algorand-python-testing 0.0.0b1__py3-none-any.whl

algopy_testing/arc4.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1533 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import decimal
+import types
+import typing
+from collections import ChainMap
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Reversible
+
+import algosdk
+from Cryptodome.Hash import SHA512
+
+from algopy_testing.constants import (
+    ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX,
+    BITS_IN_BYTE,
+    MAX_UINT64,
+    UINT64_SIZE,
+    UINT512_SIZE,
+)
+from algopy_testing.decorators.abimethod import abimethod
+from algopy_testing.decorators.baremethod import baremethod
+from algopy_testing.models import Account
+from algopy_testing.protocols import BytesBacked
+from algopy_testing.utils import (
+    abi_type_name_for_arg,
+    as_bytes,
+    as_int,
+    as_int16,
+    as_int64,
+    as_int512,
+    as_string,
+    int_to_bytes,
+)
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import algopy
+
+_ABI_LENGTH_SIZE = 2
+_TBitSize = typing.TypeVar("_TBitSize", bound=int)
+
+
+class _ABIEncoded(BytesBacked, typing.Protocol):
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        ...
+
+
+def arc4_signature(signature: str, /) -> algopy.Bytes:
+    """Convert a signature to ARC4 bytes"""
+    import algopy
+
+    hashed_signature = SHA512.new(truncate="256")
+    hashed_signature.update(signature.encode("utf-8"))
+    return_value = hashed_signature.digest()[:4]
+    return algopy.Bytes(return_value)
+
+
+class String(_ABIEncoded):
+    """An ARC4 sequence of bytes containing a UTF8 string"""
+
+    _value: bytes
+
+    def __init__(self, value: algopy.String | str = "", /) -> None:
+        import algopy
+
+        match value:
+            case algopy.String():
+                bytes_value = as_bytes(value.bytes)
+            case str(value):
+                bytes_value = value.encode("utf-8")
+            case _:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"value must be a string or String type, not {type(value).__name__!r}"
+                )
+
+        self._value = len(bytes_value).to_bytes(_ABI_LENGTH_SIZE) + bytes_value
+
+    @property
+    def native(self) -> algopy.String:
+        """Return the String representation of the UTF8 string after ARC4 decoding"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.String.from_bytes(self._value[_ABI_LENGTH_SIZE:])
+
+    def __add__(self, other: String | str) -> String:
+        return String(self.native + as_string(other))
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: String | str) -> String:
+        return String(as_string(other) + self.native)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: String | str) -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return self.native == as_string(other)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns `True` if length is not zero"""
+        return bool(self.native)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Construct an instance from the underlying bytes (no validation)"""
+        result = cls()
+        result._value = as_bytes(value)
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying Bytes"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.Bytes(self._value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+
+# https://stackoverflow.com/a/75395800
+class _UIntNMeta(type(_ABIEncoded), typing.Generic[_TBitSize]):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    __concrete__: typing.ClassVar[dict[type, type]] = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(cls, key_t: type[_TBitSize]) -> type:
+        cache = cls.__concrete__
+        if c := cache.get(key_t, None):
+            return c
+        cache[key_t] = c = types.new_class(
+            f"{cls.__name__}[{key_t.__name__}]", (cls,), {}, lambda ns: ns.update(_t=key_t)
+        )
+        return c
+
+
+class _UIntN(_ABIEncoded, typing.Generic[_TBitSize], metaclass=_UIntNMeta):
+    _t: type[_TBitSize]
+    _bit_size: int
+    _max_bits_len: int
+    _max_bytes_len: int
+    _max_int: int
+    _value: bytes  # underlying 'bytes' value representing the UIntN
+
+    def __init__(self, value: algopy.BigUInt | algopy.UInt64 | int = 0, /) -> None:
+        self._bit_size = as_int(typing.get_args(self._t)[0], max=self._max_bits_len)
+        self._max_int = 2**self._bit_size - 1
+        self._max_bytes_len = self._bit_size // BITS_IN_BYTE
+
+        value = as_int(value, max=self._max_int)
+        bytes_value = int_to_bytes(value, self._max_bytes_len)
+        self._value = as_bytes(bytes_value, max_size=self._max_bytes_len)
+
+    # ~~~ https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#basic-customization ~~~
+    # TODO: mypy suggests due to Liskov below should be other: object
+    #       need to consider ramifications here, ignoring it for now
+    def __eq__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        other: UIntN[_TBitSize] | BigUIntN[_TBitSize] | algopy.UInt64 | algopy.BigUInt | int,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ne__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        other: UIntN[_TBitSize] | BigUIntN[_TBitSize] | algopy.UInt64 | algopy.BigUInt | int,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __le__(
+        self,
+        other: UIntN[_TBitSize] | BigUIntN[_TBitSize] | algopy.UInt64 | algopy.BigUInt | int,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __lt__(
+        self,
+        other: UIntN[_TBitSize] | BigUIntN[_TBitSize] | algopy.UInt64 | algopy.BigUInt | int,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ge__(
+        self,
+        other: UIntN[_TBitSize] | BigUIntN[_TBitSize] | algopy.UInt64 | algopy.BigUInt | int,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __gt__(
+        self,
+        other: UIntN[_TBitSize] | BigUIntN[_TBitSize] | algopy.UInt64 | algopy.BigUInt | int,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns `True` if not equal to zero"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Construct an instance from the underlying bytes (no validation)"""
+
+        value = as_bytes(value)
+        result = cls()
+        result._value = value
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying Bytes"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.Bytes(self._value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+
+class UIntN(_UIntN[_TBitSize], typing.Generic[_TBitSize]):
+    """An ARC4 UInt consisting of the number of bits specified.
+
+    Max Size: 64 bits"""
+
+    _max_bits_len = UINT64_SIZE
+
+    @property
+    def native(self) -> algopy.UInt64:
+        """Return the UInt64 representation of the value after ARC4 decoding"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.UInt64(int.from_bytes(self._value))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int64(self.native) == as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int64(self.native) != as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int64(self.native) <= as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int64(self.native) < as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int64(self.native) >= as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int64(self.native) > as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.native)
+
+
+class BigUIntN(_UIntN[_TBitSize], typing.Generic[_TBitSize]):
+    """An ARC4 UInt consisting of the number of bits specified.
+
+    Max size: 512 bits"""
+
+    _max_bits_len = UINT512_SIZE
+
+    @property
+    def native(self) -> algopy.BigUInt:
+        """Return the UInt64 representation of the value after ARC4 decoding"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.BigUInt.from_bytes(self._value)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int512(self.native) == as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int512(self.native) != as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int512(self.native) <= as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int512(self.native) < as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int512(self.native) >= as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return as_int512(self.native) > as_int(other, max=None)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.native)
+
+
+_TDecimalPlaces = typing.TypeVar("_TDecimalPlaces", bound=int)
+_MAX_M_SIZE = 160
+
+
+class _UFixedNxMMeta(type(_ABIEncoded), typing.Generic[_TBitSize, _TDecimalPlaces]):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    __concrete__: typing.ClassVar[dict[tuple[type, type], type]] = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(cls, key_t: tuple[type[_TBitSize], type[_TDecimalPlaces]]) -> type:
+        cache = cls.__concrete__
+        if c := cache.get(key_t, None):
+            return c
+
+        size_t, decimal_t = key_t
+        cache[key_t] = c = types.new_class(
+            f"{cls.__name__}[{size_t.__name__}, {decimal_t.__name__}]",
+            (cls,),
+            {},
+            lambda ns: ns.update(_size_t=size_t, _decimal_t=decimal_t),
+        )
+        return c
+
+
+class _UFixedNxM(
+    _ABIEncoded, typing.Generic[_TBitSize, _TDecimalPlaces], metaclass=_UFixedNxMMeta
+):
+    _size_t: type[_TBitSize]
+    _decimal_t: type[_TDecimalPlaces]
+    _n: int
+    _m: int
+    _max_bits_len: int
+    _max_bytes_len: int
+    _value: bytes  # underlying 'bytes' value representing the UFixedNxM
+
+    def __init__(self, value: str = "0.0", /):
+        """
+        Construct an instance of UFixedNxM where value (v) is determined from the original
+        decimal value (d) by the formula v = round(d * (10^M))
+        """
+        self._n = as_int(typing.get_args(self._size_t)[0], max=self._max_bits_len)
+        self._m = as_int(typing.get_args(self._decimal_t)[0], max=_MAX_M_SIZE)
+        self._max_int = 2**self._n - 1
+        self._max_bytes_len = self._n // BITS_IN_BYTE
+
+        value = as_string(value)
+        with decimal.localcontext(
+            decimal.Context(
+                prec=160,
+                traps=[
+                    decimal.Rounded,
+                    decimal.InvalidOperation,
+                    decimal.Overflow,
+                    decimal.DivisionByZero,
+                ],
+            )
+        ):
+            try:
+                d = decimal.Decimal(value)
+            except ArithmeticError as ex:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid decimal literal: {value}") from ex
+            if d < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Negative numbers not allowed")
+            try:
+                q = d.quantize(decimal.Decimal(f"1e-{self._m}"))
+            except ArithmeticError as ex:
+                raise ValueError(f"Too many decimals, expected max of {self._m}") from ex
+
+            int_value = round(q * (10**self._m))
+            int_value = as_int(int_value, max=self._max_int)
+            bytes_value = int_to_bytes(int_value, self._max_bytes_len)
+            self._value = as_bytes(bytes_value, max_size=self._max_bytes_len)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns `True` if not equal to zero"""
+        return bool(int.from_bytes(self._value))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Construct an instance from the underlying bytes (no validation)"""
+        value = as_bytes(value)
+        result = cls()
+        result._value = value
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying Bytes"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.Bytes(self._value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+
+class UFixedNxM(
+    _UFixedNxM[_TBitSize, _TDecimalPlaces], typing.Generic[_TBitSize, _TDecimalPlaces]
+):
+    """An ARC4 UFixed representing a decimal with the number of bits and precision specified.
+
+    Max size: 64 bits"""
+
+    _max_bits_len: int = UINT64_SIZE
+
+
+class BigUFixedNxM(
+    _UFixedNxM[_TBitSize, _TDecimalPlaces], typing.Generic[_TBitSize, _TDecimalPlaces]
+):
+    """An ARC4 UFixed representing a decimal with the number of bits and precision specified.
+
+    Max size: 512 bits"""
+
+    _max_bits_len: int = UINT512_SIZE
+
+
+class Byte(UIntN[typing.Literal[8]]):
+    """An ARC4 alias for a UInt8"""
+
+
+UInt8: typing.TypeAlias = UIntN[typing.Literal[8]]
+"""An ARC4 UInt8"""
+
+UInt16: typing.TypeAlias = UIntN[typing.Literal[16]]
+"""An ARC4 UInt16"""
+
+UInt32: typing.TypeAlias = UIntN[typing.Literal[32]]
+"""An ARC4 UInt32"""
+
+UInt64: typing.TypeAlias = UIntN[typing.Literal[64]]
+"""An ARC4 UInt64"""
+
+UInt128: typing.TypeAlias = BigUIntN[typing.Literal[128]]
+"""An ARC4 UInt128"""
+
+UInt256: typing.TypeAlias = BigUIntN[typing.Literal[256]]
+"""An ARC4 UInt256"""
+
+UInt512: typing.TypeAlias = BigUIntN[typing.Literal[512]]
+"""An ARC4 UInt512"""
+
+
+class Bool(_ABIEncoded):
+    """An ARC4 encoded bool"""
+
+    _value: bytes
+
+    # True value is encoded as having a 1 on the most significant bit (0x80 = 128)
+    _true_int_value = 128
+    _false_int_value = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, value: bool = False, /) -> None:  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+        self._value = int_to_bytes(self._true_int_value if value else self._false_int_value, 1)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Allow Bool to be used in boolean contexts"""
+        return self.native
+
+    @property
+    def native(self) -> bool:
+        """Return the bool representation of the value after ARC4 decoding"""
+        int_value = int.from_bytes(self._value)
+        return int_value == self._true_int_value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Construct an instance from the underlying bytes (no validation)"""
+        result = cls()
+        result._value = as_bytes(value)
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying Bytes"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.Bytes(self._value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+
+_TArrayItem = typing.TypeVar("_TArrayItem")
+_TArrayLength = typing.TypeVar("_TArrayLength", bound=int)
+
+
+class _StaticArrayMeta(type(_ABIEncoded), typing.Generic[_TArrayItem, _TArrayLength]):  # type: ignore  # noqa: PGH003
+    __concrete__: typing.ClassVar[dict[tuple[type, type], type]] = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(cls, key_t: tuple[type[_TArrayItem], type[_TArrayLength]]) -> type:
+        cache = cls.__concrete__
+        if c := cache.get(key_t, None):
+            return c
+
+        cache[key_t] = c = types.new_class(
+            f"{cls.__name__}[{','.join([k.__name__ for k in key_t])}]",
+            (cls,),
+            {},
+            lambda ns: ns.update(
+                _child_types=[_TypeInfo(key_t[0])]
+                * (typing.get_args(key_t[1])[0] if len(typing.get_args(key_t[1])) > 0 else 0),
+                _array_item_t=key_t[0],
+            ),
+        )
+        return c
+
+
+class _TypeInfo:
+    value: type
+    child_types: list[_TypeInfo] | None
+
+    def __init__(self, value: type, child_types: list[_TypeInfo] | None = None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.child_types = child_types or (
+            value._child_types if hasattr(value, "_child_types") else child_types
+        )
+
+
+class StaticArray(
+    _ABIEncoded,
+    typing.Generic[_TArrayItem, _TArrayLength],
+    Reversible[_TArrayItem],
+    metaclass=_StaticArrayMeta,
+):
+    """A fixed length ARC4 Array of the specified type and length"""
+
+    _array_item_t: type[_TArrayItem]
+    _child_types: list[_TypeInfo]
+
+    _value: bytes
+
+    def __init__(self, *items: _TArrayItem):
+        self._value = _encode(items)
+        if items:
+            self._array_item_t = type(items[0])
+            self._child_types = [self._get_type_info(item) for item in items]
+
+        # ensure these two variables are set as instance variables instead of class variables
+        # to avoid sharing state between instances created by copy operation
+        if hasattr(self, "_array_item_t"):
+            self._array_item_t = self._array_item_t
+        self._child_types = self._child_types or [] if hasattr(self, "_child_types") else []
+
+    def _get_type_info(self, item: _TArrayItem) -> _TypeInfo:
+        return _TypeInfo(
+            self._array_item_t,
+            item._child_types if hasattr(item, "_child_types") else None,
+        )
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[_TArrayItem]:
+        # """Returns an iterator for the items in the array"""
+        return iter(self._list())
+
+    def __reversed__(self) -> typing.Iterator[_TArrayItem]:
+        # """Returns an iterator for the items in the array, in reverse order"""
+        return reversed(self._list())
+
+    @property
+    def length(self) -> algopy.UInt64:
+        # """Returns the current length of the array"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.UInt64(len(self._list()))
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, value: algopy.UInt64 | int, /) -> _TArrayItem: ...
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, value: slice, /) -> list[_TArrayItem]: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, index: algopy.UInt64 | int | slice) -> _TArrayItem | list[_TArrayItem]:
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            return self._list()[index]
+        return self._list()[index]
+
+    def append(self, item: _TArrayItem, /) -> None:
+        """Append items to this array"""
+        if not issubclass(type(item), self._array_item_t):
+            expected_type = self._array_item_t.__name__
+            actual_type = type(item).__name__
+            raise TypeError(f"item must be of type {expected_type!r}, not {actual_type!r}")
+        x = self._list()
+        x.append(item)
+        self._child_types.append(self._get_type_info(item))
+        self._value = _encode(x)
+
+    def extend(self, other: Iterable[_TArrayItem], /) -> None:
+        """Extend this array with the contents of another array"""
+        if any(not issubclass(type(x), self._array_item_t) for x in other):
+            raise TypeError(f"items must be of type {self._array_item_t.__name__!r}")
+        x = self._list()
+        x.extend(other)
+        self._child_types.extend([self._get_type_info(x) for x in other])
+        self._value = _encode(x)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index: algopy.UInt64 | int, value: _TArrayItem) -> _TArrayItem:
+        if not issubclass(type(value), self._array_item_t):
+            expected_type = self._array_item_t.__name__
+            actual_type = type(value).__name__
+            raise TypeError(f"item must be of type {expected_type!r}, not {actual_type!r}")
+        x = self._list()
+        x[index] = value
+        self._value = _encode(x)
+        return value
+
+    def copy(self) -> typing.Self:
+        # """Create a copy of this array"""
+        return copy.deepcopy(self)
+
+    def _list(self) -> list[_TArrayItem]:
+        return _decode(self._value, self._child_types)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Construct an instance from the underlying bytes (no validation)"""
+        value = as_bytes(value)
+        result = cls()
+        result._value = value
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying Bytes"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.Bytes(self._value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+
+class Address(StaticArray[Byte, typing.Literal[32]]):
+    """An alias for an array containing 32 bytes representing an Algorand address"""
+
+    def __init__(self, value: Account | str | algopy.Bytes = algosdk.constants.ZERO_ADDRESS):
+        """
+        If `value` is a string, it should be a 58 character base32 string,
+        ie a base32 string-encoded 32 bytes public key + 4 bytes checksum.
+        If `value` is a Bytes, it's length checked to be 32 bytes - to avoid this
+        check, use `Address.from_bytes(...)` instead.
+        Defaults to the zero-address.
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            try:
+                bytes_value = algosdk.encoding.decode_address(value)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise ValueError(f"cannot encode the following address: {value!r}") from e
+        else:
+            bytes_value = (
+                value.bytes.value if isinstance(value, Account) else as_bytes(value, max_size=32)
+            )
+        if len(bytes_value) != 32:
+            raise ValueError(f"expected 32 bytes, got: {len(bytes_value)}")
+        self._value = bytes_value
+
+    @property
+    def native(self) -> Account:
+        # """Return the Account representation of the address after ARC4 decoding"""
+        return Account(self.bytes)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        # """Returns `True` if not equal to the zero address"""
+        zero_bytes = algosdk.encoding.decode_address(algosdk.constants.ZERO_ADDRESS)
+        return self.bytes != zero_bytes if isinstance(zero_bytes, bytes) else False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Address | Account | str) -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Address equality is determined by the address of another
+        `arc4.Address`, `Account` or `str`"""
+        if isinstance(other, Address | Account):
+            return self.bytes == other.bytes
+        other_bytes = algosdk.encoding.decode_address(other)
+        return self.bytes == other_bytes if isinstance(other_bytes, bytes) else False
+
+
+class _DynamicArrayMeta(type(_ABIEncoded), typing.Generic[_TArrayItem, _TArrayLength]):  # type: ignore  # noqa: PGH003
+    __concrete__: typing.ClassVar[dict[type, type]] = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(cls, key_t: type[_TArrayItem]) -> type:
+        cache = cls.__concrete__
+        if c := cache.get(key_t, None):
+            return c
+
+        cache[key_t] = c = types.new_class(
+            f"{cls.__name__}[{key_t.__name__}]",
+            (cls,),
+            {},
+            lambda ns: ns.update(
+                _child_types=[],
+                _array_item_t=key_t,
+            ),
+        )
+        return c
+
+
+class DynamicArray(
+    _ABIEncoded,
+    typing.Generic[_TArrayItem],
+    Reversible[_TArrayItem],
+    metaclass=_DynamicArrayMeta,
+):
+    """A dynamically sized ARC4 Array of the specified type"""
+
+    _array_item_t: type[_TArrayItem]
+    _child_types: list[_TypeInfo]
+
+    _value: bytes
+
+    def __init__(self, *items: _TArrayItem):
+        self._value = self._encode_with_length(items)
+        if items:
+            self._array_item_t = type(items[0])
+            self._child_types = [self._get_type_info(item) for item in items]
+
+        # ensure these two variables are set as instance variables instead of class variables
+        # to avoid sharing state between instances created by copy operation
+        if hasattr(self, "_array_item_t"):
+            self._array_item_t = self._array_item_t
+        self._child_types = self._child_types or [] if hasattr(self, "_child_types") else []
+
+    def _get_type_info(self, item: _TArrayItem) -> _TypeInfo:
+        return _TypeInfo(
+            self._array_item_t,
+            item._child_types if hasattr(item, "_child_types") else None,
+        )
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[_TArrayItem]:
+        """Returns an iterator for the items in the array"""
+        return iter(self._list())
+
+    def __reversed__(self) -> typing.Iterator[_TArrayItem]:
+        """Returns an iterator for the items in the array, in reverse order"""
+        return reversed(self._list())
+
+    @property
+    def length(self) -> algopy.UInt64:
+        """Returns the current length of the array"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.UInt64(len(self._list()))
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, value: algopy.UInt64 | int, /) -> _TArrayItem: ...
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, value: slice, /) -> list[_TArrayItem]: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, index: algopy.UInt64 | int | slice) -> _TArrayItem | list[_TArrayItem]:
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            return self._list()[index]
+        return self._list()[index]
+
+    def append(self, item: _TArrayItem, /) -> None:
+        """Append items to this array"""
+        if not issubclass(type(item), self._array_item_t):
+            expected_type = self._array_item_t.__name__
+            actual_type = type(item).__name__
+            raise TypeError(f"item must be of type {expected_type!r}, not {actual_type!r}")
+        x = self._list()
+        x.append(item)
+        self._child_types.append(self._get_type_info(item))
+        self._value = self._encode_with_length(x)
+
+    def extend(self, other: Iterable[_TArrayItem], /) -> None:
+        """Extend this array with the contents of another array"""
+        if any(not issubclass(type(x), self._array_item_t) for x in other):
+            raise TypeError(f"items must be of type {self._array_item_t.__name__!r}")
+        x = self._list()
+        x.extend(other)
+        self._child_types.extend([self._get_type_info(x) for x in other])
+        self._value = self._encode_with_length(x)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index: algopy.UInt64 | int, value: _TArrayItem) -> _TArrayItem:
+        if not issubclass(type(value), self._array_item_t):
+            expected_type = self._array_item_t.__name__
+            actual_type = type(value).__name__
+            raise TypeError(f"item must be of type {expected_type!r}, not {actual_type!r}")
+        x = self._list()
+        x[index] = value
+        self._value = self._encode_with_length(x)
+        return value
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Iterable[_TArrayItem]) -> DynamicArray[_TArrayItem]:
+        self.extend(other)
+        return self
+
+    def pop(self) -> _TArrayItem:
+        """Remove and return the last item in the array"""
+        x = self._list()
+        item = x.pop()
+        self._child_types.pop()
+        self._value = self._encode_with_length(x)
+        return item
+
+    def copy(self) -> typing.Self:
+        """Create a copy of this array"""
+        return copy.deepcopy(self)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns `True` if not an empty array"""
+        return bool(self._list())
+
+    def _list(self) -> list[_TArrayItem]:
+        length = int.from_bytes(self._value[:_ABI_LENGTH_SIZE])
+        self._child_types = self._child_types or []
+        if hasattr(self, "_array_item_t"):
+            self._child_types += [_TypeInfo(self._array_item_t)] * (
+                length - len(self._child_types)
+            )
+        return _decode(self._value[_ABI_LENGTH_SIZE:], self._child_types)
+
+    def _encode_with_length(self, items: list[_TArrayItem] | tuple[_TArrayItem, ...]) -> bytes:
+        return len(items).to_bytes(_ABI_LENGTH_SIZE) + _encode(items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Construct an instance from the underlying bytes (no validation)"""
+        value = as_bytes(value)
+        result = cls()
+        result._value = value
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying Bytes"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.Bytes(self._value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+
+class DynamicBytes(DynamicArray[Byte]):
+    """A variable sized array of bytes"""
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __init__(self, *values: Byte | UInt8 | int): ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __init__(self, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *value: algopy.Bytes | bytes | Byte | UInt8 | int,
+    ):
+        import algopy
+
+        items = []
+        for x in value:
+            if isinstance(x, int):
+                items.append(Byte(x))
+            elif isinstance(x, Byte):
+                items.append(x)
+            elif isinstance(x, UInt8):  # type: ignore[misc]
+                items.append(typing.cast(Byte, x))
+            elif isinstance(x, algopy.Bytes):
+                items.extend([Byte(int.from_bytes(i.value)) for i in x])
+            elif isinstance(x, bytes):
+                items.extend([Byte(int.from_bytes(i.value)) for i in algopy.Bytes(x)])
+
+        super().__init__(*items)
+
+    @property
+    def native(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Return the Bytes representation of the address after ARC4 decoding"""
+        return self.bytes
+
+
+_TTuple = typing.TypeVarTuple("_TTuple")
+
+
+class _TupleMeta(type(_ABIEncoded), typing.Generic[typing.Unpack[_TTuple]]):  # type: ignore  # noqa: PGH003
+    __concrete__: typing.ClassVar[dict[tuple, type]] = {}  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+
+    def __getitem__(cls, key_t: tuple) -> type:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        cache = cls.__concrete__
+        if c := cache.get(key_t, None):
+            return c
+
+        cache[key_t] = c = types.new_class(
+            f"{cls.__name__}[{key_t}]",
+            (cls,),
+            {},
+            lambda ns: ns.update(
+                _child_types=[_TypeInfo(typing.cast(type, item)) for item in key_t],
+            ),
+        )
+        return c
+
+
+class Tuple(
+    _ABIEncoded,
+    tuple[*_TTuple],
+    typing.Generic[typing.Unpack[_TTuple]],
+    metaclass=_TupleMeta,
+):
+    """An ARC4 ABI tuple, containing other ARC4 ABI types"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _child_types: list[_TypeInfo]
+    _value: bytes
+
+    def __init__(self, items: tuple[typing.Unpack[_TTuple]] = (), /):  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        """Construct an ARC4 tuple from a python tuple"""
+        self._value = _encode(items)
+        if items:
+            self._child_types = [self._get_type_info(item) for item in items]
+
+        # ensure the variable is set as instance variables instead of class variables
+        # to avoid sharing state between instances created by copy operation
+        self._child_types = self._child_types or [] if hasattr(self, "_child_types") else []
+
+    def _get_type_info(self, item: typing.Any) -> _TypeInfo:
+        return _TypeInfo(
+            type(item),
+            item._child_types if hasattr(item, "_child_types") else None,
+        )
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.native)
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, value: typing.SupportsIndex, /) -> object: ...
+    @typing.overload
+    def __getitem__(self, value: slice, /) -> tuple[object, ...]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: typing.SupportsIndex | slice) -> tuple[object, ...] | object:
+        return self.native[index]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[object]:
+        return iter(self.native)
+
+    @property
+    def native(self) -> tuple[typing.Unpack[_TTuple]]:
+        """Return the Bytes representation of the address after ARC4 decoding"""
+        return typing.cast(
+            tuple[typing.Unpack[_TTuple]], tuple(_decode(self._value, self._child_types))
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Construct an instance from the underlying bytes (no validation)"""
+        value = as_bytes(value)
+        result = cls()
+        result._value = value
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying Bytes"""
+        import algopy
+
+        return algopy.Bytes(self._value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+
+@typing.dataclass_transform(
+    eq_default=False, order_default=False, kw_only_default=False, field_specifiers=()
+)
+class _StructMeta(type):
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        bases: tuple[type, ...],
+        namespace: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> _StructMeta:
+        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace)
+
+
+class Struct(metaclass=_StructMeta):
+    """Base class for ARC4 Struct types"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: typing.Any):
+        self._value = Tuple(args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes(cls, value: algopy.Bytes | bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        annotations = _all_annotations(cls)
+
+        result = cls()
+        tuple_value = Tuple[tuple(v for k, v in annotations.items())].from_bytes(value)  # type: ignore[misc, attr-defined]
+        result._value = tuple_value
+
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def bytes(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
+        """Get the underlying bytes[]"""
+        return self._value.bytes
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_log(cls, log: algopy.Bytes, /) -> typing.Self:
+        """Load an ABI type from application logs,
+        checking for the ABI return prefix `0x151f7c75`"""
+        import algopy
+
+        if log[:4] == algopy.Bytes(ARC4_RETURN_PREFIX):
+            return cls.from_bytes(log[4:])
+        raise ValueError("ABI return prefix not found")
+
+    def copy(self) -> typing.Self:
+        """Create a copy of this struct"""
+        return copy.deepcopy(self)
+
+
+class ARC4Client(typing.Protocol): ...
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _TABIArg: typing.TypeAlias = (
+        algopy.String
+        | algopy.BigUInt
+        | algopy.UInt64
+        | algopy.Bytes
+        | algopy.Asset
+        | algopy.Account
+        | algopy.Application
+        | UIntN[typing.Any]
+        | BigUIntN[typing.Any]
+        | UFixedNxM[typing.Any, typing.Any]
+        | BigUFixedNxM[typing.Any, typing.Any]
+        | Bool
+        | String
+        | StaticArray[typing.Any, typing.Any]
+        | DynamicArray[typing.Any]
+        | Tuple  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        | int
+        | bool
+        | bytes
+        | str
+    )
+
+
+_TABIResult_co = typing.TypeVar("_TABIResult_co", covariant=True)
+
+
+class _ABICallWithReturnProtocol(typing.Protocol[_TABIResult_co]):
+    def __call__(  # noqa: PLR0913
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        /,
+        *args: _TABIArg,
+        app_id: algopy.Application | algopy.UInt64 | int = ...,
+        on_completion: algopy.OnCompleteAction = ...,
+        approval_program: algopy.Bytes | bytes | tuple[algopy.Bytes, ...] = ...,
+        clear_state_program: algopy.Bytes | bytes | tuple[algopy.Bytes, ...] = ...,
+        global_num_uint: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        global_num_bytes: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        local_num_uint: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        local_num_bytes: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        extra_program_pages: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        fee: algopy.UInt64 | int = 0,
+        sender: algopy.Account | str = ...,
+        note: algopy.Bytes | bytes | str = ...,
+        rekey_to: algopy.Account | str = ...,
+    ) -> tuple[_TABIResult_co, algopy.itxn.ApplicationCallInnerTransaction]: ...
+
+
+class _ABICallProtocolType(typing.Protocol):
+    @typing.overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        method: typing.Callable[..., None] | str,
+        /,
+        *args: _TABIArg,
+        app_id: algopy.Application | algopy.UInt64 | int = ...,
+        on_completion: algopy.OnCompleteAction = ...,
+        approval_program: algopy.Bytes | bytes | tuple[algopy.Bytes, ...] = ...,
+        clear_state_program: algopy.Bytes | bytes | tuple[algopy.Bytes, ...] = ...,
+        global_num_uint: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        global_num_bytes: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        local_num_uint: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        local_num_bytes: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        extra_program_pages: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        fee: algopy.UInt64 | int = 0,
+        sender: algopy.Account | str = ...,
+        note: algopy.Bytes | bytes | str = ...,
+        rekey_to: algopy.Account | str = ...,
+    ) -> algopy.itxn.ApplicationCallInnerTransaction: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __call__(  # type: ignore[misc, unused-ignore]
+        self,
+        method: typing.Callable[..., _TABIResult_co],
+        /,
+        *args: _TABIArg,
+        app_id: algopy.Application | algopy.UInt64 | int = ...,
+        on_completion: algopy.OnCompleteAction = ...,
+        approval_program: algopy.Bytes | bytes | tuple[algopy.Bytes, ...] = ...,
+        clear_state_program: algopy.Bytes | bytes | tuple[algopy.Bytes, ...] = ...,
+        global_num_uint: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        global_num_bytes: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        local_num_uint: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        local_num_bytes: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        extra_program_pages: UInt64 | int = ...,
+        fee: algopy.UInt64 | int = 0,
+        sender: algopy.Account | str = ...,
+        note: algopy.Bytes | bytes | str = ...,
+        rekey_to: algopy.Account | str = ...,
+    ) -> tuple[_TABIResult_co, algopy.itxn.ApplicationCallInnerTransaction]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, _: type[_TABIResult_co]
+    ) -> _ABICallWithReturnProtocol[_TABIResult_co]: ...
+
+
+class _ABICall:
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        method: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any] | str,
+        /,
+        *args: _TABIArg,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> typing.Any:
+        # Implement the actual abi_call logic here
+        raise NotImplementedError("abi_call is not implemented")
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, return_type: type[_TABIResult_co]
+    ) -> _ABICallWithReturnProtocol[_TABIResult_co]:
+        return self
+
+
+# TODO: Implement abi_call
+abi_call: _ABICallProtocolType = _ABICall()
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def emit(event: Struct, /) -> None: ...
+@typing.overload
+def emit(event: str, /, *args: _TABIArg) -> None: ...
+def emit(event: str | Struct, /, *args: _TABIArg) -> None:
+    """Emit an ARC-28 event for the provided event signature or name, and provided args.
+
+    :param event: Either an ARC4 Struct, an event name, or event signature.
+        * If event is an ARC4 Struct, the event signature will be determined from the Struct name and fields
+        * If event is a signature, then the following args will be typed checked to ensure they match.
+        * If event is just a name, the event signature will be inferred from the name and following arguments
+
+    :param args: When event is a signature or name, args will be used as the event data.
+    They will all be encoded as single ARC4 Tuple
+
+    Example:
+    ```
+    from algopy import ARC4Contract, arc4
+
+
+    class Swapped(arc4.Struct):
+        a: arc4.UInt64
+        b: arc4.UInt64
+
+
+    class EventEmitter(ARC4Contract):
+        @arc4.abimethod
+        def emit_swapped(self, a: arc4.UInt64, b: arc4.UInt64) -> None:
+            arc4.emit(Swapped(b, a))
+            arc4.emit("Swapped(uint64,uint64)", b, a)
+            arc4.emit("Swapped", b, a)
+    ```
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    import algopy
+
+    from algopy_testing.context import get_test_context
+
+    context = get_test_context()
+    active_txn = context.get_active_transaction()
+
+    if not active_txn:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot emit events outside of application call context!")
+    if active_txn.type != algopy.TransactionType.ApplicationCall:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot emit events outside of application call context!")
+    if not active_txn.app_id:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot emit event: missing `app_id` in associated call transaction!")
+
+    if isinstance(event, str):
+        arg_types = "(" + ",".join(abi_type_name_for_arg(arg=arg) for arg in args) + ")"
+
+        if event.find("(") == -1:
+            event += arg_types
+        elif event.find(arg_types) == -1:
+            raise ValueError(f"Event signature {event} does not match args {args}")
+
+        args_tuple = tuple(_cast_arg_as_arc4(arg) for arg in args)
+        event_hash = algopy.Bytes(SHA512.new(event.encode(), truncate="256").digest())
+        context.add_application_logs(
+            app_id=active_txn.app_id(),
+            logs=(event_hash[:4] + Struct(*args_tuple).bytes).value,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(event, Struct):
+        arg_types = "(" + ",".join(abi_type_name_for_arg(arg=arg) for arg in event._value) + ")"
+        event_str = event.__class__.__name__ + arg_types
+        event_hash = algopy.Bytes(SHA512.new(event_str.encode(), truncate="256").digest())
+        context.add_application_logs(
+            app_id=active_txn.app_id(),
+            logs=(event_hash[:4] + event.bytes).value,
+        )
+
+
+def _cast_arg_as_arc4(arg: object) -> _TABIArg:  # noqa: C901, PLR0911
+    import algopy
+
+    if isinstance(arg, bool):
+        return Bool(arg)
+    if isinstance(arg, algopy.UInt64):
+        return UInt64(arg)
+    if isinstance(arg, algopy.BigUInt):
+        return UInt512(arg)
+    if isinstance(arg, int):
+        return UInt64(arg) if arg <= MAX_UINT64 else UInt512(arg)
+    if isinstance(arg, algopy.Bytes | bytes):
+        return DynamicBytes(arg)
+    if isinstance(arg, algopy.String | str):
+        return String(arg)
+    if isinstance(arg, algopy.Asset):
+        return UInt64(arg.id)
+    if isinstance(arg, algopy.Account):
+        return Address(arg)
+    if isinstance(arg, algopy.Application):
+        return UInt64(arg.id)
+
+    if isinstance(
+        arg,
+        UIntN | BigUIntN | UFixedNxM | BigUFixedNxM | Bool | StaticArray | DynamicArray | Tuple,
+    ):
+        return arg
+    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported type {type(arg)}")
+
+
+# https://stackoverflow.com/a/72037059
+def _all_annotations(cls: type) -> ChainMap[str, type]:
+    """Returns a dictionary-like ChainMap that includes annotations for all
+    attributes defined in cls or inherited from superclasses."""
+    return ChainMap(*(c.__annotations__ for c in cls.__mro__ if "__annotations__" in c.__dict__))
+
+
+def _is_arc4_dynamic(value: object) -> bool:
+    if isinstance(value, DynamicArray):
+        return True
+    elif isinstance(value, StaticArray | Tuple):
+        return any(_is_arc4_dynamic(v) for v in value)
+    return not isinstance(value, BigUFixedNxM | BigUIntN | UFixedNxM | UIntN | Bool)
+
+
+def _is_arc4_dynamic_type(value: _TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    if issubclass(value.value, DynamicArray):
+        return True
+    elif value.child_types:
+        return any(_is_arc4_dynamic_type(v) for v in value.child_types)
+    return not issubclass(value.value, BigUFixedNxM | BigUIntN | UFixedNxM | UIntN | Bool)
+
+
+def _find_bool(
+    values: (
+        StaticArray[typing.Any, typing.Any]
+        | DynamicArray[typing.Any]
+        | Tuple[typing.Any]
+        | tuple[typing.Any, ...]
+        | list[typing.Any]
+    ),
+    index: int,
+    delta: int,
+) -> int:
+    """
+    Helper function to find consecutive booleans from current index in a tuple.
+    """
+    until = 0
+    values_length = len(values) if isinstance(values, tuple | list) else values.length.value
+    while True:
+        curr = index + delta * until
+        if isinstance(values[curr], Bool):
+            if curr != values_length - 1 and delta > 0 or curr > 0 and delta < 0:
+                until += 1
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            until -= 1
+            break
+    return until
+
+
+def _find_bool_types(values: typing.Sequence[_TypeInfo], index: int, delta: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Helper function to find consecutive booleans from current index in a tuple.
+    """
+    until = 0
+    values_length = len(values)
+    while True:
+        curr = index + delta * until
+        if issubclass(values[curr].value, Bool):
+            if curr != values_length - 1 and delta > 0 or curr > 0 and delta < 0:
+                until += 1
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            until -= 1
+            break
+    return until
+
+
+def _compress_multiple_bool(value_list: list[Bool]) -> int:
+    """
+    Compress consecutive boolean values into a byte for a Tuple/Array.
+    """
+    result = 0
+    if len(value_list) > 8:
+        raise ValueError("length of list should not be greater than 8")
+    for i, value in enumerate(value_list):
+        assert isinstance(value, Bool)
+        bool_val = value.native
+        if bool_val:
+            result |= 1 << (7 - i)
+    return result
+
+
+def _get_max_bytes_len(type_info: _TypeInfo) -> int:
+    size = 0
+    if issubclass(type_info.value, DynamicArray):
+        size += _ABI_LENGTH_SIZE
+    elif type_info.child_types:
+        i = 0
+        child_types = type_info.child_types or []
+        while i < len(child_types):
+            if issubclass(child_types[i].value, Bool):
+                after = _find_bool_types(child_types, i, 1)
+                i += after
+                bool_num = after + 1
+                size += bool_num // 8
+                if bool_num % 8 != 0:
+                    size += 1
+            else:
+                child_byte_size = _get_max_bytes_len(child_types[i])
+                size += child_byte_size
+            i += 1
+
+    else:
+        value = type_info.value()
+        if hasattr(value, "_max_bytes_len"):
+            size = typing.cast(int, value._max_bytes_len)
+
+    return size
+
+
+def _encode(
+    values: (
+        StaticArray[typing.Any, typing.Any]
+        | DynamicArray[typing.Any]
+        | Tuple[typing.Any]
+        | tuple[typing.Any, ...]
+        | list[typing.Any]
+    ),
+) -> bytes:
+    heads = []
+    tails = []
+    is_dynamic_index = []
+    i = 0
+    values_length = len(values) if hasattr(values, "__len__") else values.length.value
+    values_length_bytes = (
+        int_to_bytes(values_length, _ABI_LENGTH_SIZE) if isinstance(values, DynamicArray) else b""
+    )
+    while i < values_length:
+        value = values[i]
+        is_dynamic_index.append(_is_arc4_dynamic(value))
+        if is_dynamic_index[-1]:
+            heads.append(b"\x00\x00")
+            tail_encoding = value.bytes.value if isinstance(value, String) else _encode(value)
+            tails.append(tail_encoding)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(value, Bool):
+                before = _find_bool(values, i, -1)
+                after = _find_bool(values, i, 1)
+
+                # Pack bytes to heads and tails
+                if before % 8 != 0:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "expected before index should have number of bool mod 8 equal 0"
+                    )
+                after = min(7, after)
+                consecutive_bool_list = typing.cast(list[Bool], values[i : i + after + 1])
+                compressed_int = _compress_multiple_bool(consecutive_bool_list)
+                heads.append(bytes([compressed_int]))
+                i += after
+            else:
+                heads.append(value.bytes.value)
+            tails.append(b"")
+        i += 1
+
+    # Adjust heads for dynamic types
+    head_length = 0
+    for head_element in heads:
+        # If the element is not a placeholder, append the length of the element
+        head_length += len(head_element)
+
+    # Correctly encode dynamic types and replace placeholder
+    tail_curr_length = 0
+    for i in range(len(heads)):
+        if is_dynamic_index[i]:
+            head_value = as_int16(head_length + tail_curr_length)
+            heads[i] = int_to_bytes(head_value, _ABI_LENGTH_SIZE)
+
+        tail_curr_length += len(tails[i])
+
+    # Concatenate bytes
+    return values_length_bytes + b"".join(heads) + b"".join(tails)
+
+
+def _decode(  # noqa: PLR0912, C901
+    value: bytes, child_types: typing.Sequence[_TypeInfo]
+) -> list[typing.Any]:
+    dynamic_segments: list[list[int]] = []  # Store the start and end of a dynamic element
+    value_partitions: list[bytes | None] = []
+    i = 0
+    array_index = 0
+
+    while i < len(child_types):
+        child_type = child_types[i]
+        if _is_arc4_dynamic_type(child_type):
+            # Decode the size of the dynamic element
+            dynamic_index = int.from_bytes(value[array_index : array_index + _ABI_LENGTH_SIZE])
+            if len(dynamic_segments) > 0:
+                dynamic_segments[-1][1] = dynamic_index
+
+            # Since we do not know where the current dynamic element ends,
+            # put a placeholder and update later
+            dynamic_segments.append([dynamic_index, -1])
+            value_partitions.append(None)
+            array_index += _ABI_LENGTH_SIZE
+        elif issubclass(child_type.value, Bool):
+            before = _find_bool_types(child_types, i, -1)
+            after = _find_bool_types(child_types, i, 1)
+
+            if before % 8 != 0:
+                raise ValueError("expected before index should have number of bool mod 8 equal 0")
+            after = min(7, after)
+            bits = int.from_bytes(value[array_index : array_index + 1])
+            # Parse bool values into multiple byte strings
+            for bool_i in range(after + 1):
+                mask = 128 >> bool_i
+                if mask & bits:
+                    value_partitions.append(b"\x80")
+                else:
+                    value_partitions.append(b"\x00")
+            i += after
+            array_index += 1
+        else:
+            curr_len = _get_max_bytes_len(child_type)
+            value_partitions.append(value[array_index : array_index + curr_len])
+            array_index += curr_len
+
+        if array_index >= len(value) and i != len(child_types) - 1:
+            raise ValueError(f"input string is not long enough to be decoded: {value!r}")
+
+        i += 1
+
+    if len(dynamic_segments) > 0:
+        dynamic_segments[len(dynamic_segments) - 1][1] = len(value)
+        array_index = len(value)
+    if array_index < len(value):
+        raise ValueError(f"input string was not fully consumed: {value!r}")
+
+    # Check dynamic element partitions
+    segment_index = 0
+    for i, child_type in enumerate(child_types):
+        if _is_arc4_dynamic_type(child_type):
+            segment_start, segment_end = dynamic_segments[segment_index]
+            value_partitions[i] = value[segment_start:segment_end]
+            segment_index += 1
+
+    # Decode individual tuple elements
+    values = []
+    for i, child_type in enumerate(child_types):
+        val = child_type.value.from_bytes(value_partitions[i])  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        val._child_types = child_type.child_types
+        values.append(val)
+    return values
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ARC4Client",
+    "Address",
+    "BigUFixedNxM",
+    "BigUIntN",
+    "Bool",
+    "Byte",
+    "DynamicArray",
+    "DynamicBytes",
+    "StaticArray",
+    "String",
+    "Struct",
+    "Tuple",
+    "UFixedNxM",
+    "UInt128",
+    "UInt16",
+    "UInt256",
+    "UInt32",
+    "UInt512",
+    "UInt64",
+    "UInt8",
+    "UIntN",
+    "abi_call",
+    "abimethod",
+    "arc4_signature",
+    "baremethod",
+    "emit",
+]