agno 0.1.2__py3-none-any.whl → 2.3.13__py3-none-any.whl

agno/db/firestore/firestore.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2379 @@
+import json
+import time
+from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from agno.tracing.schemas import Span, Trace
+
+from agno.db.base import BaseDb, SessionType
+from agno.db.firestore.utils import (
+    apply_pagination,
+    apply_pagination_to_records,
+    apply_sorting,
+    apply_sorting_to_records,
+    bulk_upsert_metrics,
+    calculate_date_metrics,
+    create_collection_indexes,
+    deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db,
+    fetch_all_sessions_data,
+    get_dates_to_calculate_metrics_for,
+    serialize_cultural_knowledge_for_db,
+)
+from agno.db.schemas.culture import CulturalKnowledge
+from agno.db.schemas.evals import EvalFilterType, EvalRunRecord, EvalType
+from agno.db.schemas.knowledge import KnowledgeRow
+from agno.db.schemas.memory import UserMemory
+from agno.db.utils import deserialize_session_json_fields, serialize_session_json_fields
+from agno.session import AgentSession, Session, TeamSession, WorkflowSession
+from agno.utils.log import log_debug, log_error, log_info
+from agno.utils.string import generate_id
+
+try:
+    from google.cloud.firestore import Client, FieldFilter  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+except ImportError:
+    raise ImportError(
+        "`google-cloud-firestore` not installed. Please install it using `pip install google-cloud-firestore`"
+    )
+
+
+class FirestoreDb(BaseDb):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        db_client: Optional[Client] = None,
+        project_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        session_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        memory_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        metrics_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        eval_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        knowledge_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        culture_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        traces_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        spans_collection: Optional[str] = None,
+        id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Interface for interacting with a Firestore database.
+
+        Args:
+            db_client (Optional[Client]): The Firestore client to use.
+            project_id (Optional[str]): The GCP project ID for Firestore.
+            session_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store sessions.
+            memory_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store memories.
+            metrics_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store metrics.
+            eval_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store evaluation runs.
+            knowledge_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store knowledge documents.
+            culture_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store cultural knowledge.
+            traces_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store traces.
+            spans_collection (Optional[str]): Name of the collection to store spans.
+            id (Optional[str]): ID of the database.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither project_id nor db_client is provided.
+        """
+        if id is None:
+            seed = project_id or str(db_client)
+            id = generate_id(seed)
+
+        super().__init__(
+            id=id,
+            session_table=session_collection,
+            memory_table=memory_collection,
+            metrics_table=metrics_collection,
+            eval_table=eval_collection,
+            knowledge_table=knowledge_collection,
+            culture_table=culture_collection,
+            traces_table=traces_collection,
+            spans_table=spans_collection,
+        )
+
+        _client: Optional[Client] = db_client
+        if _client is None and project_id is not None:
+            _client = Client(project=project_id)
+        if _client is None:
+            raise ValueError("One of project_id or db_client must be provided")
+
+        self.project_id: Optional[str] = project_id
+        self.db_client: Client = _client
+
+    # -- DB methods --
+
+    def table_exists(self, table_name: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a collection with the given name exists in the Firestore database.
+
+        Args:
+            table_name: Name of the collection to check
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the collection exists in the database, False otherwise
+        """
+        return table_name in self.db_client.list_collections()
+
+    def _get_collection(self, table_type: str, create_collection_if_not_found: Optional[bool] = True):
+        """Get or create a collection based on table type.
+
+        Args:
+            table_type (str): The type of table to get or create.
+            create_collection_if_not_found (Optional[bool]): Whether to create the collection if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Returns:
+            CollectionReference: The collection reference.
+        """
+        if table_type == "sessions":
+            if not hasattr(self, "session_collection"):
+                if self.session_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Session collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.session_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.session_table_name,
+                    collection_type="sessions",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.session_collection
+
+        if table_type == "memories":
+            if not hasattr(self, "memory_collection"):
+                if self.memory_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Memory collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.memory_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.memory_table_name,
+                    collection_type="memories",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.memory_collection
+
+        if table_type == "metrics":
+            if not hasattr(self, "metrics_collection"):
+                if self.metrics_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Metrics collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.metrics_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.metrics_table_name,
+                    collection_type="metrics",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.metrics_collection
+
+        if table_type == "evals":
+            if not hasattr(self, "eval_collection"):
+                if self.eval_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Eval collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.eval_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.eval_table_name,
+                    collection_type="evals",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.eval_collection
+
+        if table_type == "knowledge":
+            if not hasattr(self, "knowledge_collection"):
+                if self.knowledge_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Knowledge collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.knowledge_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.knowledge_table_name,
+                    collection_type="knowledge",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.knowledge_collection
+
+        if table_type == "culture":
+            if not hasattr(self, "culture_collection"):
+                if self.culture_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Culture collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.culture_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.culture_table_name,
+                    collection_type="culture",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.culture_collection
+
+        if table_type == "traces":
+            if not hasattr(self, "traces_collection"):
+                if self.trace_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Traces collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.traces_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.trace_table_name,
+                    collection_type="traces",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.traces_collection
+
+        if table_type == "spans":
+            # Ensure traces collection exists first (spans reference traces)
+            self._get_collection("traces", create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found)
+            if not hasattr(self, "spans_collection"):
+                if self.span_table_name is None:
+                    raise ValueError("Spans collection was not provided on initialization")
+                self.spans_collection = self._get_or_create_collection(
+                    collection_name=self.span_table_name,
+                    collection_type="spans",
+                    create_collection_if_not_found=create_collection_if_not_found,
+                )
+            return self.spans_collection
+
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown table type: {table_type}")
+
+    def _get_or_create_collection(
+        self, collection_name: str, collection_type: str, create_collection_if_not_found: Optional[bool] = True
+    ):
+        """Get or create a collection with proper indexes.
+
+        Args:
+            collection_name (str): The name of the collection to get or create.
+            collection_type (str): The type of collection to get or create.
+            create_collection_if_not_found (Optional[bool]): Whether to create the collection if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[CollectionReference]: The collection reference.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self.db_client.collection(collection_name)
+
+            if not hasattr(self, f"_{collection_name}_initialized"):
+                if not create_collection_if_not_found:
+                    return None
+                create_collection_indexes(self.db_client, collection_name, collection_type)
+                setattr(self, f"_{collection_name}_initialized", True)
+
+            return collection_ref
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting collection {collection_name}: {e}")
+            raise
+
+    # -- Session methods --
+
+    def delete_session(self, session_id: str) -> bool:
+        """Delete a session from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            session_id (str): The ID of the session to delete.
+            session_type (SessionType): The type of session to delete. Defaults to SessionType.AGENT.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the session was deleted, False otherwise.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error deleting the session.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="sessions")
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_id", "==", session_id)).stream()
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                doc.reference.delete()
+                log_debug(f"Successfully deleted session with session_id: {session_id}")
+                return True
+
+            log_debug(f"No session found to delete with session_id: {session_id}")
+            return False
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting session: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_latest_schema_version(self):
+        """Get the latest version of the database schema."""
+        pass
+
+    def upsert_schema_version(self, version: str) -> None:
+        """Upsert the schema version into the database."""
+        pass
+
+    def delete_sessions(self, session_ids: List[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete multiple sessions from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            session_ids (List[str]): The IDs of the sessions to delete.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="sessions")
+            batch = self.db_client.batch()
+
+            deleted_count = 0
+            for session_id in session_ids:
+                docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_id", "==", session_id)).stream()
+                for doc in docs:
+                    batch.delete(doc.reference)
+                    deleted_count += 1
+
+            batch.commit()
+
+            log_debug(f"Successfully deleted {deleted_count} sessions")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting sessions: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_session(
+        self,
+        session_id: str,
+        session_type: SessionType,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Read a session from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            session_id (str): The ID of the session to get.
+            session_type (SessionType): The type of session to get.
+            user_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the user to get the session for.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the session. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[Session, Dict[str, Any], None]:
+                - When deserialize=True: Session object
+                - When deserialize=False: Session dictionary
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error reading the session.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="sessions")
+            query = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_id", "==", session_id))
+
+            if user_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("user_id", "==", user_id))
+
+            docs = query.stream()
+            result = None
+            for doc in docs:
+                result = doc.to_dict()
+                break
+
+            if result is None:
+                return None
+
+            session = deserialize_session_json_fields(result)
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return session
+
+            if session_type == SessionType.AGENT:
+                return AgentSession.from_dict(session)
+            elif session_type == SessionType.TEAM:
+                return TeamSession.from_dict(session)
+            elif session_type == SessionType.WORKFLOW:
+                return WorkflowSession.from_dict(session)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid session type: {session_type}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception reading session: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_sessions(
+        self,
+        session_type: Optional[SessionType] = None,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        component_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        session_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        start_timestamp: Optional[int] = None,
+        end_timestamp: Optional[int] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        page: Optional[int] = None,
+        sort_by: Optional[str] = None,
+        sort_order: Optional[str] = None,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+    ) -> Union[List[Session], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+        """Get all sessions.
+
+        Args:
+            session_type (Optional[SessionType]): The type of session to get.
+            user_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the user to get the session for.
+            component_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the component to get the session for.
+            session_name (Optional[str]): The name of the session to filter by.
+            start_timestamp (Optional[int]): The start timestamp to filter sessions by.
+            end_timestamp (Optional[int]): The end timestamp to filter sessions by.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The limit of the sessions to get.
+            page (Optional[int]): The page number to get.
+            sort_by (Optional[str]): The field to sort the sessions by.
+            sort_order (Optional[str]): The order to sort the sessions by.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the sessions. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[List[AgentSession], List[TeamSession], List[WorkflowSession], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: List of Session objects
+                - When deserialize=False: List of session dictionaries and the total count
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error reading the sessions.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="sessions")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+            query = collection_ref
+
+            if user_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("user_id", "==", user_id))
+            if session_type is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_type", "==", session_type.value))
+            if component_id is not None:
+                if session_type == SessionType.AGENT:
+                    query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("agent_id", "==", component_id))
+                elif session_type == SessionType.TEAM:
+                    query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("team_id", "==", component_id))
+                elif session_type == SessionType.WORKFLOW:
+                    query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("workflow_id", "==", component_id))
+            if start_timestamp is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("created_at", ">=", start_timestamp))
+            if end_timestamp is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("created_at", "<=", end_timestamp))
+            if session_name is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_data.session_name", "==", session_name))
+
+            # Apply sorting
+            query = apply_sorting(query, sort_by, sort_order)
+
+            # Get all documents for counting before pagination
+            all_docs = query.stream()
+            all_records = [doc.to_dict() for doc in all_docs]
+
+            if not all_records:
+                return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+            all_sessions_raw = [deserialize_session_json_fields(record) for record in all_records]
+
+            # Get total count before pagination
+            total_count = len(all_sessions_raw)
+
+            # Apply pagination to the results
+            if limit is not None and page is not None:
+                start_index = (page - 1) * limit
+                end_index = start_index + limit
+                sessions_raw = all_sessions_raw[start_index:end_index]
+            elif limit is not None:
+                sessions_raw = all_sessions_raw[:limit]
+            else:
+                sessions_raw = all_sessions_raw
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return sessions_raw, total_count
+
+            sessions: List[Union[AgentSession, TeamSession, WorkflowSession]] = []
+            for session in sessions_raw:
+                if session["session_type"] == SessionType.AGENT.value:
+                    agent_session = AgentSession.from_dict(session)
+                    if agent_session is not None:
+                        sessions.append(agent_session)
+                elif session["session_type"] == SessionType.TEAM.value:
+                    team_session = TeamSession.from_dict(session)
+                    if team_session is not None:
+                        sessions.append(team_session)
+                elif session["session_type"] == SessionType.WORKFLOW.value:
+                    workflow_session = WorkflowSession.from_dict(session)
+                    if workflow_session is not None:
+                        sessions.append(workflow_session)
+
+            if not sessions:
+                return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+            return sessions
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception reading sessions: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def rename_session(
+        self, session_id: str, session_type: SessionType, session_name: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Rename a session in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            session_id (str): The ID of the session to rename.
+            session_type (SessionType): The type of session to rename.
+            session_name (str): The new name of the session.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the session. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: Session object
+                - When deserialize=False: Session dictionary
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error renaming the session.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="sessions")
+
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_id", "==", session_id)).stream()
+            doc_ref = next((doc.reference for doc in docs), None)
+
+            if doc_ref is None:
+                return None
+
+            doc_ref.update({"session_data.session_name": session_name, "updated_at": int(time.time())})
+
+            updated_doc = doc_ref.get()
+            if not updated_doc.exists:
+                return None
+
+            result = updated_doc.to_dict()
+            if result is None:
+                return None
+            deserialized_session = deserialize_session_json_fields(result)
+
+            log_debug(f"Renamed session with id '{session_id}' to '{session_name}'")
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return deserialized_session
+
+            if session_type == SessionType.AGENT:
+                return AgentSession.from_dict(deserialized_session)
+            elif session_type == SessionType.TEAM:
+                return TeamSession.from_dict(deserialized_session)
+            else:
+                return WorkflowSession.from_dict(deserialized_session)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception renaming session: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def upsert_session(
+        self, session: Session, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Insert or update a session in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            session (Session): The session to upsert.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Session]: The upserted session.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error upserting the session.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="sessions", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+            serialized_session_dict = serialize_session_json_fields(session.to_dict())
+
+            if isinstance(session, AgentSession):
+                record = {
+                    "session_id": serialized_session_dict.get("session_id"),
+                    "session_type": SessionType.AGENT.value,
+                    "agent_id": serialized_session_dict.get("agent_id"),
+                    "user_id": serialized_session_dict.get("user_id"),
+                    "runs": serialized_session_dict.get("runs"),
+                    "agent_data": serialized_session_dict.get("agent_data"),
+                    "session_data": serialized_session_dict.get("session_data"),
+                    "summary": serialized_session_dict.get("summary"),
+                    "metadata": serialized_session_dict.get("metadata"),
+                    "created_at": serialized_session_dict.get("created_at"),
+                    "updated_at": int(time.time()),
+                }
+
+            elif isinstance(session, TeamSession):
+                record = {
+                    "session_id": serialized_session_dict.get("session_id"),
+                    "session_type": SessionType.TEAM.value,
+                    "team_id": serialized_session_dict.get("team_id"),
+                    "user_id": serialized_session_dict.get("user_id"),
+                    "runs": serialized_session_dict.get("runs"),
+                    "team_data": serialized_session_dict.get("team_data"),
+                    "session_data": serialized_session_dict.get("session_data"),
+                    "summary": serialized_session_dict.get("summary"),
+                    "metadata": serialized_session_dict.get("metadata"),
+                    "created_at": serialized_session_dict.get("created_at"),
+                    "updated_at": int(time.time()),
+                }
+
+            elif isinstance(session, WorkflowSession):
+                record = {
+                    "session_id": serialized_session_dict.get("session_id"),
+                    "session_type": SessionType.WORKFLOW.value,
+                    "workflow_id": serialized_session_dict.get("workflow_id"),
+                    "user_id": serialized_session_dict.get("user_id"),
+                    "runs": serialized_session_dict.get("runs"),
+                    "workflow_data": serialized_session_dict.get("workflow_data"),
+                    "session_data": serialized_session_dict.get("session_data"),
+                    "summary": serialized_session_dict.get("summary"),
+                    "metadata": serialized_session_dict.get("metadata"),
+                    "created_at": serialized_session_dict.get("created_at"),
+                    "updated_at": int(time.time()),
+                }
+
+            # Find existing document or create new one
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_id", "==", record["session_id"])).stream()
+            doc_ref = next((doc.reference for doc in docs), None)
+
+            if doc_ref is None:
+                # Create new document
+                doc_ref = collection_ref.document()
+
+            doc_ref.set(record, merge=True)
+
+            # Get the updated document
+            updated_doc = doc_ref.get()
+            if not updated_doc.exists:
+                return None
+
+            result = updated_doc.to_dict()
+            if result is None:
+                return None
+            deserialized_session = deserialize_session_json_fields(result)
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return deserialized_session
+
+            if isinstance(session, AgentSession):
+                return AgentSession.from_dict(deserialized_session)
+            elif isinstance(session, TeamSession):
+                return TeamSession.from_dict(deserialized_session)
+            else:
+                return WorkflowSession.from_dict(deserialized_session)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception upserting session: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def upsert_sessions(
+        self, sessions: List[Session], deserialize: Optional[bool] = True, preserve_updated_at: bool = False
+    ) -> List[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """
+        Bulk upsert multiple sessions for improved performance on large datasets.
+
+        Args:
+            sessions (List[Session]): List of sessions to upsert.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to deserialize the sessions. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Union[Session, Dict[str, Any]]]: List of upserted sessions.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during bulk upsert.
+        """
+        if not sessions:
+            return []
+
+        try:
+            log_info(
+                f"FirestoreDb doesn't support efficient bulk operations, falling back to individual upserts for {len(sessions)} sessions"
+            )
+
+            # Fall back to individual upserts
+            results = []
+            for session in sessions:
+                if session is not None:
+                    result = self.upsert_session(session, deserialize=deserialize)
+                    if result is not None:
+                        results.append(result)
+            return results
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception during bulk session upsert: {e}")
+            return []
+
+    # -- Memory methods --
+
+    def delete_user_memory(self, memory_id: str, user_id: Optional[str] = None):
+        """Delete a user memory from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            memory_id (str): The ID of the memory to delete.
+            user_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the user (optional, for filtering).
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the memory was deleted, False otherwise.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error deleting the memory.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories")
+
+            # If user_id is provided, verify the memory belongs to the user before deleting
+            if user_id:
+                docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("memory_id", "==", memory_id)).stream()
+                for doc in docs:
+                    data = doc.to_dict()
+                    if data.get("user_id") != user_id:
+                        log_debug(f"Memory {memory_id} does not belong to user {user_id}")
+                        return
+                    doc.reference.delete()
+                    log_debug(f"Successfully deleted user memory id: {memory_id}")
+                    return
+            else:
+                docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("memory_id", "==", memory_id)).stream()
+                deleted_count = 0
+                for doc in docs:
+                    doc.reference.delete()
+                    deleted_count += 1
+
+                success = deleted_count > 0
+                if success:
+                    log_debug(f"Successfully deleted user memory id: {memory_id}")
+                else:
+                    log_debug(f"No user memory found with id: {memory_id}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting user memory: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def delete_user_memories(self, memory_ids: List[str], user_id: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Delete user memories from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            memory_ids (List[str]): The IDs of the memories to delete.
+            user_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the user (optional, for filtering).
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error deleting the memories.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories")
+            batch = self.db_client.batch()
+            deleted_count = 0
+
+            # If user_id is provided, filter memory_ids to only those belonging to the user
+            if user_id:
+                for memory_id in memory_ids:
+                    docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("memory_id", "==", memory_id)).stream()
+                    for doc in docs:
+                        data = doc.to_dict()
+                        if data.get("user_id") == user_id:
+                            batch.delete(doc.reference)
+                            deleted_count += 1
+            else:
+                for memory_id in memory_ids:
+                    docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("memory_id", "==", memory_id)).stream()
+                    for doc in docs:
+                        batch.delete(doc.reference)
+                        deleted_count += 1
+
+            batch.commit()
+
+            if deleted_count == 0:
+                log_info(f"No memories found with ids: {memory_ids}")
+            else:
+                log_info(f"Successfully deleted {deleted_count} memories")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting memories: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_all_memory_topics(self, create_collection_if_not_found: Optional[bool] = True) -> List[str]:
+        """Get all memory topics from the database.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The topics.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error getting the topics.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return []
+
+            docs = collection_ref.stream()
+
+            all_topics = set()
+            for doc in docs:
+                data = doc.to_dict()
+                topics = data.get("topics", [])
+                if topics:
+                    all_topics.update(topics)
+
+            return [topic for topic in all_topics if topic]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting all memory topics: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_user_memory(
+        self, memory_id: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True, user_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Optional[UserMemory]:
+        """Get a memory from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            memory_id (str): The ID of the memory to get.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the memory. Defaults to True.
+            user_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the user (optional, for filtering).
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[UserMemory]:
+                - When deserialize=True: UserMemory object
+                - When deserialize=False: Memory dictionary
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error getting the memory.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories")
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("memory_id", "==", memory_id)).stream()
+
+            result = None
+            for doc in docs:
+                result = doc.to_dict()
+                break
+
+            if result is None:
+                return None
+
+            # Filter by user_id if provided
+            if user_id and result.get("user_id") != user_id:
+                return None
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return result
+
+            return UserMemory.from_dict(result)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting user memory: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_user_memories(
+        self,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        topics: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        search_content: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        page: Optional[int] = None,
+        sort_by: Optional[str] = None,
+        sort_order: Optional[str] = None,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+    ) -> Union[List[UserMemory], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+        """Get all memories from the database as UserMemory objects.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the user to get the memories for.
+            agent_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the agent to get the memories for.
+            team_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the team to get the memories for.
+            topics (Optional[List[str]]): The topics to filter the memories by.
+            search_content (Optional[str]): The content to filter the memories by.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The limit of the memories to get.
+            page (Optional[int]): The page number to get.
+            sort_by (Optional[str]): The field to sort the memories by.
+            sort_order (Optional[str]): The order to sort the memories by.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the memories. Defaults to True.
+            create_table_if_not_found: Whether to create the index if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]: A tuple containing the memories and the total count.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error getting the memories.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+            query = collection_ref
+
+            if user_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("user_id", "==", user_id))
+            if agent_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("agent_id", "==", agent_id))
+            if team_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("team_id", "==", team_id))
+            if topics is not None and len(topics) > 0:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("topics", "array_contains_any", topics))
+            if search_content is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("memory", "==", search_content))
+
+            # Apply sorting
+            query = apply_sorting(query, sort_by, sort_order)
+
+            # Get all documents
+            docs = query.stream()
+            all_records = [doc.to_dict() for doc in docs]
+
+            total_count = len(all_records)
+
+            # Apply pagination to the filtered results
+            if limit is not None and page is not None:
+                start_index = (page - 1) * limit
+                end_index = start_index + limit
+                records = all_records[start_index:end_index]
+            elif limit is not None:
+                records = all_records[:limit]
+            else:
+                records = all_records
+            if not deserialize:
+                return records, total_count
+
+            return [UserMemory.from_dict(record) for record in records]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting user memories: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_user_memory_stats(
+        self,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        page: Optional[int] = None,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]:
+        """Get user memories stats.
+
+        Args:
+            limit (Optional[int]): The limit of the memories to get.
+            page (Optional[int]): The page number to get.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]: A tuple containing the memories stats and the total count.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error getting the memories stats.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories")
+
+            if user_id:
+                query = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("user_id", "==", user_id))
+            else:
+                query = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("user_id", "!=", None))
+
+            docs = query.stream()
+
+            user_stats = {}
+            for doc in docs:
+                data = doc.to_dict()
+                current_user_id = data.get("user_id")
+                if current_user_id:
+                    if current_user_id not in user_stats:
+                        user_stats[current_user_id] = {
+                            "user_id": current_user_id,
+                            "total_memories": 0,
+                            "last_memory_updated_at": 0,
+                        }
+                    user_stats[current_user_id]["total_memories"] += 1
+                    updated_at = data.get("updated_at", 0)
+                    if updated_at > user_stats[current_user_id]["last_memory_updated_at"]:
+                        user_stats[current_user_id]["last_memory_updated_at"] = updated_at
+
+            # Convert to list and sort
+            formatted_results = list(user_stats.values())
+            formatted_results.sort(key=lambda x: x["last_memory_updated_at"], reverse=True)
+
+            total_count = len(formatted_results)
+
+            # Apply pagination
+            if limit is not None:
+                start_idx = 0
+                if page is not None:
+                    start_idx = (page - 1) * limit
+                formatted_results = formatted_results[start_idx : start_idx + limit]
+
+            return formatted_results, total_count
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting user memory stats: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def upsert_user_memory(
+        self, memory: UserMemory, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[UserMemory, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Upsert a user memory in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            memory (UserMemory): The memory to upsert.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the memory. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Union[UserMemory, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: UserMemory object
+                - When deserialize=False: Memory dictionary
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error upserting the memory.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return None
+
+            if memory.memory_id is None:
+                memory.memory_id = str(uuid4())
+
+            update_doc = memory.to_dict()
+            update_doc["updated_at"] = int(time.time())
+
+            # Find existing document or create new one
+            docs = collection_ref.where("memory_id", "==", memory.memory_id).stream()
+            doc_ref = next((doc.reference for doc in docs), None)
+
+            if doc_ref is None:
+                doc_ref = collection_ref.document()
+
+            doc_ref.set(update_doc, merge=True)
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return update_doc
+
+            return UserMemory.from_dict(update_doc)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception upserting user memory: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def upsert_memories(
+        self, memories: List[UserMemory], deserialize: Optional[bool] = True, preserve_updated_at: bool = False
+    ) -> List[Union[UserMemory, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """
+        Bulk upsert multiple user memories for improved performance on large datasets.
+
+        Args:
+            memories (List[UserMemory]): List of memories to upsert.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to deserialize the memories. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Union[UserMemory, Dict[str, Any]]]: List of upserted memories.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during bulk upsert.
+        """
+        if not memories:
+            return []
+
+        try:
+            log_info(
+                f"FirestoreDb doesn't support efficient bulk operations, falling back to individual upserts for {len(memories)} memories"
+            )
+            # Fall back to individual upserts
+            results = []
+            for memory in memories:
+                if memory is not None:
+                    result = self.upsert_user_memory(memory, deserialize=deserialize)
+                    if result is not None:
+                        results.append(result)
+            return results
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception during bulk memory upsert: {e}")
+            return []
+
+    def clear_memories(self) -> None:
+        """Delete all memories from the database.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during deletion.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="memories")
+
+            # Get all documents in the collection
+            docs = collection_ref.stream()
+
+            # Delete all documents in batches
+            batch = self.db_client.batch()
+            batch_count = 0
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                batch.delete(doc.reference)
+                batch_count += 1
+
+                # Firestore batch has a limit of 500 operations
+                if batch_count >= 500:
+                    batch.commit()
+                    batch = self.db_client.batch()
+                    batch_count = 0
+
+            # Commit remaining operations
+            if batch_count > 0:
+                batch.commit()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception deleting all memories: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    # -- Cultural Knowledge methods --
+    def clear_cultural_knowledge(self) -> None:
+        """Delete all cultural knowledge from the database.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during deletion.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="culture")
+
+            # Get all documents in the collection
+            docs = collection_ref.stream()
+
+            # Delete all documents in batches
+            batch = self.db_client.batch()
+            batch_count = 0
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                batch.delete(doc.reference)
+                batch_count += 1
+
+                # Firestore batch has a limit of 500 operations
+                if batch_count >= 500:
+                    batch.commit()
+                    batch = self.db_client.batch()
+                    batch_count = 0
+
+            # Commit remaining operations
+            if batch_count > 0:
+                batch.commit()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception deleting all cultural knowledge: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def delete_cultural_knowledge(self, id: str) -> None:
+        """Delete cultural knowledge by ID.
+
+        Args:
+            id (str): The ID of the cultural knowledge to delete.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during deletion.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="culture")
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("id", "==", id)).stream()
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                doc.reference.delete()
+                log_debug(f"Deleted cultural knowledge with ID: {id}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting cultural knowledge: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_cultural_knowledge(
+        self, id: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[CulturalKnowledge, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Get cultural knowledge by ID.
+
+        Args:
+            id (str): The ID of the cultural knowledge to retrieve.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to deserialize to CulturalKnowledge object. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Union[CulturalKnowledge, Dict[str, Any]]]: The cultural knowledge if found, None otherwise.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during retrieval.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="culture")
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("id", "==", id)).limit(1).stream()
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                result = doc.to_dict()
+                if not deserialize:
+                    return result
+                return deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db(result)
+
+            return None
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting cultural knowledge: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_all_cultural_knowledge(
+        self,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        page: Optional[int] = None,
+        sort_by: Optional[str] = None,
+        sort_order: Optional[str] = None,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+    ) -> Union[List[CulturalKnowledge], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+        """Get all cultural knowledge with filtering and pagination.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_id (Optional[str]): Filter by agent ID.
+            team_id (Optional[str]): Filter by team ID.
+            name (Optional[str]): Filter by name (case-insensitive partial match).
+            limit (Optional[int]): Maximum number of results to return.
+            page (Optional[int]): Page number for pagination.
+            sort_by (Optional[str]): Field to sort by.
+            sort_order (Optional[str]): Sort order ('asc' or 'desc').
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to deserialize to CulturalKnowledge objects. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[List[CulturalKnowledge], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: List of CulturalKnowledge objects
+                - When deserialize=False: Tuple with list of dictionaries and total count
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during retrieval.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="culture")
+
+            # Build query with filters
+            query = collection_ref
+            if agent_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("agent_id", "==", agent_id))
+            if team_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("team_id", "==", team_id))
+
+            # Get all matching documents
+            docs = query.stream()
+            results = [doc.to_dict() for doc in docs]
+
+            # Apply name filter (Firestore doesn't support regex in queries)
+            if name is not None:
+                results = [r for r in results if name.lower() in r.get("name", "").lower()]
+
+            total_count = len(results)
+
+            # Apply sorting and pagination to in-memory results
+            sorted_results = apply_sorting_to_records(records=results, sort_by=sort_by, sort_order=sort_order)
+            paginated_results = apply_pagination_to_records(records=sorted_results, limit=limit, page=page)
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return paginated_results, total_count
+
+            return [deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db(item) for item in paginated_results]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting all cultural knowledge: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def upsert_cultural_knowledge(
+        self, cultural_knowledge: CulturalKnowledge, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[CulturalKnowledge, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Upsert cultural knowledge in Firestore.
+
+        Args:
+            cultural_knowledge (CulturalKnowledge): The cultural knowledge to upsert.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to deserialize the result. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Union[CulturalKnowledge, Dict[str, Any]]]: The upserted cultural knowledge.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during upsert.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="culture", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+
+            # Serialize content, categories, and notes into a dict for DB storage
+            content_dict = serialize_cultural_knowledge_for_db(cultural_knowledge)
+
+            # Create the update document with serialized content
+            update_doc = {
+                "id": cultural_knowledge.id,
+                "name": cultural_knowledge.name,
+                "summary": cultural_knowledge.summary,
+                "content": content_dict if content_dict else None,
+                "metadata": cultural_knowledge.metadata,
+                "input": cultural_knowledge.input,
+                "created_at": cultural_knowledge.created_at,
+                "updated_at": int(time.time()),
+                "agent_id": cultural_knowledge.agent_id,
+                "team_id": cultural_knowledge.team_id,
+            }
+
+            # Find and update or create new document
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("id", "==", cultural_knowledge.id)).limit(1).stream()
+
+            doc_found = False
+            for doc in docs:
+                doc.reference.set(update_doc)
+                doc_found = True
+                break
+
+            if not doc_found:
+                collection_ref.add(update_doc)
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return update_doc
+
+            return deserialize_cultural_knowledge_from_db(update_doc)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error upserting cultural knowledge: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    # -- Metrics methods --
+
+    def _get_all_sessions_for_metrics_calculation(
+        self, start_timestamp: Optional[int] = None, end_timestamp: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Get all sessions of all types for metrics calculation."""
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="sessions")
+
+            query = collection_ref
+            if start_timestamp is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("created_at", ">=", start_timestamp))
+            if end_timestamp is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("created_at", "<=", end_timestamp))
+
+            docs = query.stream()
+            results = []
+            for doc in docs:
+                data = doc.to_dict()
+                # Only include required fields for metrics
+                result = {
+                    "user_id": data.get("user_id"),
+                    "session_data": data.get("session_data"),
+                    "runs": data.get("runs"),
+                    "created_at": data.get("created_at"),
+                    "session_type": data.get("session_type"),
+                }
+                results.append(result)
+
+            return results
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting all sessions for metrics calculation: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def _get_metrics_calculation_starting_date(self, collection_ref) -> Optional[date]:
+        """Get the first date for which metrics calculation is needed."""
+        try:
+            query = collection_ref.order_by("date", direction="DESCENDING").limit(1)
+            docs = query.stream()
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                data = doc.to_dict()
+                result_date = datetime.strptime(data["date"], "%Y-%m-%d").date()
+                if data.get("completed"):
+                    return result_date + timedelta(days=1)
+                else:
+                    return result_date
+
+            # No metrics records. Return the date of the first recorded session.
+            first_session_result = self.get_sessions(sort_by="created_at", sort_order="asc", limit=1, deserialize=False)
+            first_session_date = None
+
+            if isinstance(first_session_result, list) and len(first_session_result) > 0:
+                first_session_date = first_session_result[0].created_at  # type: ignore
+            elif isinstance(first_session_result, tuple) and len(first_session_result[0]) > 0:
+                first_session_date = first_session_result[0][0].get("created_at")
+
+            if first_session_date is None:
+                return None
+
+            return datetime.fromtimestamp(first_session_date, tz=timezone.utc).date()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting metrics calculation starting date: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def calculate_metrics(self) -> Optional[list[dict]]:
+        """Calculate metrics for all dates without complete metrics."""
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="metrics", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+
+            starting_date = self._get_metrics_calculation_starting_date(collection_ref)
+            if starting_date is None:
+                log_info("No session data found. Won't calculate metrics.")
+                return None
+
+            dates_to_process = get_dates_to_calculate_metrics_for(starting_date)
+            if not dates_to_process:
+                log_info("Metrics already calculated for all relevant dates.")
+                return None
+
+            start_timestamp = int(datetime.combine(dates_to_process[0], datetime.min.time()).timestamp())
+            end_timestamp = int(
+                datetime.combine(dates_to_process[-1] + timedelta(days=1), datetime.min.time()).timestamp()
+            )
+
+            sessions = self._get_all_sessions_for_metrics_calculation(
+                start_timestamp=start_timestamp, end_timestamp=end_timestamp
+            )
+            all_sessions_data = fetch_all_sessions_data(
+                sessions=sessions, dates_to_process=dates_to_process, start_timestamp=start_timestamp
+            )
+            if not all_sessions_data:
+                log_info("No new session data found. Won't calculate metrics.")
+                return None
+
+            results = []
+            metrics_records = []
+
+            for date_to_process in dates_to_process:
+                date_key = date_to_process.isoformat()
+                sessions_for_date = all_sessions_data.get(date_key, {})
+
+                # Skip dates with no sessions
+                if not any(len(sessions) > 0 for sessions in sessions_for_date.values()):
+                    continue
+
+                metrics_record = calculate_date_metrics(date_to_process, sessions_for_date)
+                metrics_records.append(metrics_record)
+
+            if metrics_records:
+                results = bulk_upsert_metrics(collection_ref, metrics_records)
+
+            log_debug("Updated metrics calculations")
+
+            return results
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception calculating metrics: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_metrics(
+        self,
+        starting_date: Optional[date] = None,
+        ending_date: Optional[date] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[dict], Optional[int]]:
+        """Get all metrics matching the given date range."""
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="metrics")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return [], None
+
+            query = collection_ref
+            if starting_date:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("date", ">=", starting_date.isoformat()))
+            if ending_date:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("date", "<=", ending_date.isoformat()))
+
+            docs = query.stream()
+            records = []
+            latest_updated_at = 0
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                data = doc.to_dict()
+                records.append(data)
+                updated_at = data.get("updated_at", 0)
+                if updated_at > latest_updated_at:
+                    latest_updated_at = updated_at
+
+            if not records:
+                return [], None
+
+            return records, latest_updated_at
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting metrics: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    # -- Knowledge methods --
+
+    def delete_knowledge_content(self, id: str):
+        """Delete a knowledge row from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            id (str): The ID of the knowledge row to delete.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during deletion.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="knowledge")
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("id", "==", id)).stream()
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                doc.reference.delete()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting knowledge content: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_knowledge_content(self, id: str) -> Optional[KnowledgeRow]:
+        """Get a knowledge row from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            id (str): The ID of the knowledge row to get.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[KnowledgeRow]: The knowledge row, or None if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during retrieval.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="knowledge")
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("id", "==", id)).stream()
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                data = doc.to_dict()
+                return KnowledgeRow.model_validate(data)
+
+            return None
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting knowledge content: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_knowledge_contents(
+        self,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        page: Optional[int] = None,
+        sort_by: Optional[str] = None,
+        sort_order: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[KnowledgeRow], int]:
+        """Get all knowledge contents from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of knowledge contents to return.
+            page (Optional[int]): The page number.
+            sort_by (Optional[str]): The column to sort by.
+            sort_order (Optional[str]): The order to sort by.
+            create_table_if_not_found (Optional[bool]): Whether to create the table if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[List[KnowledgeRow], int]: The knowledge contents and total count.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If an error occurs during retrieval.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="knowledge")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return [], 0
+
+            query = collection_ref
+
+            # Apply sorting
+            query = apply_sorting(query, sort_by, sort_order)
+
+            # Apply pagination
+            query = apply_pagination(query, limit, page)
+
+            docs = query.stream()
+            records = []
+            for doc in docs:
+                records.append(doc.to_dict())
+
+            knowledge_rows = [KnowledgeRow.model_validate(record) for record in records]
+            total_count = len(knowledge_rows)  # Simplified count
+
+            return knowledge_rows, total_count
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting knowledge contents: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def upsert_knowledge_content(self, knowledge_row: KnowledgeRow):
+        """Upsert knowledge content in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            knowledge_row (KnowledgeRow): The knowledge row to upsert.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[KnowledgeRow]: The upserted knowledge row, or None if the operation fails.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="knowledge", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return None
+
+            update_doc = knowledge_row.model_dump()
+
+            # Find existing document or create new one
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("id", "==", knowledge_row.id)).stream()
+            doc_ref = next((doc.reference for doc in docs), None)
+
+            if doc_ref is None:
+                doc_ref = collection_ref.document()
+
+            doc_ref.set(update_doc, merge=True)
+
+            return knowledge_row
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error upserting knowledge content: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    # -- Eval methods --
+
+    def create_eval_run(self, eval_run: EvalRunRecord) -> Optional[EvalRunRecord]:
+        """Create an EvalRunRecord in the database."""
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="evals", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+
+            current_time = int(time.time())
+            eval_dict = eval_run.model_dump()
+            eval_dict["created_at"] = current_time
+            eval_dict["updated_at"] = current_time
+
+            doc_ref = collection_ref.document()
+            doc_ref.set(eval_dict)
+
+            log_debug(f"Created eval run with id '{eval_run.run_id}'")
+
+            return eval_run
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error creating eval run: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def delete_eval_run(self, eval_run_id: str) -> None:
+        """Delete an eval run from the database."""
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="evals")
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("run_id", "==", eval_run_id)).stream()
+
+            deleted_count = 0
+            for doc in docs:
+                doc.reference.delete()
+                deleted_count += 1
+
+            if deleted_count == 0:
+                log_info(f"No eval run found with ID: {eval_run_id}")
+            else:
+                log_info(f"Deleted eval run with ID: {eval_run_id}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting eval run {eval_run_id}: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def delete_eval_runs(self, eval_run_ids: List[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete multiple eval runs from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            eval_run_ids (List[str]): The IDs of the eval runs to delete.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error deleting the eval runs.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="evals")
+            batch = self.db_client.batch()
+            deleted_count = 0
+
+            for eval_run_id in eval_run_ids:
+                docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("run_id", "==", eval_run_id)).stream()
+                for doc in docs:
+                    batch.delete(doc.reference)
+                    deleted_count += 1
+
+            batch.commit()
+
+            if deleted_count == 0:
+                log_info(f"No eval runs found with IDs: {eval_run_ids}")
+            else:
+                log_info(f"Deleted {deleted_count} eval runs")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error deleting eval runs {eval_run_ids}: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_eval_run(
+        self, eval_run_id: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[EvalRunRecord, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Get an eval run from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            eval_run_id (str): The ID of the eval run to get.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the eval run. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Union[EvalRunRecord, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: EvalRunRecord object
+                - When deserialize=False: EvalRun dictionary
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error getting the eval run.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="evals")
+            if not collection_ref:
+                return None
+
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("run_id", "==", eval_run_id)).stream()
+
+            eval_run_raw = None
+            for doc in docs:
+                eval_run_raw = doc.to_dict()
+                break
+
+            if not eval_run_raw:
+                return None
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return eval_run_raw
+
+            return EvalRunRecord.model_validate(eval_run_raw)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting eval run {eval_run_id}: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def get_eval_runs(
+        self,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        page: Optional[int] = None,
+        sort_by: Optional[str] = None,
+        sort_order: Optional[str] = None,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        workflow_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        model_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_type: Optional[EvalFilterType] = None,
+        eval_type: Optional[List[EvalType]] = None,
+        deserialize: Optional[bool] = True,
+    ) -> Union[List[EvalRunRecord], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+        """Get all eval runs from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of eval runs to return.
+            page (Optional[int]): The page number to return.
+            sort_by (Optional[str]): The field to sort by.
+            sort_order (Optional[str]): The order to sort by.
+            agent_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the agent to filter by.
+            team_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the team to filter by.
+            workflow_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the workflow to filter by.
+            model_id (Optional[str]): The ID of the model to filter by.
+            eval_type (Optional[List[EvalType]]): The type of eval to filter by.
+            filter_type (Optional[EvalFilterType]): The type of filter to apply.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the eval runs. Defaults to True.
+            create_table_if_not_found (Optional[bool]): Whether to create the table if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[List[EvalRunRecord], Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: List of EvalRunRecord objects
+                - When deserialize=False: List of eval run dictionaries and the total count
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error getting the eval runs.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="evals")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+            query = collection_ref
+
+            if agent_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("agent_id", "==", agent_id))
+            if team_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("team_id", "==", team_id))
+            if workflow_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("workflow_id", "==", workflow_id))
+            if model_id is not None:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("model_id", "==", model_id))
+            if eval_type is not None and len(eval_type) > 0:
+                eval_values = [et.value for et in eval_type]
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("eval_type", "in", eval_values))
+            if filter_type is not None:
+                if filter_type == EvalFilterType.AGENT:
+                    query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("agent_id", "!=", None))
+                elif filter_type == EvalFilterType.TEAM:
+                    query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("team_id", "!=", None))
+                elif filter_type == EvalFilterType.WORKFLOW:
+                    query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("workflow_id", "!=", None))
+
+            # Apply default sorting by created_at desc if no sort parameters provided
+            if sort_by is None:
+                from google.cloud.firestore import Query
+
+                query = query.order_by("created_at", direction=Query.DESCENDING)
+            else:
+                query = apply_sorting(query, sort_by, sort_order)
+
+            # Get all documents for counting before pagination
+            all_docs = query.stream()
+            all_records = [doc.to_dict() for doc in all_docs]
+
+            if not all_records:
+                return [] if deserialize else ([], 0)
+
+            # Get total count before pagination
+            total_count = len(all_records)
+
+            # Apply pagination to the results
+            if limit is not None and page is not None:
+                start_index = (page - 1) * limit
+                end_index = start_index + limit
+                records = all_records[start_index:end_index]
+            elif limit is not None:
+                records = all_records[:limit]
+            else:
+                records = all_records
+
+            if not deserialize:
+                return records, total_count
+
+            return [EvalRunRecord.model_validate(row) for row in records]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Exception getting eval runs: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    def rename_eval_run(
+        self, eval_run_id: str, name: str, deserialize: Optional[bool] = True
+    ) -> Optional[Union[EvalRunRecord, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Update the name of an eval run in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            eval_run_id (str): The ID of the eval run to update.
+            name (str): The new name of the eval run.
+            deserialize (Optional[bool]): Whether to serialize the eval run. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Union[EvalRunRecord, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+                - When deserialize=True: EvalRunRecord object
+                - When deserialize=False: EvalRun dictionary
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If there is an error updating the eval run.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="evals")
+            if not collection_ref:
+                return None
+
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("run_id", "==", eval_run_id)).stream()
+            doc_ref = next((doc.reference for doc in docs), None)
+
+            if doc_ref is None:
+                return None
+
+            doc_ref.update({"name": name, "updated_at": int(time.time())})
+
+            updated_doc = doc_ref.get()
+            if not updated_doc.exists:
+                return None
+
+            result = updated_doc.to_dict()
+
+            log_debug(f"Renamed eval run with id '{eval_run_id}' to '{name}'")
+
+            if not result or not deserialize:
+                return result
+
+            return EvalRunRecord.model_validate(result)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error updating eval run name {eval_run_id}: {e}")
+            raise e
+
+    # --- Traces ---
+    def upsert_trace(self, trace: "Trace") -> None:
+        """Create or update a single trace record in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            trace: The Trace object to store (one per trace_id).
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="traces", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return
+
+            # Check if trace already exists
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("trace_id", "==", trace.trace_id)).limit(1).stream()
+            existing_doc = None
+            existing_data = None
+            for doc in docs:
+                existing_doc = doc
+                existing_data = doc.to_dict()
+                break
+
+            if existing_data and existing_doc is not None:
+                # Update existing trace
+                def get_component_level(workflow_id, team_id, agent_id, name):
+                    is_root_name = ".run" in name or ".arun" in name
+                    if not is_root_name:
+                        return 0
+                    elif workflow_id:
+                        return 3
+                    elif team_id:
+                        return 2
+                    elif agent_id:
+                        return 1
+                    else:
+                        return 0
+
+                existing_level = get_component_level(
+                    existing_data.get("workflow_id"),
+                    existing_data.get("team_id"),
+                    existing_data.get("agent_id"),
+                    existing_data.get("name", ""),
+                )
+                new_level = get_component_level(trace.workflow_id, trace.team_id, trace.agent_id, trace.name)
+                should_update_name = new_level > existing_level
+
+                # Parse existing start_time to calculate correct duration
+                existing_start_time_str = existing_data.get("start_time")
+                if isinstance(existing_start_time_str, str):
+                    existing_start_time = datetime.fromisoformat(existing_start_time_str.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
+                else:
+                    existing_start_time = trace.start_time
+
+                recalculated_duration_ms = int((trace.end_time - existing_start_time).total_seconds() * 1000)
+
+                update_values: Dict[str, Any] = {
+                    "end_time": trace.end_time.isoformat(),
+                    "duration_ms": recalculated_duration_ms,
+                    "status": trace.status,
+                }
+
+                if should_update_name:
+                    update_values["name"] = trace.name
+
+                # Update context fields only if new value is not None
+                if trace.run_id is not None:
+                    update_values["run_id"] = trace.run_id
+                if trace.session_id is not None:
+                    update_values["session_id"] = trace.session_id
+                if trace.user_id is not None:
+                    update_values["user_id"] = trace.user_id
+                if trace.agent_id is not None:
+                    update_values["agent_id"] = trace.agent_id
+                if trace.team_id is not None:
+                    update_values["team_id"] = trace.team_id
+                if trace.workflow_id is not None:
+                    update_values["workflow_id"] = trace.workflow_id
+
+                existing_doc.reference.update(update_values)
+            else:
+                # Create new trace with initialized counters
+                trace_dict = trace.to_dict()
+                trace_dict["total_spans"] = 0
+                trace_dict["error_count"] = 0
+                collection_ref.add(trace_dict)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error creating trace: {e}")
+
+    def get_trace(
+        self,
+        trace_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """Get a single trace by trace_id or other filters.
+
+        Args:
+            trace_id: The unique trace identifier.
+            run_id: Filter by run ID (returns first match).
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Trace]: The trace if found, None otherwise.
+
+        Note:
+            If multiple filters are provided, trace_id takes precedence.
+            For other filters, the most recent trace is returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Trace
+
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="traces")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return None
+
+            if trace_id:
+                docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("trace_id", "==", trace_id)).limit(1).stream()
+            elif run_id:
+                from google.cloud.firestore import Query
+
+                docs = (
+                    collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("run_id", "==", run_id))
+                    .order_by("start_time", direction=Query.DESCENDING)
+                    .limit(1)
+                    .stream()
+                )
+            else:
+                log_debug("get_trace called without any filter parameters")
+                return None
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                trace_data = doc.to_dict()
+                # Use stored values (default to 0 if not present)
+                trace_data.setdefault("total_spans", 0)
+                trace_data.setdefault("error_count", 0)
+                return Trace.from_dict(trace_data)
+
+            return None
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting trace: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def get_traces(
+        self,
+        run_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        session_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        workflow_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        status: Optional[str] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = 20,
+        page: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> tuple[List, int]:
+        """Get traces matching the provided filters.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id: Filter by run ID.
+            session_id: Filter by session ID.
+            user_id: Filter by user ID.
+            agent_id: Filter by agent ID.
+            team_id: Filter by team ID.
+            workflow_id: Filter by workflow ID.
+            status: Filter by status (OK, ERROR, UNSET).
+            start_time: Filter traces starting after this datetime.
+            end_time: Filter traces ending before this datetime.
+            limit: Maximum number of traces to return per page.
+            page: Page number (1-indexed).
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[List[Trace], int]: Tuple of (list of matching traces, total count).
+        """
+        try:
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Trace
+
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="traces")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return [], 0
+
+            query = collection_ref
+
+            # Apply filters
+            if run_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("run_id", "==", run_id))
+            if session_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("session_id", "==", session_id))
+            if user_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("user_id", "==", user_id))
+            if agent_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("agent_id", "==", agent_id))
+            if team_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("team_id", "==", team_id))
+            if workflow_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("workflow_id", "==", workflow_id))
+            if status:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("status", "==", status))
+            if start_time:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("start_time", ">=", start_time.isoformat()))
+            if end_time:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("end_time", "<=", end_time.isoformat()))
+
+            # Get all matching documents
+            docs = query.stream()
+            all_records = [doc.to_dict() for doc in docs]
+
+            # Sort by start_time descending
+            all_records.sort(key=lambda x: x.get("start_time", ""), reverse=True)
+
+            # Get total count
+            total_count = len(all_records)
+
+            # Apply pagination
+            if limit and page:
+                offset = (page - 1) * limit
+                paginated_records = all_records[offset : offset + limit]
+            elif limit:
+                paginated_records = all_records[:limit]
+            else:
+                paginated_records = all_records
+
+            # Convert to Trace objects with stored span counts
+            traces = []
+            for trace_data in paginated_records:
+                trace_data.setdefault("total_spans", 0)
+                trace_data.setdefault("error_count", 0)
+                traces.append(Trace.from_dict(trace_data))
+
+            return traces, total_count
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting traces: {e}")
+            return [], 0
+
+    def get_trace_stats(
+        self,
+        user_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        agent_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        team_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        workflow_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = 20,
+        page: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], int]:
+        """Get trace statistics grouped by session.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: Filter by user ID.
+            agent_id: Filter by agent ID.
+            team_id: Filter by team ID.
+            workflow_id: Filter by workflow ID.
+            start_time: Filter sessions with traces created after this datetime.
+            end_time: Filter sessions with traces created before this datetime.
+            limit: Maximum number of sessions to return per page.
+            page: Page number (1-indexed).
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[List[Dict], int]: Tuple of (list of session stats dicts, total count).
+                Each dict contains: session_id, user_id, agent_id, team_id, workflow_id, total_traces,
+                first_trace_at, last_trace_at.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="traces")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return [], 0
+
+            query = collection_ref
+
+            # Apply filters
+            if user_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("user_id", "==", user_id))
+            if agent_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("agent_id", "==", agent_id))
+            if team_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("team_id", "==", team_id))
+            if workflow_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("workflow_id", "==", workflow_id))
+            if start_time:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("created_at", ">=", start_time.isoformat()))
+            if end_time:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("created_at", "<=", end_time.isoformat()))
+
+            # Get all matching documents
+            docs = query.stream()
+
+            # Aggregate by session_id
+            session_stats: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+            for doc in docs:
+                trace_data = doc.to_dict()
+                session_id = trace_data.get("session_id")
+                if not session_id:
+                    continue
+
+                if session_id not in session_stats:
+                    session_stats[session_id] = {
+                        "session_id": session_id,
+                        "user_id": trace_data.get("user_id"),
+                        "agent_id": trace_data.get("agent_id"),
+                        "team_id": trace_data.get("team_id"),
+                        "workflow_id": trace_data.get("workflow_id"),
+                        "total_traces": 0,
+                        "first_trace_at": trace_data.get("created_at"),
+                        "last_trace_at": trace_data.get("created_at"),
+                    }
+
+                session_stats[session_id]["total_traces"] += 1
+
+                created_at = trace_data.get("created_at")
+                if (
+                    created_at
+                    and session_stats[session_id]["first_trace_at"]
+                    and session_stats[session_id]["last_trace_at"]
+                ):
+                    if created_at < session_stats[session_id]["first_trace_at"]:
+                        session_stats[session_id]["first_trace_at"] = created_at
+                    if created_at > session_stats[session_id]["last_trace_at"]:
+                        session_stats[session_id]["last_trace_at"] = created_at
+
+            # Convert to list and sort by last_trace_at descending
+            stats_list = list(session_stats.values())
+            stats_list.sort(key=lambda x: x.get("last_trace_at", ""), reverse=True)
+
+            # Convert datetime strings to datetime objects
+            for stat in stats_list:
+                first_trace_at = stat["first_trace_at"]
+                last_trace_at = stat["last_trace_at"]
+                if isinstance(first_trace_at, str):
+                    stat["first_trace_at"] = datetime.fromisoformat(first_trace_at.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
+                if isinstance(last_trace_at, str):
+                    stat["last_trace_at"] = datetime.fromisoformat(last_trace_at.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
+
+            # Get total count
+            total_count = len(stats_list)
+
+            # Apply pagination
+            if limit and page:
+                offset = (page - 1) * limit
+                paginated_stats = stats_list[offset : offset + limit]
+            elif limit:
+                paginated_stats = stats_list[:limit]
+            else:
+                paginated_stats = stats_list
+
+            return paginated_stats, total_count
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting trace stats: {e}")
+            return [], 0
+
+    # --- Spans ---
+    def create_span(self, span: "Span") -> None:
+        """Create a single span in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            span: The Span object to store.
+        """
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="spans", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return
+
+            span_dict = span.to_dict()
+            # Serialize attributes as JSON string
+            if "attributes" in span_dict and isinstance(span_dict["attributes"], dict):
+                span_dict["attributes"] = json.dumps(span_dict["attributes"])
+
+            collection_ref.add(span_dict)
+
+            # Increment total_spans and error_count on trace
+            traces_collection = self._get_collection(table_type="traces")
+            if traces_collection:
+                try:
+                    docs = (
+                        traces_collection.where(filter=FieldFilter("trace_id", "==", span.trace_id)).limit(1).stream()
+                    )
+                    for doc in docs:
+                        trace_data = doc.to_dict()
+                        current_total = trace_data.get("total_spans", 0)
+                        current_errors = trace_data.get("error_count", 0)
+
+                        update_values = {"total_spans": current_total + 1}
+                        if span.status_code == "ERROR":
+                            update_values["error_count"] = current_errors + 1
+
+                        doc.reference.update(update_values)
+                        break
+                except Exception as update_error:
+                    log_debug(f"Could not update trace span counts: {update_error}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error creating span: {e}")
+
+    def create_spans(self, spans: List) -> None:
+        """Create multiple spans in the database as a batch.
+
+        Args:
+            spans: List of Span objects to store.
+        """
+        if not spans:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="spans", create_collection_if_not_found=True)
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return
+
+            # Firestore batch has a limit of 500 operations
+            batch = self.db_client.batch()
+            batch_count = 0
+
+            for span in spans:
+                span_dict = span.to_dict()
+                # Serialize attributes as JSON string
+                if "attributes" in span_dict and isinstance(span_dict["attributes"], dict):
+                    span_dict["attributes"] = json.dumps(span_dict["attributes"])
+
+                doc_ref = collection_ref.document()
+                batch.set(doc_ref, span_dict)
+                batch_count += 1
+
+                # Commit batch if reaching limit
+                if batch_count >= 500:
+                    batch.commit()
+                    batch = self.db_client.batch()
+                    batch_count = 0
+
+            # Commit remaining operations
+            if batch_count > 0:
+                batch.commit()
+
+            # Update trace with total_spans and error_count
+            trace_id = spans[0].trace_id
+            spans_count = len(spans)
+            error_count = sum(1 for s in spans if s.status_code == "ERROR")
+
+            traces_collection = self._get_collection(table_type="traces")
+            if traces_collection:
+                try:
+                    docs = traces_collection.where(filter=FieldFilter("trace_id", "==", trace_id)).limit(1).stream()
+                    for doc in docs:
+                        trace_data = doc.to_dict()
+                        current_total = trace_data.get("total_spans", 0)
+                        current_errors = trace_data.get("error_count", 0)
+
+                        doc.reference.update(
+                            {
+                                "total_spans": current_total + spans_count,
+                                "error_count": current_errors + error_count,
+                            }
+                        )
+                        break
+                except Exception as update_error:
+                    log_debug(f"Could not update trace span counts: {update_error}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error creating spans batch: {e}")
+
+    def get_span(self, span_id: str):
+        """Get a single span by its span_id.
+
+        Args:
+            span_id: The unique span identifier.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Span]: The span if found, None otherwise.
+        """
+        try:
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Span
+
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="spans")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return None
+
+            docs = collection_ref.where(filter=FieldFilter("span_id", "==", span_id)).limit(1).stream()
+
+            for doc in docs:
+                span_data = doc.to_dict()
+                # Deserialize attributes from JSON string
+                if "attributes" in span_data and isinstance(span_data["attributes"], str):
+                    span_data["attributes"] = json.loads(span_data["attributes"])
+                return Span.from_dict(span_data)
+
+            return None
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting span: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def get_spans(
+        self,
+        trace_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        parent_span_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = 1000,
+    ) -> List:
+        """Get spans matching the provided filters.
+
+        Args:
+            trace_id: Filter by trace ID.
+            parent_span_id: Filter by parent span ID.
+            limit: Maximum number of spans to return.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Span]: List of matching spans.
+        """
+        try:
+            from agno.tracing.schemas import Span
+
+            collection_ref = self._get_collection(table_type="spans")
+            if collection_ref is None:
+                return []
+
+            query = collection_ref
+
+            if trace_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("trace_id", "==", trace_id))
+            if parent_span_id:
+                query = query.where(filter=FieldFilter("parent_span_id", "==", parent_span_id))
+
+            if limit:
+                query = query.limit(limit)
+
+            docs = query.stream()
+
+            spans = []
+            for doc in docs:
+                span_data = doc.to_dict()
+                # Deserialize attributes from JSON string
+                if "attributes" in span_data and isinstance(span_data["attributes"], str):
+                    span_data["attributes"] = json.loads(span_data["attributes"])
+                spans.append(Span.from_dict(span_data))
+
+            return spans
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            log_error(f"Error getting spans: {e}")
+            return []