angr 9.2.166__cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

angr/analyses/decompiler/structured_codegen/c.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4082 @@
+# pylint:disable=missing-class-docstring,too-many-boolean-expressions,unused-argument,no-self-use
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import cast, Any, TYPE_CHECKING
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from collections import defaultdict, Counter
+import logging
+import struct
+import re
+
+from angr.ailment import Block, Expr, Stmt, Tmp
+from angr.ailment.constant import UNDETERMINED_SIZE
+from angr.ailment.expression import StackBaseOffset, BinaryOp
+from unique_log_filter import UniqueLogFilter
+
+from angr.sim_type import (
+    SimTypeLongLong,
+    SimTypeInt,
+    SimTypeShort,
+    SimTypeChar,
+    SimTypeWideChar,
+    SimTypePointer,
+    SimStruct,
+    SimType,
+    SimTypeBottom,
+    SimTypeArray,
+    SimTypeFunction,
+    SimTypeFloat,
+    SimTypeDouble,
+    TypeRef,
+    SimTypeNum,
+    SimTypeFixedSizeArray,
+    SimTypeLength,
+    SimTypeReg,
+    SimTypeInt128,
+    SimTypeInt256,
+    SimTypeInt512,
+    SimCppClass,
+)
+from angr.knowledge_plugins.functions import Function
+from angr.sim_variable import SimVariable, SimTemporaryVariable, SimStackVariable, SimMemoryVariable
+from angr.utils.constants import is_alignment_mask
+from angr.utils.library import get_cpp_function_name
+from angr.utils.loader import is_in_readonly_segment, is_in_readonly_section
+from angr.utils.types import unpack_typeref, unpack_pointer_and_array, dereference_simtype_by_lib
+from angr.analyses.decompiler.utils import structured_node_is_simple_return
+from angr.errors import UnsupportedNodeTypeError, AngrRuntimeError
+from angr.knowledge_plugins.cfg.memory_data import MemoryData, MemoryDataSort
+from angr.analyses import Analysis, register_analysis
+from angr.analyses.decompiler.region_identifier import MultiNode
+from angr.analyses.decompiler.structuring.structurer_nodes import (
+    SequenceNode,
+    CodeNode,
+    ConditionNode,
+    ConditionalBreakNode,
+    LoopNode,
+    BreakNode,
+    SwitchCaseNode,
+    IncompleteSwitchCaseNode,
+    ContinueNode,
+    CascadingConditionNode,
+)
+from .base import BaseStructuredCodeGenerator, InstructionMapping, PositionMapping, PositionMappingElement
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import archinfo
+    import angr
+    from angr.knowledge_plugins.variables.variable_manager import VariableManagerInternal
+
+
+l = logging.getLogger(name=__name__)
+l.addFilter(UniqueLogFilter())
+
+
+INDENT_DELTA = 4
+
+
+def qualifies_for_simple_cast(ty1, ty2):
+    # converting ty1 to ty2 - can this happen precisely?
+    # used to decide whether to add explicit typecasts instead of doing *(int*)&v1
+    return (
+        ty1.size == ty2.size
+        and isinstance(ty1, (SimTypeInt, SimTypeChar, SimTypeNum, SimTypePointer))
+        and isinstance(ty2, (SimTypeInt, SimTypeChar, SimTypeNum, SimTypePointer))
+    )
+
+
+def qualifies_for_implicit_cast(ty1, ty2):
+    # converting ty1 to ty2 - can this happen without a cast?
+    # used to decide whether to omit typecasts from output during promotion
+    # this function need to answer the question:
+    # when does having a cast vs having an implicit promotion affect the result?
+    # the answer: I DON'T KNOW
+    if not isinstance(ty1, (SimTypeInt, SimTypeChar, SimTypeNum)) or not isinstance(
+        ty2, (SimTypeInt, SimTypeChar, SimTypeNum)
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    return ty1.size <= ty2.size if ty1.size is not None and ty2.size is not None else False
+
+
+def extract_terms(expr: CExpression) -> tuple[int, list[tuple[int, CExpression]]]:
+    # handle unnecessary type casts
+    if isinstance(expr, CTypeCast):
+        expr = MakeTypecastsImplicit.collapse(expr.dst_type, expr.expr)
+    if (
+        isinstance(expr, CTypeCast)
+        and isinstance(expr.dst_type, SimTypeInt)
+        and isinstance(expr.src_type, SimTypeInt)
+        and expr.dst_type.size == expr.src_type.size
+        and expr.dst_type.signed != expr.src_type.signed
+    ):
+        # (unsigned int)(a + 60)  ==>  a + 60, assuming a + 60 is an int
+        expr = expr.expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, CConstant):
+        return expr.value, []
+    # elif isinstance(expr, CUnaryOp) and expr.op == 'Minus'
+    if isinstance(expr, CBinaryOp) and expr.op == "Add":
+        c1, t1 = extract_terms(expr.lhs)
+        c2, t2 = extract_terms(expr.rhs)
+        return c1 + c2, t1 + t2
+    if isinstance(expr, CBinaryOp) and expr.op == "Sub":
+        c1, t1 = extract_terms(expr.lhs)
+        c2, t2 = extract_terms(expr.rhs)
+        return c1 - c2, t1 + [(-c, t) for c, t in t2]
+    if isinstance(expr, CBinaryOp) and expr.op == "Mul":
+        if isinstance(expr.lhs, CConstant):
+            c, t = extract_terms(expr.rhs)
+            return c * expr.lhs.value, [(c1 * expr.lhs.value, t1) for c1, t1 in t]
+        if isinstance(expr.rhs, CConstant):
+            c, t = extract_terms(expr.lhs)
+            return c * expr.rhs.value, [(c1 * expr.rhs.value, t1) for c1, t1 in t]
+        return 0, [(1, expr)]
+    if isinstance(expr, CBinaryOp) and expr.op == "Shl":
+        if isinstance(expr.rhs, CConstant):
+            c, t = extract_terms(expr.lhs)
+            return c << expr.rhs.value, [(c1 << expr.rhs.value, t1) for c1, t1 in t]
+        return 0, [(1, expr)]
+    return 0, [(1, expr)]
+
+
+def is_machine_word_size_type(type_: SimType, arch: archinfo.Arch) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(type_, SimTypeReg) and type_.size == arch.bits
+
+
+def guess_value_type(value: int, project: angr.Project) -> SimType | None:
+    if project.kb.functions.contains_addr(value):
+        # might be a function pointer
+        return SimTypePointer(SimTypeBottom(label="void")).with_arch(project.arch)
+    if value > 4096:
+        sec = project.loader.find_section_containing(value)
+        if sec is not None and sec.is_readable:
+            return SimTypePointer(SimTypeBottom(label="void")).with_arch(project.arch)
+        seg = project.loader.find_segment_containing(value)
+        if seg is not None and seg.is_readable:
+            return SimTypePointer(SimTypeBottom(label="void")).with_arch(project.arch)
+    return None
+
+
+def type_equals(t0: SimType, t1: SimType) -> bool:
+    # special logic for C++ classes
+    if isinstance(t0, SimCppClass) and isinstance(t1, SimCppClass):  # noqa: SIM102
+        # TODO: Use the information (class names, etc.) in types_stl
+        if {t1.name, t0.name} == {
+            "std::string",
+            "class std::basic_string<char, struct std::char_traits<char>, class std::allocator<char>>",
+        }:
+            return True
+    return t0 == t1
+
+
+def type_to_c_repr_chunks(ty: SimType, name=None, name_type=None, full=False, indent_str=""):
+    """
+    Helper generator function to turn a SimType into generated tuples of (C-string, AST node).
+    """
+    if isinstance(ty, SimStruct):
+        if full:
+            # struct def preamble
+            yield indent_str, None
+            if isinstance(ty, SimCppClass):
+                yield "class ", None
+            else:
+                yield "typedef struct ", None
+            yield ty.name, ty
+            yield " {\n", None
+
+            # each of the fields
+            # fields should be indented
+            new_indent_str = (
+                " " * 4
+            ) + indent_str  # TODO: hardcoded as 4 character space indents, which is same as SimStruct.c_repr
+            for k, v in ty.fields.items():
+                yield new_indent_str, None
+                yield from type_to_c_repr_chunks(v, name=k, name_type=CStructFieldNameDef(k), full=False, indent_str="")
+                yield ";\n", None
+
+            # struct def postamble
+            yield "} ", None
+            yield ty.name, ty
+            yield ";\n\n", None
+
+        else:
+            assert name
+            assert name_type
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield ty.name, ty
+            yield " ", None
+            if name:
+                yield name, name_type
+    elif isinstance(ty, SimType):
+        assert name
+        assert name_type
+        raw_type_str = ty.c_repr(name=name)
+        assert name in raw_type_str
+
+        type_pre, type_post = raw_type_str.split(name, 1)
+
+        if type_pre.endswith(" "):
+            type_pre_spaces = " " * (len(type_pre) - len(type_pre.rstrip(" ")))
+            type_pre = type_pre.rstrip(" ")
+        else:
+            type_pre_spaces = ""
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield type_pre, ty
+        if type_pre_spaces:
+            yield type_pre_spaces, None
+        yield name, name_type
+        yield type_post, CArrayTypeLength(type_post)
+    # This case was used when generating externs, apparently there can be cases where the name is not known
+    elif ty is None:
+        assert name
+        assert name_type
+        yield "<missing-type> ", None
+        yield name, name_type
+    else:
+        assert False
+
+
+#
+#   C Representation Classes
+#
+
+
+class CConstruct:
+    """
+    Represents a program construct in C.
+    Acts as the base class for all other representation constructions.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("codegen", "tags")
+
+    def __init__(self, codegen, tags=None):
+        self.tags = tags or {}
+        self.codegen: StructuredCodeGenerator = codegen
+
+    def c_repr(self, indent=0, pos_to_node=None, pos_to_addr=None, addr_to_pos=None):
+        """
+        Creates the C representation of the code and displays it by
+        constructing a large string. This function is called by each program function that needs to be decompiled.
+        The map_pos_to_node and map_pos_to_addr act as position maps for the location of each variable and statement to
+        be tracked for later GUI operations. The map_pos_to_addr also contains expressions that are nested inside of
+        statements.
+        """
+
+        pending_stmt_comments = dict(self.codegen.stmt_comments)
+        pending_expr_comments = dict(self.codegen.expr_comments)
+
+        def mapper(chunks):
+            # start all positions at beginning of document
+            pos = 0
+
+            last_insn_addr = None
+
+            # track all variables so we can tell if this is a declaration or not
+            used_vars = set()
+
+            # get each string and object representation of the chunks
+            for s, obj in chunks:
+                # filter out anything that is not a statement or expression object
+                if isinstance(obj, (CStatement, CExpression)):
+                    # only add statements/expressions that can be address tracked into map_pos_to_addr
+                    if hasattr(obj, "tags") and obj.tags is not None and "ins_addr" in obj.tags:
+                        if isinstance(obj, CVariable) and obj not in used_vars:
+                            used_vars.add(obj)
+                        else:
+                            last_insn_addr = obj.tags["ins_addr"]
+
+                            # all valid statements and expressions should be added to map_pos_to_addr and
+                            # tracked for instruction mapping from disassembly
+                            if pos_to_addr is not None:
+                                pos_to_addr.add_mapping(pos, len(s), obj)
+                            if addr_to_pos is not None:
+                                addr_to_pos.add_mapping(obj.tags["ins_addr"], pos)
+
+                    # add all variables, constants, and function calls to map_pos_to_node for highlighting
+                    # add ops to pos_to_node but NOT ast_to_pos
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(
+                            obj,
+                            (
+                                CVariable,
+                                CConstant,
+                                CStructField,
+                                CIndexedVariable,
+                                CVariableField,
+                                CBinaryOp,
+                                CUnaryOp,
+                                CAssignment,
+                                CFunctionCall,
+                                CLabel,
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        and pos_to_node is not None
+                    ):
+                        pos_to_node.add_mapping(pos, len(s), obj)
+
+                # add (), {}, [], and [20] to mapping for highlighting as well as the full functions name
+                elif isinstance(obj, (CClosingObject, CFunction, CArrayTypeLength, CStructFieldNameDef)):
+                    if s is None:
+                        continue
+
+                    if pos_to_node is not None:
+                        pos_to_node.add_mapping(pos, len(s), obj)
+
+                elif isinstance(obj, SimType):
+                    if pos_to_node is not None:
+                        if isinstance(obj, TypeRef):
+                            pos_to_node.add_mapping(pos, len(s), obj.type)
+                        else:
+                            pos_to_node.add_mapping(pos, len(s), obj)
+
+                if s.endswith("\n"):
+                    text = pending_stmt_comments.pop(last_insn_addr, None) if isinstance(last_insn_addr, int) else None
+                    if text is not None:
+                        todo = "  // " + text
+                        pos += len(s) - 1
+                        yield s[:-1]
+                        pos += len(todo)
+                        yield todo
+                        s = "\n"
+
+                pos += len(s)
+                yield s
+
+                if isinstance(obj, CExpression):
+                    text = pending_expr_comments.pop(last_insn_addr, None) if isinstance(last_insn_addr, int) else None
+                    if text is not None:
+                        todo = " /*" + text + "*/ "
+                        pos += len(todo)
+                        yield todo
+
+            if pending_expr_comments or pending_stmt_comments:
+                yield "// Orphaned comments\n"
+                for text in pending_stmt_comments.values():
+                    yield "// " + text + "\n"
+                for text in pending_expr_comments.values():
+                    yield "/* " + text + "*/\n"
+
+        # A special note about this line:
+        # Polymorphism allows that the c_repr_chunks() call will be called
+        # by the CFunction class, which will then call each statement within it and construct
+        # the chunks that get printed in qccode_edit in angr-management.
+        return "".join(mapper(self.c_repr_chunks(indent)))
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def indent_str(indent=0):
+        return " " * indent
+
+
+class CFunction(CConstruct):  # pylint:disable=abstract-method
+    """
+    Represents a function in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "addr",
+        "arg_list",
+        "demangled_name",
+        "functy",
+        "name",
+        "omit_header",
+        "show_demangled_name",
+        "statements",
+        "unified_local_vars",
+        "variable_manager",
+        "variables_in_use",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        addr,
+        name,
+        functy: SimTypeFunction,
+        arg_list: list[CVariable],
+        statements,
+        variables_in_use,
+        variable_manager,
+        demangled_name=None,
+        show_demangled_name=True,
+        omit_header=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.addr = addr
+        self.name = name
+        self.functy = functy
+        self.arg_list = arg_list
+        self.statements = statements
+        self.variables_in_use = variables_in_use
+        self.variable_manager: VariableManagerInternal = variable_manager
+        self.demangled_name = demangled_name
+        self.unified_local_vars: dict[SimVariable, set[tuple[CVariable, SimType]]] = self.get_unified_local_vars()
+        self.show_demangled_name = show_demangled_name
+        self.omit_header = omit_header
+
+    def get_unified_local_vars(self) -> dict[SimVariable, set[tuple[CVariable, SimType]]]:
+        unified_to_var_and_types: dict[SimVariable, set[tuple[CVariable, SimType]]] = defaultdict(set)
+
+        arg_set: set[SimVariable] = set()
+        for arg in self.arg_list:
+            # TODO: Handle CIndexedVariable
+            if isinstance(arg, CVariable):
+                if arg.unified_variable is not None:
+                    arg_set.add(arg.unified_variable)
+                else:
+                    arg_set.add(arg.variable)
+
+        # output each variable and its type
+        for var, cvar in self.variables_in_use.items():
+            if isinstance(var, SimMemoryVariable) and not isinstance(var, SimStackVariable):
+                # Skip all global variables
+                continue
+
+            if var in arg_set or cvar.unified_variable in arg_set:
+                continue
+
+            unified_var = self.variable_manager.unified_variable(var)
+            if unified_var is not None:
+                key = unified_var
+                var_type = self.variable_manager.get_variable_type(var)  # FIXME
+            else:
+                key = var
+                var_type = self.variable_manager.get_variable_type(var)
+
+            if var_type is None:
+                var_type = SimTypeBottom().with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+            unified_to_var_and_types[key].add((cvar, var_type))
+
+        return unified_to_var_and_types
+
+    def variable_list_repr_chunks(self, indent=0):
+        def _varname_to_id(varname: str) -> int:
+            # extract id from default variable name "v{id}"
+            if varname.startswith("v"):
+                try:
+                    return int(varname[1:])
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+            return 0
+
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent)
+
+        for variable, cvar_and_vartypes in sorted(
+            self.unified_local_vars.items(), key=lambda x: _varname_to_id(x[0].name) if x[0].name else 0
+        ):
+            yield indent_str, None
+
+            # pick the first cvariable
+            # picking any cvariable is enough since highlighting works on the unified variable
+            try:
+                cvariable = next(iter(cvar_and_vartypes))[0]
+            except StopIteration:
+                # this should never happen, but pylint complains
+                continue
+
+            if variable.name:
+                name = variable.name
+            elif isinstance(variable, SimTemporaryVariable):
+                name = f"tmp_{variable.tmp_id}"
+            else:
+                name = str(variable)
+
+            # sort by the following:
+            #   * if it's a a non-basic type
+            #   * the number of occurrences
+            #   * the repr of the type itself
+            # TODO: The type selection should actually happen during variable unification
+            vartypes = [x[1] for x in cvar_and_vartypes]
+            count = Counter(vartypes)
+            vartypes = sorted(
+                count.copy(),
+                key=lambda x, ct=count: (isinstance(x, (SimTypeChar, SimTypeInt, SimTypeFloat)), ct[x], repr(x)),
+            )
+
+            for i, var_type in enumerate(vartypes):
+                if i == 0:
+                    yield from type_to_c_repr_chunks(var_type, name=name, name_type=cvariable)
+                    yield ";  // ", None
+                    yield variable.loc_repr(self.codegen.project.arch), None
+                # multiple types
+                else:
+                    if i == 1:
+                        yield ", Other Possible Types: ", None
+                    else:
+                        yield ", ", None
+                    if isinstance(var_type, SimType):
+                        yield var_type.c_repr(), var_type
+                    else:
+                        yield str(var_type), var_type
+            yield "\n", None
+
+        if self.unified_local_vars:
+            yield "\n", None
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.omit_header:
+            yield from self.headerless_c_repr_chunks(indent=indent)
+        else:
+            yield from self.full_c_repr_chunks(indent=indent, asexpr=asexpr)
+
+    def headerless_c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0):
+        yield from self.statements.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent)
+        yield "\n", None
+
+    def full_c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent)
+        if self.codegen.show_local_types:
+            local_types = [unpack_typeref(ty) for ty in self.variable_manager.types.iter_own()]
+            name_to_structtypes = {}
+            for ty in local_types:
+                if isinstance(ty, SimStruct):
+                    name_to_structtypes[ty.name] = ty
+                    for field in ty.fields.values():
+                        if isinstance(field, SimTypePointer):
+                            if isinstance(field.pts_to, (SimTypeArray, SimTypeFixedSizeArray)):
+                                field = field.pts_to.elem_type
+                            else:
+                                field = field.pts_to
+                        if isinstance(field, SimStruct) and field not in local_types:
+                            if field.name and not field.fields and field.name in name_to_structtypes:
+                                # we use SimStruct types with empty fields to refer to already defined struct types
+                                # for example, see how struct _IO_marker is defined in sim_type.py
+                                continue
+                            if field.name:
+                                name_to_structtypes[field.name] = field
+                            local_types.append(field)
+
+                yield from type_to_c_repr_chunks(ty, full=True, indent_str=indent_str)
+
+        if self.codegen.show_externs and self.codegen.cexterns:
+            for v in sorted(self.codegen.cexterns, key=lambda v: str(v.variable.name)):
+                if v.variable not in self.variables_in_use:
+                    continue
+                varname = v.c_repr() if v.type is None else v.variable.name
+                yield "extern ", None
+                yield from type_to_c_repr_chunks(v.type, name=varname, name_type=v, full=False)
+                yield ";\n", None
+            yield "\n", None
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+
+        # header comments (if they exist)
+        assert self.codegen.cfunc is not None and self.codegen.cfunc.addr is not None
+        header_comments = self.codegen.kb.comments.get(self.codegen.cfunc.addr, [])
+        if header_comments:
+            header_cmt = self._line_wrap_comment("".join(header_comments))
+            yield header_cmt, None
+
+        if self.codegen._func.is_plt:
+            yield "// attributes: PLT stub\n", None
+
+        # return type
+        assert self.functy.returnty is not None
+        yield self.functy.returnty.c_repr(name="").strip(" "), self.functy.returnty
+        yield " ", None
+        # function name
+        if self.demangled_name and self.show_demangled_name:
+            normalized_name = get_cpp_function_name(self.demangled_name)
+        else:
+            normalized_name = self.name
+        yield normalized_name, self
+        # argument list
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+        yield "(", paren
+        for i, (arg_type, cvariable) in enumerate(zip(self.functy.args, self.arg_list)):
+            if i:
+                yield ", ", None
+
+            variable = cvariable.unified_variable or cvariable.variable
+            yield from type_to_c_repr_chunks(arg_type, name=variable.name, name_type=cvariable, full=False)
+
+        yield ")", paren
+        # function body
+        if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield indent_str, None
+        else:
+            yield " ", None
+        yield "{", brace
+        yield "\n", None
+        yield from self.variable_list_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+        yield from self.statements.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "}", brace
+        yield "\n", None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_wrap_comment(comment: str, width=80) -> str:
+        lines = comment.splitlines()
+        wrapped_cmt = ""
+
+        for line in lines:
+            if len(line) < width:
+                wrapped_cmt += line + "\n"
+                continue
+
+            for i, c in enumerate(line):
+                if i % width == 0 and i != 0:
+                    wrapped_cmt += "\n"
+                wrapped_cmt += c
+
+            wrapped_cmt += "\n"
+
+        return "".join([f"// {line}\n" for line in wrapped_cmt.splitlines()])
+
+
+class CStatement(CConstruct):  # pylint:disable=abstract-method
+    """
+    Represents a statement in C.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tags=None, codegen=None):
+        super().__init__(codegen=codegen, tags=tags)
+
+
+class CExpression(CConstruct):
+    """
+    Base class for C expressions.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_type", "collapsed")
+
+    def __init__(self, collapsed=False, tags=None, codegen=None):
+        super().__init__(codegen=codegen, tags=tags)
+        self._type = None
+        self.collapsed = collapsed
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"Class {type(self)} does not implement type().")
+
+    def set_type(self, v):
+        self._type = v
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _try_c_repr_chunks(expr):
+        if hasattr(expr, "c_repr_chunks"):
+            yield from expr.c_repr_chunks()
+        else:
+            yield str(expr), expr
+
+
+class CStatements(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents a sequence of statements in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "addr",
+        "statements",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, statements, addr=None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.statements = statements
+        self.addr = addr
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent)
+        if self.codegen.display_block_addrs:
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield f"/* Block {hex(self.addr) if self.addr is not None else 'unknown'} */", None
+            yield "\n", None
+        for stmt in self.statements:
+            yield from stmt.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent, asexpr=asexpr)
+            if asexpr:
+                yield ", ", None
+
+
+class CAILBlock(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents a block of AIL statements.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("block",)
+
+    def __init__(self, block, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.block = block
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        r = str(self.block)
+        for stmt in r.split("\n"):
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield stmt, None
+            yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CLoop(CStatement):  # pylint:disable=abstract-method
+    """
+    Represents a loop in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class CWhileLoop(CLoop):
+    """
+    Represents a while loop in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "body",
+        "condition",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, condition, body, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.condition = condition
+        self.body = body
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "while ", None
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+        yield "(", paren
+        if self.condition is None:
+            yield "true", self
+        else:
+            yield from self.condition.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield ")", paren
+        if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield indent_str, None
+        else:
+            yield " ", None
+        if self.body is None:
+            yield ";", None
+            yield "\n", None
+        else:
+            yield "{", brace
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield from self.body.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield "}", brace
+            yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CDoWhileLoop(CLoop):
+    """
+    Represents a do-while loop in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "body",
+        "condition",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, condition, body, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.condition = condition
+        self.body = body
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "do", self
+        if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield indent_str, None
+        else:
+            yield " ", None
+        if self.body is not None:
+            yield "{", brace
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield from self.body.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield "}", brace
+        else:
+            yield "{", brace
+            yield " ", None
+            yield "}", brace
+        yield " ", None
+        yield "while ", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        if self.condition is None:
+            yield "true", self
+        else:
+            yield from self.condition.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield ")", paren
+        yield ";\n", self
+
+
+class CForLoop(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents a for-loop in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "body",
+        "condition",
+        "initializer",
+        "iterator",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, initializer, condition, iterator, body, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.initializer = initializer
+        self.condition = condition
+        self.iterator = iterator
+        self.body = body
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "for ", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        if self.initializer is not None:
+            yield from self.initializer.c_repr_chunks(indent=0, asexpr=True)
+        yield "; ", None
+        if self.condition is not None:
+            yield from self.condition.c_repr_chunks(indent=0)
+        yield "; ", None
+        if self.iterator is not None:
+            yield from self.iterator.c_repr_chunks(indent=0, asexpr=True)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+        if self.body is not None:
+            if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+                yield "\n", None
+                yield indent_str, None
+            else:
+                yield " ", None
+
+            yield "{", brace
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield from self.body.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield "}", brace
+        else:
+            yield ";", None
+        yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CIfElse(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents an if-else construct in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "condition_and_nodes",
+        "cstyle_ifs",
+        "else_node",
+        "simplify_else_scope",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        condition_and_nodes: list[tuple[CExpression, CStatement | None]],
+        else_node=None,
+        simplify_else_scope=False,
+        cstyle_ifs=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.condition_and_nodes = condition_and_nodes
+        self.else_node = else_node
+        self.simplify_else_scope = simplify_else_scope
+        self.cstyle_ifs = cstyle_ifs
+
+        if not self.condition_and_nodes:
+            raise ValueError("You must specify at least one condition")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_single_stmt_node(node):
+        return (isinstance(node, CStatements) and len(node.statements) == 1) or isinstance(
+            node, (CBreak, CContinue, CReturn, CGoto)
+        )
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+
+        first_node = True
+        first_node_is_single_stmt_if = False
+        for condition, node in self.condition_and_nodes:
+            # omit braces in the event that you want c-style if-statements that have only a single statement
+            # and have no else scope or an else with also a single statement
+            omit_braces = (
+                self.cstyle_ifs
+                and first_node
+                and len(self.condition_and_nodes) == 1
+                # no else-if tree can exist
+                and self._is_single_stmt_node(node)
+                # no else, else is also single-stmt, or else will not exist after pass
+                and (self.else_node is None or self._is_single_stmt_node(self.else_node) or self.simplify_else_scope)
+            )
+
+            if first_node:
+                first_node = False
+                first_node_is_single_stmt_if = omit_braces
+                yield indent_str, None
+            else:
+                if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+                    yield "\n", None
+                    yield indent_str, None
+                else:
+                    yield " ", None
+                yield "else ", self
+
+            yield "if ", self
+            yield "(", paren
+            yield from condition.c_repr_chunks()
+            yield ")", paren
+            if omit_braces:
+                yield "\n", None
+            else:
+                if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+                    yield "\n", None
+                    yield indent_str, None
+                else:
+                    yield " ", None
+
+                yield "{", brace
+                yield "\n", None
+
+            if node is not None:
+                yield from node.c_repr_chunks(indent=INDENT_DELTA + indent)
+
+            if not omit_braces:
+                yield indent_str, None
+                yield "}", brace
+
+        single_stmt_else = first_node_is_single_stmt_if and len(self.condition_and_nodes) == 1
+        if self.else_node is not None:
+            brace = CClosingObject("{")
+            if self.simplify_else_scope:
+                if not single_stmt_else:
+                    yield "\n", None
+                yield from self.else_node.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent)
+            else:
+                if single_stmt_else:
+                    yield indent_str, None
+                elif self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+                    yield "\n", None
+                    yield indent_str, None
+                else:
+                    yield " ", None
+
+                yield "else", self
+                if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines or single_stmt_else:
+                    yield "\n", None
+                    yield indent_str, None
+                else:
+                    yield " ", None
+
+                if single_stmt_else:
+                    yield from self.else_node.c_repr_chunks(indent=INDENT_DELTA)
+                else:
+                    yield "{", brace
+                    yield "\n", None
+                    yield from self.else_node.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+                    yield indent_str, None
+                    yield "}", brace
+
+        if not first_node_is_single_stmt_if and not self.simplify_else_scope:
+            yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CIfBreak(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents an if-break statement in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "condition",
+        "cstyle_ifs",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, condition, cstyle_ifs=True, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.condition = condition
+        self.cstyle_ifs = cstyle_ifs
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "if ", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from self.condition.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield ")", paren
+        if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines or self.cstyle_ifs:
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield indent_str, None
+        else:
+            yield " ", None
+        if self.cstyle_ifs:
+            yield self.indent_str(indent=INDENT_DELTA), self
+            yield "break;\n", self
+        else:
+            yield "{", brace
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield self.indent_str(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA), self
+            yield "break;\n", self
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield "}", brace
+        if not self.cstyle_ifs:
+            yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CBreak(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents a break statement in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "break;\n", self
+
+
+class CContinue(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents a continue statement in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "continue;\n", self
+
+
+class CSwitchCase(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents a switch-case statement in C.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("cases", "default", "switch")
+
+    def __init__(self, switch, cases, default, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.switch = switch
+        self.cases: list[tuple[int | tuple[int], CStatements]] = cases
+        self.default = default
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "switch ", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from self.switch.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield ")", paren
+        if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield indent_str, None
+        else:
+            yield " ", None
+        yield "{", brace
+        yield "\n", None
+
+        # cases
+        for id_or_ids, case in self.cases:
+            yield indent_str, None
+            if isinstance(id_or_ids, int):
+                yield f"case {id_or_ids}", self
+                yield ":\n", None
+            else:
+                for i, case_id in enumerate(id_or_ids):
+                    yield f"case {case_id}", self
+                    yield ":", None
+                    if i != len(id_or_ids) - 1:
+                        yield " ", None
+                yield "\n", None
+            yield from case.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+
+        if self.default is not None:
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield "default:\n", self
+            yield from self.default.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "}", brace
+        yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CIncompleteSwitchCase(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents an incomplete switch-case construct; this only appear in the decompilation output when switch-case
+    structuring fails (for whatever reason).
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("cases", "head")
+
+    def __init__(self, head, cases, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.head = head
+        self.cases: list[tuple[int, CStatements]] = cases
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        brace = CClosingObject("{")
+
+        yield from self.head.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent)
+        yield "\n", None
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "switch ", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield "/* incomplete */", None
+        yield ")", paren
+        if self.codegen.braces_on_own_lines:
+            yield "\n", None
+            yield indent_str, None
+        else:
+            yield " ", None
+        yield "{", brace
+        yield "\n", None
+
+        # cases
+        for case_addr, case in self.cases:
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield f"case {case_addr:#x}", self
+            yield ":\n", None
+            yield from case.c_repr_chunks(indent=indent + INDENT_DELTA)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield "}", brace
+        yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CAssignment(CStatement):
+    """
+    a = b
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("lhs", "rhs")
+
+    def __init__(self, lhs, rhs, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.lhs = lhs
+        self.rhs = rhs
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.lhs)
+
+        compound_assignment_ops = {
+            "Add": "+",
+            "Sub": "-",
+            "Mul": "*",
+            "Div": "/",
+            "And": "&",
+            "Xor": "^",
+            "Or": "|",
+            "Shr": ">>",
+            "Shl": "<<",
+            "Sar": ">>",
+        }
+        commutative_ops = {"Add", "Mul", "And", "Xor", "Or"}
+
+        compound_expr_rhs = None
+        if (
+            self.codegen.use_compound_assignments
+            and isinstance(self.lhs, CVariable)
+            and isinstance(self.rhs, CBinaryOp)
+            and self.rhs.op in compound_assignment_ops
+            and self.lhs.unified_variable is not None
+        ):
+            if isinstance(self.rhs.lhs, CVariable) and self.lhs.unified_variable is self.rhs.lhs.unified_variable:
+                compound_expr_rhs = self.rhs.rhs
+            elif (
+                self.rhs.op in commutative_ops
+                and isinstance(self.rhs.rhs, CVariable)
+                and self.lhs.unified_variable is self.rhs.rhs.unified_variable
+            ):
+                compound_expr_rhs = self.rhs.lhs
+
+        if compound_expr_rhs is not None:
+            # a = a + x  =>  a += x
+            # a = x + a  =>  a += x
+            yield f" {compound_assignment_ops[self.rhs.op]}= ", self
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(compound_expr_rhs)
+        else:
+            yield " = ", self
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.rhs)
+        if not asexpr:
+            yield ";\n", self
+
+
+class CFunctionCall(CStatement, CExpression):
+    """
+    func(arg0, arg1)
+
+    :ivar Function callee_func:  The function getting called.
+    :ivar is_expr:  True if the return value of the function is written to ret_expr; Essentially, ret_expr = call().
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "args",
+        "callee_func",
+        "callee_target",
+        "is_expr",
+        "prettify_thiscall",
+        "ret_expr",
+        "returning",
+        "show_demangled_name",
+        "show_disambiguated_name",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        callee_target,
+        callee_func,
+        args,
+        returning=True,
+        ret_expr=None,
+        is_expr: bool = False,
+        show_demangled_name=True,
+        show_disambiguated_name: bool = True,
+        prettify_thiscall: bool = True,
+        tags=None,
+        codegen=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(tags=tags, codegen=codegen, **kwargs)
+        CConstruct.__init__(self, tags=tags, codegen=codegen)
+
+        self.callee_target = callee_target
+        self.callee_func: Function | None = callee_func
+        self.args = args if args is not None else []
+        self.returning = returning
+        self.ret_expr = ret_expr
+        self.is_expr = is_expr
+        self.show_demangled_name = show_demangled_name
+        self.show_disambiguated_name = show_disambiguated_name
+        self.prettify_thiscall = prettify_thiscall
+
+    @property
+    def prototype(self) -> SimTypeFunction | None:  # TODO there should be a prototype for each callsite!
+        if self.callee_func is not None and self.callee_func.prototype is not None:
+            proto = self.callee_func.prototype
+            if self.callee_func.prototype_libname is not None:
+                # we need to deref the prototype in case it uses SimTypeRef internally
+                proto = cast(SimTypeFunction, dereference_simtype_by_lib(proto, self.callee_func.prototype_libname))
+            return proto
+        returnty = SimTypeInt(signed=False)
+        return SimTypeFunction([arg.type for arg in self.args], returnty).with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        if self.is_expr:
+            return (self.prototype.returnty if self.prototype is not None else None) or SimTypeInt(
+                signed=False
+            ).with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+        raise AngrRuntimeError("CFunctionCall.type should not be accessed if the function call is used as a statement.")
+
+    def _is_target_ambiguous(self, func_name: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check for call target name ambiguity.
+        """
+        caller, callee = self.codegen._func, self.callee_func
+
+        assert self.codegen._variables_in_use is not None
+
+        for var in self.codegen._variables_in_use.values():
+            if func_name == var.name:
+                return True
+
+        # FIXME: Handle name mangle
+        for func in self.codegen.kb.functions.get_by_name(callee.name):
+            if func is not callee and (caller.binary is not callee.binary or func.binary is callee.binary):
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_func_likely_method(func_name: str, rust: bool) -> bool:
+        if "::" not in func_name:
+            return False
+        chunks = func_name.split("::")
+        if rust and re.match(r"[A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*", chunks[-2]) is None:
+            # let's say that rust structs are always UpperCamelCase
+            return False
+        return re.match(r"[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*", chunks[-1]) is not None
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr: bool = False):
+        """
+
+        :param indent:  Number of whitespace indentation characters.
+        :param asexpr:  True if this call is used as an expression (which means we will skip the generation of
+                        semicolons and newlines at the end of the call).
+        """
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        yield indent_str, None
+
+        if not self.is_expr and self.ret_expr is not None:
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.ret_expr)
+            yield " = ", None
+
+        if self.callee_func is not None:
+            if self.callee_func.demangled_name and self.show_demangled_name:
+                func_name = get_cpp_function_name(self.callee_func.demangled_name)
+            else:
+                func_name = self.callee_func.name
+            if (
+                self.prettify_thiscall
+                and self.args
+                and self._is_func_likely_method(func_name, self.callee_func.is_rust_function())
+            ):
+                func_name = self.callee_func.short_name
+                yield from self._c_repr_chunks_thiscall(func_name, asexpr=asexpr)
+                return
+            if self.show_disambiguated_name and self._is_target_ambiguous(func_name):
+                func_name = self.callee_func.get_unambiguous_name(display_name=func_name)
+
+            yield func_name, self
+        elif isinstance(self.callee_target, str):
+            yield self.callee_target, self
+        else:
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.callee_target)
+
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "(", paren
+
+        for i, arg in enumerate(self.args):
+            if i:
+                yield ", ", None
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(arg)
+
+        yield ")", paren
+
+        if not self.is_expr and not asexpr:
+            yield ";", None
+            if not self.returning:
+                yield " /* do not return */", None
+            yield "\n", None
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_thiscall(self, func_name: str, asexpr: bool = False):
+        # The first argument is the `this` pointer
+        assert self.args
+        this_ref = self.args[0]
+        if isinstance(this_ref, CUnaryOp) and this_ref.op == "Reference":
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(this_ref.operand)
+        else:
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(this_ref)
+
+        yield ".", None
+        yield func_name, self
+
+        # the remaining arguments
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "(", paren
+
+        for i, arg in enumerate(self.args):
+            if i == 0:
+                continue
+            if i > 1:
+                yield ", ", None
+            yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(arg)
+
+        yield ")", paren
+
+        if not self.is_expr and not asexpr:
+            yield ";", None
+            if not self.returning:
+                yield " /* do not return */", None
+            yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CReturn(CStatement):
+    __slots__ = ("retval",)
+
+    def __init__(self, retval, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.retval = retval
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        if not self.retval:
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield "return;\n", self
+        else:
+            yield indent_str, None
+            yield "return ", self
+            yield from self.retval.c_repr_chunks()
+            yield ";\n", self
+
+
+class CGoto(CStatement):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "target",
+        "target_idx",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, target, target_idx, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        if isinstance(target, CConstant):
+            # unpack target
+            target = target.value
+
+        self.target: int | CExpression = target
+        self.target_idx = target_idx
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+        lbl = None
+        if self.codegen is not None and isinstance(self.target, int):
+            lbl = self.codegen.map_addr_to_label.get((self.target, self.target_idx))
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        if self.codegen.comment_gotos:
+            yield "/* ", None
+        yield "goto ", self
+        if lbl is None:
+            if isinstance(self.target, int):
+                yield f"LABEL_{self.target:#x}", None
+            else:
+                yield from self.target.c_repr_chunks()
+        else:
+            yield lbl.name, lbl
+        yield ";", self
+        if self.codegen.comment_gotos:
+            yield " */", None
+        yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CUnsupportedStatement(CStatement):
+    """
+    A wrapper for unsupported AIL statement.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("stmt",)
+
+    def __init__(self, stmt, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.stmt = stmt
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield str(self.stmt), None
+        yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CDirtyStatement(CExpression):
+    __slots__ = ("dirty",)
+
+    def __init__(self, dirty: CDirtyExpression, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.dirty = dirty
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return SimTypeInt().with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        indent_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        yield indent_str, None
+        yield from self.dirty.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CLabel(CStatement):
+    """
+    Represents a label in C code.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "block_idx",
+        "ins_addr",
+        "name",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, ins_addr: int, block_idx: int | None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.name = name
+        self.ins_addr = ins_addr
+        self.block_idx = block_idx
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        # indent-_str = self.indent_str(indent=indent)
+
+        yield self.name, self
+        yield ":", None
+        yield "\n", None
+
+
+class CStructField(CExpression):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "field",
+        "offset",
+        "struct_type",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, struct_type: SimStruct, offset, field, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.struct_type = struct_type
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.field = field
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.struct_type.fields[self.field]
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+        yield str(self.field), self
+
+
+class CFakeVariable(CExpression):
+    """
+    An uninterpreted name to display in the decompilation output. Pretty much always represents an error?
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("name",)
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, ty: SimType, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.name = name
+        self._type = ty.with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self._type
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        yield self.name, self
+
+
+class CVariable(CExpression):
+    """
+    CVariable represents access to a variable with the specified type (`variable_type`).
+
+    `variable` must be a SimVariable.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "unified_variable",
+        "variable",
+        "variable_type",
+        "vvar_id",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, variable: SimVariable, unified_variable=None, variable_type=None, vvar_id=None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.variable: SimVariable = variable
+        self.unified_variable: SimVariable | None = unified_variable
+        self.variable_type: SimType | None = (
+            variable_type.with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch) if variable_type is not None else None
+        )
+        self.vvar_id = vvar_id
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.variable_type
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        v = self.variable if self.unified_variable is None else self.unified_variable
+
+        if v.name:
+            return v.name
+        if isinstance(v, SimTemporaryVariable):
+            return f"tmp_{v.tmp_id}"
+        return str(v)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        yield self.name, self
+        if self.codegen.display_vvar_ids:
+            yield f"<vvar_{self.vvar_id}>", self
+
+
+class CIndexedVariable(CExpression):
+    """
+    Represent a variable (an array) that is indexed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, variable: CExpression, index: CExpression, variable_type=None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.variable = variable
+        self.index: CExpression = index
+        self._type = variable_type
+
+        if self._type is None and self.variable.type is not None:
+            u = unpack_typeref(self.variable.type)
+            if isinstance(u, SimTypePointer):
+                # special case: (&array)[x]
+                u = u.pts_to.elem_type if isinstance(u.pts_to, (SimTypeArray, SimTypeFixedSizeArray)) else u.pts_to
+                u = unpack_typeref(u)
+            elif isinstance(u, (SimTypeArray, SimTypeFixedSizeArray)):
+                u = u.elem_type
+                u = unpack_typeref(u)
+            else:
+                u = None  # this should REALLY be an assert false
+            self._type = u
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self._type
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+
+        bracket = CClosingObject("[")
+        if not isinstance(self.variable, (CVariable, CVariableField)):
+            yield "(", None
+        yield from self.variable.c_repr_chunks()
+        if not isinstance(self.variable, (CVariable, CVariableField)):
+            yield ")", None
+        yield "[", bracket
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.index)
+        yield "]", bracket
+
+
+class CVariableField(CExpression):
+    """
+    Represent a field of a variable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, variable: CExpression, field: CStructField, var_is_ptr: bool = False, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.variable = variable
+        self.field = field
+        self.var_is_ptr = var_is_ptr
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.field.type
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+        yield from self.variable.c_repr_chunks()
+        if self.var_is_ptr:
+            yield "->", self
+        else:
+            yield ".", self
+        yield from self.field.c_repr_chunks()
+
+
+class CUnaryOp(CExpression):
+    """
+    Unary operations.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "op",
+        "operand",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, op, operand: CExpression, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.op = op
+        self.operand = operand
+
+        if operand.type is not None:
+            var_type = unpack_typeref(operand.type)
+            if op == "Reference":
+                self._type = SimTypePointer(var_type).with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+            elif op == "Dereference":
+                if isinstance(var_type, SimTypePointer):
+                    self._type = unpack_typeref(var_type.pts_to)
+                elif isinstance(var_type, (SimTypeArray, SimTypeFixedSizeArray)):
+                    self._type = unpack_typeref(var_type.elem_type)
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        if self._type is None and self.operand is not None and hasattr(self.operand, "type"):
+            self._type = self.operand.type
+        return self._type
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+
+        OP_MAP = {
+            "Not": self._c_repr_chunks_not,
+            "Neg": self._c_repr_chunks_neg,
+            "BitwiseNeg": self._c_repr_chunks_bitwiseneg,
+            "Reference": self._c_repr_chunks_reference,
+            "Dereference": self._c_repr_chunks_dereference,
+            "Clz": self._c_repr_chunks_clz,
+        }
+
+        handler = OP_MAP.get(self.op, None)
+        if handler is not None:
+            yield from handler()
+        else:
+            yield f"UnaryOp {self.op}", self
+
+    #
+    # Handlers
+    #
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_not(self):
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "!", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.operand)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_bitwiseneg(self):
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "~", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.operand)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_neg(self):
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "-", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.operand)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_reference(self):
+        yield "&", self
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.operand)
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_dereference(self):
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "*", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.operand)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_clz(self):
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "Clz", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.operand)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+
+class CBinaryOp(CExpression):
+    """
+    Binary operations.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_cstyle_null_cmp", "common_type", "lhs", "op", "rhs")
+
+    def __init__(self, op, lhs, rhs, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.op = op
+        self.lhs = lhs
+        self.rhs = rhs
+        self._cstyle_null_cmp = self.codegen.cstyle_null_cmp
+
+        self.common_type = self.compute_common_type(self.op, self.lhs.type, self.rhs.type)
+        if self.op.startswith("Cmp"):
+            self._type = SimTypeChar().with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+        else:
+            self._type = self.common_type
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def compute_common_type(op: str, lhs_ty: SimType, rhs_ty: SimType) -> SimType:
+        # C spec https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2596.pdf 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions
+        rhs_ptr = isinstance(rhs_ty, SimTypePointer)
+        lhs_ptr = isinstance(lhs_ty, SimTypePointer)
+        rhs_cls = isinstance(unpack_typeref(rhs_ty), SimCppClass)
+        lhs_cls = isinstance(unpack_typeref(lhs_ty), SimCppClass)
+
+        if lhs_cls:
+            return lhs_ty
+        if rhs_cls:
+            return rhs_ty
+
+        if op in ("Add", "Sub"):
+            if lhs_ptr and rhs_ptr:
+                return SimTypeLength().with_arch(rhs_ty._arch)
+            if lhs_ptr:
+                return lhs_ty
+            if rhs_ptr:
+                return rhs_ty
+
+        if lhs_ptr or rhs_ptr:
+            # uh oh!
+            return SimTypeLength().with_arch(rhs_ty._arch)
+
+        if lhs_ty == rhs_ty:
+            return lhs_ty
+
+        lhs_signed = getattr(lhs_ty, "signed", None)
+        rhs_signed = getattr(rhs_ty, "signed", None)
+        # uhhhhhhhhhh idk
+        if lhs_signed is None:
+            return lhs_ty
+        if rhs_signed is None:
+            return rhs_ty
+
+        if lhs_signed == rhs_signed:
+            if lhs_ty.size > rhs_ty.size:
+                return lhs_ty
+            return rhs_ty
+
+        if lhs_signed:
+            signed_ty = lhs_ty
+            unsigned_ty = rhs_ty
+        else:
+            signed_ty = rhs_ty
+            unsigned_ty = lhs_ty
+
+        if unsigned_ty.size >= signed_ty.size:
+            return unsigned_ty
+        if signed_ty.size > unsigned_ty.size:
+            return signed_ty
+        # uh oh!!
+        return signed_ty
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self._type
+
+    @property
+    def op_precedence(self):
+        precedence_list = [
+            # lowest precedence
+            ["Concat"],
+            ["LogicalOr"],
+            ["LogicalXor"],
+            ["LogicalAnd"],
+            ["Or"],
+            ["Xor"],
+            ["And"],
+            ["CmpEQ", "CmpNE"],
+            ["CmpLE", "CmpLT", "CmpGT", "CmpGE"],
+            ["Shl", "Shr", "Sar"],
+            ["Add", "Sub"],
+            ["Mul", "Div"],
+            ["SBorrow", "SCarry", "Carry"],
+            # highest precedence
+        ]
+        for i, sublist in enumerate(precedence_list):
+            if self.op in sublist:
+                return i
+        return len(precedence_list)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+
+        OP_MAP = {
+            "Add": self._c_repr_chunks_add,
+            "Sub": self._c_repr_chunks_sub,
+            "Mul": self._c_repr_chunks_mul,
+            "Mull": self._c_repr_chunks_mull,
+            "Div": self._c_repr_chunks_div,
+            "Mod": self._c_repr_chunks_mod,
+            "And": self._c_repr_chunks_and,
+            "Xor": self._c_repr_chunks_xor,
+            "Or": self._c_repr_chunks_or,
+            "Shr": self._c_repr_chunks_shr,
+            "Shl": self._c_repr_chunks_shl,
+            "Sar": self._c_repr_chunks_sar,
+            "LogicalAnd": self._c_repr_chunks_logicaland,
+            "LogicalOr": self._c_repr_chunks_logicalor,
+            "LogicalXor": self._c_repr_chunks_logicalxor,
+            "CmpLE": self._c_repr_chunks_cmple,
+            "CmpLEs": self._c_repr_chunks_cmple,
+            "CmpLT": self._c_repr_chunks_cmplt,
+            "CmpLTs": self._c_repr_chunks_cmplt,
+            "CmpGT": self._c_repr_chunks_cmpgt,
+            "CmpGTs": self._c_repr_chunks_cmpgt,
+            "CmpGE": self._c_repr_chunks_cmpge,
+            "CmpGEs": self._c_repr_chunks_cmpge,
+            "CmpEQ": self._c_repr_chunks_cmpeq,
+            "CmpNE": self._c_repr_chunks_cmpne,
+            "Concat": self._c_repr_chunks_concat,
+            "Rol": self._c_repr_chunks_rol,
+            "Ror": self._c_repr_chunks_ror,
+        }
+
+        handler = OP_MAP.get(self.op, None)
+        if handler is not None:
+            yield from handler()
+        else:
+            yield from self._c_repr_chunks_opfirst(self.op)
+
+    def _has_const_null_rhs(self) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(self.rhs, CConstant) and self.rhs.value == 0
+
+    #
+    # Handlers
+    #
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks(self, op):
+        skip_op_and_rhs = False
+        if self._cstyle_null_cmp and self._has_const_null_rhs():
+            if self.op == "CmpEQ":
+                skip_op_and_rhs = True
+                yield "!", None
+            elif self.op == "CmpNE":
+                skip_op_and_rhs = True
+        # lhs
+        if isinstance(self.lhs, CBinaryOp) and self.op_precedence > self.lhs.op_precedence:
+            paren = CClosingObject("(")
+            yield "(", paren
+            yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.lhs)
+            yield ")", paren
+        else:
+            yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.lhs)
+
+        if not skip_op_and_rhs:
+            # operator
+            yield op, self
+            # rhs
+            if isinstance(self.rhs, CBinaryOp) and self.op_precedence > self.rhs.op_precedence - (
+                1 if self.op in ["Sub", "Div"] else 0
+            ):
+                paren = CClosingObject("(")
+                yield "(", paren
+                yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.rhs)
+                yield ")", paren
+            else:
+                yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.rhs)
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_opfirst(self, op):
+        yield op, self
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.lhs)
+        yield ", ", None
+        yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.rhs)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_add(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" + ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_sub(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" - ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_mul(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" * ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_mull(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" * ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_div(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" / ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_divmod(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" /m ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_mod(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" % ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_and(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" & ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_xor(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" ^ ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_or(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" | ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_shr(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" >> ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_shl(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" << ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_sar(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" >> ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_logicaland(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" && ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_logicalor(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" || ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_logicalxor(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" ^ ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_cmple(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" <= ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_cmplt(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" < ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_cmpgt(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" > ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_cmpge(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" >= ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_cmpeq(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" == ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_cmpne(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" != ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_concat(self):
+        yield from self._c_repr_chunks(" CONCAT ")
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_rol(self):
+        yield "__ROL__", self
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.lhs)
+        yield ", ", None
+        yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.rhs)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+    def _c_repr_chunks_ror(self):
+        yield "__ROR__", self
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.lhs)
+        yield ", ", None
+        yield from self._try_c_repr_chunks(self.rhs)
+        yield ")", paren
+
+
+class CTypeCast(CExpression):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "dst_type",
+        "expr",
+        "src_type",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, src_type: SimType | None, dst_type: SimType, expr: CExpression, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.src_type = (src_type or expr.type).with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+        self.dst_type = dst_type.with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        if self._type is None:
+            return self.dst_type
+        return self._type
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        if self.codegen.show_casts:
+            yield "(", paren
+            yield f"{self.dst_type.c_repr(name=None)}", self.dst_type
+            yield ")", paren
+
+        if isinstance(self.expr, CBinaryOp):
+            wrapping_paren = True
+            yield "(", paren
+        else:
+            wrapping_paren = False
+        yield from CExpression._try_c_repr_chunks(self.expr)
+        if wrapping_paren:
+            yield ")", paren
+
+
+class CConstant(CExpression):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "reference_values",
+        "value",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, value, type_: SimType, reference_values=None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.value = value
+        self._type = type_.with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+        self.reference_values = reference_values
+
+    @property
+    def _ident(self):
+        ident = (self.tags or {}).get("ins_addr", None)
+        if ident is not None:
+            return ("inst", ident)
+        return ("val", self.value)
+
+    @property
+    def fmt(self):
+        return self.codegen.const_formats.get(self._ident, {})
+
+    @property
+    def _fmt_setter(self):
+        result = self.codegen.const_formats.get(self._ident, None)
+        if result is None:
+            result = {}
+            self.codegen.const_formats[self._ident] = result
+
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def fmt_hex(self):
+        result = self.fmt.get("hex", None)
+        if result is None:
+            result = False
+            if isinstance(self.value, int):
+                result = hex(self.value).endswith("00") or is_alignment_mask(self.value)
+        return result
+
+    @fmt_hex.setter
+    def fmt_hex(self, v):
+        self._fmt_setter["hex"] = v
+
+    @property
+    def fmt_neg(self):
+        result = self.fmt.get("neg", None)
+        if result is None:
+            result = False
+            # guess it
+            if isinstance(self._type, (SimTypeInt, SimTypeChar)) and self._type.signed and isinstance(self.value, int):
+                value_size = self._type.size if self._type is not None else None
+                if (value_size == 32 and 0xF000_0000 <= self.value <= 0xFFFF_FFFF) or (
+                    value_size == 64 and 0xF000_0000_0000_0000 <= self.value <= 0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF
+                ):
+                    result = True
+
+        return result
+
+    @fmt_neg.setter
+    def fmt_neg(self, v):
+        self._fmt_setter["neg"] = v
+
+    @property
+    def fmt_char(self):
+        return self.fmt.get("char", False)
+
+    @fmt_char.setter
+    def fmt_char(self, v: bool):
+        self._fmt_setter["char"] = v
+
+    @property
+    def fmt_float(self):
+        return self.fmt.get("float", False)
+
+    @fmt_float.setter
+    def fmt_float(self, v: bool):
+        self._fmt_setter["float"] = v
+
+    @property
+    def fmt_double(self):
+        return self.fmt.get("double", False)
+
+    @fmt_double.setter
+    def fmt_double(self, v: bool):
+        self._fmt_setter["double"] = v
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self._type
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def str_to_c_str(_str, prefix: str = ""):
+        repr_str = repr(_str)
+        base_str = repr_str[1:-1]
+        # check if there's double quotes in the body
+        if repr_str[0] == "'" and '"' in base_str:
+            base_str = base_str.replace('"', '\\"')
+        return f'{prefix}"{base_str}"'
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+
+        # default priority: string references -> variables -> other reference values
+        if self.reference_values is not None:
+            for _ty, v in self.reference_values.items():  # pylint:disable=unused-variable
+                if isinstance(v, MemoryData) and v.sort == MemoryDataSort.String:
+                    yield CConstant.str_to_c_str(v.content.decode("utf-8")), self
+                    return
+                elif isinstance(v, Function):
+                    yield get_cpp_function_name(v.demangled_name), self
+                    return
+                elif isinstance(v, str):
+                    yield CConstant.str_to_c_str(v), self
+                    return
+                elif isinstance(v, bytes):
+                    yield CConstant.str_to_c_str(v.replace(b"\x00", b"").decode("utf-8")), self
+                    return
+
+        if self.reference_values is not None and self._type is not None and self._type in self.reference_values:
+            if isinstance(self._type, SimTypeInt):
+                if isinstance(self.reference_values[self._type], int):
+                    yield self.fmt_int(self.reference_values[self._type]), self
+                    return
+                yield hex(self.reference_values[self._type]), self
+            elif isinstance(self._type, SimTypePointer) and isinstance(self._type.pts_to, SimTypeChar):
+                refval = self.reference_values[self._type]
+                if isinstance(refval, MemoryData):
+                    v = refval.content.decode("utf-8")
+                else:
+                    # it's a string
+                    v = refval
+                    assert isinstance(v, str)
+                yield CConstant.str_to_c_str(v), self
+            elif isinstance(self._type, SimTypePointer) and isinstance(self._type.pts_to, SimTypeWideChar):
+                refval = self.reference_values[self._type]
+                v = refval.content.decode("utf_16_le") if isinstance(refval, MemoryData) else refval  # it's a string
+                yield CConstant.str_to_c_str(v, prefix="L"), self
+            else:
+                if isinstance(self.reference_values[self._type], int):
+                    yield self.fmt_int(self.reference_values[self._type]), self
+                    return
+                yield self.reference_values[self.type], self
+
+        elif isinstance(self.value, int) and self.value == 0 and isinstance(self.type, SimTypePointer):
+            # print NULL instead
+            yield "NULL", self
+
+        elif isinstance(self._type, SimTypePointer) and isinstance(self.value, int):
+            # Print pointers in hex
+            yield hex(self.value), self
+
+        elif isinstance(self.value, bool):
+            # C doesn't have true or false, but whatever...
+            yield "true" if self.value else "false", self
+
+        elif isinstance(self.value, int):
+            str_value = self.fmt_int(self.value)
+            yield str_value, self
+        else:
+            yield str(self.value), self
+
+    def fmt_int(self, value: int) -> str:
+        """
+        Format an integer using the format setup of the current node.
+
+        :param value:   The integer value to format.
+        :return:        The formatted string.
+        """
+
+        if self.fmt_float and 0 < value <= 0xFFFF_FFFF:
+            return str(struct.unpack("f", struct.pack("I", value))[0])
+
+        if self.fmt_char:
+            if value < 0:
+                value += 2**self._type.size
+            value &= 0xFF
+            return repr(chr(value)) if value < 0x80 else f"'\\x{value:x}'"
+
+        if self.fmt_double and 0 < value <= 0xFFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF:
+            return str(struct.unpack("d", struct.pack("Q", value))[0])
+
+        if self.fmt_neg:
+            if value > 0:
+                value -= 2**self._type.size
+            elif value < 0:
+                value += 2**self._type.size
+
+        if self.fmt_hex:
+            return hex(value)
+
+        return str(value)
+
+
+class CRegister(CExpression):
+    __slots__ = ("reg",)
+
+    def __init__(self, reg, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        self.reg = reg
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        # FIXME
+        return SimTypeInt().with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        yield str(self.reg), None
+
+
+class CITE(CExpression):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "cond",
+        "iffalse",
+        "iftrue",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, cond, iftrue, iffalse, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.cond = cond
+        self.iftrue = iftrue
+        self.iffalse = iffalse
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return SimTypeInt().with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from self.cond.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield " ? ", self
+        yield from self.iftrue.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield " : ", self
+        yield from self.iffalse.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield ")", paren
+
+
+class CMultiStatementExpression(CExpression):
+    """
+    (stmt0, stmt1, stmt2, expr)
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "expr",
+        "stmts",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, stmts: CStatements, expr: CExpression, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.stmts = stmts
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.expr.type
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield "(", paren
+        yield from self.stmts.c_repr_chunks(indent=0, asexpr=True)
+        yield from self.expr.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield ")", paren
+
+
+class CVEXCCallExpression(CExpression):
+    """
+    ccall_name(arg0, arg1, ...)
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "callee",
+        "operands",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, callee: str, operands: list[CExpression], **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.callee = callee
+        self.operands = operands
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return SimTypeInt().with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        paren = CClosingObject("(")
+        yield f"{self.callee}", self
+        yield "(", paren
+        for idx, operand in enumerate(self.operands):
+            if idx != 0:
+                yield ", ", None
+            yield from operand.c_repr_chunks()
+        yield ")", paren
+
+
+class CDirtyExpression(CExpression):
+    """
+    Ideally all dirty expressions should be handled and converted to proper conversions during conversion from VEX to
+    AIL. Eventually this class should not be used at all.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("dirty",)
+
+    def __init__(self, dirty, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.dirty = dirty
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return SimTypeInt().with_arch(self.codegen.project.arch)
+
+    def c_repr_chunks(self, indent=0, asexpr=False):
+        if self.collapsed:
+            yield "...", self
+            return
+        yield str(self.dirty), None
+
+
+class CClosingObject:
+    """
+    A class to represent all objects that can be closed by it's correspodning character.
+    Examples: (), {}, []
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("opening_symbol",)
+
+    def __init__(self, opening_symbol):
+        self.opening_symbol = opening_symbol
+
+
+class CArrayTypeLength:
+    """
+    A class to represent the type information of fixed-size array lengths.
+    Examples: In "char foo[20]", this would be the "[20]".
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("text",)
+
+    def __init__(self, text):
+        self.text = text
+
+
+class CStructFieldNameDef:
+    """A class to represent the name of a defined field in a struct.
+    Needed because it's not a CVariable or a CStructField (because
+    CStructField is the access of a CStructField).
+    Example: In "struct foo { int bar; }, this would be "bar".
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("name",)
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+
+class CStructuredCodeGenerator(BaseStructuredCodeGenerator, Analysis):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func,
+        sequence,
+        indent=0,
+        cfg=None,
+        variable_kb=None,
+        func_args: list[SimVariable] | None = None,
+        binop_depth_cutoff: int = 16,
+        show_casts=True,
+        braces_on_own_lines=True,
+        use_compound_assignments=True,
+        show_local_types=True,
+        comment_gotos=False,
+        cstyle_null_cmp=True,
+        flavor=None,
+        stmt_comments=None,
+        expr_comments=None,
+        show_externs=True,
+        externs=None,
+        const_formats=None,
+        show_demangled_name=True,
+        show_disambiguated_name=True,
+        ail_graph=None,
+        simplify_else_scope=True,
+        cstyle_ifs=True,
+        omit_func_header=False,
+        display_block_addrs=False,
+        display_vvar_ids=False,
+        min_data_addr: int = 0x400_000,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(flavor=flavor)
+
+        self._handlers = {
+            CodeNode: self._handle_Code,
+            SequenceNode: self._handle_Sequence,
+            LoopNode: self._handle_Loop,
+            ConditionNode: self._handle_Condition,
+            CascadingConditionNode: self._handle_CascadingCondition,
+            ConditionalBreakNode: self._handle_ConditionalBreak,
+            MultiNode: self._handle_MultiNode,
+            Block: self._handle_AILBlock,
+            BreakNode: self._handle_Break,
+            SwitchCaseNode: self._handle_SwitchCase,
+            IncompleteSwitchCaseNode: self._handle_IncompleteSwitchCase,
+            ContinueNode: self._handle_Continue,
+            # AIL statements
+            Stmt.Store: self._handle_Stmt_Store,
+            Stmt.Assignment: self._handle_Stmt_Assignment,
+            Stmt.WeakAssignment: self._handle_Stmt_WeakAssignment,
+            Stmt.Call: self._handle_Stmt_Call,
+            Stmt.Jump: self._handle_Stmt_Jump,
+            Stmt.ConditionalJump: self._handle_Stmt_ConditionalJump,
+            Stmt.Return: self._handle_Stmt_Return,
+            Stmt.Label: self._handle_Stmt_Label,
+            Stmt.DirtyStatement: self._handle_Stmt_Dirty,
+            # AIL expressions
+            Expr.Register: self._handle_Expr_Register,
+            Expr.Load: self._handle_Expr_Load,
+            Expr.Tmp: self._handle_Expr_Tmp,
+            Expr.Const: self._handle_Expr_Const,
+            Expr.UnaryOp: self._handle_Expr_UnaryOp,
+            Expr.BinaryOp: self._handle_Expr_BinaryOp,
+            Expr.Convert: self._handle_Expr_Convert,
+            Expr.StackBaseOffset: self._handle_Expr_StackBaseOffset,
+            Expr.VEXCCallExpression: self._handle_Expr_VEXCCallExpression,
+            Expr.DirtyExpression: self._handle_Expr_Dirty,
+            Expr.ITE: self._handle_Expr_ITE,
+            Expr.Reinterpret: self._handle_Reinterpret,
+            Expr.MultiStatementExpression: self._handle_MultiStatementExpression,
+            Expr.VirtualVariable: self._handle_VirtualVariable,
+        }
+
+        self._func = func
+        self._func_args = func_args
+        self._cfg = cfg
+        self._sequence = sequence
+        self._variable_kb = variable_kb if variable_kb is not None else self.kb
+        self.binop_depth_cutoff = binop_depth_cutoff
+
+        self._variables_in_use: dict | None = None
+        self._inlined_strings: set[SimMemoryVariable] = set()
+        self._function_pointers: set[SimMemoryVariable] = set()
+        self.ailexpr2cnode: dict[tuple[Expr.Expression, bool], CExpression] | None = None
+        self.cnode2ailexpr: dict[CExpression, Expr.Expression] | None = None
+        self._indent = indent
+        self.show_casts = show_casts
+        self.comment_gotos = comment_gotos
+        self.braces_on_own_lines = braces_on_own_lines
+        self.use_compound_assignments = use_compound_assignments
+        self.show_local_types = show_local_types
+        self.cstyle_null_cmp = cstyle_null_cmp
+        self.expr_comments: dict[int, str] = expr_comments if expr_comments is not None else {}
+        self.stmt_comments: dict[int, str] = stmt_comments if stmt_comments is not None else {}
+        self.const_formats: dict[Any, dict[str, Any]] = const_formats if const_formats is not None else {}
+        self.externs = externs or set()
+        self.show_externs = show_externs
+        self.show_demangled_name = show_demangled_name
+        self.show_disambiguated_name = show_disambiguated_name
+        self.ail_graph = ail_graph
+        self.simplify_else_scope = simplify_else_scope
+        self.cstyle_ifs = cstyle_ifs
+        self.omit_func_header = omit_func_header
+        self.display_block_addrs = display_block_addrs
+        self.display_vvar_ids = display_vvar_ids
+        self.min_data_addr = min_data_addr
+        self.text = None
+        self.map_pos_to_node = None
+        self.map_pos_to_addr = None
+        self.map_addr_to_pos = None
+        self.map_ast_to_pos: dict[SimVariable, set[PositionMappingElement]] | None = None
+        self.map_addr_to_label: dict[tuple[int, int | None], CLabel] = {}
+        self.cfunc: CFunction | None = None
+        self.cexterns: set[CVariable] | None = None
+
+        self._analyze()
+
+    def reapply_options(self, options):
+        for option, value in options:
+            if option.param == "braces_on_own_lines":
+                self.braces_on_own_lines = value
+            elif option.param == "show_casts":
+                self.show_casts = value
+            elif option.param == "comment_gotos":
+                self.comment_gotos = value
+            elif option.param == "use_compound_assignments":
+                self.use_compound_assignments = value
+            elif option.param == "show_local_types":
+                self.show_local_types = value
+            elif option.param == "show_externs":
+                self.show_externs = value
+            elif option.param == "show_demangled_name":
+                self.show_demangled_name = value
+            elif option.param == "cstyle_null_cmp":
+                self.cstyle_null_cmp = value
+            elif option.param == "simplify_else_scope":
+                self.simplify_else_scope = value
+            elif option.param == "cstyle_ifs":
+                self.cstyle_ifs = value
+
+    def _analyze(self):
+        self._variables_in_use = {}
+
+        # memo
+        self.ailexpr2cnode = {}
+
+        arg_list = [self._variable(arg, None) for arg in self._func_args] if self._func_args else []
+
+        obj = self._handle(self._sequence)
+
+        self.cnode2ailexpr = {v: k[0] for k, v in self.ailexpr2cnode.items()}
+
+        self.cfunc = CFunction(
+            self._func.addr,
+            self._func.name,
+            self._func.prototype,
+            arg_list,
+            obj,
+            self._variables_in_use,
+            self._variable_kb.variables[self._func.addr],
+            demangled_name=self._func.demangled_name,
+            show_demangled_name=self.show_demangled_name,
+            codegen=self,
+            omit_header=self.omit_func_header,
+        )
+        self.cfunc = FieldReferenceCleanup().handle(self.cfunc)
+        self.cfunc = PointerArithmeticFixer().handle(self.cfunc)
+        self.cfunc = MakeTypecastsImplicit().handle(self.cfunc)
+
+        # TODO store extern fallback size somewhere lol
+        self.cexterns = {
+            self._variable(v, 1, mark_used=False)
+            for v in self.externs
+            if v not in self._inlined_strings and v not in self._function_pointers
+        }
+
+        self.regenerate_text()
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        """
+        Remove existing rendering results.
+        """
+        self.map_pos_to_node = None
+        self.map_pos_to_addr = None
+        self.map_addr_to_pos = None
+        self.map_ast_to_pos = None
+        self.text = None
+
+    def regenerate_text(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Re-render text and re-generate all sorts of mapping information.
+        """
+        self.cleanup()
+        (
+            self.text,
+            self.map_pos_to_node,
+            self.map_pos_to_addr,
+            self.map_addr_to_pos,
+            self.map_ast_to_pos,
+        ) = self.render_text(self.cfunc)
+
+    RENDER_TYPE = tuple[str, PositionMapping, PositionMapping, InstructionMapping, dict[Any, set[Any]]]
+
+    def render_text(self, cfunc: CFunction) -> RENDER_TYPE:
+        pos_to_node = PositionMapping()
+        pos_to_addr = PositionMapping()
+        addr_to_pos = InstructionMapping()
+        ast_to_pos = defaultdict(set)
+
+        text = cfunc.c_repr(
+            indent=self._indent, pos_to_node=pos_to_node, pos_to_addr=pos_to_addr, addr_to_pos=addr_to_pos
+        )
+
+        for elem, node in pos_to_node.items():
+            if isinstance(node.obj, CConstant):
+                ast_to_pos[node.obj.value].add(elem)
+            elif isinstance(node.obj, CVariable):
+                if node.obj.unified_variable is not None:
+                    ast_to_pos[node.obj.unified_variable].add(elem)
+                else:
+                    ast_to_pos[node.obj.variable].add(elem)
+            elif isinstance(node.obj, SimType):
+                ast_to_pos[node.obj].add(elem)
+            elif isinstance(node.obj, CFunctionCall):
+                if node.obj.callee_func is not None:
+                    ast_to_pos[node.obj.callee_func].add(elem)
+                else:
+                    ast_to_pos[node.obj.callee_target].add(elem)
+            elif isinstance(node.obj, CStructField):
+                key = (node.obj.struct_type, node.obj.offset)
+                ast_to_pos[key].add(elem)
+            else:
+                ast_to_pos[node.obj].add(elem)
+
+        return text, pos_to_node, pos_to_addr, addr_to_pos, ast_to_pos
+
+    def _get_variable_type(self, var, is_global=False):
+        if is_global:
+            return self._variable_kb.variables["global"].get_variable_type(var)
+        return self._variable_kb.variables[self._func.addr].get_variable_type(var)
+
+    def _get_derefed_type(self, ty: SimType) -> SimType | None:
+        if ty is None:
+            return None
+        ty = unpack_typeref(ty)
+        if isinstance(ty, SimTypePointer):
+            return unpack_typeref(ty.pts_to).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+        if isinstance(ty, SimTypeArray):
+            return unpack_typeref(ty.elem_type).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+        return ty
+
+    def reload_variable_types(self) -> None:
+        for var in self._variables_in_use.values():
+            if isinstance(var, CVariable):
+                var.variable_type = self._get_variable_type(
+                    var.variable,
+                    is_global=isinstance(var.variable, SimMemoryVariable)
+                    and not isinstance(var.variable, SimStackVariable),
+                )
+
+        for var in self.cexterns:
+            if isinstance(var, CVariable):
+                var.variable_type = self._get_variable_type(var.variable, is_global=True)
+
+        for cvar in self.cfunc.arg_list:
+            vartype = self._get_variable_type(
+                cvar.variable,
+                is_global=isinstance(cvar.variable, SimMemoryVariable)
+                and not isinstance(cvar.variable, SimStackVariable),
+            )
+            if vartype is not None:
+                cvar.variable_type = vartype.with_arch(self.project.arch)
+
+    #
+    # Util methods
+    #
+
+    def default_simtype_from_bits(self, n: int, signed: bool = True) -> SimType:
+        _mapping = {
+            64: SimTypeLongLong,
+            32: SimTypeInt,
+            16: SimTypeShort,
+            8: SimTypeChar,
+        }
+        if n in _mapping:
+            return _mapping.get(n)(signed=signed).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+        return SimTypeNum(n, signed=signed).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+
+    def _variable(
+        self, variable: SimVariable, fallback_type_size: int | None, vvar_id: int | None = None, mark_used: bool = True
+    ) -> CVariable:
+        # TODO: we need to fucking make sure that variable recovery and type inference actually generates a size
+        # TODO: for each variable it links into the fucking ail. then we can remove fallback_type_size.
+        unified = self._variable_kb.variables[self._func.addr].unified_variable(variable)
+        variable_type = self._get_variable_type(
+            variable, is_global=isinstance(variable, SimMemoryVariable) and not isinstance(variable, SimStackVariable)
+        )
+        if variable_type is None:
+            variable_type = self.default_simtype_from_bits(
+                (fallback_type_size or self.project.arch.bytes) * self.project.arch.byte_width
+            )
+        cvar = CVariable(variable, unified_variable=unified, variable_type=variable_type, codegen=self, vvar_id=vvar_id)
+        if mark_used:
+            self._variables_in_use[variable] = cvar
+        return cvar
+
+    def _get_variable_reference(self, cvar: CVariable) -> CExpression:
+        """
+        Return a reference to a CVariable instance with special handling of arrays and array pointers.
+
+        :param cvar:    The CVariable object.
+        :return:        A reference to a CVariable object.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(cvar.type, (SimTypeArray, SimTypeFixedSizeArray)):
+            return cvar
+        if isinstance(cvar.type, SimTypePointer) and isinstance(
+            cvar.type.pts_to, (SimTypeArray, SimTypeFixedSizeArray)
+        ):
+            return cvar
+        return CUnaryOp("Reference", cvar, codegen=self)
+
+    def _access_reference(self, expr: CExpression, data_type: SimType) -> CExpression:
+        result = self._access(expr, data_type, True)
+        if isinstance(result, CUnaryOp) and result.op == "Dereference":
+            result = result.operand
+        else:
+            result = CUnaryOp("Reference", result, codegen=self)
+        return result
+
+    def _access_constant_offset_reference(
+        self, expr: CExpression, offset: int, data_type: SimType | None
+    ) -> CExpression:
+        result = self._access_constant_offset(expr, offset, data_type or SimTypeBottom(), True)
+        if isinstance(result, CTypeCast) and data_type is None:
+            result = result.expr
+        if isinstance(result, CUnaryOp) and result.op == "Dereference":
+            result = result.operand
+            if isinstance(result, CTypeCast) and data_type is None:
+                result = result.expr
+        else:
+            result = CUnaryOp("Reference", result, codegen=self)
+        return result
+
+    def _access_constant_offset(
+        self,
+        expr: CExpression,
+        offset: int,
+        data_type: SimType,
+        lvalue: bool,
+        renegotiate_type: Callable[[SimType, SimType], SimType] = lambda old, proposed: old,
+    ) -> CExpression:
+        def _force_type_cast(src_type_: SimType, dst_type_: SimType, expr_: CExpression) -> CUnaryOp:
+            src_type_ptr = SimTypePointer(src_type_).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+            dst_type_ptr = SimTypePointer(dst_type_).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+            return CUnaryOp(
+                "Dereference",
+                CTypeCast(
+                    src_type_ptr,
+                    dst_type_ptr,
+                    CUnaryOp("Reference", expr_, codegen=self),
+                    codegen=self,
+                ),
+                codegen=self,
+            )
+
+        # expr must express a POINTER to the base
+        # returns a value which has a simtype of data_type as if it were dereferenced out of expr
+        data_type = unpack_typeref(data_type)
+        base_type = unpack_typeref(unpack_pointer_and_array(expr.type))
+        if base_type is None:
+            # well, not much we can do
+            if data_type is None:
+                raise TypeError("CStructuredCodeGenerator programming error: no type whatsoever for dereference")
+            if offset:
+                expr = CBinaryOp("Add", expr, CConstant(offset, SimTypeInt(), codegen=self), codegen=self)
+            return CUnaryOp(
+                "Dereference",
+                CTypeCast(expr.type, SimTypePointer(data_type).with_arch(self.project.arch), expr, codegen=self),
+                codegen=self,
+            )
+
+        base_expr = expr.operand if isinstance(expr, CUnaryOp) and expr.op == "Reference" else None
+
+        if offset == 0:
+            data_type = renegotiate_type(data_type, base_type)
+            if type_equals(base_type, data_type) or (
+                base_type.size is not None and data_type.size is not None and base_type.size < data_type.size
+            ):
+                # case 1: we're done because we found it
+                # case 2: we're done because we can never find it and we might as well stop early
+                if base_expr:
+                    if not type_equals(base_type, data_type):
+                        return _force_type_cast(base_type, data_type, base_expr)
+                    return base_expr
+
+                if not type_equals(base_type, data_type):
+                    return _force_type_cast(base_type, data_type, expr)
+                return CUnaryOp("Dereference", expr, codegen=self)
+
+        stride = 1 if base_type.size is None else base_type.size // self.project.arch.byte_width or 1
+        index, remainder = divmod(offset, stride)
+        if index != 0:
+            index = CConstant(index, SimTypeInt(), codegen=self)
+            kernel = expr
+            # create a CIndexedVariable indicating the index access
+            if base_expr and isinstance(base_expr, CIndexedVariable):
+                old_index = base_expr.index
+                kernel = base_expr.variable
+                if not isinstance(old_index, CConstant) or old_index.value != 0:
+                    index = CBinaryOp("Add", old_index, index, codegen=self)
+            result = CUnaryOp(
+                "Reference", CIndexedVariable(kernel, index, variable_type=base_type, codegen=self), codegen=self
+            )
+            return self._access_constant_offset(result, remainder, data_type, lvalue, renegotiate_type)
+
+        if isinstance(base_type, SimStruct):
+            # find the field that we're accessing
+            field_name, field_offset = max(
+                ((x, y) for x, y in base_type.offsets.items() if y <= remainder), key=lambda x: x[1]
+            )
+            field = CStructField(base_type, field_offset, field_name, codegen=self)
+            if base_expr:
+                result = CUnaryOp("Reference", CVariableField(base_expr, field, False, codegen=self), codegen=self)
+            else:
+                result = CUnaryOp("Reference", CVariableField(expr, field, True, codegen=self), codegen=self)
+            return self._access_constant_offset(result, remainder - field_offset, data_type, lvalue, renegotiate_type)
+
+        if isinstance(base_type, (SimTypeFixedSizeArray, SimTypeArray)):
+            result = base_expr or expr  # death to C
+            if isinstance(result, CIndexedVariable):
+                # unpack indexed variable
+                var = result.variable
+                result = CUnaryOp(
+                    "Reference",
+                    CIndexedVariable(var, result.index, variable_type=base_type.elem_type, codegen=self),
+                    codegen=self,
+                )
+            else:
+                result = CUnaryOp(
+                    "Reference",
+                    CIndexedVariable(
+                        result,
+                        CConstant(0, SimTypeInt(), codegen=self),
+                        variable_type=base_type.elem_type,
+                        codegen=self,
+                    ),
+                    codegen=self,
+                )
+            return self._access_constant_offset(result, remainder, data_type, lvalue, renegotiate_type)
+
+        # TODO is it a big-endian downcast?
+        # e.g. int x; *((char*)x + 3) is actually just (char)x
+
+        if remainder != 0:
+            # pointer cast time!
+            # TODO: BYTE2() and other ida-isms if we're okay with an rvalue
+            if stride != 1:
+                expr = CTypeCast(
+                    expr.type, SimTypePointer(SimTypeChar()).with_arch(self.project.arch), expr, codegen=self
+                )
+            expr_with_offset = CBinaryOp("Add", expr, CConstant(remainder, SimTypeInt(), codegen=self), codegen=self)
+            return CUnaryOp(
+                "Dereference",
+                CTypeCast(
+                    expr_with_offset.type,
+                    SimTypePointer(data_type).with_arch(self.project.arch),
+                    expr_with_offset,
+                    codegen=self,
+                ),
+                codegen=self,
+            )
+
+        # the case where we don't need a cast is handled at the start
+        # if we've requested the result be an lvalue we have to do a pointer cast
+        # if the value is not a trivial reference we have to do a pointer cast (?)
+        if lvalue or not base_expr:
+            return CUnaryOp(
+                "Dereference", CTypeCast(expr.type, SimTypePointer(data_type), expr, codegen=self), codegen=self
+            )
+        # otherwise, normal cast
+        return CTypeCast(base_type, data_type, base_expr, codegen=self)
+
+    def _access(
+        self,
+        expr: CExpression,
+        data_type: SimType,
+        lvalue: bool,
+        renegotiate_type: Callable[[SimType, SimType], SimType] = lambda old, proposed: old,
+    ) -> CExpression:
+        # same rule as _access_constant_offset wrt pointer expressions
+        data_type = unpack_typeref(data_type)
+        base_type = unpack_pointer_and_array(expr.type)
+        if base_type is None:
+            # use the fallback from above
+            return self._access_constant_offset(expr, 0, data_type, lvalue, renegotiate_type)
+
+        o_constant, o_terms = extract_terms(expr)
+
+        def bail_out():
+            if len(o_terms) == 0:
+                # probably a plain integer, return as is
+                return expr
+            result = None
+            pointer_length_int_type = (
+                SimTypeLongLong(signed=False) if self.project.arch.bits == 64 else SimTypeInt(signed=False)
+            )
+            for c, t in o_terms:
+                op = "Add"
+                if c == -1 and result is not None:
+                    op = "Sub"
+                    piece = (
+                        t
+                        if not isinstance(t.type, SimTypePointer)
+                        else CTypeCast(t.type, SimTypePointer(SimTypeChar()), t, codegen=self)
+                    )
+                elif c == 1:
+                    piece = (
+                        t
+                        if not isinstance(t.type, SimTypePointer)
+                        else CTypeCast(t.type, SimTypePointer(SimTypeChar()), t, codegen=self)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    piece = CBinaryOp(
+                        "Mul",
+                        CConstant(c, t.type, codegen=self),
+                        (
+                            t
+                            if not isinstance(t.type, SimTypePointer)
+                            else CTypeCast(t.type, pointer_length_int_type, t, codegen=self)
+                        ),
+                        codegen=self,
+                    )
+                result = piece if result is None else CBinaryOp(op, result, piece, codegen=self)
+            if o_constant != 0:
+                result = CBinaryOp("Add", CConstant(o_constant, SimTypeInt(), codegen=self), result, codegen=self)
+
+            return CUnaryOp(
+                "Dereference", CTypeCast(result.type, SimTypePointer(data_type), result, codegen=self), codegen=self
+            )
+
+        # pain.
+        # step 1 is split expr into a sum of terms, each of which is a product of a constant stride and an index
+        # also identify the "kernel", the root of the expression
+        constant, terms = o_constant, list(o_terms)
+        if constant < 0:
+            constant = -constant  # TODO: This may not be correct. investigate later
+
+        i = 0
+        kernel = None
+        while i < len(terms):
+            c, t = terms[i]
+            if isinstance(unpack_typeref(t.type), (SimTypePointer, SimTypeArray)):
+                if kernel is not None:
+                    l.warning("Summing two different pointers together. Uh oh!")
+                    return bail_out()
+                if c == -1:
+                    # legit case: you can deduct a pointer from another pointer and get an integer as result in C
+                    return bail_out()
+                if c != 1:
+                    l.warning("Multiplying a pointer by a constant??")
+                    return bail_out()
+                kernel = t
+                terms.pop(i)
+                continue
+            i += 1
+
+        if kernel is None:
+            l.warning("Dereferencing a plain integer. Uh oh!")
+            return bail_out()
+
+        terms.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+        # suffering.
+        while terms:
+            kernel_type = unpack_typeref(unpack_pointer_and_array(kernel.type))
+            assert kernel_type
+
+            if kernel_type.size is None:
+                return bail_out()
+            kernel_stride = kernel_type.size // self.project.arch.byte_width
+
+            # if the constant offset is larger than the current fucker, uh, do something about that first
+            if constant >= kernel_stride:
+                index, remainder = divmod(constant, kernel_stride)
+                kernel = CUnaryOp(
+                    "Reference",
+                    self._access_constant_offset(kernel, index * kernel_stride, kernel_type, True, renegotiate_type),
+                    codegen=self,
+                )
+                constant = remainder
+                continue
+
+            # next, uh, check if there's an appropriately sized stride term that we can apply
+            next_stride, next_term = terms[-1]
+            if next_stride % kernel_stride == 0:
+                index_multiplier = next_stride // kernel_stride
+                if index_multiplier != 1:
+                    index = CBinaryOp(
+                        "Mul", CConstant(index_multiplier, SimTypeInt(), codegen=self), next_term, codegen=self
+                    )
+                else:
+                    index = next_term
+                if (
+                    isinstance(kernel, CUnaryOp)
+                    and kernel.op == "Reference"
+                    and isinstance(kernel.operand, CIndexedVariable)
+                ):
+                    old_index = kernel.operand.index
+                    kernel = kernel.operand.variable
+                    if not isinstance(old_index, CConstant) or old_index.value != 0:
+                        index = CBinaryOp("Add", old_index, index, codegen=self)
+                kernel = CUnaryOp("Reference", CIndexedVariable(kernel, index, codegen=self), codegen=self)
+                terms.pop()
+                continue
+
+            if next_stride > kernel_stride:
+                l.warning("Oddly-sized array access stride. Uh oh!")
+                return bail_out()
+
+            # nothing has the ability to escape the kernel
+            # go in deeper
+            if isinstance(kernel_type, SimStruct):
+                field_name, field_offset = max(
+                    ((x, y) for x, y in kernel_type.offsets.items() if y <= constant), key=lambda x: x[1]
+                )
+                field_type = kernel_type.fields[field_name]
+                kernel = CUnaryOp(
+                    "Reference",
+                    self._access_constant_offset(kernel, field_offset, field_type, True, renegotiate_type),
+                    codegen=self,
+                )
+                constant -= field_offset
+                continue
+
+            if isinstance(kernel_type, (SimTypeArray, SimTypeFixedSizeArray)):
+                inner = self._access_constant_offset(kernel, 0, kernel_type.elem_type, True, renegotiate_type)
+                if isinstance(inner, CUnaryOp) and inner.op == "Dereference":
+                    # unpack
+                    kernel = inner.operand
+                else:
+                    kernel = CUnaryOp("Reference", inner, codegen=self)
+                if unpack_typeref(unpack_pointer_and_array(kernel.type)) == kernel_type:
+                    # we are not making progress
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    continue
+
+            l.warning("There's a variable offset with stride shorter than the primitive type. What does this mean?")
+            return bail_out()
+
+        return self._access_constant_offset(kernel, constant, data_type, lvalue, renegotiate_type)
+
+    #
+    # Handlers
+    #
+
+    def _handle(self, node, is_expr: bool = True, lvalue: bool = False, likely_signed=False):
+        if (node, is_expr) in self.ailexpr2cnode:
+            return self.ailexpr2cnode[(node, is_expr)]
+
+        handler: Callable | None = self._handlers.get(node.__class__, None)
+        if handler is not None:
+            # special case for Call
+            converted = (
+                handler(node, is_expr=is_expr)
+                if isinstance(node, Stmt.Call)
+                else handler(node, lvalue=lvalue, likely_signed=likely_signed)
+            )
+            self.ailexpr2cnode[(node, is_expr)] = converted
+            return converted
+        raise UnsupportedNodeTypeError(f"Node type {type(node)} is not supported yet.")
+
+    def _handle_Code(self, node, **kwargs):
+        return self._handle(node.node, is_expr=False)
+
+    def _handle_Sequence(self, seq, **kwargs):
+        lines = []
+
+        for node in seq.nodes:
+            lines.append(self._handle(node, is_expr=False))
+
+        return lines[0] if len(lines) == 1 else CStatements(lines, codegen=self, addr=seq.addr)
+
+    def _handle_Loop(self, loop_node, **kwargs):
+        tags = {"ins_addr": loop_node.addr}
+
+        if loop_node.sort == "while":
+            return CWhileLoop(
+                None if loop_node.condition is None else self._handle(loop_node.condition),
+                None if loop_node.sequence_node is None else self._handle(loop_node.sequence_node, is_expr=False),
+                tags=tags,
+                codegen=self,
+            )
+        if loop_node.sort == "do-while":
+            return CDoWhileLoop(
+                self._handle(loop_node.condition),
+                None if loop_node.sequence_node is None else self._handle(loop_node.sequence_node, is_expr=False),
+                tags=tags,
+                codegen=self,
+            )
+        if loop_node.sort == "for":
+            return CForLoop(
+                None if loop_node.initializer is None else self._handle(loop_node.initializer),
+                None if loop_node.condition is None else self._handle(loop_node.condition),
+                None if loop_node.iterator is None else self._handle(loop_node.iterator),
+                None if loop_node.sequence_node is None else self._handle(loop_node.sequence_node, is_expr=False),
+                tags=tags,
+                codegen=self,
+            )
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _handle_Condition(self, condition_node: ConditionNode, **kwargs):
+        tags = {"ins_addr": condition_node.addr}
+
+        condition_and_nodes = [
+            (
+                self._handle(condition_node.condition),
+                self._handle(condition_node.true_node, is_expr=False) if condition_node.true_node else None,
+            )
+        ]
+
+        else_node = self._handle(condition_node.false_node, is_expr=False) if condition_node.false_node else None
+
+        return CIfElse(
+            condition_and_nodes,
+            else_node=else_node,
+            simplify_else_scope=self.simplify_else_scope
+            and structured_node_is_simple_return(condition_node.true_node, self.ail_graph)
+            and else_node is not None,
+            cstyle_ifs=self.cstyle_ifs,
+            tags=tags,
+            codegen=self,
+        )
+
+    def _handle_CascadingCondition(self, cond_node: CascadingConditionNode, **kwargs):
+        tags = {"ins_addr": cond_node.addr}
+
+        condition_and_nodes = [
+            (self._handle(cond), self._handle(node, is_expr=False)) for cond, node in cond_node.condition_and_nodes
+        ]
+        else_node = self._handle(cond_node.else_node) if cond_node.else_node is not None else None
+
+        return CIfElse(
+            condition_and_nodes,
+            else_node=else_node,
+            tags=tags,
+            cstyle_ifs=self.cstyle_ifs,
+            codegen=self,
+        )
+
+    def _handle_ConditionalBreak(self, node, **kwargs):
+        tags = {"ins_addr": node.addr}
+
+        return CIfBreak(self._handle(node.condition), cstyle_ifs=self.cstyle_ifs, tags=tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Break(self, node, **kwargs):
+        tags = {"ins_addr": node.addr}
+
+        return CBreak(tags=tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_MultiNode(self, node, **kwargs):
+        lines = []
+
+        for n in node.nodes:
+            r = self._handle(n, is_expr=False)
+            lines.append(r)
+
+        return lines[0] if len(lines) == 1 else CStatements(lines, codegen=self, addr=node.addr)
+
+    def _handle_SwitchCase(self, node, **kwargs):
+        """
+
+        :param SwitchCaseNode node:
+        :return:
+        """
+
+        switch_expr = self._handle(node.switch_expr)
+        cases = [(idx, self._handle(case, is_expr=False)) for idx, case in node.cases.items()]
+        default = self._handle(node.default_node, is_expr=False) if node.default_node is not None else None
+        tags = {"ins_addr": node.addr}
+        return CSwitchCase(switch_expr, cases, default=default, tags=tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_IncompleteSwitchCase(self, node: IncompleteSwitchCaseNode, **kwargs):
+        head = self._handle(node.head, is_expr=False)
+        cases = [(case.addr, self._handle(case, is_expr=False)) for case in node.cases]
+        tags = {"ins_addr": node.addr}
+        return CIncompleteSwitchCase(head, cases, tags=tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Continue(self, node, **kwargs):
+        tags = {"ins_addr": node.addr}
+
+        return CContinue(tags=tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_AILBlock(self, node, **kwargs):
+        """
+
+        :param Block node:
+        :return:
+        """
+
+        # return CStatements([ CAILBlock(node) ])
+        cstmts = []
+        for stmt in node.statements:
+            try:
+                cstmt = self._handle(stmt, is_expr=False)
+            except UnsupportedNodeTypeError:
+                l.warning("Unsupported AIL statement or expression %s.", type(stmt), exc_info=True)
+                cstmt = CUnsupportedStatement(stmt, codegen=self)
+            cstmts.append(cstmt)
+
+        return CStatements(cstmts, codegen=self, addr=node.addr)
+
+    #
+    # AIL statement handlers
+    #
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_Store(self, stmt: Stmt.Store, **kwargs):
+        cdata = self._handle(stmt.data)
+
+        if cdata.type.size != stmt.size * self.project.arch.byte_width:
+            l.error("Store data lifted to a C type with a different size. Decompilation output will be wrong.")
+
+        def negotiate(old_ty, proposed_ty):
+            # transfer casts from the dst to the src if possible
+            # if we see something like *(size_t*)&v4 = x; where v4 is a pointer, change to v4 = (void*)x;
+            nonlocal cdata
+            if old_ty != proposed_ty and qualifies_for_simple_cast(old_ty, proposed_ty):
+                cdata = CTypeCast(cdata.type, proposed_ty, cdata, codegen=self)
+                return proposed_ty
+            return old_ty
+
+        if stmt.variable is not None:
+            if "struct_member_info" in stmt.tags:
+                offset, var, _ = stmt.struct_member_info
+                cvar = self._variable(var, stmt.size)
+            else:
+                cvar = self._variable(stmt.variable, stmt.size)
+                offset = stmt.offset or 0
+            assert type(offset) is int  # I refuse to deal with the alternative
+
+            cdst = self._access_constant_offset(self._get_variable_reference(cvar), offset, cdata.type, True, negotiate)
+        else:
+            addr_expr = self._handle(stmt.addr)
+            cdst = self._access(addr_expr, cdata.type, True, negotiate)
+
+        return CAssignment(cdst, cdata, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_Assignment(self, stmt, **kwargs):
+        csrc = self._handle(stmt.src, lvalue=False)
+        cdst = None
+
+        src_type = csrc.type
+        dst_type = src_type
+        if hasattr(stmt, "type"):
+            src_type = stmt.type.get("src", None)
+            dst_type = stmt.type.get("dst", None)
+
+        if isinstance(stmt.dst, Expr.VirtualVariable) and stmt.dst.was_stack:
+
+            def negotiate(old_ty, proposed_ty):
+                # transfer casts from the dst to the src if possible
+                # if we see something like *(size_t*)&v4 = x; where v4 is a pointer, change to v4 = (void*)x;
+                nonlocal csrc
+                if not type_equals(old_ty, proposed_ty) and qualifies_for_simple_cast(old_ty, proposed_ty):
+                    csrc = CTypeCast(csrc.type, proposed_ty, csrc, codegen=self)
+                    return proposed_ty
+                return old_ty
+
+            if stmt.dst.variable is not None:
+                if "struct_member_info" in stmt.dst.tags:
+                    offset, var, _ = stmt.dst.struct_member_info
+                    cvar = self._variable(var, stmt.dst.size, vvar_id=stmt.dst.varid)
+                else:
+                    cvar = self._variable(stmt.dst.variable, stmt.dst.size, vvar_id=stmt.dst.varid)
+                    offset = stmt.dst.variable_offset or 0
+                assert type(offset) is int  # I refuse to deal with the alternative
+
+                cdst = self._access_constant_offset(
+                    self._get_variable_reference(cvar), offset, dst_type, True, negotiate
+                )
+
+        if cdst is None:
+            cdst = self._handle(stmt.dst, lvalue=True)
+
+        return CAssignment(cdst, csrc, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_WeakAssignment(self, stmt, **kwargs):
+        csrc = self._handle(stmt.src, lvalue=False)
+        cdst = None
+
+        src_type = csrc.type
+        dst_type = src_type
+        if hasattr(stmt, "type"):
+            src_type = stmt.type.get("src", None)
+            dst_type = stmt.type.get("dst", None)
+
+        if isinstance(stmt.dst, Expr.VirtualVariable) and stmt.dst.was_stack:
+
+            def negotiate(old_ty, proposed_ty):
+                # transfer casts from the dst to the src if possible
+                # if we see something like *(size_t*)&v4 = x; where v4 is a pointer, change to v4 = (void*)x;
+                nonlocal csrc
+                if not type_equals(old_ty, proposed_ty) and qualifies_for_simple_cast(old_ty, proposed_ty):
+                    csrc = CTypeCast(csrc.type, proposed_ty, csrc, codegen=self)
+                    return proposed_ty
+                return old_ty
+
+            if stmt.dst.variable is not None:
+                if "struct_member_info" in stmt.dst.tags:
+                    offset, var, _ = stmt.dst.struct_member_info
+                    cvar = self._variable(var, stmt.dst.size, vvar_id=stmt.dst.varid)
+                else:
+                    cvar = self._variable(stmt.dst.variable, stmt.dst.size, vvar_id=stmt.dst.varid)
+                    offset = stmt.dst.variable_offset or 0
+                assert type(offset) is int  # I refuse to deal with the alternative
+
+                cdst = self._access_constant_offset(
+                    self._get_variable_reference(cvar), offset, dst_type, True, negotiate
+                )
+
+        if cdst is None:
+            cdst = self._handle(stmt.dst, lvalue=True)
+
+        return CAssignment(cdst, csrc, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_Call(self, stmt: Stmt.Call, is_expr: bool = False, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            # Try to handle it as a normal function call
+            target = self._handle(stmt.target) if not isinstance(stmt.target, str) else stmt.target
+        except UnsupportedNodeTypeError:
+            target = stmt.target
+
+        target_func = self.kb.functions.function(addr=target.value) if isinstance(target, CConstant) else None
+
+        args = []
+        if stmt.args is not None:
+            for i, arg in enumerate(stmt.args):
+                type_ = None
+                if (
+                    target_func is not None
+                    and target_func.prototype is not None
+                    and i < len(target_func.prototype.args)
+                ):
+                    type_ = target_func.prototype.args[i].with_arch(self.project.arch)
+
+                if isinstance(arg, Expr.Const):
+                    if type_ is None or is_machine_word_size_type(type_, self.project.arch):
+                        type_ = guess_value_type(arg.value, self.project) or type_
+
+                    new_arg = self._handle_Expr_Const(arg, type_=type_)
+                else:
+                    new_arg = self._handle(arg)
+                args.append(new_arg)
+
+        ret_expr = None
+        if not is_expr and stmt.ret_expr is not None:
+            ret_expr = self._handle(stmt.ret_expr)
+
+        result = CFunctionCall(
+            target,
+            target_func,
+            args,
+            returning=target_func.returning if target_func is not None else True,
+            ret_expr=ret_expr,
+            tags=stmt.tags,
+            is_expr=is_expr,
+            show_demangled_name=self.show_demangled_name,
+            show_disambiguated_name=self.show_disambiguated_name,
+            codegen=self,
+        )
+
+        if result.is_expr and result.type.size != stmt.size * self.project.arch.byte_width:
+            result = CTypeCast(
+                result.type,
+                self.default_simtype_from_bits(
+                    stmt.size * self.project.arch.byte_width, signed=getattr(result.type, "signed", False)
+                ),
+                result,
+                codegen=self,
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_Jump(self, stmt: Stmt.Jump, **kwargs):
+        return CGoto(self._handle(stmt.target), stmt.target_idx, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_ConditionalJump(self, stmt: Stmt.ConditionalJump, **kwargs):
+        else_node = (
+            None
+            if stmt.false_target is None
+            else CGoto(self._handle(stmt.false_target), None, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+        )
+        return CIfElse(
+            [(self._handle(stmt.condition), CGoto(self._handle(stmt.true_target), None, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self))],
+            else_node=else_node,
+            cstyle_ifs=self.cstyle_ifs,
+            tags=stmt.tags,
+            codegen=self,
+        )
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_Return(self, stmt: Stmt.Return, **kwargs):
+        if not stmt.ret_exprs:
+            return CReturn(None, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+        if len(stmt.ret_exprs) == 1:
+            ret_expr = stmt.ret_exprs[0]
+            return CReturn(self._handle(ret_expr), tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+        # TODO: Multiple return expressions
+        l.warning("StructuredCodeGen does not support multiple return expressions yet. Only picking the first one.")
+        ret_expr = stmt.ret_exprs[0]
+        return CReturn(self._handle(ret_expr), tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_Label(self, stmt: Stmt.Label, **kwargs):
+        clabel = CLabel(stmt.name, stmt.ins_addr, stmt.block_idx, tags=stmt.tags, codegen=self)
+        self.map_addr_to_label[(stmt.ins_addr, stmt.block_idx)] = clabel
+        return clabel
+
+    def _handle_Stmt_Dirty(self, stmt: Stmt.DirtyStatement, **kwargs):
+        dirty = self._handle(stmt.dirty)
+        return CDirtyStatement(dirty, codegen=self)
+
+    #
+    # AIL expression handlers
+    #
+
+    def _handle_Expr_Register(self, expr: Expr.Register, lvalue: bool = False, **kwargs):
+        def negotiate(old_ty: SimType, proposed_ty: SimType) -> SimType:
+            # we do not allow returning a struct for a primitive type
+            if old_ty.size == proposed_ty.size and (
+                not isinstance(proposed_ty, SimStruct) or isinstance(old_ty, SimStruct)
+            ):
+                return proposed_ty
+            return old_ty
+
+        if expr.variable:
+            cvar = self._variable(expr.variable, None)
+            if expr.variable.size == expr.size:
+                return cvar
+            offset = 0 if expr.variable_offset is None else expr.variable_offset
+            # FIXME: The type should be associated to the register expression itself
+            type_ = self.default_simtype_from_bits(expr.bits, signed=False)
+            return self._access_constant_offset(self._get_variable_reference(cvar), offset, type_, lvalue, negotiate)
+        return CRegister(expr, tags=expr.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_Load(self, expr: Expr.Load, **kwargs):
+        if expr.size == UNDETERMINED_SIZE:
+            # the size is undetermined; we force it to 1
+            expr_size = 1
+            expr_bits = 8
+        else:
+            expr_size = expr.size
+            expr_bits = expr.bits
+
+        if expr.size > 100 and isinstance(expr.addr, Expr.Const):
+            return self._handle_Expr_Const(expr.addr, type_=SimTypePointer(SimTypeChar()).with_arch(self.project.arch))
+
+        ty = self.default_simtype_from_bits(expr_bits)
+
+        def negotiate(old_ty: SimType, proposed_ty: SimType) -> SimType:
+            # we do not allow returning a struct for a primitive type
+            if (
+                old_ty.size == proposed_ty.size
+                and not isinstance(proposed_ty, SimStruct)
+                and not isinstance(old_ty, SimStruct)
+            ):
+                return proposed_ty
+            return old_ty
+
+        if expr.variable is not None:
+            if "struct_member_info" in expr.tags:
+                offset, var, _ = expr.struct_member_info
+                cvar = self._variable(var, var.size)
+            else:
+                cvar = self._variable(expr.variable, expr_size)
+                offset = expr.variable_offset or 0
+
+            assert type(offset) is int  # I refuse to deal with the alternative
+            return self._access_constant_offset(CUnaryOp("Reference", cvar, codegen=self), offset, ty, False, negotiate)
+
+        addr_expr = self._handle(expr.addr)
+        return self._access(addr_expr, ty, False, negotiate)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_Tmp(self, expr: Tmp, **kwargs):
+        l.warning("FIXME: Leftover Tmp expressions are found.")
+        return self._variable(SimTemporaryVariable(expr.tmp_idx, expr.bits), expr.size)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_Const(
+        self,
+        expr: Expr.Const,
+        type_=None,
+        reference_values: dict[SimType | str, str | bytes | int | float | Function | CExpression] | None = None,
+        variable=None,
+        likely_signed=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        inline_string = False
+        function_pointer = False
+
+        if type_ is None and hasattr(expr, "type"):
+            type_ = expr.type
+
+        if type_ is None and reference_values is None and hasattr(expr, "reference_values"):
+            reference_values = expr.reference_values.copy()
+            if len(reference_values) == 1:  # type: ignore
+                type_ = next(iter(reference_values))  # type: ignore
+
+        if reference_values is None:
+            reference_values = {}
+            type_ = unpack_typeref(type_)
+            if expr.value in self.kb.obfuscations.type1_deobfuscated_strings:
+                reference_values[SimTypePointer(SimTypeChar())] = self.kb.obfuscations.type1_deobfuscated_strings[
+                    expr.value
+                ]
+                inline_string = True
+            elif expr.value in self.kb.obfuscations.type2_deobfuscated_strings:
+                reference_values[SimTypePointer(SimTypeChar())] = self.kb.obfuscations.type2_deobfuscated_strings[
+                    expr.value
+                ]
+                inline_string = True
+            elif isinstance(type_, SimTypePointer) and isinstance(type_.pts_to, (SimTypeChar, SimTypeBottom)):
+                # char* or void*
+                # Try to get a string
+                if (
+                    self._cfg is not None
+                    and expr.value in self._cfg.memory_data
+                    and self._cfg.memory_data[expr.value].sort == MemoryDataSort.String
+                ):
+                    reference_values[type_] = self._cfg.memory_data[expr.value]
+                    inline_string = True
+            elif isinstance(type_, SimTypeInt):
+                # int
+                reference_values[type_] = expr.value
+
+            # we don't know the type of this argument, or the type is not what we are expecting
+            # edge cases: (void*)"this is a constant string pointer". in this case, the type_ will be a void*
+            # (BOT*) instead of a char*.
+
+            if not reference_values and isinstance(expr.value, int):
+                if expr.value in self.project.kb.functions:
+                    # It's a function pointer
+                    # We don't care about the actual prototype here
+                    type_ = SimTypePointer(SimTypeBottom(label="void")).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+                    reference_values[type_] = self.project.kb.functions[expr.value]
+                    function_pointer = True
+
+                # pure guessing: is it possible that it's a string?
+                elif (
+                    self._cfg is not None
+                    and expr.bits == self.project.arch.bits
+                    and expr.value > 0x10000
+                    and expr.value in self._cfg.memory_data
+                ):
+                    md = self._cfg.memory_data[expr.value]
+                    if md.sort == MemoryDataSort.String:
+                        type_ = SimTypePointer(SimTypeChar().with_arch(self.project.arch)).with_arch(self.project.arch)
+                        reference_values[type_] = self._cfg.memory_data[expr.value]
+                        # is it a constant string?
+                        if is_in_readonly_segment(self.project, expr.value) or is_in_readonly_section(
+                            self.project, expr.value
+                        ):
+                            inline_string = True
+                    elif md.sort == MemoryDataSort.UnicodeString:
+                        type_ = SimTypePointer(SimTypeWideChar().with_arch(self.project.arch)).with_arch(
+                            self.project.arch
+                        )
+                        reference_values[type_] = self._cfg.memory_data[expr.value]
+                        # is it a constant string?
+                        if is_in_readonly_segment(self.project, expr.value) or is_in_readonly_section(
+                            self.project, expr.value
+                        ):
+                            inline_string = True
+
+        if type_ is None:
+            # default to int or unsigned int, determined by likely_signed
+            type_ = self.default_simtype_from_bits(expr.bits, signed=likely_signed)
+
+        if variable is None and hasattr(expr, "reference_variable") and expr.reference_variable is not None:
+            variable = expr.reference_variable
+            if inline_string:
+                self._inlined_strings.add(expr.reference_variable)
+            elif function_pointer:
+                self._function_pointers.add(expr.reference_variable)
+
+        var_access = None
+        if variable is not None and not reference_values:
+            cvar = self._variable(variable, None)
+            offset = getattr(expr, "reference_variable_offset", 0)
+            var_access = self._access_constant_offset_reference(self._get_variable_reference(cvar), offset, None)
+
+        if var_access is not None and expr.value >= self.min_data_addr:
+            return var_access
+
+        reference_values["offset"] = var_access
+        return CConstant(expr.value, type_, reference_values=reference_values, tags=expr.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_UnaryOp(self, expr, **kwargs):
+        return CUnaryOp(
+            expr.op,
+            self._handle(expr.operand),
+            tags=expr.tags,
+            codegen=self,
+        )
+
+    def _handle_Expr_BinaryOp(self, expr: BinaryOp, **kwargs):
+        if expr.variable is not None:
+            cvar = self._variable(expr.variable, None)
+            return self._access_constant_offset_reference(
+                self._get_variable_reference(cvar), expr.variable_offset or 0, None
+            )
+
+        lhs = self._handle(expr.operands[0])
+        rhs = self._handle(expr.operands[1], likely_signed=expr.op not in {"And", "Or"})
+
+        return CBinaryOp(
+            expr.op,
+            lhs,
+            rhs,
+            tags=expr.tags,
+            codegen=self,
+            collapsed=expr.depth > self.binop_depth_cutoff,
+        )
+
+    def _handle_Expr_Convert(self, expr: Expr.Convert, **kwargs):
+        # width of converted type is easy
+        dst_type: SimTypeInt | SimTypeChar
+        if 512 >= expr.to_bits > 256:
+            dst_type = SimTypeInt512()
+        elif 256 >= expr.to_bits > 128:
+            dst_type = SimTypeInt256()
+        elif 128 >= expr.to_bits > 64:
+            dst_type = SimTypeInt128()
+        elif 64 >= expr.to_bits > 32:
+            dst_type = SimTypeLongLong()
+        elif 32 >= expr.to_bits > 16:
+            dst_type = SimTypeInt()
+        elif 16 >= expr.to_bits > 8:
+            dst_type = SimTypeShort()
+        elif 8 >= expr.to_bits > 1:
+            dst_type = SimTypeChar()
+        elif expr.to_bits == 1:
+            dst_type = SimTypeChar()  # FIXME: Add a SimTypeBit?
+        else:
+            raise UnsupportedNodeTypeError(f"Unsupported conversion bits {expr.to_bits}.")
+
+        # convert child
+        child = self._handle(expr.operand)
+        orig_child_signed = getattr(child.type, "signed", False)
+
+        # signedness of converted type is hard
+        if expr.to_bits < expr.from_bits:
+            # very sketchy. basically a guess
+            # can we even generate signed downcasts?
+            dst_type.signed = orig_child_signed | expr.is_signed
+        else:
+            dst_type.signed = expr.is_signed
+
+        # do we need an intermediate cast?
+        if orig_child_signed != expr.is_signed and expr.to_bits > expr.from_bits:
+            # this is a problem. sign-extension only happens when the SOURCE of the cast is signed
+            child_ty = self.default_simtype_from_bits(child.type.size, expr.is_signed)
+            child = CTypeCast(None, child_ty, child, codegen=self)
+
+        return CTypeCast(None, dst_type.with_arch(self.project.arch), child, tags=expr.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_VEXCCallExpression(self, expr: Expr.VEXCCallExpression, **kwargs):
+        operands = [self._handle(arg) for arg in expr.operands]
+        return CVEXCCallExpression(expr.callee, operands, tags=expr.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_Dirty(self, expr: Expr.DirtyExpression, **kwargs):
+        return CDirtyExpression(expr, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_ITE(self, expr: Expr.ITE, **kwargs):
+        return CITE(
+            self._handle(expr.cond), self._handle(expr.iftrue), self._handle(expr.iffalse), tags=expr.tags, codegen=self
+        )
+
+    def _handle_Reinterpret(self, expr: Expr.Reinterpret, **kwargs):
+        def _to_type(bits, typestr):
+            if typestr == "I":
+                if bits == 32:
+                    r = SimTypeInt()
+                elif bits == 64:
+                    r = SimTypeLongLong()
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(f"Unsupported integer type with bits {bits} in Reinterpret")
+            elif typestr == "F":
+                if bits == 32:
+                    r = SimTypeFloat()
+                elif bits == 64:
+                    r = SimTypeDouble()
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(f"Unsupported floating-point type with bits {bits} in Reinterpret")
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(f"Unexpected reinterpret type {typestr}")
+            return r.with_arch(self.project.arch)
+
+        src_type = _to_type(expr.from_bits, expr.from_type)
+        dst_type = _to_type(expr.to_bits, expr.to_type)
+        return CTypeCast(src_type, dst_type, self._handle(expr.operand), tags=expr.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_MultiStatementExpression(self, expr: Expr.MultiStatementExpression, **kwargs):
+        cstmts = CStatements([self._handle(stmt, is_expr=False) for stmt in expr.stmts], codegen=self)
+        cexpr = self._handle(expr.expr)
+        return CMultiStatementExpression(cstmts, cexpr, tags=expr.tags, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_VirtualVariable(self, expr: Expr.VirtualVariable, **kwargs):
+        def negotiate(old_ty: SimType, proposed_ty: SimType) -> SimType:
+            # we do not allow returning a struct for a primitive type
+            if old_ty.size == proposed_ty.size and (
+                not isinstance(proposed_ty, SimStruct) or isinstance(old_ty, SimStruct)
+            ):
+                return proposed_ty
+            return old_ty
+
+        if expr.variable is not None:
+            if "struct_member_info" in expr.tags:
+                offset, var, _ = expr.struct_member_info
+                cbasevar = self._variable(var, expr.size, vvar_id=expr.varid)
+                cvar = self._access_constant_offset(
+                    self._get_variable_reference(cbasevar), offset, cbasevar.type, False, negotiate
+                )
+            else:
+                cvar = self._variable(expr.variable, None, vvar_id=expr.varid)
+
+            if expr.variable.size != expr.size:
+                l.warning(
+                    "VirtualVariable size (%d) and variable size (%d) do not match. Force a type cast.",
+                    expr.size,
+                    expr.variable.size,
+                )
+                src_type = cvar.type
+                dst_type = {
+                    64: SimTypeLongLong(signed=False),
+                    32: SimTypeInt(signed=False),
+                    16: SimTypeShort(signed=False),
+                    8: SimTypeChar(signed=False),
+                }.get(expr.bits, None)
+                if dst_type is not None:
+                    dst_type = dst_type.with_arch(self.project.arch)
+                    return CTypeCast(src_type, dst_type, cvar, tags=expr.tags, codegen=self)
+            return cvar
+        return CDirtyExpression(expr, codegen=self)
+
+    def _handle_Expr_StackBaseOffset(self, expr: StackBaseOffset, **kwargs):
+        if expr.variable is not None:
+            var_thing = self._variable(expr.variable, expr.size)
+            var_thing.tags = dict(expr.tags)
+            if "def_at" in var_thing.tags and "ins_addr" not in var_thing.tags:
+                var_thing.tags["ins_addr"] = var_thing.tags["def_at"].ins_addr
+            return self._get_variable_reference(var_thing)
+
+        # FIXME
+        stack_base = CFakeVariable("stack_base", SimTypePointer(SimTypeBottom()), codegen=self)
+        return CBinaryOp("Add", stack_base, CConstant(expr.offset, SimTypeInt(), codegen=self), codegen=self)
+
+
+class CStructuredCodeWalker:
+    def handle(self, obj):
+        handler = getattr(self, "handle_" + type(obj).__name__, self.handle_default)
+        return handler(obj)
+
+    def handle_default(self, obj):
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CFunction(self, obj):
+        obj.statements = self.handle(obj.statements)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CStatements(self, obj):
+        obj.statements = [self.handle(stmt) for stmt in obj.statements]
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CWhileLoop(self, obj):
+        obj.condition = self.handle(obj.condition)
+        obj.body = self.handle(obj.body)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CDoWhileLoop(self, obj):
+        obj.condition = self.handle(obj.condition)
+        obj.body = self.handle(obj.body)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CForLoop(self, obj):
+        obj.initializer = self.handle(obj.initializer)
+        obj.condition = self.handle(obj.condition)
+        obj.iterator = self.handle(obj.iterator)
+        obj.body = self.handle(obj.body)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CIfElse(self, obj):
+        obj.condition_and_nodes = [
+            (self.handle(condition), self.handle(node)) for condition, node in obj.condition_and_nodes
+        ]
+        obj.else_node = self.handle(obj.else_node)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CIfBreak(self, obj):
+        obj.condition = self.handle(obj.condition)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CSwitchCase(self, obj):
+        obj.switch = self.handle(obj.switch)
+        obj.cases = [(case, self.handle(body)) for case, body in obj.cases]
+        obj.default = self.handle(obj.default)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CAssignment(self, obj):
+        obj.lhs = self.handle(obj.lhs)
+        obj.rhs = self.handle(obj.rhs)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CFunctionCall(self, obj):
+        obj.callee_target = self.handle(obj.callee_target)
+        obj.args = [self.handle(arg) for arg in obj.args]
+        obj.ret_expr = self.handle(obj.ret_expr)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CReturn(self, obj):
+        obj.retval = self.handle(obj.retval)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CGoto(self, obj):
+        obj.target = self.handle(obj.target)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CIndexedVariable(self, obj):
+        obj.variable = self.handle(obj.variable)
+        obj.index = self.handle(obj.index)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CVariableField(self, obj):
+        obj.variable = self.handle(obj.variable)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CUnaryOp(self, obj):
+        obj.operand = self.handle(obj.operand)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CBinaryOp(self, obj):
+        obj.lhs = self.handle(obj.lhs)
+        obj.rhs = self.handle(obj.rhs)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CTypeCast(self, obj):
+        obj.expr = self.handle(obj.expr)
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CITE(self, obj):
+        obj.cond = self.handle(obj.cond)
+        obj.iftrue = self.handle(obj.iftrue)
+        obj.iffalse = self.handle(obj.iffalse)
+        return obj
+
+
+class MakeTypecastsImplicit(CStructuredCodeWalker):
+    @classmethod
+    def collapse(cls, dst_ty: SimType, child: CExpression) -> CExpression:
+        result = child
+        if isinstance(child, CTypeCast):
+            intermediate_ty = child.dst_type
+            start_ty = child.src_type
+
+            # step 1: collapse pointer-integer casts of the same size
+            if qualifies_for_simple_cast(intermediate_ty, dst_ty) and qualifies_for_simple_cast(start_ty, dst_ty):
+                result = child.expr
+            # step 2: collapse integer conversions which are redundant
+            if (
+                isinstance(dst_ty, (SimTypeChar, SimTypeInt, SimTypeNum))
+                and isinstance(intermediate_ty, (SimTypeChar, SimTypeInt, SimTypeNum))
+                and isinstance(start_ty, (SimTypeChar, SimTypeInt, SimTypeNum))
+            ):
+                assert dst_ty.size and start_ty.size and intermediate_ty.size
+                if dst_ty.size <= start_ty.size and dst_ty.size <= intermediate_ty.size:
+                    # this is a down- or neutral-cast with an intermediate step that doesn't matter
+                    result = child.expr
+                elif dst_ty.size >= intermediate_ty.size >= start_ty.size and intermediate_ty.signed == start_ty.signed:
+                    # this is an up- or neutral-cast which is monotonically ascending
+                    # we can leave out the dst_ty.signed check
+                    result = child.expr
+                # more cases go here...
+
+        if result is not child:
+            # TODO this is not the best since it prohibits things like the BinaryOp optimizer from working incrementally
+            return cls.collapse(dst_ty, result)
+        return result
+
+    def handle_CAssignment(self, obj):
+        obj.rhs = self.collapse(obj.lhs.type, obj.rhs)
+        return super().handle_CAssignment(obj)
+
+    def handle_CFunctionCall(self, obj: CFunctionCall):
+        prototype_args = [] if obj.prototype is None else obj.prototype.args
+        for i, (c_arg, arg_ty) in enumerate(zip(obj.args, prototype_args)):
+            obj.args[i] = self.collapse(arg_ty, c_arg)
+        return super().handle_CFunctionCall(obj)
+
+    def handle_CReturn(self, obj: CReturn):
+        obj.retval = self.collapse(obj.codegen._func.prototype.returnty, obj.retval)
+        return super().handle_CReturn(obj)
+
+    def handle_CBinaryOp(self, obj: CBinaryOp):
+        obj = super().handle_CBinaryOp(obj)
+        while True:
+            new_lhs = self.collapse(obj.common_type, obj.lhs)
+            if (
+                new_lhs is not obj.lhs
+                and CBinaryOp.compute_common_type(obj.op, new_lhs.type, obj.rhs.type) == obj.common_type
+            ):
+                obj.lhs = new_lhs
+            else:
+                new_rhs = self.collapse(obj.common_type, obj.rhs)
+                if (
+                    new_rhs is not obj.rhs
+                    and CBinaryOp.compute_common_type(obj.op, obj.lhs.type, new_rhs.type) == obj.common_type
+                ):
+                    obj.rhs = new_rhs
+                else:
+                    break
+        return obj
+
+    def handle_CTypeCast(self, obj: CTypeCast):
+        # note that the expression that this method returns may no longer be a CTypeCast
+        obj = super().handle_CTypeCast(obj)
+        inner = self.collapse(obj.dst_type, obj.expr)
+        if inner is not obj.expr:
+            obj.src_type = inner.type
+            obj.expr = inner
+        if obj.src_type == obj.dst_type or qualifies_for_implicit_cast(obj.src_type, obj.dst_type):
+            return obj.expr
+        return obj
+
+
+class FieldReferenceCleanup(CStructuredCodeWalker):
+    def handle_CTypeCast(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj.dst_type, SimTypePointer) and not isinstance(obj.dst_type.pts_to, SimTypeBottom):
+            obj = obj.codegen._access_reference(obj.expr, obj.dst_type.pts_to)
+            if not isinstance(obj, CTypeCast):
+                return self.handle(obj)
+        return super().handle_CTypeCast(obj)
+
+
+class PointerArithmeticFixer(CStructuredCodeWalker):
+    """
+    Before calling this fixer class, pointer arithmetics are purely integer-based and ignoring the pointer type.
+
+    For example, in the following case:
+
+    struct A* a_ptr;  // assume struct A is 24 bytes in size
+    a_ptr = a_ptr + 24;
+
+    It means adding 24 to the address of a_ptr, without considering the size of struct A. This fixer class will make
+    pointer arithmetics aware of the pointer type. In this case, the fixer class will convert the code to
+    a_ptr = a_ptr + 1.
+    """
+
+    def handle_CBinaryOp(self, obj: CBinaryOp):  # type: ignore
+        obj: CBinaryOp = super().handle_CBinaryOp(obj)
+        if (
+            obj.op in ("Add", "Sub")
+            and isinstance(obj.type, SimTypePointer)
+            and not isinstance(obj.type.pts_to, SimTypeBottom)
+        ):
+            out = obj.codegen._access_reference(obj, obj.type.pts_to)
+            if (
+                isinstance(out, CUnaryOp)
+                and out.op == "Reference"
+                and isinstance(out.operand, CIndexedVariable)
+                and isinstance(out.operand.index, CConstant)
+            ):
+                # rewrite &a[1] to a + 1
+                const = out.operand.index
+                if isinstance(const.value, int) and const.value < 0:
+                    op = "Sub"
+                    const = CConstant(
+                        -const.value,
+                        const.type,
+                        reference_values=const.reference_values,
+                        tags=const.tags,
+                        codegen=const.codegen,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    op = "Add"
+                return CBinaryOp(op, out.operand.variable, const, tags=out.operand.tags, codegen=out.codegen)
+            return out
+        return obj
+
+
+StructuredCodeGenerator = CStructuredCodeGenerator
+register_analysis(StructuredCodeGenerator, "StructuredCodeGenerator")