : str or ndarray, dtype=float, optional
+        Indicates the set of VdW radii to be used. If an `array`-length
+        :class:`ndarray` is given, each atom gets the radius at the
+        corresponding index. Radii given for atoms that are not used in
+        SASA calculation (e.g. solvent atoms) can have arbitrary values
+        (e.g. `NaN`). If instead a string is given, one of the
+        built-in sets is used:
+        
+            - **ProtOr** - A set, which does not require hydrogen atoms
+              in the model. Suitable for crystal structures.
+              :footcite:`Tsai1999`
+            - **Single** - A set, which uses a defined VdW radius for
+              every single atom, therefore hydrogen atoms are required
+              in the model (e.g. NMR elucidated structures).
+              :footcite:`Bondi1964`
+              
+        By default *ProtOr* is used.
+              
+    
+    Returns
+    -------
+    sasa : ndarray, dtype=bool, shape=(n,)
+        Atom-wise SASA. `NaN` for atoms where SASA has not been 
+        calculated
+        (solvent atoms, hydrogen atoms (ProtOr), atoms not in `filter`).
+        
+    References
+    ----------
+    
+    .. footbibliography::
+    
+    """
+    cdef int i=0, j=0, k=0, adj_atom_i=0, rel_atom_i=0
+    
+    cdef np.ndarray sasa_filter
+    cdef np.ndarray occl_filter
+    if atom_filter is not None:
+        # Filter for all atoms to calculate SASA for
+        sasa_filter = np.array(atom_filter, dtype=bool)
+    else:
+        sasa_filter = np.ones(len(array), dtype=bool)
+    # Filter for all atoms that are considered for occlusion calculation
+    # sasa_filter is subfilter of occlusion_filter
+    occl_filter = np.ones(len(array), dtype=bool)
+    # Remove water residues, since it is the solvent
+    filter = ~filter_solvent(array)
+    sasa_filter = sasa_filter & filter
+    occl_filter = occl_filter & filter
+    if ignore_ions:
+        filter = ~filter_monoatomic_ions(array)
+        sasa_filter = sasa_filter & filter
+        occl_filter = occl_filter & filter
+    
+    cdef np.ndarray sphere_points
+    if callable(point_distr):
+        sphere_points = point_distr(point_number)
+    elif point_distr == "Fibonacci":
+        sphere_points = _create_fibonacci_points(point_number)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"'{point_distr}' is not a valid point distribution")
+    sphere_points = sphere_points.astype(np.float32)
+    
+    cdef np.ndarray radii
+    if isinstance(vdw_radii, np.ndarray):
+        radii = vdw_radii.astype(np.float32)
+        if len(radii) != array.array_length():
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Amount VdW radii ({len(radii)}) and "
+                f"amount of atoms ({array.array_length()}) are not equal"
+            )
+    elif vdw_radii == "ProtOr":
+        filter = (array.element != "H")
+        sasa_filter = sasa_filter & filter
+        occl_filter = occl_filter & filter
+        radii = np.full(len(array), np.nan, dtype=np.float32)
+        for i in np.arange(len(radii))[occl_filter]:
+            rad = vdw_radius_protor(array.res_name[i], array.atom_name[i])
+            # 1.8 is default radius
+            radii[i] = rad if rad is not None else 1.8
+    elif vdw_radii == "Single":
+        radii = np.full(len(array), np.nan, dtype=np.float32)
+        for i in np.arange(len(radii))[occl_filter]:
+            rad = vdw_radius_single(array.element[i])
+            # 1.5 is default radius
+            radii[i] = rad if rad is not None else 1.8
+    else:
+        raise KeyError(f"'{vdw_radii}' is not a valid radii set")
+    # Increase atom radii by probe size ("rolling probe")
+    radii += probe_radius
+    
+    # Memoryview for filter
+    # Problem with creating boolean memoryviews
+    # -> Type uint8 is used
+    cdef np_bool[:] sasa_filter_view = np.frombuffer(sasa_filter,
+                                                     dtype=np.uint8)
+    
+    cdef np.ndarray occl_r = radii[occl_filter]
+    # Atom array containing occluding atoms
+    occl_array = array[occl_filter]
+    
+    # Memoryviews for coordinates of entire (main) array
+    # and for coordinates of occluding atom array
+    cdef float32[:,:] main_coord = array.coord.astype(np.float32,
+                                                      copy=False)
+    cdef float32[:,:] occl_coord = occl_array.coord.astype(np.float32,
+                                                           copy=False)
+    # Memoryviews for sphere points
+    cdef float32[:,:] sphere_coord = sphere_points
+    # Check if any of these arrays are empty to prevent segfault
+    if     main_coord.shape[0]   == 0 \
+        or occl_coord.shape[0]   == 0 \
+        or sphere_coord.shape[0] == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Coordinates are empty")
+    # Memoryviews for radii of SASA and occluding atoms
+    # their squares and their sum of sqaures
+    cdef float32[:] atom_radii = radii
+    cdef float32[:] atom_radii_sq = radii * radii
+    cdef float32[:] occl_radii = occl_r
+    cdef float32[:] occl_radii_sq = occl_r * occl_r
+    # Memoryview for atomwise SASA
+    cdef float32[:] sasa = np.full(len(array), np.nan, dtype=np.float32)
+    
+    # Area of a sphere point on a unit sphere
+    cdef float32 area_per_point = 4.0 * np.pi / point_number
+    
+    # Define further statically typed variables
+    # that are needed for SASA calculation
+    cdef int n_accesible = 0
+    cdef float32 radius = 0
+    cdef float32 radius_sq = 0
+    cdef float32 adj_radius = 0
+    cdef float32 adj_radius_sq = 0
+    cdef float32 dist_sq = 0
+    cdef float32 point_x = 0
+    cdef float32 point_y = 0
+    cdef float32 point_z = 0
+    cdef float32 atom_x = 0
+    cdef float32 atom_y = 0
+    cdef float32 atom_z = 0
+    cdef float32 occl_x = 0
+    cdef float32 occl_y = 0
+    cdef float32 occl_z = 0
+    cdef float32[:,:] relevant_occl_coord = None
+    
+    # Cell size is as large as the maximum distance, 
+    # where two atom can intersect.
+    # Therefore intersecting atoms are always in the same or adjacent cell.
+    cell_list = CellList(occl_array, np.max(radii[occl_filter])*2)
+    cdef np.ndarray cell_indices
+    cdef int[:,:] cell_indices_view
+    cdef int length
+    cdef int max_adj_list_length = 0
+    cdef int array_length = array.array_length()
+
+    cell_indices = cell_list.get_atoms_in_cells(array.coord)
+    cell_indices_view = cell_indices
+    max_adj_list_length = cell_indices.shape[0]
+        
+    # Later on, this array stores coordinates for actual
+    # occluding atoms for a certain atom to calculate the
+    # SASA for
+    # The first three indices of the second axis
+    # are x, y and z, the last one is the squared radius
+    # This list is as long as the maximal length of a list of
+    # adjacent atoms
+    relevant_occl_coord = np.zeros((max_adj_list_length, 4),
+                                   dtype=np.float32)
+    
+    # Actual SASA calculation
+    for i in range(array_length):
+        # First level: The atoms to calculate SASA for
+        if not sasa_filter_view[i]:
+            # SASA is not calculated for this atom
+            continue
+        n_accesible = point_number
+        atom_x = main_coord[i,0]
+        atom_y = main_coord[i,1]
+        atom_z = main_coord[i,2]
+        radius = atom_radii[i]
+        radius_sq = atom_radii_sq[i]
+        # Find occluding atoms from list of adjacent atoms
+        rel_atom_i = 0
+        for j in range(max_adj_list_length):
+            # Remove all atoms, where the distance to the relevant atom
+            # is larger than the sum of the radii,
+            # since those atoms do not touch
+            # If distance is 0, it is the same atom,
+            # and the atom is removed from the list as well
+            adj_atom_i = cell_indices_view[i,j]
+            if adj_atom_i == -1:
+                # -1 means end of list
+                break
+            occl_x = occl_coord[adj_atom_i,0]
+            occl_y = occl_coord[adj_atom_i,1]
+            occl_z = occl_coord[adj_atom_i,2]
+            adj_radius = occl_radii[adj_atom_i]
+            adj_radius_sq = occl_radii_sq[adj_atom_i]
+            dist_sq = distance_sq(atom_x, atom_y, atom_z,
+                                      occl_x, occl_y, occl_z)
+            if dist_sq != 0 \
+                and dist_sq < (adj_radius+radius) * (adj_radius+radius):
+                    relevant_occl_coord[rel_atom_i,0] = occl_x
+                    relevant_occl_coord[rel_atom_i,1] = occl_y
+                    relevant_occl_coord[rel_atom_i,2] = occl_z
+                    relevant_occl_coord[rel_atom_i,3] = adj_radius_sq
+                    rel_atom_i += 1
+        for j in range(sphere_coord.shape[0]):
+            # Second level: The sphere points for that atom
+            # Transform sphere point to sphere of current atom
+            point_x = sphere_coord[j,0] * radius + atom_x
+            point_y = sphere_coord[j,1] * radius + atom_y
+            point_z = sphere_coord[j,2] * radius + atom_z
+            for k in range(rel_atom_i):
+                # Third level: Compare point to occluding atoms
+                dist_sq = distance_sq(point_x, point_y, point_z,
+                                      relevant_occl_coord[k, 0],
+                                      relevant_occl_coord[k, 1],
+                                      relevant_occl_coord[k, 2])
+                # Compare squared distance
+                # to squared radius of occluding atom
+                # (Radius is relevant_occl_coord[3])
+                if dist_sq < relevant_occl_coord[k, 3]:
+                    # Point is occluded
+                    # -> Continue with next point
+                    n_accesible -= 1
+                    break
+        sasa[i] = area_per_point * n_accesible * radius_sq
+    return np.asarray(sasa)
+
+
+cdef inline float32 distance_sq(float32 x1, float32 y1, float32 z1,
+                        float32 x2, float32 y2, float32 z2):
+    cdef float32 dx = x2 - x1
+    cdef float32 dy = y2 - y1
+    cdef float32 dz = z2 - z1
+    return dx*dx + dy*dy + dz*dz
+
+
+def _create_fibonacci_points(n):
+    """
+    Get an array of approximately equidistant points on a sphere surface
+    using a golden section spiral.
+    """
+    phi = (3 - np.sqrt(5)) * np.pi * np.arange(n)
+    z = np.linspace(1 - 1.0/n, 1.0/n - 1, n)
+    radius = np.sqrt(1 - z*z)
+    coords = np.zeros((n, 3))
+    coords[:,0] = radius * np.cos(phi)
+    coords[:,1] = radius * np.sin(phi)
+    coords[:,2] = z
+    return coords

biotite/structure/sequence.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# This source code is part of the Biotite package and is distributed
+# under the 3-Clause BSD License. Please see 'LICENSE.rst' for further
+# information.
+
+"""
+Function for converting a structure into a sequence.
+"""
+
+__name__ = "biotite.structure"
+__author__ = "Patrick Kunzmann"
+__all__ = ["to_sequence"]
+
+import numpy as np
+from .info.misc import one_letter_code
+from .info.groups import amino_acid_names, nucleotide_names
+from .residues import get_residues
+from .chains import get_chain_starts
+from .error import BadStructureError
+from ..sequence.seqtypes import ProteinSequence, NucleotideSequence
+
+
+HETERO_PLACEHOLDER = "."
+
+
+def to_sequence(atoms, allow_hetero=False):
+    """
+    Convert each chain in a structure into a sequence.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    atoms : AtomArray or AtomArrayStack
+        The structure.
+        May contain multiple chains.
+        Each chain must be either a peptide or a nucleic acid.
+    allow_hetero : bool, optional
+        If true, residues inside a amino acid or nucleotide chain,
+        that have no one-letter code, are replaced by the respective
+        '*any*' symbol (`"X"` or `"N"`, respectively).
+        The same is true for amino acids in nucleotide chains and vice
+        versa.
+        By default, an exception is raised.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    sequences : list of Sequence, length=n
+        The sequence for each chain in the structure.
+    chain_start_indices : ndarray, shape=(n,), dtype=int
+        The atom index where each chain starts.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Residues are considered amino acids or nucleotides based on their
+    appearance :func:`info.amino_acid_names()` or
+    :func:`info.nucleotide_names()`, respectively.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> sequences, chain_starts = to_sequence(atom_array)
+    >>> print(sequences)
+    [ProteinSequence("NLYIQWLKDGGPSSGRPPPS")]
+
+    """
+    sequences = []
+    chain_start_indices = get_chain_starts(atoms, add_exclusive_stop=True)
+    for i in range(len(chain_start_indices)-1):
+        start = chain_start_indices[i]
+        stop = chain_start_indices[i+1]
+        chain = atoms[start:stop]
+        _, residues = get_residues(chain)
+        one_letter_symbols = np.array(
+            [one_letter_code(res) or HETERO_PLACEHOLDER for res in residues]
+        )
+        hetero_mask = one_letter_symbols == HETERO_PLACEHOLDER
+
+        aa_count  = np.count_nonzero(np.isin(residues, amino_acid_names()))
+        nuc_count = np.count_nonzero(np.isin(residues, nucleotide_names()))
+        if aa_count == 0 and nuc_count == 0:
+            raise BadStructureError(
+                f"Chain {chain.chain_id[0]} contains neither amino acids "
+                "nor nucleotides"
+            )
+        elif aa_count > nuc_count:
+            # Chain is a peptide
+            hetero_mask |= ~np.isin(residues, amino_acid_names())
+            if not allow_hetero and np.any(hetero_mask):
+                hetero_indices = np.where(hetero_mask)[0]
+                raise BadStructureError(
+                    f"Hetero residue(s) "
+                    f"{', '.join(residues[hetero_indices])} in peptide"
+                )
+            one_letter_symbols[hetero_mask] = "X"
+            # Replace selenocysteine and pyrrolysine
+            one_letter_symbols[one_letter_symbols == "U"] = "C"
+            one_letter_symbols[one_letter_symbols == "O"] = "K"
+            sequences.append(ProteinSequence("".join(one_letter_symbols)))
+        else:
+            # Chain is a nucleic acid
+            hetero_mask |= ~np.isin(residues, nucleotide_names())
+            if not allow_hetero and np.any(hetero_mask):
+                hetero_indices = np.where(hetero_mask)[0]
+                raise BadStructureError(
+                    f"Hetero residue(s) "
+                    f"{', '.join(residues[hetero_indices])} in nucleic acid"
+                )
+            one_letter_symbols[hetero_mask] = "N"
+            # Replace uracil
+            one_letter_symbols[one_letter_symbols == "U"] = "T"
+            sequences.append(NucleotideSequence("".join(one_letter_symbols)))
+
+    # Remove exclusive stop
+    return sequences, chain_start_indices[:-1]