arraykit 1.2.0__cp314-cp314-win32.whl

arraykit/methods.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@
+# include "Python.h"
+
+# define NO_IMPORT_ARRAY
+# define PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL AK_ARRAY_API
+# define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+
+# include "numpy/arrayobject.h"
+# include "numpy/arrayscalars.h"
+# include "numpy/halffloat.h"
+
+# include "methods.h"
+# include "utilities.h"
+
+PyObject *
+count_iteration(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *iterable)
+{
+    PyObject *iter = PyObject_GetIter(iterable);
+    if (iter == NULL) return NULL;
+
+    int count = 0;
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    while ((v = PyIter_Next(iter))) {
+        count++;
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(iter);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyObject* result = PyLong_FromLong(count);
+    if (result == NULL) return NULL;
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+row_1d_filter(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *a)
+{
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY_1D_2D(a);
+    PyArrayObject *array = (PyArrayObject *)a;
+
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(array) == 2) {
+        npy_intp dim[1] = {PyArray_DIM(array, 1)};
+        PyArray_Dims shape = {dim, 1};
+        // NOTE: this will set PyErr if shape is not compatible
+        return PyArray_Newshape(array, &shape, NPY_ANYORDER);
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(a);
+    return a;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+slice_to_ascending_slice(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *args) {
+
+    PyObject* slice;
+    PyObject* size;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
+            "O!O!:slice_to_ascending_slice",
+            &PySlice_Type, &slice,
+            &PyLong_Type, &size)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    // will delegate NULL on eroror
+    return AK_slice_to_ascending_slice(slice, PyLong_AsSsize_t(size));
+}
+
+PyObject *
+column_2d_filter(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *a)
+{
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY_1D_2D(a);
+    PyArrayObject *array = (PyArrayObject *)a;
+
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(array) == 1) {
+        // https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/c-api/types-and-structures.html#c.PyArray_Dims
+        npy_intp dim[2] = {PyArray_DIM(array, 0), 1};
+        PyArray_Dims shape = {dim, 2};
+        // PyArray_Newshape might return NULL and set PyErr, so no handling to do here
+        return PyArray_Newshape(array, &shape, NPY_ANYORDER); // already a PyObject*
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(a); // returning borrowed ref, must increment
+    return a;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+column_1d_filter(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *a)
+{
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY_1D_2D(a);
+    PyArrayObject *array = (PyArrayObject *)a;
+
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(array) == 2) {
+        npy_intp dim[1] = {PyArray_DIM(array, 0)};
+        PyArray_Dims shape = {dim, 1};
+        // NOTE: this will set PyErr if shape is not compatible
+        return PyArray_Newshape(array, &shape, NPY_ANYORDER);
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(a);
+    return a;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+shape_filter(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *a) {
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY_1D_2D(a);
+    PyArrayObject *array = (PyArrayObject *)a;
+    npy_intp rows = PyArray_DIM(array, 0);
+    // If 1D array, set size for axis 1 at 1, else use 2D array to get the size of axis 1
+    npy_intp cols = PyArray_NDIM(array) == 1 ? 1 : PyArray_DIM(array, 1);
+    return AK_build_pair_ssize_t(rows, cols);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+name_filter(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *n) {
+    if (AK_UNLIKELY(PyObject_Hash(n) == -1)) {
+        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "unhashable name (type '%s')",
+                Py_TYPE(n)->tp_name);
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(n);
+    return n;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+mloc(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *a)
+{
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY(a);
+    return PyLong_FromVoidPtr(PyArray_DATA((PyArrayObject *)a));
+}
+
+PyObject *
+immutable_filter(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *a) {
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY(a);
+    return (PyObject *)AK_immutable_filter((PyArrayObject *)a);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+resolve_dtype(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyArray_Descr *d1, *d2;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
+            "O!O!:resolve_dtype",
+            &PyArrayDescr_Type, &d1,
+            &PyArrayDescr_Type, &d2)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return (PyObject *)AK_resolve_dtype(d1, d2);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+resolve_dtype_iter(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *iterator = PyObject_GetIter(arg);
+    if (iterator == NULL) {
+        // No need to set exception here. GetIter already sets TypeError
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyArray_Descr *resolved = NULL;
+    PyArray_Descr *dtype;
+    while ((dtype = (PyArray_Descr*) PyIter_Next(iterator))) {
+        if (!PyArray_DescrCheck(dtype)) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                    PyExc_TypeError, "argument must be an iterable over %s, not %s",
+                    ((PyTypeObject *) &PyArrayDescr_Type)->tp_name,
+                    Py_TYPE(dtype)->tp_name
+            );
+            Py_DECREF(iterator);
+            Py_DECREF(dtype);
+            Py_XDECREF(resolved);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (!resolved) {
+            resolved = dtype;
+            continue;
+        }
+        Py_SETREF(resolved, AK_resolve_dtype(resolved, dtype));
+        Py_DECREF(dtype);
+        if (!resolved || PyDataType_ISOBJECT(resolved)) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(iterator);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!resolved) {
+        // this could happen if this function gets an empty tuple
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "iterable passed to resolve dtypes is empty");
+    }
+    return (PyObject *)resolved;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+nonzero_1d(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *a) {
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY(a);
+    PyArrayObject* array = (PyArrayObject*)a;
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(array) != 1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be 1-dimensional");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyArray_TYPE(array) != NPY_BOOL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be of type bool");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return AK_nonzero_1d(array);
+}
+
+PyObject*
+is_objectable_dt64(PyObject *m, PyObject *a) {
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY(a);
+    PyArrayObject* array = (PyArrayObject*)a;
+
+    // this returns a new reference
+    PyObject* dt_year = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, "dt_year");
+    int is_objectable = AK_is_objectable_dt64(array, dt_year);
+    Py_DECREF(dt_year);
+
+    switch (is_objectable) {
+        case -1:
+            return NULL;
+        case 0:
+            Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+        case 1:
+            Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+PyObject*
+is_objectable(PyObject *m, PyObject *a) {
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY(a);
+    PyArrayObject* array = (PyArrayObject*)a;
+
+    char kind = PyArray_DESCR(array)->kind;
+    if ((kind == 'M' || kind == 'm')) {
+        // this returns a new reference
+        PyObject* dt_year = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, "dt_year");
+        int is_objectable = AK_is_objectable_dt64(array, dt_year);
+        Py_DECREF(dt_year);
+
+        switch (is_objectable) {
+            case -1:
+                return NULL;
+            case 0:
+                Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+            case 1:
+                Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+}
+
+// Convert array to the dtype provided. NOTE: mutable arrays will be returned unless the input array is immutable and no dtype change is needed
+PyObject*
+astype_array(PyObject* m, PyObject* args) {
+
+    PyObject* a = NULL;
+    PyObject* dtype_spec = Py_None;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!|O:astype_array",
+        &PyArray_Type, &a,
+        &dtype_spec)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyArrayObject* array = (PyArrayObject*)a;
+
+    PyArray_Descr* dtype = NULL;
+    if (dtype_spec == Py_None) {
+        dtype = PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_DEFAULT_TYPE);
+    } else {
+        if (!PyArray_DescrConverter(dtype_spec, &dtype)) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (PyArray_EquivTypes(PyArray_DESCR(array), dtype)) {
+        Py_DECREF(dtype);
+
+        if (PyArray_ISWRITEABLE(array)) {
+            PyObject* result = PyArray_NewCopy(array, NPY_ANYORDER);
+            if (!result) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        else { // already immutable
+            Py_INCREF(a);
+            return a;
+        }
+    }
+    // if converting to an object
+    if (dtype->type_num == NPY_OBJECT) {
+        char kind = PyArray_DESCR(array)->kind;
+        if ((kind == 'M' || kind == 'm')) {
+            PyObject* dt_year = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, "dt_year");
+            int is_objectable = AK_is_objectable_dt64(array, dt_year);
+            Py_DECREF(dt_year);
+
+            if (!is_objectable) {
+                PyObject* result = PyArray_NewLikeArray(array, NPY_ANYORDER, dtype, 0);
+                if (!result) {
+                    Py_DECREF(dtype);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                PyObject** data = (PyObject**)PyArray_DATA((PyArrayObject*)result);
+
+                PyArrayIterObject* it = (PyArrayIterObject*)PyArray_IterNew(a);
+                if (!it) {
+                    Py_DECREF(result);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+
+                npy_intp i = 0;
+                while (it->index < it->size) {
+                    PyObject* item = PyArray_ToScalar(it->dataptr, array);
+                    if (!item) {
+                        Py_DECREF(result);
+                        Py_DECREF(it);
+                        return NULL;
+                    }
+                    data[i++] = item;
+                    PyArray_ITER_NEXT(it);
+                }
+                Py_DECREF(it);
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // all other cases: do a standard cast conversion
+    PyObject* result = PyArray_CastToType(array, dtype, 0);
+    if (!result) {
+        Py_DECREF(dtype);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+
+static char *first_true_1d_kwarg_names[] = {
+    "array",
+    "forward",
+    NULL
+};
+
+PyObject *
+first_true_1d(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+{
+    PyArrayObject *array = NULL;
+    int forward = 1;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
+            "O!|$p:first_true_1d",
+            first_true_1d_kwarg_names,
+            &PyArray_Type, &array,
+            &forward
+            )) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(array) != 1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be 1-dimensional");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyArray_TYPE(array) != NPY_BOOL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be of type bool");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!PyArray_IS_C_CONTIGUOUS(array)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be contiguous");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    npy_intp lookahead = sizeof(npy_uint64);
+    npy_intp size = PyArray_SIZE(array);
+    lldiv_t size_div = lldiv((long long)size, lookahead); // quot, rem
+
+    npy_bool *array_buffer = (npy_bool*)PyArray_DATA(array);
+
+    NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DEF;
+    NPY_BEGIN_THREADS;
+
+    Py_ssize_t position = -1;
+    npy_bool *p;
+    npy_bool *p_end;
+    npy_bool *p_end_roll;
+
+    if (forward) {
+        p = array_buffer;
+        p_end = p + size;
+        p_end_roll = p_end - size_div.rem;
+
+        while (p < p_end_roll) {
+            if (*(npy_uint64*)p != 0) {
+                break; // found a true within lookahead
+            }
+            p += lookahead;
+        }
+        while (p < p_end) {
+            if (*p) break;
+            p++;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        p = array_buffer + size - 1;
+        p_end = array_buffer - 1;
+        p_end_roll = p_end + size_div.rem;
+
+        while (p > p_end_roll) {
+            if (*(npy_uint64*)(p - lookahead + 1) != 0) {
+                break; // found a true within lookahead
+            }
+            p -= lookahead;
+        }
+        while (p > p_end) {
+            if (*p) break;
+            p--;
+        }
+    }
+    if (p != p_end) { // else, return -1
+        position = p - array_buffer;
+    }
+    NPY_END_THREADS;
+
+    PyObject* post = PyLong_FromSsize_t(position);
+    return post;
+}
+
+static char *first_true_2d_kwarg_names[] = {
+    "array",
+    "forward",
+    "axis",
+    NULL
+};
+
+PyObject *
+first_true_2d(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+{
+    PyArrayObject *array = NULL;
+    int forward = 1;
+    int axis = 0;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
+            "O!|$pi:first_true_2d",
+            first_true_2d_kwarg_names,
+            &PyArray_Type,
+            &array,
+            &forward,
+            &axis
+            )) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(array) != 2) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be 2-dimensional");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyArray_TYPE(array) != NPY_BOOL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be of type bool");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (axis < 0 || axis > 1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Axis must be 0 or 1");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: we copy the entire array into contiguous memory when necessary.
+    // axis = 0 returns the pos per col
+    // axis = 1 returns the pos per row (as contiguous bytes)
+    // if c contiguous:
+    //      axis == 0: transpose, copy to C
+    //      axis == 1: keep
+    // if f contiguous:
+    //      axis == 0: transpose, keep
+    //      axis == 1: copy to C
+    // else
+    //     axis == 0: transpose, copy to C
+    //     axis == 1: copy to C
+
+    bool transpose = !axis; // if 1, false
+    bool corder = true;
+    if ((PyArray_IS_C_CONTIGUOUS(array) && axis == 1) ||
+        (PyArray_IS_F_CONTIGUOUS(array) && axis == 0)) {
+        corder = false;
+    }
+    // create pointer to "indicator" array; if newly allocated, it will need to be decrefed before function termination
+    PyArrayObject *array_ind = NULL;
+    bool decref_array_ind = false;
+
+    if (transpose && !corder) {
+        array_ind = (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_Transpose(array, NULL);
+        if (array_ind == NULL) return NULL;
+        decref_array_ind = true;
+    }
+    else if (!transpose && corder) {
+        array_ind = (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_NewCopy(array, NPY_CORDER);
+        if (array_ind == NULL) return NULL;
+        decref_array_ind = true;
+    }
+    else if (transpose && corder) {
+        PyArrayObject *tmp = (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_Transpose(array, NULL);
+        if (tmp == NULL) return NULL;
+
+        array_ind = (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_NewCopy(tmp, NPY_CORDER);
+        Py_DECREF((PyObject*)tmp);
+        if (array_ind == NULL) return NULL;
+        decref_array_ind = true;
+    }
+    else {
+        array_ind = array; // can use array, no decref needed
+    }
+
+    npy_intp lookahead = sizeof(npy_uint64);
+
+    // buffer of indicators
+    npy_bool *buffer_ind = (npy_bool*)PyArray_DATA(array_ind);
+
+    npy_intp count_row = PyArray_DIM(array_ind, 0);
+    npy_intp count_col = PyArray_DIM(array_ind, 1);
+
+    lldiv_t div_col = lldiv((long long)count_col, lookahead); // quot, rem
+
+    npy_intp dims_post = {count_row};
+    PyArrayObject *array_pos = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(
+            1,         // ndim
+            &dims_post,// shape
+            NPY_INT64, // dtype
+            0          // fortran
+            );
+    if (array_pos == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    npy_int64 *buffer_pos = (npy_int64*)PyArray_DATA(array_pos);
+
+    NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DEF;
+    NPY_BEGIN_THREADS;
+
+    npy_intp position;
+    npy_bool *p;
+    npy_bool *p_start;
+    npy_bool *p_end;
+
+    // iterate one row at a time; short-circult when found
+    // for axis 1 rows are rows; for axis 0, rows are (post transpose) columns
+    for (npy_intp r = 0; r < count_row; r++) {
+        position = -1; // update for each row
+
+        if (forward) {
+            // get start of each row
+            p_start = buffer_ind + (count_col * r);
+            p = p_start;
+            p_end = p + count_col; // end of each row
+
+            // scan each row from the front and terminate when True
+            // remove from the end the remainder
+            while (p < p_end - div_col.rem) {
+                if (*(npy_uint64*)p != 0) {
+                    break; // found a true
+                }
+                p += lookahead;
+            }
+            while (p < p_end) {
+                if (*p) {break;}
+                p++;
+            }
+            if (p != p_end) {
+                position = p - p_start;
+            }
+        }
+        else { // reverse
+            // start at the next row, then subtract one for last elem in previous row
+            p_start = buffer_ind + (count_col * (r + 1)) - 1;
+            p = p_start;
+            // end is 1 less than start of each row
+            p_end = buffer_ind + (count_col * r) - 1;
+
+            while (p > p_end + div_col.rem) {
+                // must go to start of lookahead
+                if (*(npy_uint64*)(p - lookahead + 1) != 0) {
+                    break; // found a true
+                }
+                p -= lookahead;
+            }
+            while (p > p_end) {
+                if (*p) {break;}
+                p--;
+            }
+            if (p != p_end) {
+                position = p - (p_end + 1);
+            }
+        }
+        *buffer_pos++ = position;
+    }
+
+    NPY_END_THREADS;
+
+    if (decref_array_ind) {
+        Py_DECREF(array_ind); // created in this function
+    }
+    return (PyObject *)array_pos;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+dtype_from_element(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *arg)
+{
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 1. Handle fast, exact type checks first.
+    if (arg == Py_None) {
+        return (PyObject*)PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_OBJECT);
+    }
+    if (PyFloat_CheckExact(arg)) {
+        return (PyObject*)PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_FLOAT64);
+    }
+    if (PyLong_CheckExact(arg)) {
+        return (PyObject*)PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_INT64);
+    }
+    if (PyBool_Check(arg)) {
+        return (PyObject*)PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_BOOL);
+    }
+
+    PyObject* dtype = NULL;
+    // String
+    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(arg)) {
+        PyArray_Descr* descr = PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_UNICODE);
+        if (descr == NULL) return NULL;
+        dtype = (PyObject*)PyArray_DescrFromObject(arg, descr);
+        Py_DECREF(descr);
+        return dtype;
+    }
+    // Bytes
+    if (PyBytes_CheckExact(arg)) {
+        PyArray_Descr* descr = PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_STRING);
+        if (descr == NULL) return NULL;
+        dtype = (PyObject*)PyArray_DescrFromObject(arg, descr);
+        Py_DECREF(descr);
+        return dtype;
+    }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 2. Construct dtype (slightly more complicated)
+    // Already known
+    dtype = PyObject_GetAttrString(arg, "dtype");
+    if (dtype) {
+        return dtype;
+    }
+    PyErr_Clear();
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 3. Handles everything else.
+    return (PyObject*)PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_OBJECT);
+}
+
+static char *isna_element_kwarg_names[] = {
+    "element",
+    "include_none",
+    NULL
+};
+
+PyObject *
+isna_element(PyObject *m, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+{
+    PyObject *element;
+    int include_none = 1;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
+            "O|p:isna_element", isna_element_kwarg_names,
+            &element,
+            &include_none)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // None
+    if (include_none && element == Py_None) {
+        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+    }
+
+    // NaN
+    if (PyFloat_Check(element)) {
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(element)));
+    }
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Half)) {
+        return PyBool_FromLong(npy_half_isnan(PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Half)));
+    }
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Float32)) {
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Float32)));
+    }
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Float64)) {
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Float64)));
+    }
+    # ifdef PyFloat128ArrType_Type
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Float128)) {
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Float128)));
+    }
+    # endif
+
+    // Complex NaN
+    if (PyComplex_Check(element)) {
+        Py_complex val = ((PyComplexObject*)element)->cval;
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(val.real) || isnan(val.imag));
+    }
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Complex64)) {
+        npy_cfloat val = PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Complex64);
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(npy_crealf(val)) || isnan(npy_cimagf(val)));
+    }
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Complex128)) {
+        npy_cdouble val = PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Complex128);
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(npy_creal(val)) || isnan(npy_cimag(val)));
+    }
+    # ifdef PyComplex256ArrType_Type
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Complex256)) {
+        npy_clongdouble val = PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Complex256);
+        return PyBool_FromLong(isnan(npy_creall(val)) || isnan(npy_cimagl(val)));
+    }
+    # endif
+
+    // NaT - Datetime
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Datetime)) {
+        return PyBool_FromLong(PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Datetime) == NPY_DATETIME_NAT);
+    }
+    // NaT - Timedelta
+    if (PyArray_IsScalar(element, Timedelta)) {
+        return PyBool_FromLong(PyArrayScalar_VAL(element, Timedelta) == NPY_DATETIME_NAT);
+    }
+    // Try to identify Pandas Timestamp NATs
+    if (PyObject_HasAttrString(element, "to_numpy")) {
+        // strcmp returns 0 on match
+        return PyBool_FromLong(strcmp(element->ob_type->tp_name, "NaTType") == 0);
+        // the long way
+        // PyObject *to_numpy = PyObject_GetAttrString(element, "to_numpy");
+        // if (to_numpy == NULL) {
+        //     return NULL;
+        // }
+        // if (!PyCallable_Check(to_numpy)) {
+        //     Py_DECREF(to_numpy);
+        //     Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+        // }
+        // PyObject* scalar = PyObject_CallFunction(to_numpy, NULL);
+        // Py_DECREF(to_numpy);
+        // if (scalar == NULL) {
+        //     return NULL;
+        // }
+        // if (!PyArray_IsScalar(scalar, Datetime)) {
+        //     Py_DECREF(scalar);
+        //     Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+        // }
+        // PyObject* pb = PyBool_FromLong(PyArrayScalar_VAL(scalar, Datetime) == NPY_DATETIME_NAT);
+        // Py_DECREF(scalar);
+        // return pb;
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+get_new_indexers_and_screen(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(m), PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+{
+    /*
+    Used to determine the new indexers and index screen in an index hierarchy selection.
+
+    Example:
+
+        Context:
+            We are an index hierarchy, constructing a new index hierarchy from a
+            selection of ourself. We need to build this up for each depth. For
+            example:
+
+            index_at_depth: ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+            indexer_at_depth: [1, 0, 0, 2, 3, 0, 3, 3, 2]
+            (i.e. our index_hierarchy has these labels at depth = ["b", "a", "a", "c", "d", "a", "d", "d", "c"])
+
+            Imagine we are choosing this selection:
+                index_hierarchy.iloc[1:4]
+                At our depth, this would result in these labels: ["a", "a", "c", "d"]
+
+            We need to output:
+                index_screen: [0, 2, 3]
+                    - New index is created by: index_at_depth[[0, 2, 3]] (i.e. ["a", "c", "d"])
+                new_indexer:  [0, 0, 1, 2]
+                    - When applied to our new_index, results in ["a", "a", "c", "d"]
+
+        Function:
+            input:
+                indexers:  [0, 0, 2, 3] (i.e. indexer_at_depth[1:4])
+                positions: [0, 1, 2, 3] (i.e. which ilocs from index that ``indexers`` maps to)
+
+            algorithm:
+                Loop through ``indexers``. Since we know that ``indexers`` only contains
+                integers from 0 -> ``num_unique`` - 1, we can use a new indexers called
+                ``element_locations`` to keep track of which elements have been found, and when.
+                (Use ``num_unique`` as the flag for which elements have not been
+                found since it's not possible for one of our inputs to equal that)
+
+                Using the above example, this would look like:
+
+                    element_locations =
+                    [4, 4, 4, 4] (starting)
+                    [0, 4, 4, 4] (first loop)  indexers[0] = 0, so mark it as the 0th element found
+                    [0, 4, 4, 4] (second loop) indexers[1] = 0, already marked, move on
+                    [0, 4, 1, 4] (third loop)  indexers[2] = 2, so mark it as the 1th element found
+                    [0, 4, 1, 2] (fourth loop) indexers[3] = 3, so mark it as the 2th element found
+
+                Now, if during this loop, we discover every single element, it means
+                we can exit early, and just return back the original inputs, since
+                those arrays contain all the information the caller needs! This is the
+                core optimization of this function.
+                Example:
+                    indexers  = [0, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 0]
+                    positions = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+
+                    There is no remapping needed! Simple re-use everything!
+
+                Now, if we don't find all the elements, then we need to construct
+                ``new_indexers`` and ``index_screen``.
+
+                We can construct ``new_indexers`` during the loop, by using the
+                information we have placed into ``element_locations``.
+
+                Using the above example, this would look like:
+                    [x, x, x, x] (starting)
+                    [0, x, x, x] (first loop)  element_locations[indexers[0]] = 0
+                    [0, 0, x, x] (second loop) element_locations[indexers[1]] = 0
+                    [0, 0, 1, x] (third loop)  element_locations[indexers[2]] = 1
+                    [0, 0, 1, 2] (fourth loop) element_locations[indexers[3]] = 2
+
+                Finally, all that's left is to construct ``index_screen``, which
+                is essentially a way to condense and remap ``element_locations``.
+                See ``AK_get_index_screen`` for more details.
+
+            output:
+                index_screen: [0, 2, 3]
+                new_indexer:  [0, 0, 1, 2]
+
+    Equivalent Python code:
+
+        num_unique = len(positions)
+        element_locations = np.full(num_unique, num_unique, dtype=np.int64)
+        order_found = np.full(num_unique, num_unique, dtype=np.int64)
+        new_indexers = np.empty(len(indexers), dtype=np.int64)
+
+        num_found = 0
+
+        for i, element in enumerate(indexers):
+            if element_locations[element] == num_unique:
+                element_locations[element] = num_found
+                order_found[num_found] = element
+                num_found += 1
+
+            if num_found == num_unique:
+                return positions, indexers
+
+            new_indexers[i] = element_locations[element]
+
+        return order_found[:num_found], new_indexers
+    */
+    PyArrayObject *indexers;
+    PyArrayObject *positions;
+
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"indexers", "positions", NULL};
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args,
+            kwargs,
+            "O!O!:get_new_indexers_and_screen", kwlist,
+            &PyArray_Type, &indexers,
+            &PyArray_Type, &positions
+        ))
+    {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(indexers) != 1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "indexers must be 1-dimensional");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyArray_NDIM(positions) != 1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "positions must be 1-dimensional");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyArray_TYPE(indexers) != NPY_INT64) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Array must be of type np.int64");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    npy_intp num_unique = PyArray_SIZE(positions);
+
+    if (num_unique > PyArray_SIZE(indexers)) {
+        // This algorithm is only optimal if the number of unique elements is
+        // less than the number of elements in the indexers.
+        // Otherwise, the most optimal code is ``np.unique(indexers, return_index=True)``
+        // and we don't want to re-implement that in C.
+        PyErr_SetString(
+                PyExc_ValueError,
+                "Number of unique elements must be less than or equal to the length of ``indexers``"
+                );
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    npy_intp dims = {num_unique};
+    PyArrayObject *element_locations = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(
+            1,         // ndim
+            &dims,     // shape
+            NPY_INT64, // dtype
+            0          // fortran
+            );
+    if (element_locations == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyArrayObject *order_found = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(
+            1,         // ndim
+            &dims,     // shape
+            NPY_INT64, // dtype
+            0          // fortran
+            );
+    if (order_found == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(element_locations);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *num_unique_pyint = PyLong_FromLong((long)num_unique);
+    if (num_unique_pyint == NULL) {
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    // We use ``num_unique`` here to signal that we haven't found the element yet
+    // This works, because each element must be 0 < num_unique.
+    int fill_success = PyArray_FillWithScalar(element_locations, num_unique_pyint);
+    if (fill_success != 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(num_unique_pyint);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    fill_success = PyArray_FillWithScalar(order_found, num_unique_pyint);
+    Py_DECREF(num_unique_pyint);
+    if (fill_success != 0) {
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    PyArrayObject *new_indexers = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(
+            1,                      // ndim
+            PyArray_DIMS(indexers), // shape
+            NPY_INT64,              // dtype
+            0                       // fortran
+            );
+    if (new_indexers == NULL) {
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    // We know that our incoming dtypes are all int64! This is a safe cast.
+    // Plus, it's easier (and less error prone) to work with native C-arrays
+    // over using numpy's iteration APIs.
+    npy_int64 *element_location_values = (npy_int64*)PyArray_DATA(element_locations);
+    npy_int64 *order_found_values = (npy_int64*)PyArray_DATA(order_found);
+    npy_int64 *new_indexers_values = (npy_int64*)PyArray_DATA(new_indexers);
+
+    // Now, implement the core algorithm by looping over the ``indexers``.
+    // We need to use numpy's iteration API, as the ``indexers`` could be
+    // C-contiguous, F-contiguous, both, or neither.
+    // See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/c-api/iterator.html#simple-iteration-example
+    NpyIter *indexer_iter = NpyIter_New(
+            indexers,                                   // array
+            NPY_ITER_READONLY | NPY_ITER_EXTERNAL_LOOP, // iter flags
+            NPY_KEEPORDER,                              // order
+            NPY_NO_CASTING,                             // casting
+            NULL                                        // dtype
+            );
+    if (indexer_iter == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(new_indexers);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    // The iternext function gets stored in a local variable so it can be called repeatedly in an efficient manner.
+    NpyIter_IterNextFunc *indexer_iternext = NpyIter_GetIterNext(indexer_iter, NULL);
+    if (indexer_iternext == NULL) {
+        NpyIter_Deallocate(indexer_iter);
+        Py_DECREF(new_indexers);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    // All of these will be updated by the iterator
+    char **dataptr = NpyIter_GetDataPtrArray(indexer_iter);
+    npy_intp *strideptr = NpyIter_GetInnerStrideArray(indexer_iter);
+    npy_intp *innersizeptr = NpyIter_GetInnerLoopSizePtr(indexer_iter);
+
+    // No gil is required from here on!
+    NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DEF;
+    NPY_BEGIN_THREADS;
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t num_found = 0;
+    do {
+        // Get the inner loop data/stride/inner_size values
+        char* data = *dataptr;
+        npy_intp stride = *strideptr;
+        npy_intp inner_size = *innersizeptr;
+        npy_int64 element;
+
+        while (inner_size--) {
+            element = *((npy_int64 *)data);
+
+            if (element_location_values[element] == num_unique) {
+                element_location_values[element] = num_found;
+                order_found_values[num_found] = element;
+                ++num_found;
+
+                if (num_found == num_unique) {
+                    // This insight is core to the performance of the algorithm.
+                    // If we have found every possible indexer, we can simply return
+                    // back the inputs! Essentially, we can observe on <= single pass
+                    // that we have the opportunity for re-use
+                    goto finish_early;
+                }
+            }
+
+            new_indexers_values[i] = element_location_values[element];
+
+            data += stride;
+            ++i;
+        }
+
+    // Increment the iterator to the next inner loop
+    } while(indexer_iternext(indexer_iter));
+
+    NPY_END_THREADS;
+
+    NpyIter_Deallocate(indexer_iter);
+    Py_DECREF(element_locations);
+
+    // new_positions = order_found[:num_unique]
+    PyObject *new_positions = PySequence_GetSlice(
+            (PyObject*)order_found,
+            0,
+            num_found);
+    Py_DECREF(order_found);
+    if (new_positions == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // return new_positions, new_indexers
+    PyObject *result = PyTuple_Pack(2, new_positions, new_indexers);
+    Py_DECREF(new_indexers);
+    Py_DECREF(new_positions);
+    return result;
+
+    finish_early:
+        NPY_END_THREADS;
+
+        NpyIter_Deallocate(indexer_iter);
+        Py_DECREF(element_locations);
+        Py_DECREF(order_found);
+        Py_DECREF(new_indexers);
+        return PyTuple_Pack(2, positions, indexers);
+
+    fail:
+        Py_DECREF(element_locations);
+        Py_DECREF(order_found);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static char *array_deepcopy_kwarg_names[] = {
+    "array",
+    "memo",
+    NULL
+};
+
+PyObject *
+array_deepcopy(PyObject *m, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
+{
+    PyObject *array;
+    PyObject *memo = NULL;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs,
+            "O|O:array_deepcopy", array_deepcopy_kwarg_names,
+            &array,
+            &memo)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if ((memo == NULL) || (memo == Py_None)) {
+        memo = NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (!PyDict_Check(memo)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "memo must be a dict or None");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    AK_CHECK_NUMPY_ARRAY(array);
+
+    // Perform a deepcopy on an array, using an optional memo dictionary, and specialized to depend on immutable arrays. This depends on the module object to get the deepcopy method. The `memo` object can be None.
+    PyObject *id = PyLong_FromVoidPtr(array);
+    if (!id) return NULL;
+
+    if (memo) {
+        PyObject *found = PyDict_GetItemWithError(memo, id);
+        if (found) { // found will be NULL if not in dict
+            Py_INCREF(found); // got a borrowed ref, increment first
+            Py_DECREF(id);
+            return found;
+        }
+        else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // if dtype is object, call deepcopy with memo
+    PyObject *array_new;
+    PyArray_Descr *dtype = PyArray_DESCR((PyArrayObject*)array); // borrowed ref
+
+    if (PyDataType_ISOBJECT(dtype)) {
+        // we store the deepcopy function on this module for faster lookup here
+        PyObject *deepcopy = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, "deepcopy");
+        if (!deepcopy) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        array_new = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(deepcopy, array, memo, NULL);
+        Py_DECREF(deepcopy);
+        if (!array_new) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        // if not a n object dtype, we will force a copy (even if this is an immutable array) so as to not hold on to any references
+        Py_INCREF(dtype); // PyArray_FromArray steals a reference
+        array_new = PyArray_FromArray(
+                (PyArrayObject*)array,
+                dtype,
+                NPY_ARRAY_ENSURECOPY);
+        if (!array_new) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (memo && PyDict_SetItem(memo, id, array_new)) {
+            Py_DECREF(array_new);
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    // set immutable
+    PyArray_CLEARFLAGS((PyArrayObject *)array_new, NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE);
+    Py_DECREF(id);
+    return array_new;
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(id);
+    return NULL;
+}