algebrax 0.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

algebrax/__init__.py

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+"""
+The `algebrax` namespace provides a comprehensive suite of mathematical operations
+optimized for sparse, dictionary-based data structures.
+
+It treats Python's native `dict` (and `Mapping`) as a first-class mathematical object,
+enabling Linear Algebra, Set Theory, Graph Theory, and Probability operations directly on
+sparse data without conversion to dense arrays.
+
+Comparison with Other Libraries
+-------------------------------
+
+1. **`scipy.sparse`**:
+   - **Domain**: Numerical Linear Algebra.
+   - **Pros**: Industry standard, extremely fast (C/Fortran backend).
+   - **Cons**: Keys must be integers; requires conversion from dicts; heavy dependency.
+   - **Use Case**: Large-scale numerical simulations (e.g., Finite Element Method).
+
+2. **`numpy`**:
+   - **Domain**: Dense Numerical Arrays.
+   - **Pros**: Universal standard for dense data.
+   - **Cons**: Inefficient for sparse data (O(N^2) memory); integer indices only.
+   - **Use Case**: Image processing, dense tensors.
+
+3. **`pandas`**:
+   - **Domain**: Tabular Data Analysis.
+   - **Pros**: Excellent for time-series and labeled data.
+   - **Cons**: Not optimized for general mathematical algebra (e.g., matrix multiplication).
+   - **Use Case**: Data cleaning, ETL, statistical analysis.
+
+4. **`algebrax` (This Library)**:
+   - **Domain**: Symbolic/Sparse Algebra on Mappings.
+   - **Pros**:
+     - **Symbolic Keys**: Works with `str`, `tuple`, or any hashable object (e.g., graphs with string nodes).
+     - **Zero-Dependency**: Pure Python.
+     - **Functional**: Composable API (`combine`, `compose`).
+   - **Cons**: Slower than C-based libraries for massive numerical computations.
+   - **Use Case**: NLP (word vectors), Knowledge Graphs, Item-Item similarity, small-to-medium sparse matrices.
+
+Definitions & Criteria
+----------------------
+
+*   **Sparse**: Data where the number of non-zero elements ($k$) is significantly smaller than the total capacity ($N$).
+    *   *Criterion*: Density ($k/N$) < 0.05 (5%).
+*   **Dense**: Data where most elements are non-zero.
+    *   *Criterion*: Density > 0.5 (50%).
+*   **Lightweight**: Minimal memory overhead and startup time.
+    *   *Criterion*: Import time < 10ms; Memory overhead < 1KB per object (beyond data).
+*   **Symbolic**: Keys represent semantic entities (e.g., "User_123", "Product_X") rather than contiguous memory
+    offsets (0, 1, 2).
+
+Modules
+-------
+
+*   **`matrix`**: Linear Algebra (Core & Academic).
+*   **`lattice`**: Set/Fuzzy Logic (Union, Intersection).
+*   **`analysis`**: Vector Calculus on Graphs (Gradient, Laplacian).
+*   **`probability`**: Bayesian/Markov Inference.
+*   **`transforms`**: Signal Processing (DFT, Convolution).
+*   **`automata`**: Finite State Machines.
+*   **`group`**: Permutations.
+*   **`sparsity`**: Metrics and checks.
+*   **`semiring`**: Generalized algebra (Tropical, Boolean, String).
+*   **`trie`**: Algebraic Tries (Sparse Tensors).
+*   **`typing`**: Type aliases for sparse/dense structures.
+"""
+
+from algebrax.analysis import (
+    divergence,
+    gaussian_kernel,
+    gradient,
+    laplacian,
+    ollivier_ricci_curvature,
+)
+from algebrax.automata import (
+    dfa_step,
+    nfa_step,
+    simulate_dfa,
+    simulate_nfa,
+)
+from algebrax.converters import (
+    dense_to_sparse_matrix,
+    dense_to_sparse_vector,
+    sparse_to_dense_matrix,
+    sparse_to_dense_vector,
+)
+from algebrax.group import compose, invert, signature
+from algebrax.lattice import (
+    average,
+    combine,
+    difference,
+    exclude,
+    exclusive,
+    geometric_mean,
+    harmonic_mean,
+    join,
+    mask,
+    meet,
+    product,
+    ratio,
+    symmetric_difference,
+)
+from algebrax.matrix import (
+    add,
+    adjoint,
+    cofactor,
+    determinant,
+    dot,
+    eigen_centrality,
+    inner,
+    inverse,
+    kronecker_delta,
+    mat_vec,
+    power,
+    trace,
+    transpose,
+    vec_mat,
+)
+from algebrax.probability import (
+    bayes_update,
+    cross_entropy,
+    entropy,
+    expected_value,
+    kl_divergence,
+    kurtosis,
+    marginalize,
+    markov_steady_state,
+    markov_step,
+    mode,
+    mutual_information,
+    normalize,
+    skewness,
+    variance,
+)
+from algebrax.semiring import (
+    BooleanSemiring,
+    BottleneckSemiring,
+    LogSemiring,
+    ReliabilitySemiring,
+    Semiring,
+    StandardSemiring,
+    StringSemiring,
+    TropicalSemiring,
+    ViterbiSemiring,
+)
+from algebrax.sparsity import (
+    deepness,
+    density,
+    is_sparse,
+    sparsity,
+    uniformness,
+    wideness,
+)
+from algebrax.transforms import (
+    box_counting_dimension,
+    convolve,
+    dft,
+    hilbert,
+    idft,
+    lorentz_boost,
+    z_transform,
+)
+from algebrax.trie import AlgebraicTrie
+from algebrax.typing import (
+    DenseMatrix,
+    DenseVector,
+    SparseMatrix,
+    SparseTensor,
+    SparseVector,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    'AlgebraicTrie',
+    'BooleanSemiring',
+    'BottleneckSemiring',
+    'DenseMatrix',
+    'DenseVector',
+    'LogSemiring',
+    'ReliabilitySemiring',
+    'Semiring',
+    'SparseMatrix',
+    'SparseTensor',
+    'SparseVector',
+    'StandardSemiring',
+    'StringSemiring',
+    'TropicalSemiring',
+    'ViterbiSemiring',
+    'add',
+    'adjoint',
+    'average',
+    'bayes_update',
+    'box_counting_dimension',
+    'cofactor',
+    'combine',
+    'compose',
+    'convolve',
+    'cross_entropy',
+    'deepness',
+    'dense_to_sparse_matrix',
+    'dense_to_sparse_vector',
+    'density',
+    'determinant',
+    'dfa_step',
+    'dft',
+    'difference',
+    'divergence',
+    'dot',
+    'eigen_centrality',
+    'entropy',
+    'exclude',
+    'exclusive',
+    'expected_value',
+    'gaussian_kernel',
+    'geometric_mean',
+    'gradient',
+    'harmonic_mean',
+    'hilbert',
+    'idft',
+    'inner',
+    'inverse',
+    'invert',
+    'is_sparse',
+    'join',
+    'kl_divergence',
+    'kronecker_delta',
+    'kurtosis',
+    'laplacian',
+    'lorentz_boost',
+    'marginalize',
+    'markov_steady_state',
+    'markov_step',
+    'mask',
+    'mat_vec',
+    'meet',
+    'mode',
+    'mutual_information',
+    'nfa_step',
+    'normalize',
+    'ollivier_ricci_curvature',
+    'power',
+    'product',
+    'ratio',
+    'signature',
+    'simulate_dfa',
+    'simulate_nfa',
+    'skewness',
+    'sparse_to_dense_matrix',
+    'sparse_to_dense_vector',
+    'sparsity',
+    'symmetric_difference',
+    'trace',
+    'transpose',
+    'uniformness',
+    'variance',
+    'vec_mat',
+    'wideness',
+    'z_transform',
+]

algebrax/analysis.py

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+import math
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping
+
+from algebrax.semiring import Semiring, StandardSemiring
+from algebrax.typing import K, N, SparseMatrix, SparseVector
+
+__all__ = [
+    'divergence',
+    'fenchel_legendre_transform',
+    'gaussian_kernel',
+    'gradient',
+    'laplacian',
+    'ollivier_ricci_curvature',
+]
+
+
+def divergence(flow: SparseMatrix) -> SparseVector:
+    """
+    Compute the discrete divergence of a 1-form (flow/edge signals).
+    Maps edges (matrix) to nodes (vector).
+    div(F)_i = sum_j (F_ij)
+
+    This corresponds to the adjoint of the gradient (d*).
+
+    Args:
+        flow: A matrix representing flow between nodes.
+              Positive F_ij implies flow from i to j.
+              (Note: Convention varies, sometimes it's net flow *out*).
+
+    Returns:
+        A vector representing the net flow out of each node.
+    """
+    result = defaultdict(int)
+    for u, neighbors in flow.items():
+        for v, val in neighbors.items():
+            # Flow u -> v counts as positive divergence for u
+            result[u] += val
+            # And negative divergence for v (if the matrix is not skew-symmetric stored)
+            # If the matrix is fully stored (both u->v and v->u), we just sum rows.
+            # If it's sparse/upper-triangular, we need to handle the other side.
+            # Let's assume the matrix represents the 1-form fully or we treat it as directed.
+            # Standard divergence is row_sum - col_sum?
+            # If F is skew-symmetric (F_ij = -F_ji), then row_sum is sufficient.
+            # If F is just weights, we usually define div at i as sum(w_ij) - sum(w_ji).
+            result[v] -= val
+
+    return dict(result)
+
+
+def fenchel_legendre_transform(
+    signal: SparseVector[K, N],
+    slope: N,
+    semiring: Semiring[N] | None = None,
+) -> N:
+    """
+    Compute the discrete Fenchel-Legendre transform (Slope Transform) of a signal at a specific slope.
+    This is the Tropical/Idempotent analog of the Fourier Transform.
+
+    For Min-Plus Semiring (Tropical):
+        (F*)(s) = sup_x { <s, x> - F(x) }
+        But in Min-Plus algebra terms (where * is +, + is min):
+        This often corresponds to the convex conjugate.
+
+    In the context of "Tropical Fourier Transform" for a periodic signal f:
+    F(s) = min_x ( f(x) - s*x )  (or similar depending on convention)
+
+    Here we implement the standard convex conjugate definition:
+    f*(s) = sup_x ( s*x - f(x) )
+
+    Args:
+        signal: The input signal (mapping from index/position to value).
+        slope: The slope parameter (dual variable).
+        semiring: The algebraic structure.
+                  If Tropical (Min-Plus), we use min/plus logic?
+                  Actually, the Fenchel transform is usually defined over the standard ring for the values.
+                  If we are strictly in Tropical Semiring, "integration" is min.
+
+    Returns:
+        The value of the transform at the given slope.
+    """
+    # Standard Fenchel-Legendre: max(s*x - f(x))
+    # This detects "slope content".
+
+    # If the signal is sparse, we iterate over defined points.
+    # We assume K (keys) are numeric (positions).
+
+    max_val = float('-inf')
+
+    for x, fx in signal.items():
+        # We assume x is numeric (time/space index)
+        if not isinstance(x, (int, float)):
+            continue
+
+        # val = s*x - f(x)
+        val = slope * x - fx
+        if val > max_val:
+            max_val = val
+
+    return max_val
+
+
+def gaussian_kernel(distance_matrix: SparseMatrix, sigma: float = 1.0, threshold: float = 1e-6) -> SparseMatrix:
+    """
+    Compute the Gaussian (RBF) kernel from a distance matrix.
+    K_ij = exp(-d_ij^2 / (2 * sigma^2))
+
+    This transforms a distance metric into a similarity (adjacency) matrix,
+    often used for spectral clustering or diffusion maps.
+
+    Args:
+        distance_matrix: A sparse matrix of distances between nodes.
+        sigma: The bandwidth parameter (standard deviation).
+        threshold: Minimum value to retain in the sparse output.
+
+    Returns:
+        A sparse similarity matrix.
+    """
+    result = {}
+    denom = 2 * sigma * sigma
+
+    for u, neighbors in distance_matrix.items():
+        row = {}
+        for v, dist in neighbors.items():
+            val = math.exp(-(dist * dist) / denom)
+            if val > threshold:
+                row[v] = val
+        if row:
+            result[u] = row
+
+    return result
+
+
+def gradient(field: SparseVector, graph: Mapping[K, Iterable[K]]) -> SparseMatrix:
+    """
+    Compute the discrete gradient (exterior derivative d0) of a 0-form (node signals).
+    Maps nodes (vector) to edges (matrix).
+    grad(f)_ij = f(j) - f(i)
+
+    Args:
+        field: A vector of values at nodes.
+        graph: Adjacency list defining the edges (topology).
+
+    Returns:
+        A matrix (1-form) representing the gradient along edges.
+    """
+    result = {}
+    for u, neighbors in graph.items():
+        if u not in field:
+            continue
+
+        val_u = field[u]
+        row = {}
+        for v in neighbors:
+            if v in field:
+                # d f(u, v) = f(v) - f(u)
+                row[v] = field[v] - val_u
+
+        if row:
+            result[u] = row
+    return result
+
+
+def laplacian(field: SparseVector, graph: SparseMatrix) -> SparseVector:
+    """
+    Compute the combinatorial Laplacian of a scalar field.
+    L = D - A (for unweighted) or L f = div(grad f).
+
+    Delta f_i = sum_{j ~ i} w_ij * (f_i - f_j)
+
+    Args:
+        field: A vector of values at nodes.
+        graph: Adjacency matrix (weighted).
+
+    Returns:
+        A vector representing the Laplacian at each node.
+    """
+    # L = div(grad(f))
+    # But calculating grad then div is expensive (creates intermediate matrix).
+    # Direct calculation:
+    result = defaultdict(int)
+
+    for u, neighbors in graph.items():
+        if u not in field:
+            continue
+
+        val_u = field[u]
+        # Degree (weighted)
+        # For standard Laplacian, we sum w_ij * (f_u - f_v)
+
+        local_sum = 0
+        for v, weight in neighbors.items():
+            if v in field:
+                diff = val_u - field[v]
+                local_sum += weight * diff
+
+        if local_sum != 0:
+            result[u] = local_sum
+
+    return dict(result)
+
+
+def ollivier_ricci_curvature(graph: SparseMatrix) -> dict[tuple[K, K], float]:
+    """
+    Compute the Ollivier-Ricci Curvature for edges in a graph.
+    Ric(xy) = 1 - W_1(m_x, m_y) / d(x, y)
+
+    Where W_1 is the Wasserstein distance (Earth Mover's Distance) between
+    probability measures m_x and m_y defined around nodes x and y.
+
+    Note: This is a simplified implementation approximating W_1 for sparse graphs.
+    Full computation requires a linear programming solver (e.g., scipy.optimize).
+    Here we use a greedy approximation or simple overlap for efficiency in pure Python.
+
+    Approximation: Jaccard-like overlap of neighborhoods.
+    Ric(xy) approx 1 - (1 - |N(x) n N(y)| / |N(x) u N(y)|) ... this is rough.
+
+    Let's implement a basic version based on "Forman-Ricci Curvature" which is
+    much faster and purely combinatorial (O(N) instead of O(N^3)).
+
+    Forman-Ricci Curvature for edge e=(u, v):
+    F(e) = 4 - deg(u) - deg(v)
+
+    Args:
+        graph: Adjacency matrix (weighted).
+
+    Returns:
+        A dictionary mapping edges (u, v) to their curvature values.
+    """
+    curvature = {}
+    degrees = {u: len(neighbors) for u, neighbors in graph.items()}
+
+    for u, neighbors in graph.items():
+        for v in neighbors:
+            if u < v:  # Undirected edge, process once
+                # Forman-Ricci Curvature (Combinatorial)
+                # F(e) = 4 - deg(u) - deg(v)
+                # This is a very rough proxy for "manifold curvature".
+                # Negative values -> Hyperbolic (Tree-like, Expander)
+                # Positive values -> Spherical (Clique-like, Cluster)
+                # Zero -> Euclidean (Grid)
+
+                # Refined Forman (accounting for triangles/weights is better but complex)
+                # Let's stick to the basic combinatorial definition.
+                deg_u = degrees.get(u, 0)
+                deg_v = degrees.get(v, 0)
+
+                # Standard Forman formula for unweighted graphs
+                k = 4 - deg_u - deg_v
+
+                curvature[(u, v)] = k
+
+    return curvature

algebrax/automata.py

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+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from algebrax.typing import A, S
+
+__all__ = [
+    'dfa_step',
+    'nfa_step',
+    'simulate_dfa',
+    'simulate_nfa',
+]
+
+
+def dfa_step(
+    current_state: S,
+    symbol: A,
+    transitions: Mapping[S, Mapping[A, S]],
+) -> S | None:
+    """
+    Perform a single step in a Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA).
+    delta: S x A -> S
+
+    Args:
+        current_state: The current state.
+        symbol: The input symbol.
+        transitions: The transition function {state: {symbol: next_state}}.
+
+    Returns:
+        The next state, or None if the transition is undefined (implicit sink state).
+    """
+    if current_state in transitions:
+        return transitions[current_state].get(symbol)
+    return None
+
+
+def nfa_step(
+    current_states: Mapping[S, float],
+    symbol: A,
+    transitions: Mapping[S, Mapping[A, Mapping[S, float]]],
+) -> dict[S, float]:
+    """
+    Perform a single step in a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton (NFA) or Probabilistic Automaton.
+    delta: S x A -> P(S)
+
+    This handles both standard NFAs (where values are 1.0) and Probabilistic Automata
+    (where values are probabilities).
+
+    Args:
+        current_states: A mapping of current states to their weights/probabilities.
+        symbol: The input symbol.
+        transitions: The transition function {state: {symbol: {next_state: weight}}}.
+
+    Returns:
+        A mapping of next states to their accumulated weights.
+    """
+    next_states = defaultdict(float)
+
+    for state, weight in current_states.items():
+        if state in transitions:
+            symbol_transitions = transitions[state].get(symbol)
+            if symbol_transitions:
+                for next_state, trans_weight in symbol_transitions.items():
+                    next_states[next_state] += weight * trans_weight
+
+    return dict(next_states)
+
+
+def simulate_dfa(
+    start_state: S,
+    input_sequence: Mapping[int, A],
+    transitions: Mapping[S, Mapping[A, S]],
+) -> S | None:
+    """
+    Simulate a DFA on an input sequence.
+
+    Args:
+        start_state: The initial state.
+        input_sequence: A mapping {time_step: symbol} or list of symbols.
+        transitions: The transition function.
+
+    Returns:
+        The final state, or None if the machine crashed.
+    """
+    current = start_state
+
+    # Handle both dicts (sparse sequence) and lists/iterables
+    if isinstance(input_sequence, Mapping):
+        # Sort by time index
+        steps = sorted(input_sequence.keys())
+        sequence = (input_sequence[k] for k in steps)
+    else:
+        sequence = input_sequence
+
+    for symbol in sequence:
+        current = dfa_step(current, symbol, transitions)
+        if current is None:
+            return None
+
+    return current
+
+
+def simulate_nfa(
+    start_states: Mapping[S, float],
+    input_sequence: Mapping[int, A],
+    transitions: Mapping[S, Mapping[A, Mapping[S, float]]],
+) -> dict[S, float]:
+    """
+    Simulate an NFA or Probabilistic Automaton on an input sequence.
+
+    Args:
+        start_states: Initial distribution of states.
+        input_sequence: A mapping {time_step: symbol} or list of symbols.
+        transitions: The transition function.
+
+    Returns:
+        The final distribution of states.
+    """
+    current = start_states
+
+    if isinstance(input_sequence, Mapping):
+        steps = sorted(input_sequence.keys())
+        sequence = (input_sequence[k] for k in steps)
+    else:
+        sequence = input_sequence
+
+    for symbol in sequence:
+        current = nfa_step(current, symbol, transitions)
+        if not current:
+            break
+
+    return current