TypeDAL 3.17.3__py3-none-any.whl → 4.0.0__py3-none-any.whl

typedal/core.py

@@ -4,387 +4,138 @@ Core functionality of TypeDAL.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import contextlib
-import copy
-import csv
-import datetime as dt
-import functools
-import inspect
-import json
-import math
-import re
 import sys
-import types
-import typing
-import uuid
+import typing as t
 import warnings
-from collections import defaultdict
-from decimal import Decimal
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Optional, Type
+from typing import Optional
 
 import pydal
-from pydal._globals import DEFAULT
-
-# from pydal.objects import Field as _Field
-# from pydal.objects import Query as _Query
-from pydal.objects import Row
-
-# from pydal.objects import Table as _Table
-from typing_extensions import Self, Unpack
 
 from .config import TypeDALConfig, load_config
 from .helpers import (
-    DummyQuery,
-    all_annotations,
-    all_dict,
-    as_lambda,
-    classproperty,
-    extract_type_optional,
-    filter_out,
-    instanciate,
-    is_union,
-    looks_like,
-    mktable,
-    origin_is_subclass,
+    SYSTEM_SUPPORTS_TEMPLATES,
+    default_representer,
+    sql_escape_template,
     sql_expression,
     to_snake,
-    unwrap_type,
 )
-from .serializers import as_json
-from .types import (
-    AnyDict,
-    CacheMetadata,
-    Expression,
-    Field,
-    FieldSettings,
-    Metadata,
-    OpRow,
-    OrderBy,
-    PaginateDict,
-    Pagination,
-    Query,
-    Reference,
-    Rows,
-    SelectKwargs,
-    Set,
-    Table,
-    Validator,
-    _Types,
-)
-
-# use typing.cast(type, ...) to make mypy happy with unions
-T_annotation = Type[Any] | types.UnionType
-T_Query = typing.Union["Table", Query, bool, None, "TypedTable", Type["TypedTable"], Expression]
-T_Value = typing.TypeVar("T_Value")  # actual type of the Field (via Generic)
-T_MetaInstance = typing.TypeVar("T_MetaInstance", bound="TypedTable")  # bound="TypedTable"; bound="TableMeta"
-T = typing.TypeVar("T")
-
-BASIC_MAPPINGS: dict[T_annotation, str] = {
-    str: "string",
-    int: "integer",
-    bool: "boolean",
-    bytes: "blob",
-    float: "double",
-    object: "json",
-    Decimal: "decimal(10,2)",
-    dt.date: "date",
-    dt.time: "time",
-    dt.datetime: "datetime",
-}
-
-
-def is_typed_field(cls: Any) -> typing.TypeGuard["TypedField[Any]"]:
-    """
-    Is `cls` an instance or subclass of TypedField?
-
-    Deprecated
-    """
-    return isinstance(cls, TypedField) or (
-        isinstance(typing.get_origin(cls), type) and issubclass(typing.get_origin(cls), TypedField)
-    )
+from .types import Field, T, Template  # type: ignore
 
+try:
+    # python 3.14+
+    from annotationlib import ForwardRef
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # python 3.13-
+    from typing import ForwardRef
 
-JOIN_OPTIONS = typing.Literal["left", "inner", None]
-DEFAULT_JOIN_OPTION: JOIN_OPTIONS = "left"
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .fields import TypedField
+    from .types import AnyDict, Expression, T_Query, Table
 
-# table-ish paramter:
-P_Table = typing.Union[Type["TypedTable"], pydal.objects.Table]
 
-Condition: typing.TypeAlias = typing.Optional[
-    typing.Callable[
-        # self, other -> Query
-        [P_Table, P_Table],
-        Query | bool,
-    ]
-]
+# note: these functions can not be moved to a different file,
+#  because then they will have different globals and it breaks!
 
-OnQuery: typing.TypeAlias = typing.Optional[
-    typing.Callable[
-        # self, other -> list of .on statements
-        [P_Table, P_Table],
-        list[Expression],
-    ]
-]
 
-# To_Type = typing.TypeVar("To_Type", type[Any], Type[Any], str)
-To_Type = typing.TypeVar("To_Type")
-
-
-class Relationship(typing.Generic[To_Type]):
+def evaluate_forward_reference_312(fw_ref: ForwardRef, namespace: dict[str, type]) -> type:  # pragma: no cover
     """
-    Define a relationship to another table.
-    """
-
-    _type: Type[To_Type]
-    table: Type["TypedTable"] | type | str
-    condition: Condition
-    condition_and: Condition
-    on: OnQuery
-    multiple: bool
-    join: JOIN_OPTIONS
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        _type: Type[To_Type],
-        condition: Condition = None,
-        join: JOIN_OPTIONS = None,
-        on: OnQuery = None,
-        condition_and: Condition = None,
-    ):
-        """
-        Should not be called directly, use relationship() instead!
-        """
-        if condition and on:
-            warnings.warn(f"Relation | Both specified! {condition=} {on=} {_type=}")
-            raise ValueError("Please specify either a condition or an 'on' statement for this relationship!")
-
-        self._type = _type
-        self.condition = condition
-        self.join = "left" if on else join  # .on is always left join!
-        self.on = on
-        self.condition_and = condition_and
-
-        if args := typing.get_args(_type):
-            self.table = unwrap_type(args[0])
-            self.multiple = True
-        else:
-            self.table = typing.cast(type[TypedTable], _type)
-            self.multiple = False
-
-        if isinstance(self.table, str):
-            self.table = TypeDAL.to_snake(self.table)
-
-    def clone(self, **update: Any) -> "Relationship[To_Type]":
-        """
-        Create a copy of the relationship, possibly updated.
-        """
-        return self.__class__(
-            update.get("_type") or self._type,
-            update.get("condition") or self.condition,
-            update.get("join") or self.join,
-            update.get("on") or self.on,
-            update.get("condition_and") or self.condition_and,
-        )
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Representation of the relationship.
-        """
-        if callback := self.condition or self.on:
-            src_code = inspect.getsource(callback).strip()
-
-            if c_and := self.condition_and:
-                and_code = inspect.getsource(c_and).strip()
-                src_code += " AND " + and_code
-        else:
-            cls_name = self._type if isinstance(self._type, str) else self._type.__name__
-            src_code = f"to {cls_name} (missing condition)"
-
-        join = f":{self.join}" if self.join else ""
-        return f"<Relationship{join} {src_code}>"
-
-    def get_table(self, db: "TypeDAL") -> Type["TypedTable"]:
-        """
-        Get the table this relationship is bound to.
-        """
-        table = self.table  # can be a string because db wasn't available yet
-
-        if isinstance(table, str):
-            if mapped := db._class_map.get(table):
-                # yay
-                return mapped
-
-            # boo, fall back to untyped table but pretend it is typed:
-            return typing.cast(Type["TypedTable"], db[table])  # eh close enough!
-
-        return table
-
-    def get_table_name(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Get the name of the table this relationship is bound to.
-        """
-        if isinstance(self.table, str):
-            return self.table
-
-        if isinstance(self.table, pydal.objects.Table):
-            return str(self.table)
-
-        # else: typed table
-        try:
-            table = self.table._ensure_table_defined() if issubclass(self.table, TypedTable) else self.table
-        except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
-            table = self.table
-
-        return str(table)
-
-    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Any) -> "typing.Optional[list[Any]] | Relationship[To_Type]":
-        """
-        Relationship is a descriptor class, which can be returned from a class but not an instance.
-
-        For an instance, using .join() will replace the Relationship with the actual data.
-        If you forgot to join, a warning will be shown and empty data will be returned.
-        """
-        if not instance:
-            # relationship queried on class, that's allowed
-            return self
+    Extract the original type from a forward reference string.
 
-        warnings.warn(
-            "Trying to get data from a relationship object! Did you forget to join it?",
-            category=RuntimeWarning,
-        )
-        if self.multiple:
-            return []
-        else:
-            return None
-
-
-def relationship(
-    _type: typing.Type[To_Type],
-    condition: Condition = None,
-    join: JOIN_OPTIONS = None,
-    on: OnQuery = None,
-) -> To_Type:
+    Variant for python 3.12 and below
     """
-    Define a relationship to another table, when its id is not stored in the current table.
-
-    Example:
-        class User(TypedTable):
-            name: str
-
-            posts = relationship(list["Post"], condition=lambda self, post: self.id == post.author, join='left')
-
-        class Post(TypedTable):
-            title: str
-            author: User
-
-    User.join("posts").first() # User instance with list[Post] in .posts
-
-    Here, Post stores the User ID, but `relationship(list["Post"])` still allows you to get the user's posts.
-    In this case, the join strategy is set to LEFT so users without posts are also still selected.
+    return t.cast(
+        type,
+        fw_ref._evaluate(
+            localns=locals(),
+            globalns=globals() | namespace,
+            recursive_guard=frozenset(),
+        ),
+    )
 
-    For complex queries with a pivot table, a `on` can be set insteaad of `condition`:
-        class User(TypedTable):
-        ...
 
-        tags = relationship(list["Tag"], on=lambda self, tag: [
-                Tagged.on(Tagged.entity == entity.gid),
-                Tag.on((Tagged.tag == tag.id)),
-            ])
+def evaluate_forward_reference_313(fw_ref: ForwardRef, namespace: dict[str, type]) -> type:  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Extract the original type from a forward reference string.
 
-    If you'd try to capture this in a single 'condition', pydal would create a cross join which is much less efficient.
+    Variant for python 3.13
     """
-    return typing.cast(
-        # note: The descriptor `Relationship[To_Type]` is more correct, but pycharm doesn't really get that.
-        # so for ease of use, just cast to the refered type for now!
-        # e.g. x = relationship(Author) -> x: Author
-        To_Type,
-        Relationship(_type, condition, join, on),
+    return t.cast(
+        type,
+        fw_ref._evaluate(
+            localns=locals(),
+            globalns=globals() | namespace,
+            recursive_guard=frozenset(),
+            type_params=(),  # suggested since 3.13 (warning) and not supported before. Mandatory after 1.15!
+        ),
     )
 
 
-T_Field: typing.TypeAlias = typing.Union["TypedField[Any]", "Table", Type["TypedTable"]]
+def evaluate_forward_reference_314(fw_ref: ForwardRef, namespace: dict[str, type]) -> type:  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Extract the original type from a forward reference string.
 
+    Variant for python 3.14 (and hopefully above)
+    """
+    return t.cast(
+        type,
+        fw_ref.evaluate(
+            locals=locals(),
+            globals=globals() | namespace,
+            type_params=(),
+        ),
+    )
 
-def _generate_relationship_condition(_: Type["TypedTable"], key: str, field: T_Field) -> Condition:
-    origin = typing.get_origin(field)
-    # else: generic
 
-    if origin is list:
-        # field = typing.get_args(field)[0]  # actual field
-        # return lambda _self, _other: cls[key].contains(field)
+def evaluate_forward_reference(
+    fw_ref: ForwardRef,
+    namespace: dict[str, type] | None = None,
+) -> type:  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Extract the original type from a forward reference string.
 
-        return lambda _self, _other: _self[key].contains(_other.id)
+    Automatically chooses strategy based on current Python version.
+    """
+    if sys.version_info.minor < 13:
+        return evaluate_forward_reference_312(fw_ref, namespace=namespace or {})
+    elif sys.version_info.minor == 13:
+        return evaluate_forward_reference_313(fw_ref, namespace=namespace or {})
     else:
-        # normal reference
-        # return lambda _self, _other: cls[key] == field.id
-        return lambda _self, _other: _self[key] == _other.id
+        return evaluate_forward_reference_314(fw_ref, namespace=namespace or {})
 
 
-def to_relationship(
-    cls: Type["TypedTable"] | type[Any],
-    key: str,
-    field: T_Field,
-) -> typing.Optional[Relationship[Any]]:
+def resolve_annotation_313(ftype: str) -> type:  # pragma: no cover
     """
-    Used to automatically create relationship instance for reference fields.
-
-    Example:
-        class MyTable(TypedTable):
-            reference: OtherTable
-
-    `reference` contains the id of an Other Table row.
-     MyTable.relationships should have 'reference' as a relationship, so `MyTable.join('reference')` should work.
+    Resolve an annotation that's in string representation.
 
-     This function will automatically perform this logic (called in db.define):
-        to_relationship(MyTable, 'reference', OtherTable) -> Relationship[OtherTable]
-
-    Also works for list:reference (list[OtherTable]) and TypedField[OtherTable].
+    Variant for Python 3.13
     """
-    if looks_like(field, TypedField):
-        # typing.get_args works for list[str] but not for TypedField[role] :(
-        if args := typing.get_args(field):
-            # TypedField[SomeType] -> SomeType
-            field = args[0]
-        elif hasattr(field, "_type"):
-            # TypedField(SomeType) -> SomeType
-            field = typing.cast(T_Field, field._type)
-        else:  # pragma: no cover
-            # weird
-            return None
-
-    field, optional = extract_type_optional(field)
+    fw_ref: ForwardRef = t.get_args(t.Type[ftype])[0]
+    return evaluate_forward_reference(fw_ref)
 
-    try:
-        condition = _generate_relationship_condition(cls, key, field)
-    except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
-        warnings.warn("Could not generate Relationship condition", source=e)
-        condition = None
 
-    if not condition:  # pragma: no cover
-        # something went wrong, not a valid relationship
-        warnings.warn(f"Invalid relationship for {cls.__name__}.{key}: {field}")
-        return None
-
-    join = "left" if optional or typing.get_origin(field) is list else "inner"
+def resolve_annotation_314(ftype: str) -> type:  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Resolve an annotation that's in string representation.
 
-    return Relationship(typing.cast(type[TypedTable], field), condition, typing.cast(JOIN_OPTIONS, join))
+    Variant for Python 3.14 + using annotationlib
+    """
+    fw_ref = ForwardRef(ftype)
+    return evaluate_forward_reference(fw_ref)
 
 
-def evaluate_forward_reference(fw_ref: typing.ForwardRef) -> type:
-    """
-    Extract the original type from a forward reference string.
+def resolve_annotation(ftype: str) -> type:  # pragma: no cover
     """
-    kwargs = dict(
-        localns=locals(),
-        globalns=globals(),
-        recursive_guard=frozenset(),
-    )
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):  # pragma: no cover
-        # suggested since 3.13 (warning) and not supported before. Mandatory after 1.15!
-        kwargs["type_params"] = ()
+    Resolve an annotation that's in string representation.
 
-    return fw_ref._evaluate(**kwargs)  # type: ignore
+    Automatically chooses strategy based on current Python version.
+    """
+    if sys.version_info.major != 3:
+        raise EnvironmentError("Only python 3 is supported.")
+    elif sys.version_info.minor <= 13:
+        return resolve_annotation_313(ftype)
+    else:
+        return resolve_annotation_314(ftype)
 
 
 class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
@@ -393,6 +144,7 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
     """
 
     _config: TypeDALConfig
+    _builder: TableDefinitionBuilder
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -414,7 +166,7 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
         debug: bool = False,
         lazy_tables: bool = False,
         db_uid: Optional[str] = None,
-        after_connection: typing.Callable[..., Any] = None,
+        after_connection: t.Callable[..., t.Any] = None,
         tables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
         ignore_field_case: bool = True,
         entity_quoting: bool = True,
@@ -443,6 +195,7 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
 
         self._config = config
         self.db = self
+        self._builder = TableDefinitionBuilder(self)
 
         if config.folder:
             Path(config.folder).mkdir(exist_ok=True)
@@ -477,7 +230,7 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
             self.try_define(_TypedalCache)
             self.try_define(_TypedalCacheDependency)
 
-    def try_define(self, model: Type[T], verbose: bool = False) -> Type[T]:
+    def try_define(self, model: t.Type[T], verbose: bool = False) -> t.Type[T]:
         """
         Try to define a model with migrate or fall back to fake migrate.
         """
@@ -495,125 +248,13 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
             # try again:
             return self.define(model, migrate=True, fake_migrate=True, redefine=True)
 
-    default_kwargs: typing.ClassVar[AnyDict] = {
+    default_kwargs: t.ClassVar[AnyDict] = {
         # fields are 'required' (notnull) by default:
         "notnull": True,
     }
 
-    # maps table name to typedal class, for resolving future references
-    _class_map: typing.ClassVar[dict[str, Type["TypedTable"]]] = {}
-
-    def _define(self, cls: Type[T], **kwargs: Any) -> Type[T]:
-        # todo: new relationship item added should also invalidate (previously unrelated) cache result
-
-        # todo: option to enable/disable cache dependency behavior:
-        #   - don't set _before_update and _before_delete
-        #   - don't add TypedalCacheDependency entry
-        #   - don't invalidate other item on new row of this type
-
-        # when __future__.annotations is implemented, cls.__annotations__ will not work anymore as below.
-        # proper way to handle this would be (but gives error right now due to Table implementing magic methods):
-        # typing.get_type_hints(cls, globalns=None, localns=None)
-        # -> ERR e.g. `pytest -svxk cli` -> name 'BestFriend' is not defined
-
-        # dirty way (with evil eval):
-        # [eval(v) for k, v in cls.__annotations__.items()]
-        # this however also stops working when variables outside this scope or even references to other
-        # objects are used. So for now, this package will NOT work when from __future__ import annotations is used,
-        # and might break in the future, when this annotations behavior is enabled by default.
-
-        # non-annotated variables have to be passed to define_table as kwargs
-        full_dict = all_dict(cls)  # includes properties from parents (e.g. useful for mixins)
-
-        tablename = self.to_snake(cls.__name__)
-        # grab annotations of cls and it's parents:
-        annotations = all_annotations(cls)
-        # extend with `prop = TypedField()` 'annotations':
-        annotations |= {k: typing.cast(type, v) for k, v in full_dict.items() if is_typed_field(v)}
-        # remove internal stuff:
-        annotations = {k: v for k, v in annotations.items() if not k.startswith("_")}
-
-        typedfields: dict[str, TypedField[Any]] = {
-            k: instanciate(v, True) for k, v in annotations.items() if is_typed_field(v)
-        }
-
-        relationships: dict[str, type[Relationship[Any]]] = filter_out(annotations, Relationship)
-
-        fields = {fname: self._to_field(fname, ftype) for fname, ftype in annotations.items()}
-
-        # ! dont' use full_dict here:
-        other_kwargs = kwargs | {
-            k: v for k, v in cls.__dict__.items() if k not in annotations and not k.startswith("_")
-        }  # other_kwargs was previously used to pass kwargs to typedal, but use @define(**kwargs) for that.
-        #    now it's only used to extract relationships from the object.
-        #    other properties of the class (incl methods) should not be touched
-
-        # for key in typedfields.keys() - full_dict.keys():
-        #     # typed fields that don't haven't been added to the object yet
-        #     setattr(cls, key, typedfields[key])
-
-        for key, field in typedfields.items():
-            # clone every property so it can be re-used across mixins:
-            clone = copy.copy(field)
-            setattr(cls, key, clone)
-            typedfields[key] = clone
-
-        # start with base classes and overwrite with current class:
-        relationships = filter_out(full_dict, Relationship) | relationships | filter_out(other_kwargs, Relationship)
-
-        # DEPRECATED: Relationship as annotation is currently not supported!
-        # ensure they are all instances and
-        # not mix of instances (`= relationship()`) and classes (`: Relationship[...]`):
-        # relationships = {
-        #     k: v if isinstance(v, Relationship) else to_relationship(cls, k, v) for k, v in relationships.items()
-        # }
-
-        # keys of implicit references (also relationships):
-        reference_field_keys = [
-            k for k, v in fields.items() if str(v.type).split(" ")[0] in ("list:reference", "reference")
-        ]
-
-        # add implicit relationships:
-        # User; list[User]; TypedField[User]; TypedField[list[User]]; TypedField(User); TypedField(list[User])
-        relationships |= {
-            k: new_relationship
-            for k in reference_field_keys
-            if k not in relationships and (new_relationship := to_relationship(cls, k, annotations[k]))
-        }
-
-        # fixme: list[Reference] is recognized as relationship,
-        #        TypedField(list[Reference]) is NOT recognized!!!
-
-        cache_dependency = self._config.caching and kwargs.pop("cache_dependency", True)
-
-        table: Table = self.define_table(tablename, *fields.values(), **kwargs)
-
-        for name, typed_field in typedfields.items():
-            field = fields[name]
-            typed_field.bind(field, table)
-
-        if issubclass(cls, TypedTable):
-            cls.__set_internals__(
-                db=self,
-                table=table,
-                # by now, all relationships should be instances!
-                relationships=typing.cast(dict[str, Relationship[Any]], relationships),
-            )
-            # map both name and rname:
-            self._class_map[str(table)] = cls
-            self._class_map[table._rname] = cls
-            cls.__on_define__(self)
-        else:
-            warnings.warn("db.define used without inheriting TypedTable. This could lead to strange problems!")
-
-        if not tablename.startswith("typedal_") and cache_dependency:
-            table._before_update.append(lambda s, _: _remove_cache(s, tablename))
-            table._before_delete.append(lambda s: _remove_cache(s, tablename))
-
-        return cls
-
-    @typing.overload
-    def define(self, maybe_cls: None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> typing.Callable[[Type[T]], Type[T]]:
+    @t.overload
+    def define(self, maybe_cls: None = None, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[t.Type[T]], t.Type[T]]:
         """
         Typing Overload for define without a class.
 
@@ -621,8 +262,8 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
         class MyTable(TypedTable): ...
         """
 
-    @typing.overload
-    def define(self, maybe_cls: Type[T], **kwargs: Any) -> Type[T]:
+    @t.overload
+    def define(self, maybe_cls: t.Type[T], **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Type[T]:
         """
         Typing Overload for define with a class.
 
@@ -630,7 +271,11 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
         class MyTable(TypedTable): ...
         """
 
-    def define(self, maybe_cls: Type[T] | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Type[T] | typing.Callable[[Type[T]], Type[T]]:
+    def define(
+        self,
+        maybe_cls: t.Type[T] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> t.Type[T] | t.Callable[[t.Type[T]], t.Type[T]]:
         """
         Can be used as a decorator on a class that inherits `TypedTable`, \
           or as a regular method if you need to define your classes before you have access to a 'db' instance.
@@ -653,39 +298,15 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
             the result of pydal.define_table
         """
 
-        def wrapper(cls: Type[T]) -> Type[T]:
-            return self._define(cls, **kwargs)
+        def wrapper(cls: t.Type[T]) -> t.Type[T]:
+            return self._builder.define(cls, **kwargs)
 
         if maybe_cls:
             return wrapper(maybe_cls)
 
         return wrapper
 
-    # def drop(self, table_name: str) -> None:
-    #     """
-    #     Remove a table by name (both on the database level and the typedal level).
-    #     """
-    #     # drop calls TypedTable.drop() and removes it from the `_class_map`
-    #     if cls := self._class_map.pop(table_name, None):
-    #         cls.drop()
-
-    # def drop_all(self, max_retries: int = None) -> None:
-    #     """
-    #     Remove all tables and keep doing so until everything is gone!
-    #     """
-    #     retries = 0
-    #     if max_retries is None:
-    #         max_retries = len(self.tables)
-    #
-    #     while self.tables:
-    #         retries += 1
-    #         for table in self.tables:
-    #             self.drop(table)
-    #
-    #         if retries > max_retries:
-    #             raise RuntimeError("Could not delete all tables")
-
-    def __call__(self, *_args: T_Query, **kwargs: Any) -> "TypedSet":
+    def __call__(self, *_args: T_Query, **kwargs: t.Any) -> "TypedSet":
         """
         A db instance can be called directly to perform a query.
 
@@ -703,11 +324,11 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
 
             if isinstance(cls, type) and issubclass(type(cls), type) and issubclass(cls, TypedTable):
                 # table defined without @db.define decorator!
-                _cls: Type[TypedTable] = cls
+                _cls: t.Type[TypedTable] = cls
                 args[0] = _cls.id != None
 
         _set = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
-        return typing.cast(TypedSet, _set)
+        return t.cast(TypedSet, _set)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> "Table":
         """
@@ -718,9 +339,9 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
         Example:
             db['users'] -> user
         """
-        return typing.cast(Table, super().__getitem__(str(key)))
+        return t.cast(Table, super().__getitem__(str(key)))
 
-    def find_model(self, table_name: str) -> Type["TypedTable"] | None:
+    def find_model(self, table_name: str) -> t.Type["TypedTable"] | None:
         """
         Retrieves a mapped table class by its name.
 
@@ -735,96 +356,12 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
         Returns:
             The mapped table class if it exists, otherwise None.
         """
-        return self._class_map.get(table_name, None)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _build_field(cls, name: str, _type: str, **kw: Any) -> Field:
-        # return Field(name, _type, **{**cls.default_kwargs, **kw})
-        kw_combined = cls.default_kwargs | kw
-        return Field(name, _type, **kw_combined)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _annotation_to_pydal_fieldtype(
-        cls,
-        _ftype: T_annotation,
-        mut_kw: typing.MutableMapping[str, Any],
-    ) -> Optional[str]:
-        # ftype can be a union or type. typing.cast is sometimes used to tell mypy when it's not a union.
-        ftype = typing.cast(type, _ftype)  # cast from Type to type to make mypy happy)
-
-        if isinstance(ftype, str):
-            # extract type from string
-            fw_ref: typing.ForwardRef = typing.get_args(Type[ftype])[0]
-            ftype = evaluate_forward_reference(fw_ref)
-
-        if mapping := BASIC_MAPPINGS.get(ftype):
-            # basi types
-            return mapping
-        elif isinstance(ftype, pydal.objects.Table):
-            # db.table
-            return f"reference {ftype._tablename}"
-        elif issubclass(type(ftype), type) and issubclass(ftype, TypedTable):
-            # SomeTable
-            snakename = cls.to_snake(ftype.__name__)
-            return f"reference {snakename}"
-        elif isinstance(ftype, TypedField):
-            # FieldType(type, ...)
-            return ftype._to_field(mut_kw)
-        elif origin_is_subclass(ftype, TypedField):
-            # TypedField[int]
-            return cls._annotation_to_pydal_fieldtype(typing.get_args(ftype)[0], mut_kw)
-        elif isinstance(ftype, types.GenericAlias) and typing.get_origin(ftype) in (list, TypedField):
-            # list[str] -> str -> string -> list:string
-            _child_type = typing.get_args(ftype)[0]
-            _child_type = cls._annotation_to_pydal_fieldtype(_child_type, mut_kw)
-            return f"list:{_child_type}"
-        elif is_union(ftype):
-            # str | int -> UnionType
-            # typing.Union[str | int] -> typing._UnionGenericAlias
-
-            # Optional[type] == type | None
-
-            match typing.get_args(ftype):
-                case (_child_type, _Types.NONETYPE) | (_Types.NONETYPE, _child_type):
-                    # good union of Nullable
-
-                    # if a field is optional, it is nullable:
-                    mut_kw["notnull"] = False
-                    return cls._annotation_to_pydal_fieldtype(_child_type, mut_kw)
-                case _:
-                    # two types is not supported by the db!
-                    return None
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _to_field(cls, fname: str, ftype: type, **kw: Any) -> Field:
-        """
-        Convert a annotation into a pydal Field.
-
-        Args:
-            fname: name of the property
-            ftype: annotation of the property
-            kw: when using TypedField or a function returning it (e.g. StringField),
-                keyword args can be used to pass any other settings you would normally to a pydal Field
-
-        -> pydal.Field(fname, ftype, **kw)
-
-        Example:
-            class MyTable:
-                fname: ftype
-                id: int
-                name: str
-                reference: Table
-                other: TypedField(str, default="John Doe")  # default will be in kwargs
-        """
-        fname = cls.to_snake(fname)
+        return self._builder.class_map.get(table_name, None)
 
-        # note: 'kw' is updated in `_annotation_to_pydal_fieldtype` by the kwargs provided to the TypedField(...)
-        if converted_type := cls._annotation_to_pydal_fieldtype(ftype, kw):
-            return cls._build_field(fname, converted_type, **kw)
-        else:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported type {ftype}/{type(ftype)}")
+    @property
+    def _class_map(self) -> dict[str, t.Type["TypedTable"]]:
+        # alias for backward-compatibility
+        return self._builder.class_map
 
     @staticmethod
     def to_snake(camel: str) -> str:
@@ -833,18 +370,71 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
         """
         return to_snake(camel)
 
+    def executesql(
+        self,
+        query: str | Template,
+        placeholders: t.Iterable[str] | dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        as_dict: bool = False,
+        fields: t.Iterable[Field | TypedField[t.Any]] | None = None,
+        colnames: t.Iterable[str] | None = None,
+        as_ordered_dict: bool = False,
+    ) -> list[t.Any]:
+        """
+        Executes a raw SQL statement or a TypeDAL template query.
+
+        If `query` is provided as a `Template` and the system supports template
+        rendering, it will be processed with `sql_escape_template` before being
+        executed. Otherwise, the query is passed to the underlying DAL as-is.
+
+        Args:
+            query (str | Template): The SQL query to execute, either a plain
+                string or a `Template` (created via the `t""` syntax).
+            placeholders (Iterable[str] | dict[str, str] | None, optional):
+                Parameters to substitute into the SQL statement. Can be a sequence
+                (for positional parameters) or a dictionary (for named parameters).
+                Usually not applicable when using a t-string, since template
+                expressions handle interpolation directly.
+            as_dict (bool, optional): If True, return rows as dictionaries keyed by
+                column name. Defaults to False.
+            fields (Iterable[Field | TypedField] | None, optional): Explicit set of
+                fields to map results onto. Defaults to None.
+            colnames (Iterable[str] | None, optional): Explicit column names to use
+                in the result set. Defaults to None.
+            as_ordered_dict (bool, optional): If True, return rows as `OrderedDict`s
+                preserving column order. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[t.Any]: The query result set. Typically a list of tuples if
+            `as_dict` and `as_ordered_dict` are False, or a list of dict-like
+            objects if those flags are enabled.
+        """
+        if SYSTEM_SUPPORTS_TEMPLATES and isinstance(query, Template):  # pragma: no cover
+            query = sql_escape_template(self, query)
+
+        rows: list[t.Any] = super().executesql(
+            query,
+            placeholders=placeholders,
+            as_dict=as_dict,
+            fields=fields,
+            colnames=colnames,
+            as_ordered_dict=as_ordered_dict,
+        )
+
+        return rows
+
     def sql_expression(
         self,
-        sql_fragment: str,
-        *raw_args: Any,
+        sql_fragment: str | Template,
+        *raw_args: t.Any,
         output_type: str | None = None,
-        **raw_kwargs: Any,
+        **raw_kwargs: t.Any,
     ) -> Expression:
         """
         Creates a pydal Expression object representing a raw SQL fragment.
 
         Args:
             sql_fragment: The raw SQL fragment.
+                In python 3.14+, this can also be a t-string. In that case, don't pass other args or kwargs.
             *raw_args: Arguments to be interpolated into the SQL fragment.
             output_type: The expected output type of the expression.
             **raw_kwargs: Keyword arguments to be interpolated into the SQL fragment.
@@ -855,2598 +445,16 @@ class TypeDAL(pydal.DAL):  # type: ignore
         return sql_expression(self, sql_fragment, *raw_args, output_type=output_type, **raw_kwargs)
 
 
-def default_representer(field: TypedField[T], value: T, table: Type[TypedTable]) -> str:
-    """
-    Simply call field.represent on the value.
-    """
-    if represent := getattr(field, "represent", None):
-        return str(represent(value, table))
-    else:
-        return repr(value)
-
-
 TypeDAL.representers.setdefault("rows_render", default_representer)
 
-P = typing.ParamSpec("P")
-R = typing.TypeVar("R")
-
-
-def reorder_fields(
-    table: pydal.objects.Table,
-    fields: typing.Iterable[str | Field | TypedField[Any]],
-    keep_others: bool = True,
-) -> None:
-    """
-    Reorder fields of a pydal table.
-
-    Args:
-        table: The pydal table object (e.g., db.mytable).
-        fields: List of field names (str) or Field objects in desired order.
-        keep_others (bool):
-            - True (default): keep other fields at the end, in their original order.
-            - False: remove other fields (only keep what's specified).
-    """
-    # Normalize input to field names
-    desired = [f.name if isinstance(f, (TypedField, Field, pydal.objects.Field)) else str(f) for f in fields]
-
-    new_order = [f for f in desired if f in table._fields]
-
-    if keep_others:
-        # Start with desired fields, then append the rest
-        new_order.extend(f for f in table._fields if f not in desired)
-
-    table._fields = new_order
-
-
-class TableMeta(type):
-    """
-    This metaclass contains functionality on table classes, that doesn't exist on its instances.
-
-    Example:
-        class MyTable(TypedTable):
-            some_field: TypedField[int]
-
-    MyTable.update_or_insert(...) # should work
-
-    MyTable.some_field # -> Field, can be used to query etc.
-
-    row = MyTable.first() # returns instance of MyTable
-
-    # row.update_or_insert(...) # shouldn't work!
-
-    row.some_field # -> int, with actual data
-
-    """
-
-    # set up by db.define:
-    # _db: TypeDAL | None = None
-    # _table: Table | None = None
-    _db: TypeDAL | None = None
-    _table: Table | None = None
-    _relationships: dict[str, Relationship[Any]] | None = None
-
-    #########################
-    # TypeDAL custom logic: #
-    #########################
-
-    def __set_internals__(self, db: pydal.DAL, table: Table, relationships: dict[str, Relationship[Any]]) -> None:
-        """
-        Store the related database and pydal table for later usage.
-        """
-        self._db = db
-        self._table = table
-        self._relationships = relationships
-
-    def __getattr__(self, col: str) -> Optional[Field]:
-        """
-        Magic method used by TypedTableMeta to get a database field with dot notation on a class.
-
-        Example:
-            SomeTypedTable.col -> db.table.col (via TypedTableMeta.__getattr__)
-
-        """
-        if self._table:
-            return getattr(self._table, col, None)
-
-        return None
-
-    def _ensure_table_defined(self) -> Table:
-        if not self._table:
-            raise EnvironmentError("@define or db.define is not called on this class yet!")
-        return self._table
-
-    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Generator[Field, None, None]:
-        """
-        Loop through the columns of this model.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        yield from iter(table)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, item: str) -> Field:
-        """
-        Allow dict notation to get a column of this table (-> Field instance).
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        return table[item]
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Normally, just returns the underlying table name, but with a fallback if the model is unbound.
-        """
-        if self._table:
-            return str(self._table)
-        else:
-            return f"<unbound table {self.__name__}>"
-
-    def from_row(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], row: pydal.objects.Row) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        """
-        Create a model instance from a pydal row.
-        """
-        return self(row)
-
-    def all(self: Type[T_MetaInstance]) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Return all rows for this model.
-        """
-        return self.collect()
-
-    def get_relationships(self) -> dict[str, Relationship[Any]]:
-        """
-        Return the registered relationships of the current model.
-        """
-        return self._relationships or {}
-
-    ##########################
-    # TypeDAL Modified Logic #
-    ##########################
-
-    def insert(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], **fields: Any) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        """
-        This is only called when db.define is not used as a decorator.
-
-        cls.__table functions as 'self'
-
-        Args:
-            **fields: anything you want to insert in the database
-
-        Returns: the ID of the new row.
-
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-
-        result = table.insert(**fields)
-        # it already is an int but mypy doesn't understand that
-        return self(result)
-
-    def _insert(self, **fields: Any) -> str:
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-
-        return str(table._insert(**fields))
-
-    def bulk_insert(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], items: list[AnyDict]) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Insert multiple rows, returns a TypedRows set of new instances.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        result = table.bulk_insert(items)
-        return self.where(lambda row: row.id.belongs(result)).collect()
-
-    def update_or_insert(
-        self: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        query: T_Query | AnyDict = DEFAULT,
-        **values: Any,
-    ) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        """
-        Update a row if query matches, else insert a new one.
-
-        Returns the created or updated instance.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-
-        if query is DEFAULT:
-            record = table(**values)
-        elif isinstance(query, dict):
-            record = table(**query)
-        else:
-            record = table(query)
-
-        if not record:
-            return self.insert(**values)
-
-        record.update_record(**values)
-        return self(record)
-
-    def validate_and_insert(
-        self: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        **fields: Any,
-    ) -> tuple[Optional[T_MetaInstance], Optional[dict[str, str]]]:
-        """
-        Validate input data and then insert a row.
-
-        Returns a tuple of (the created instance, a dict of errors).
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        result = table.validate_and_insert(**fields)
-        if row_id := result.get("id"):
-            return self(row_id), None
-        else:
-            return None, result.get("errors")
-
-    def validate_and_update(
-        self: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        query: Query,
-        **fields: Any,
-    ) -> tuple[Optional[T_MetaInstance], Optional[dict[str, str]]]:
-        """
-        Validate input data and then update max 1 row.
-
-        Returns a tuple of (the updated instance, a dict of errors).
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-
-        result = table.validate_and_update(query, **fields)
-
-        if errors := result.get("errors"):
-            return None, errors
-        elif row_id := result.get("id"):
-            return self(row_id), None
-        else:  # pragma: no cover
-            # update on query without result (shouldnt happen)
-            return None, None
-
-    def validate_and_update_or_insert(
-        self: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        query: Query,
-        **fields: Any,
-    ) -> tuple[Optional[T_MetaInstance], Optional[dict[str, str]]]:
-        """
-        Validate input data and then update_and_insert (on max 1 row).
-
-        Returns a tuple of (the updated/created instance, a dict of errors).
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        result = table.validate_and_update_or_insert(query, **fields)
-
-        if errors := result.get("errors"):
-            return None, errors
-        elif row_id := result.get("id"):
-            return self(row_id), None
-        else:  # pragma: no cover
-            # update on query without result (shouldnt happen)
-            return None, None
-
-    def select(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], *a: Any, **kw: Any) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.select!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).select(*a, **kw)
-
-    def column(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], field: "TypedField[T] | T", **options: Unpack[SelectKwargs]) -> list[T]:
-        """
-        Get all values in a specific column.
-
-        Shortcut for `.select(field).execute().column(field)`.
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).select(field, **options).execute().column(field)
-
-    def paginate(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], limit: int, page: int = 1) -> "PaginatedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.paginate!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).paginate(limit=limit, page=page)
-
-    def chunk(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], chunk_size: int) -> typing.Generator["TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]", Any, None]:
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.chunk!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).chunk(chunk_size)
-
-    def where(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], *a: Any, **kw: Any) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.where!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).where(*a, **kw)
-
-    def orderby(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], *fields: OrderBy) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.orderby!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).orderby(*fields)
-
-    def cache(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], *deps: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.cache!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).cache(*deps, **kwargs)
-
-    def count(self: Type[T_MetaInstance]) -> int:
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.count!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).count()
-
-    def exists(self: Type[T_MetaInstance]) -> bool:
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.exists!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).exists()
-
-    def first(self: Type[T_MetaInstance]) -> T_MetaInstance | None:
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.first!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).first()
-
-    def first_or_fail(self: Type[T_MetaInstance]) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.first_or_fail!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).first_or_fail()
-
-    def join(
-        self: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        *fields: str | Type["TypedTable"],
-        method: JOIN_OPTIONS = None,
-        on: OnQuery | list[Expression] | Expression = None,
-        condition: Condition = None,
-        condition_and: Condition = None,
-    ) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.join!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).join(*fields, on=on, condition=condition, method=method, condition_and=condition_and)
-
-    def collect(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], verbose: bool = False) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        See QueryBuilder.collect!
-        """
-        return QueryBuilder(self).collect(verbose=verbose)
-
-    @property
-    def ALL(cls) -> pydal.objects.SQLALL:
-        """
-        Select all fields for this table.
-        """
-        table = cls._ensure_table_defined()
-
-        return table.ALL
-
-    ##########################
-    # TypeDAL Shadowed Logic #
-    ##########################
-    fields: list[str]
-
-    # other table methods:
+# note: these imports exist at the bottom of this file to prevent circular import issues:
 
-    def truncate(self, mode: str = "") -> None:
-        """
-        Remove all data and reset index.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        table.truncate(mode)
-
-    def drop(self, mode: str = "") -> None:
-        """
-        Remove the underlying table.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        table.drop(mode)
-
-    def create_index(self, name: str, *fields: Field | str, **kwargs: Any) -> bool:
-        """
-        Add an index on some columns of this table.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        result = table.create_index(name, *fields, **kwargs)
-        return typing.cast(bool, result)
-
-    def drop_index(self, name: str, if_exists: bool = False) -> bool:
-        """
-        Remove an index from this table.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        result = table.drop_index(name, if_exists)
-        return typing.cast(bool, result)
-
-    def import_from_csv_file(
-        self,
-        csvfile: typing.TextIO,
-        id_map: dict[str, str] = None,
-        null: Any = "<NULL>",
-        unique: str = "uuid",
-        id_offset: dict[str, int] = None,  # id_offset used only when id_map is None
-        transform: typing.Callable[[dict[Any, Any]], dict[Any, Any]] = None,
-        validate: bool = False,
-        encoding: str = "utf-8",
-        delimiter: str = ",",
-        quotechar: str = '"',
-        quoting: int = csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL,
-        restore: bool = False,
-        **kwargs: Any,
-    ) -> None:
-        """
-        Load a csv file into the database.
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        table.import_from_csv_file(
-            csvfile,
-            id_map=id_map,
-            null=null,
-            unique=unique,
-            id_offset=id_offset,
-            transform=transform,
-            validate=validate,
-            encoding=encoding,
-            delimiter=delimiter,
-            quotechar=quotechar,
-            quoting=quoting,
-            restore=restore,
-            **kwargs,
-        )
-
-    def on(self, query: Query | bool) -> Expression:
-        """
-        Shadow Table.on.
-
-        Used for joins.
-
-        See Also:
-            http://web2py.com/books/default/chapter/29/06/the-database-abstraction-layer?search=export_to_csv_file#One-to-many-relation
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        return typing.cast(Expression, table.on(query))
-
-    def with_alias(self: Type[T_MetaInstance], alias: str) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Shadow Table.with_alias.
+from .fields import *  # noqa: E402 F403 # isort: skip ; to fill globals() scope
+from .define import TableDefinitionBuilder  # noqa: E402
+from .rows import TypedSet  # noqa: E402
+from .tables import TypedTable  # noqa: E402
 
-        Useful for joins when joining the same table multiple times.
-
-        See Also:
-            http://web2py.com/books/default/chapter/29/06/the-database-abstraction-layer#One-to-many-relation
-        """
-        table = self._ensure_table_defined()
-        return typing.cast(Type[T_MetaInstance], table.with_alias(alias))
-
-    def unique_alias(self: Type[T_MetaInstance]) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Generates a unique alias for this table.
-
-        Useful for joins when joining the same table multiple times
-            and you don't want to keep track of aliases yourself.
-        """
-        key = f"{self.__name__.lower()}_{hash(uuid.uuid4())}"
-        return self.with_alias(key)
-
-    # hooks:
-    def _hook_once(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        hooks: list[typing.Callable[P, R]],
-        fn: typing.Callable[P, R],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        @functools.wraps(fn)
-        def wraps(*a: P.args, **kw: P.kwargs) -> R:
-            try:
-                return fn(*a, **kw)
-            finally:
-                hooks.remove(wraps)
-
-        hooks.append(wraps)
-        return cls
-
-    def before_insert(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: typing.Callable[[T_MetaInstance], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[OpRow], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add a before insert hook.
-        """
-        if fn not in cls._before_insert:
-            cls._before_insert.append(fn)
-        return cls
-
-    def before_insert_once(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: typing.Callable[[T_MetaInstance], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[OpRow], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add a before insert hook that only fires once and then removes itself.
-        """
-        return cls._hook_once(cls._before_insert, fn)  # type: ignore
-
-    def after_insert(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: (
-            typing.Callable[[T_MetaInstance, Reference], Optional[bool]]
-            | typing.Callable[[OpRow, Reference], Optional[bool]]
-        ),
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add an after insert hook.
-        """
-        if fn not in cls._after_insert:
-            cls._after_insert.append(fn)
-        return cls
-
-    def after_insert_once(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: (
-            typing.Callable[[T_MetaInstance, Reference], Optional[bool]]
-            | typing.Callable[[OpRow, Reference], Optional[bool]]
-        ),
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add an after insert hook that only fires once and then removes itself.
-        """
-        return cls._hook_once(cls._after_insert, fn)  # type: ignore
-
-    def before_update(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: typing.Callable[[Set, T_MetaInstance], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[Set, OpRow], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add a before update hook.
-        """
-        if fn not in cls._before_update:
-            cls._before_update.append(fn)
-        return cls
-
-    def before_update_once(
-        cls,
-        fn: typing.Callable[[Set, T_MetaInstance], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[Set, OpRow], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add a before update hook that only fires once and then removes itself.
-        """
-        return cls._hook_once(cls._before_update, fn)  # type: ignore
-
-    def after_update(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: typing.Callable[[Set, T_MetaInstance], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[Set, OpRow], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add an after update hook.
-        """
-        if fn not in cls._after_update:
-            cls._after_update.append(fn)
-        return cls
-
-    def after_update_once(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: typing.Callable[[Set, T_MetaInstance], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[Set, OpRow], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add an after update hook that only fires once and then removes itself.
-        """
-        return cls._hook_once(cls._after_update, fn)  # type: ignore
-
-    def before_delete(cls: Type[T_MetaInstance], fn: typing.Callable[[Set], Optional[bool]]) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add a before delete hook.
-        """
-        if fn not in cls._before_delete:
-            cls._before_delete.append(fn)
-        return cls
-
-    def before_delete_once(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: typing.Callable[[Set], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add a before delete hook that only fires once and then removes itself.
-        """
-        return cls._hook_once(cls._before_delete, fn)
-
-    def after_delete(cls: Type[T_MetaInstance], fn: typing.Callable[[Set], Optional[bool]]) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add an after delete hook.
-        """
-        if fn not in cls._after_delete:
-            cls._after_delete.append(fn)
-        return cls
-
-    def after_delete_once(
-        cls: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        fn: typing.Callable[[Set], Optional[bool]],
-    ) -> Type[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Add an after delete hook that only fires once and then removes itself.
-        """
-        return cls._hook_once(cls._after_delete, fn)
-
-    def reorder_fields(cls, *fields: str | Field | TypedField[Any], keep_others: bool = True) -> None:
-        """
-        Reorder fields of a typedal table.
-
-        Args:
-            fields: List of field names (str) or Field objects in desired order.
-            keep_others (bool):
-                - True (default): keep other fields at the end, in their original order.
-                - False: remove other fields (only keep what's specified).
-        """
-        return reorder_fields(cls._table, fields, keep_others=keep_others)
-
-
-class TypedField(Expression, typing.Generic[T_Value]):  # pragma: no cover
-    """
-    Typed version of pydal.Field, which will be converted to a normal Field in the background.
-    """
-
-    # will be set by .bind on db.define
-    name = ""
-    _db: Optional[pydal.DAL] = None
-    _rname: Optional[str] = None
-    _table: Optional[Table] = None
-    _field: Optional[Field] = None
-
-    _type: T_annotation
-    kwargs: Any
-
-    requires: Validator | typing.Iterable[Validator]
-
-    # NOTE: for the logic of converting a TypedField into a pydal Field, see TypeDAL._to_field
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        _type: Type[T_Value] | types.UnionType = str,  # type: ignore
-        /,
-        **settings: Unpack[FieldSettings],
-    ) -> None:
-        """
-        Typed version of pydal.Field, which will be converted to a normal Field in the background.
-
-        Provide the Python type for this field as the first positional argument
-        and any other settings to Field() as keyword parameters.
-        """
-        self._type = _type
-        self.kwargs = settings
-        # super().__init__()
-
-    @typing.overload
-    def __get__(self, instance: T_MetaInstance, owner: Type[T_MetaInstance]) -> T_Value:  # pragma: no cover
-        """
-        row.field -> (actual data).
-        """
-
-    @typing.overload
-    def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: "Type[TypedTable]") -> "TypedField[T_Value]":  # pragma: no cover
-        """
-        Table.field -> Field.
-        """
-
-    def __get__(
-        self,
-        instance: T_MetaInstance | None,
-        owner: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-    ) -> typing.Union[T_Value, "TypedField[T_Value]"]:
-        """
-        Since this class is a Descriptor field, \
-            it returns something else depending on if it's called on a class or instance.
-
-        (this is mostly for mypy/typing)
-        """
-        if instance:
-            # this is only reached in a very specific case:
-            # an instance of the object was created with a specific set of fields selected (excluding the current one)
-            # in that case, no value was stored in the owner -> return None (since the field was not selected)
-            return typing.cast(T_Value, None)  # cast as T_Value so mypy understands it for selected fields
-        else:
-            # getting as class -> return actual field so pydal understands it when using in query etc.
-            return typing.cast(TypedField[T_Value], self._field)  # pretend it's still typed for IDE support
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        String representation of a Typed Field.
-
-        If `type` is set explicitly (e.g. TypedField(str, type="text")), that type is used: `TypedField.text`,
-        otherwise the type annotation is used (e.g. TypedField(str) -> TypedField.str)
-        """
-        return str(self._field) if self._field else ""
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        More detailed string representation of a Typed Field.
-
-        Uses __str__ and adds the provided extra options (kwargs) in the representation.
-        """
-        s = self.__str__()
-
-        if "type" in self.kwargs:
-            # manual type in kwargs supplied
-            t = self.kwargs["type"]
-        elif issubclass(type, type(self._type)):
-            # normal type, str.__name__ = 'str'
-            t = getattr(self._type, "__name__", str(self._type))
-        elif t_args := typing.get_args(self._type):
-            # list[str] -> 'str'
-            t = t_args[0].__name__
-        else:  # pragma: no cover
-            # fallback - something else, may not even happen, I'm not sure
-            t = self._type
-
-        s = f"TypedField[{t}].{s}" if s else f"TypedField[{t}]"
-
-        kw = self.kwargs.copy()
-        kw.pop("type", None)
-        return f"<{s} with options {kw}>"
-
-    def _to_field(self, extra_kwargs: typing.MutableMapping[str, Any]) -> Optional[str]:
-        """
-        Convert a Typed Field instance to a pydal.Field.
-
-        Actual logic in TypeDAL._to_field but this function creates the pydal type name and updates the kwarg settings.
-        """
-        other_kwargs = self.kwargs.copy()
-        extra_kwargs.update(other_kwargs)  # <- modifies and overwrites the default kwargs with user-specified ones
-        return extra_kwargs.pop("type", False) or TypeDAL._annotation_to_pydal_fieldtype(self._type, extra_kwargs)
-
-    def bind(self, field: pydal.objects.Field, table: pydal.objects.Table) -> None:
-        """
-        Bind the right db/table/field info to this class, so queries can be made using `Class.field == ...`.
-        """
-        self._table = table
-        self._field = field
-
-    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
-        """
-        If the regular getattribute does not work, try to get info from the related Field.
-        """
-        with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
-            return super().__getattribute__(key)
-
-        # try on actual field:
-        return getattr(self._field, key)
-
-    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> Query:
-        """
-        Performing == on a Field will result in a Query.
-        """
-        return typing.cast(Query, self._field == other)
-
-    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> Query:
-        """
-        Performing != on a Field will result in a Query.
-        """
-        return typing.cast(Query, self._field != other)
-
-    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> Query:
-        """
-        Performing > on a Field will result in a Query.
-        """
-        return typing.cast(Query, self._field > other)
-
-    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> Query:
-        """
-        Performing < on a Field will result in a Query.
-        """
-        return typing.cast(Query, self._field < other)
-
-    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> Query:
-        """
-        Performing >= on a Field will result in a Query.
-        """
-        return typing.cast(Query, self._field >= other)
-
-    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> Query:
-        """
-        Performing <= on a Field will result in a Query.
-        """
-        return typing.cast(Query, self._field <= other)
-
-    def __hash__(self) -> int:
-        """
-        Shadow Field.__hash__.
-        """
-        return hash(self._field)
-
-    def __invert__(self) -> Expression:
-        """
-        Performing ~ on a Field will result in an Expression.
-        """
-        if not self._field:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("Unbound Field can not be inverted!")
-
-        return typing.cast(Expression, ~self._field)
-
-    def lower(self) -> Expression:
-        """
-        For string-fields: compare lowercased values.
-        """
-        if not self._field:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise ValueError("Unbound Field can not be lowered!")
-
-        return typing.cast(Expression, self._field.lower())
-
-    # ... etc
-
-
-class _TypedTable:
-    """
-    This class is a final shared parent between TypedTable and Mixins.
-
-    This needs to exist because otherwise the __on_define__ of Mixins are not executed.
-    Notably, this class exists at a level ABOVE the `metaclass=TableMeta`,
-        because otherwise typing gets confused when Mixins are used and multiple types could satisfy
-            generic 'T subclass of TypedTable'
-        -> Setting 'TypedTable' as the parent for Mixin does not work at runtime (and works semi at type check time)
-    """
-
-    id: "TypedField[int]"
-
-    _before_insert: list[typing.Callable[[Self], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[OpRow], Optional[bool]]]
-    _after_insert: list[
-        typing.Callable[[Self, Reference], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[OpRow, Reference], Optional[bool]]
-    ]
-    _before_update: list[typing.Callable[[Set, Self], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[Set, OpRow], Optional[bool]]]
-    _after_update: list[typing.Callable[[Set, Self], Optional[bool]] | typing.Callable[[Set, OpRow], Optional[bool]]]
-    _before_delete: list[typing.Callable[[Set], Optional[bool]]]
-    _after_delete: list[typing.Callable[[Set], Optional[bool]]]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def __on_define__(cls, db: TypeDAL) -> None:
-        """
-        Method that can be implemented by tables to do an action after db.define is completed.
-
-        This can be useful if you need to add something like requires=IS_NOT_IN_DB(db, "table.field"),
-        where you need a reference to the current database, which may not exist yet when defining the model.
-        """
-
-    @classproperty
-    def _hooks(cls) -> dict[str, list[typing.Callable[..., Optional[bool]]]]:
-        return {
-            "before_insert": cls._before_insert,
-            "after_insert": cls._after_insert,
-            "before_update": cls._before_update,
-            "after_update": cls._after_update,
-            "before_delete": cls._before_delete,
-            "after_delete": cls._after_delete,
-        }
-
-
-class TypedTable(_TypedTable, metaclass=TableMeta):
-    """
-    Enhanded modeling system on top of pydal's Table that adds typing and additional functionality.
-    """
-
-    # set up by 'new':
-    _row: Row | None = None
-    _rows: tuple[Row, ...] = ()
-
-    _with: list[str]
-
-    def _setup_instance_methods(self) -> None:
-        self.as_dict = self._as_dict  # type: ignore
-        self.__json__ = self.as_json = self._as_json  # type: ignore
-        # self.as_yaml = self._as_yaml  # type: ignore
-        self.as_xml = self._as_xml  # type: ignore
-
-        self.update = self._update  # type: ignore
-
-        self.delete_record = self._delete_record  # type: ignore
-        self.update_record = self._update_record  # type: ignore
-
-    def __new__(
-        cls,
-        row_or_id: typing.Union[Row, Query, pydal.objects.Set, int, str, None, "TypedTable"] = None,
-        **filters: Any,
-    ) -> Self:
-        """
-        Create a Typed Rows model instance from an existing row, ID or query.
-
-        Examples:
-            MyTable(1)
-            MyTable(id=1)
-            MyTable(MyTable.id == 1)
-        """
-        table = cls._ensure_table_defined()
-        inst = super().__new__(cls)
-
-        if isinstance(row_or_id, TypedTable):
-            # existing typed table instance!
-            return typing.cast(Self, row_or_id)
-
-        elif isinstance(row_or_id, pydal.objects.Row):
-            row = row_or_id
-        elif row_or_id is not None:
-            row = table(row_or_id, **filters)
-        elif filters:
-            row = table(**filters)
-        else:
-            # dummy object
-            return inst
-
-        if not row:
-            return None  # type: ignore
-
-        inst._row = row
-
-        if hasattr(row, "id"):
-            inst.__dict__.update(row)
-        else:
-            # deal with _extra (and possibly others?)
-            # Row <{actual: {}, _extra: ...}>
-            inst.__dict__.update(row[str(cls)])
-
-        inst._setup_instance_methods()
-        return inst
-
-    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Generator[Any, None, None]:
-        """
-        Allows looping through the columns.
-        """
-        row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-        yield from iter(row)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, item: str) -> Any:
-        """
-        Allows dictionary notation to get columns.
-        """
-        if item in self.__dict__:
-            return self.__dict__.get(item)
-
-        # fallback to lookup in row
-        if self._row:
-            return self._row[item]
-
-        # nothing found!
-        raise KeyError(item)
-
-    def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
-        """
-        Allows dot notation to get columns.
-        """
-        if value := self.get(item):
-            return value
-
-        raise AttributeError(item)
-
-    def keys(self) -> list[str]:
-        """
-        Return the combination of row + relationship keys.
-
-        Used by dict(row).
-        """
-        return list(self._row.keys() if self._row else ()) + getattr(self, "_with", [])
-
-    def get(self, item: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
-        """
-        Try to get a column from this instance, else return default.
-        """
-        try:
-            return self.__getitem__(item)
-        except KeyError:
-            return default
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
-        """
-        Data can both be updated via dot and dict notation.
-        """
-        return setattr(self, key, value)
-
-    def __int__(self) -> int:
-        """
-        Calling int on a model instance will return its id.
-        """
-        return getattr(self, "id", 0)
-
-    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
-        """
-        If the instance has an underlying row with data, it is truthy.
-        """
-        return bool(getattr(self, "_row", False))
-
-    def _ensure_matching_row(self) -> Row:
-        if not getattr(self, "_row", None):
-            raise EnvironmentError("Trying to access non-existant row. Maybe it was deleted or not yet initialized?")
-        return self._row
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        String representation of the model instance.
-        """
-        model_name = self.__class__.__name__
-        model_data = {}
-
-        if self._row:
-            model_data = self._row.as_json()
-
-        details = model_name
-        details += f"({model_data})"
-
-        if relationships := getattr(self, "_with", []):
-            details += f" + {relationships}"
-
-        return f"<{details}>"
-
-    # serialization
-    # underscore variants work for class instances (set up by _setup_instance_methods)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def as_dict(cls, flat: bool = False, sanitize: bool = True) -> AnyDict:
-        """
-        Dump the object to a plain dict.
-
-        Can be used as both a class or instance method:
-        - dumps the table info if it's a class
-        - dumps the row info if it's an instance (see _as_dict)
-        """
-        table = cls._ensure_table_defined()
-        result = table.as_dict(flat, sanitize)
-        return typing.cast(AnyDict, result)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def as_json(cls, sanitize: bool = True, indent: Optional[int] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
-        """
-        Dump the object to json.
-
-        Can be used as both a class or instance method:
-        - dumps the table info if it's a class
-        - dumps the row info if it's an instance (see _as_json)
-        """
-        data = cls.as_dict(sanitize=sanitize)
-        return as_json.encode(data, indent=indent, **kwargs)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def as_xml(cls, sanitize: bool = True) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
-        """
-        Dump the object to xml.
-
-        Can be used as both a class or instance method:
-        - dumps the table info if it's a class
-        - dumps the row info if it's an instance (see _as_xml)
-        """
-        table = cls._ensure_table_defined()
-        return typing.cast(str, table.as_xml(sanitize))
-
-    @classmethod
-    def as_yaml(cls, sanitize: bool = True) -> str:
-        """
-        Dump the object to yaml.
-
-        Can be used as both a class or instance method:
-        - dumps the table info if it's a class
-        - dumps the row info if it's an instance (see _as_yaml)
-        """
-        table = cls._ensure_table_defined()
-        return typing.cast(str, table.as_yaml(sanitize))
-
-    def _as_dict(
-        self,
-        datetime_to_str: bool = False,
-        custom_types: typing.Iterable[type] | type | None = None,
-    ) -> AnyDict:
-        row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-
-        result = row.as_dict(datetime_to_str=datetime_to_str, custom_types=custom_types)
-
-        def asdict_method(obj: Any) -> Any:  # pragma: no cover
-            if hasattr(obj, "_as_dict"):  # typedal
-                return obj._as_dict()
-            elif hasattr(obj, "as_dict"):  # pydal
-                return obj.as_dict()
-            else:  # something else??
-                return obj.__dict__
-
-        if _with := getattr(self, "_with", None):
-            for relationship in _with:
-                data = self.get(relationship)
-
-                if isinstance(data, list):
-                    data = [asdict_method(_) for _ in data]
-                elif data:
-                    data = asdict_method(data)
-
-                result[relationship] = data
-
-        return typing.cast(AnyDict, result)
-
-    def _as_json(
-        self,
-        default: typing.Callable[[Any], Any] = None,
-        indent: Optional[int] = None,
-        **kwargs: Any,
-    ) -> str:
-        data = self._as_dict()
-        return as_json.encode(data, default=default, indent=indent, **kwargs)
-
-    def _as_xml(self, sanitize: bool = True) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
-        row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-        return typing.cast(str, row.as_xml(sanitize))
-
-    # def _as_yaml(self, sanitize: bool = True) -> str:
-    #     row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-    #     return typing.cast(str, row.as_yaml(sanitize))
-
-    def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
-        """
-        When setting a property on a Typed Table model instance, also update the underlying row.
-        """
-        if self._row and key in self._row.__dict__ and not callable(value):
-            # enables `row.key = value; row.update_record()`
-            self._row[key] = value
-
-        super().__setattr__(key, value)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def update(cls: Type[T_MetaInstance], query: Query, **fields: Any) -> T_MetaInstance | None:
-        """
-        Update one record.
-
-        Example:
-            MyTable.update(MyTable.id == 1, name="NewName") -> MyTable
-        """
-        # todo: update multiple?
-        if record := cls(query):
-            return record.update_record(**fields)
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    def _update(self: T_MetaInstance, **fields: Any) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-        row.update(**fields)
-        self.__dict__.update(**fields)
-        return self
-
-    def _update_record(self: T_MetaInstance, **fields: Any) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-        new_row = row.update_record(**fields)
-        self.update(**new_row)
-        return self
-
-    def update_record(self: T_MetaInstance, **fields: Any) -> T_MetaInstance:  # pragma: no cover
-        """
-        Here as a placeholder for _update_record.
-
-        Will be replaced on instance creation!
-        """
-        return self._update_record(**fields)
-
-    def _delete_record(self) -> int:
-        """
-        Actual logic in `pydal.helpers.classes.RecordDeleter`.
-        """
-        row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-        result = row.delete_record()
-        self.__dict__ = {}  # empty self, since row is no more.
-        self._row = None  # just to be sure
-        self._setup_instance_methods()
-        # ^ instance methods might've been deleted by emptying dict,
-        # but we still want .as_dict to show an error, not the table's as_dict.
-        return typing.cast(int, result)
-
-    def delete_record(self) -> int:  # pragma: no cover
-        """
-        Here as a placeholder for _delete_record.
-
-        Will be replaced on instance creation!
-        """
-        return self._delete_record()
-
-    # __del__ is also called on the end of a scope so don't remove records on every del!!
-
-    # pickling:
-
-    def __getstate__(self) -> AnyDict:
-        """
-        State to save when pickling.
-
-        Prevents db connection from being pickled.
-        Similar to as_dict but without changing the data of the relationships (dill does that recursively)
-        """
-        row = self._ensure_matching_row()
-        result: AnyDict = row.as_dict()
-
-        if _with := getattr(self, "_with", None):
-            result["_with"] = _with
-            for relationship in _with:
-                data = self.get(relationship)
-
-                result[relationship] = data
-
-        result["_row"] = self._row.as_json() if self._row else ""
-        return result
-
-    def __setstate__(self, state: AnyDict) -> None:
-        """
-        Used by dill when loading from a bytestring.
-        """
-        # as_dict also includes table info, so dump as json to only get the actual row data
-        # then create a new (more empty) row object:
-        state["_row"] = Row(json.loads(state["_row"]))
-        self.__dict__ |= state
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _sql(cls) -> str:
-        """
-        Generate SQL Schema for this table via pydal2sql (if 'migrations' extra is installed).
-        """
-        try:
-            import pydal2sql
-        except ImportError as e:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise RuntimeError("Can not generate SQL without the 'migration' extra or `pydal2sql` installed!") from e
-
-        return pydal2sql.generate_sql(cls)
-
-    def render(self, fields: list[Field] = None, compact: bool = False) -> Self:
-        """
-        Renders a copy of the object with potentially modified values.
-
-        Args:
-            fields: A list of fields to render. Defaults to all representable fields in the table.
-            compact: Whether to return only the value of the first field if there is only one field.
-
-        Returns:
-            A copy of the object with potentially modified values.
-        """
-        row = copy.deepcopy(self)
-        keys = list(row)
-        if not fields:
-            fields = [self._table[f] for f in self._table._fields]
-            fields = [f for f in fields if isinstance(f, Field) and f.represent]
-
-        for field in fields:
-            if field._table == self._table:
-                row[field.name] = self._db.represent(
-                    "rows_render",
-                    field,
-                    row[field.name],
-                    row,
-                )
-            # else: relationship, different logic:
-
-        for relation_name in getattr(row, "_with", []):
-            if relation := self._relationships.get(relation_name):
-                relation_table = relation.table
-                if isinstance(relation_table, str):
-                    relation_table = self._db[relation_table]
-
-                relation_row = row[relation_name]
-
-                if isinstance(relation_row, list):
-                    # list of rows
-                    combined = []
-
-                    for related_og in relation_row:
-                        related = copy.deepcopy(related_og)
-                        for fieldname in related:
-                            field = relation_table[fieldname]
-                            related[field.name] = self._db.represent(
-                                "rows_render",
-                                field,
-                                related[field.name],
-                                related,
-                            )
-                        combined.append(related)
-
-                    row[relation_name] = combined
-                else:
-                    # 1 row
-                    for fieldname in relation_row:
-                        field = relation_table[fieldname]
-                        row[relation_name][fieldname] = self._db.represent(
-                            "rows_render",
-                            field,
-                            relation_row[field.name],
-                            relation_row,
-                        )
-
-        if compact and len(keys) == 1 and keys[0] != "_extra":  # pragma: no cover
-            return typing.cast(Self, row[keys[0]])
-        return row
-
-
-# backwards compat:
-TypedRow = TypedTable
-
-
-class TypedRows(typing.Collection[T_MetaInstance], Rows):
-    """
-    Slighly enhaned and typed functionality on top of pydal Rows (the result of a select).
-    """
-
-    records: dict[int, T_MetaInstance]
-    # _rows: Rows
-    model: Type[T_MetaInstance]
-    metadata: Metadata
-
-    # pseudo-properties: actually stored in _rows
-    db: TypeDAL
-    colnames: list[str]
-    fields: list[Field]
-    colnames_fields: list[Field]
-    response: list[tuple[Any, ...]]
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        rows: Rows,
-        model: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        records: dict[int, T_MetaInstance] = None,
-        metadata: Metadata = None,
-        raw: dict[int, list[Row]] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """
-        Should not be called manually!
-
-        Normally, the `records` from an existing `Rows` object are used
-            but these can be overwritten with a `records` dict.
-        `metadata` can be any (un)structured data
-        `model` is a Typed Table class
-        """
-
-        def _get_id(row: Row) -> int:
-            """
-            Try to find the id field in a row.
-
-            If _extra exists, the row changes:
-            <Row {'test_relationship': {'id': 1}, '_extra': {'COUNT("test_relationship"."querytable")': 8}}>
-            """
-            if idx := getattr(row, "id", None):
-                return typing.cast(int, idx)
-            elif main := getattr(row, str(model), None):
-                return typing.cast(int, main.id)
-            else:  # pragma: no cover
-                raise NotImplementedError(f"`id` could not be found for {row}")
-
-        records = records or {_get_id(row): model(row) for row in rows}
-        raw = raw or {}
-
-        for idx, entity in records.items():
-            entity._rows = tuple(raw.get(idx, []))
-
-        super().__init__(rows.db, records, rows.colnames, rows.compact, rows.response, rows.fields)
-        self.model = model
-        self.metadata = metadata or {}
-        self.colnames = rows.colnames
-
-    def __len__(self) -> int:
-        """
-        Return the count of rows.
-        """
-        return len(self.records)
-
-    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Loop through the rows.
-        """
-        yield from self.records.values()
-
-    def __contains__(self, ind: Any) -> bool:
-        """
-        Check if an id exists in this result set.
-        """
-        return ind in self.records
-
-    def first(self) -> T_MetaInstance | None:
-        """
-        Get the row with the lowest id.
-        """
-        if not self.records:
-            return None
-
-        return next(iter(self))
-
-    def last(self) -> T_MetaInstance | None:
-        """
-        Get the row with the highest id.
-        """
-        if not self.records:
-            return None
-
-        max_id = max(self.records.keys())
-        return self[max_id]
-
-    def find(
-        self,
-        f: typing.Callable[[T_MetaInstance], Query],
-        limitby: tuple[int, int] = None,
-    ) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Returns a new Rows object, a subset of the original object, filtered by the function `f`.
-        """
-        if not self.records:
-            return self.__class__(self, self.model, {})
-
-        records = {}
-        if limitby:
-            _min, _max = limitby
-        else:
-            _min, _max = 0, len(self)
-        count = 0
-        for i, row in self.records.items():
-            if f(row):
-                if _min <= count:
-                    records[i] = row
-                count += 1
-                if count == _max:
-                    break
-
-        return self.__class__(self, self.model, records)
-
-    def exclude(self, f: typing.Callable[[T_MetaInstance], Query]) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Removes elements from the calling Rows object, filtered by the function `f`, \
-            and returns a new Rows object containing the removed elements.
-        """
-        if not self.records:
-            return self.__class__(self, self.model, {})
-        removed = {}
-        to_remove = []
-        for i in self.records:
-            row = self[i]
-            if f(row):
-                removed[i] = self.records[i]
-                to_remove.append(i)
-
-        [self.records.pop(i) for i in to_remove]
-
-        return self.__class__(
-            self,
-            self.model,
-            removed,
-        )
-
-    def sort(self, f: typing.Callable[[T_MetaInstance], Any], reverse: bool = False) -> list[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Returns a list of sorted elements (not sorted in place).
-        """
-        return [r for (r, s) in sorted(zip(self.records.values(), self), key=lambda r: f(r[1]), reverse=reverse)]
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Simple string representation.
-        """
-        return f"<TypedRows with {len(self)} records>"
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Print a table on repr().
-        """
-        data = self.as_dict()
-        try:
-            headers = list(next(iter(data.values())).keys())
-        except StopIteration:
-            headers = []
-
-        return mktable(data, headers)
-
-    def group_by_value(
-        self,
-        *fields: "str | Field | TypedField[T]",
-        one_result: bool = False,
-        **kwargs: Any,
-    ) -> dict[T, list[T_MetaInstance]]:
-        """
-        Group the rows by a specific field (which will be the dict key).
-        """
-        kwargs["one_result"] = one_result
-        result = super().group_by_value(*fields, **kwargs)
-        return typing.cast(dict[T, list[T_MetaInstance]], result)
-
-    def as_csv(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Dump the data to csv.
-        """
-        return typing.cast(str, super().as_csv())
-
-    def as_dict(
-        self,
-        key: str | Field | None = None,
-        compact: bool = False,
-        storage_to_dict: bool = False,
-        datetime_to_str: bool = False,
-        custom_types: list[type] | None = None,
-    ) -> dict[int, AnyDict]:
-        """
-        Get the data in a dict of dicts.
-        """
-        if any([key, compact, storage_to_dict, datetime_to_str, custom_types]):
-            # functionality not guaranteed
-            if isinstance(key, Field):
-                key = key.name
-
-            return typing.cast(
-                dict[int, AnyDict],
-                super().as_dict(
-                    key or "id",
-                    compact,
-                    storage_to_dict,
-                    datetime_to_str,
-                    custom_types,
-                ),
-            )
-
-        return {k: v.as_dict() for k, v in self.records.items()}
-
-    def as_json(self, default: typing.Callable[[Any], Any] = None, indent: Optional[int] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
-        """
-        Turn the data into a dict and then dump to JSON.
-        """
-        data = self.as_list()
-
-        return as_json.encode(data, default=default, indent=indent, **kwargs)
-
-    def json(self, default: typing.Callable[[Any], Any] = None, indent: Optional[int] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
-        """
-        Turn the data into a dict and then dump to JSON.
-        """
-        return self.as_json(default=default, indent=indent, **kwargs)
-
-    def as_list(
-        self,
-        compact: bool = False,
-        storage_to_dict: bool = False,
-        datetime_to_str: bool = False,
-        custom_types: list[type] = None,
-    ) -> list[AnyDict]:
-        """
-        Get the data in a list of dicts.
-        """
-        if any([compact, storage_to_dict, datetime_to_str, custom_types]):
-            return typing.cast(list[AnyDict], super().as_list(compact, storage_to_dict, datetime_to_str, custom_types))
-
-        return [_.as_dict() for _ in self.records.values()]
-
-    def __getitem__(self, item: int) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        """
-        You can get a specific row by ID from a typedrows by using rows[idx] notation.
-
-        Since pydal's implementation differs (they expect a list instead of a dict with id keys),
-        using rows[0] will return the first row, regardless of its id.
-        """
-        try:
-            return self.records[item]
-        except KeyError as e:
-            if item == 0 and (row := self.first()):
-                # special case: pydal internals think Rows.records is a list, not a dict
-                return row
-
-            raise e
-
-    def get(self, item: int) -> typing.Optional[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Get a row by ID, or receive None if it isn't in this result set.
-        """
-        return self.records.get(item)
-
-    def update(self, **new_values: Any) -> bool:
-        """
-        Update the current rows in the database with new_values.
-        """
-        # cast to make mypy understand .id is a TypedField and not an int!
-        table = typing.cast(Type[TypedTable], self.model._ensure_table_defined())
-
-        ids = set(self.column("id"))
-        query = table.id.belongs(ids)
-        return bool(self.db(query).update(**new_values))
-
-    def delete(self) -> bool:
-        """
-        Delete the currently selected rows from the database.
-        """
-        # cast to make mypy understand .id is a TypedField and not an int!
-        table = typing.cast(Type[TypedTable], self.model._ensure_table_defined())
-
-        ids = set(self.column("id"))
-        query = table.id.belongs(ids)
-        return bool(self.db(query).delete())
-
-    def join(
-        self,
-        field: "Field | TypedField[Any]",
-        name: str = None,
-        constraint: Query = None,
-        fields: list[str | Field] = None,
-        orderby: Optional[str | Field] = None,
-    ) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        """
-        This can be used to JOIN with some relationships after the initial select.
-
-        Using the querybuilder's .join() method is prefered!
-        """
-        result = super().join(field, name, constraint, fields or [], orderby)
-        return typing.cast(T_MetaInstance, result)
-
-    def export_to_csv_file(
-        self,
-        ofile: typing.TextIO,
-        null: Any = "<NULL>",
-        delimiter: str = ",",
-        quotechar: str = '"',
-        quoting: int = csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL,
-        represent: bool = False,
-        colnames: list[str] = None,
-        write_colnames: bool = True,
-        *args: Any,
-        **kwargs: Any,
-    ) -> None:
-        """
-        Shadow export_to_csv_file from Rows, but with typing.
-
-        See http://web2py.com/books/default/chapter/29/06/the-database-abstraction-layer?search=export_to_csv_file#Exporting-and-importing-data
-        """
-        super().export_to_csv_file(
-            ofile,
-            null,
-            *args,
-            delimiter=delimiter,
-            quotechar=quotechar,
-            quoting=quoting,
-            represent=represent,
-            colnames=colnames or self.colnames,
-            write_colnames=write_colnames,
-            **kwargs,
-        )
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_rows(
-        cls,
-        rows: Rows,
-        model: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        metadata: Metadata = None,
-    ) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Internal method to convert a Rows object to a TypedRows.
-        """
-        return cls(rows, model, metadata=metadata)
-
-    def __getstate__(self) -> AnyDict:
-        """
-        Used by dill to dump to bytes (exclude db connection etc).
-        """
-        return {
-            "metadata": json.dumps(self.metadata, default=str),
-            "records": self.records,
-            "model": str(self.model._table),
-            "colnames": self.colnames,
-        }
-
-    def __setstate__(self, state: AnyDict) -> None:
-        """
-        Used by dill when loading from a bytestring.
-        """
-        state["metadata"] = json.loads(state["metadata"])
-        self.__dict__.update(state)
-        # db etc. set after undill by caching.py
-
-    def render(
-        self, i: int | None = None, fields: list[Field] | None = None
-    ) -> typing.Generator[T_MetaInstance, None, None]:
-        """
-        Takes an index and returns a copy of the indexed row with values \
-            transformed via the "represent" attributes of the associated fields.
-
-        Args:
-            i: index. If not specified, a generator is returned for iteration
-                over all the rows.
-            fields: a list of fields to transform (if None, all fields with
-                "represent" attributes will be transformed)
-        """
-        if i is None:
-            # difference: uses .keys() instead of index
-            return (self.render(i, fields=fields) for i in self.records)
-
-        if not self.db.has_representer("rows_render"):  # pragma: no cover
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Rows.render() needs a `rows_render` representer in DAL instance",
-            )
-
-        row = self.records[i]
-        return row.render(fields, compact=self.compact)
-
-
-from .caching import (  # noqa: E402
-    _remove_cache,
+from .caching import (  # isort: skip # noqa: E402
     _TypedalCache,
     _TypedalCacheDependency,
-    create_and_hash_cache_key,
-    get_expire,
-    load_from_cache,
-    save_to_cache,
 )
-
-
-def normalize_table_keys(row: Row, pattern: re.Pattern[str] = re.compile(r"^([a-zA-Z_]+)_(\d{5,})$")) -> Row:
-    """
-    Normalize table keys in a PyDAL Row object by stripping numeric hash suffixes from table names, \
-    only if the suffix is 5 or more digits.
-
-    For example:
-        Row({'articles_12345': {...}}) -> Row({'articles': {...}})
-        Row({'articles_123': {...}})   -> unchanged
-
-    Returns:
-        Row: A new Row object with normalized keys.
-    """
-    new_data: dict[str, Any] = {}
-    for key, value in row.items():
-        if match := pattern.match(key):
-            base, _suffix = match.groups()
-            normalized_key = base
-            new_data[normalized_key] = value
-        else:
-            new_data[key] = value
-    return Row(new_data)
-
-
-class QueryBuilder(typing.Generic[T_MetaInstance]):
-    """
-    Abstration on top of pydal's query system.
-    """
-
-    model: Type[T_MetaInstance]
-    query: Query
-    select_args: list[Any]
-    select_kwargs: SelectKwargs
-    relationships: dict[str, Relationship[Any]]
-    metadata: Metadata
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        model: Type[T_MetaInstance],
-        add_query: Optional[Query] = None,
-        select_args: Optional[list[Any]] = None,
-        select_kwargs: Optional[SelectKwargs] = None,
-        relationships: dict[str, Relationship[Any]] = None,
-        metadata: Metadata = None,
-    ):
-        """
-        Normally, you wouldn't manually initialize a QueryBuilder but start using a method on a TypedTable.
-
-        Example:
-            MyTable.where(...) -> QueryBuilder[MyTable]
-        """
-        self.model = model
-        table = model._ensure_table_defined()
-        default_query = typing.cast(Query, table.id > 0)
-        self.query = add_query or default_query
-        self.select_args = select_args or []
-        self.select_kwargs = select_kwargs or {}
-        self.relationships = relationships or {}
-        self.metadata = metadata or {}
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Simple string representation for the query builder.
-        """
-        return f"QueryBuilder for {self.model}"
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Advanced string representation for the query builder.
-        """
-        return (
-            f"<QueryBuilder for {self.model} with "
-            f"{len(self.select_args)} select args; "
-            f"{len(self.select_kwargs)} select kwargs; "
-            f"{len(self.relationships)} relationships; "
-            f"query:    {bool(self.query)}; "
-            f"metadata: {self.metadata}; "
-            f">"
-        )
-
-    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
-        """
-        Querybuilder is truthy if it has any conditions.
-        """
-        table = self.model._ensure_table_defined()
-        default_query = typing.cast(Query, table.id > 0)
-        return any(
-            [
-                self.query != default_query,
-                self.select_args,
-                self.select_kwargs,
-                self.relationships,
-                self.metadata,
-            ],
-        )
-
-    def _extend(
-        self,
-        add_query: Optional[Query] = None,
-        overwrite_query: Optional[Query] = None,
-        select_args: Optional[list[Any]] = None,
-        select_kwargs: Optional[SelectKwargs] = None,
-        relationships: dict[str, Relationship[Any]] = None,
-        metadata: Metadata = None,
-    ) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        return QueryBuilder(
-            self.model,
-            (add_query & self.query) if add_query else overwrite_query or self.query,
-            (self.select_args + select_args) if select_args else self.select_args,
-            (self.select_kwargs | select_kwargs) if select_kwargs else self.select_kwargs,
-            (self.relationships | relationships) if relationships else self.relationships,
-            (self.metadata | (metadata or {})) if metadata else self.metadata,
-        )
-
-    def select(self, *fields: Any, **options: Unpack[SelectKwargs]) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Fields: database columns by name ('id'), by field reference (table.id) or other (e.g. table.ALL).
-
-        Options:
-            paraphrased from the web2py pydal docs,
-            For more info, see http://www.web2py.com/books/default/chapter/29/06/the-database-abstraction-layer#orderby-groupby-limitby-distinct-having-orderby_on_limitby-join-left-cache
-
-            orderby: field(s) to order by. Supported:
-                table.name - sort by name, ascending
-                ~table.name - sort by name, descending
-                <random> - sort randomly
-                table.name|table.id - sort by two fields (first name, then id)
-
-            groupby, having: together with orderby:
-                groupby can be a field (e.g. table.name) to group records by
-                having can be a query, only those `having` the condition are grouped
-
-            limitby: tuple of min and max. When using the query builder, .paginate(limit, page) is recommended.
-            distinct: bool/field. Only select rows that differ
-            orderby_on_limitby (bool, default: True): by default, an implicit orderby is added when doing limitby.
-            join: othertable.on(query) - do an INNER JOIN. Using TypeDAL relationships with .join() is recommended!
-            left: othertable.on(query) - do a LEFT JOIN. Using TypeDAL relationships with .join() is recommended!
-            cache: cache the query result to speed up repeated queries; e.g. (cache=(cache.ram, 3600), cacheable=True)
-        """
-        return self._extend(select_args=list(fields), select_kwargs=options)
-
-    def orderby(self, *fields: OrderBy) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Order the query results by specified fields.
-
-        Args:
-            fields: field(s) to order by. Supported:
-                table.name - sort by name, ascending
-                ~table.name - sort by name, descending
-                <random> - sort randomly
-                table.name|table.id - sort by two fields (first name, then id)
-
-        Returns:
-            QueryBuilder: A new QueryBuilder instance with the ordering applied.
-        """
-        return self.select(orderby=fields)
-
-    def where(
-        self,
-        *queries_or_lambdas: Query | typing.Callable[[Type[T_MetaInstance]], Query] | dict[str, Any],
-        **filters: Any,
-    ) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Extend the builder's query.
-
-        Can be used in multiple ways:
-        .where(Query) -> with a direct query such as `Table.id == 5`
-        .where(lambda table: table.id == 5) -> with a query via a lambda
-        .where(id=5) -> via keyword arguments
-
-        When using multiple where's, they will be ANDed:
-            .where(lambda table: table.id == 5).where(lambda table: table.id == 6) == (table.id == 5) & (table.id=6)
-        When passing multiple queries to a single .where, they will be ORed:
-            .where(lambda table: table.id == 5, lambda table: table.id == 6) == (table.id == 5) | (table.id=6)
-        """
-        new_query = self.query
-        table = self.model._ensure_table_defined()
-
-        queries_or_lambdas = (
-            *queries_or_lambdas,
-            filters,
-        )
-
-        subquery = typing.cast(Query, DummyQuery())
-        for query_part in queries_or_lambdas:
-            if isinstance(query_part, (Field, pydal.objects.Field)) or is_typed_field(query_part):
-                subquery |= typing.cast(Query, query_part != None)
-            elif isinstance(query_part, (pydal.objects.Query, Expression, pydal.objects.Expression)):
-                subquery |= typing.cast(Query, query_part)
-            elif callable(query_part):
-                if result := query_part(self.model):
-                    subquery |= result
-            elif isinstance(query_part, dict):
-                subsubquery = DummyQuery()
-                for field, value in query_part.items():
-                    subsubquery &= table[field] == value
-                if subsubquery:
-                    subquery |= subsubquery
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(f"Unexpected query type ({type(query_part)}).")
-
-        if subquery:
-            new_query &= subquery
-
-        return self._extend(overwrite_query=new_query)
-
-    def join(
-        self,
-        *fields: str | Type[TypedTable],
-        method: JOIN_OPTIONS = None,
-        on: OnQuery | list[Expression] | Expression = None,
-        condition: Condition = None,
-        condition_and: Condition = None,
-    ) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Include relationship fields in the result.
-
-        `fields` can be names of Relationships on the current model.
-        If no fields are passed, all will be used.
-
-        By default, the `method` defined in the relationship is used.
-            This can be overwritten with the `method` keyword argument (left or inner)
-
-        `condition_and` can be used to add extra conditions to an inner join.
-        """
-        # todo: allow limiting amount of related rows returned for join?
-        # todo: it would be nice if 'fields' could be an actual relationship
-        #   (Article.tags = list[Tag]) and you could change the .condition and .on
-        #  this could deprecate condition_and
-
-        relationships = self.model.get_relationships()
-
-        if condition and on:
-            raise ValueError("condition and on can not be used together!")
-        elif condition:
-            if len(fields) != 1:
-                raise ValueError("join(field, condition=...) can only be used with exactly one field!")
-
-            if isinstance(condition, pydal.objects.Query):
-                condition = as_lambda(condition)
-
-            to_field = typing.cast(Type[TypedTable], fields[0])
-            relationships = {
-                str(to_field): Relationship(to_field, condition=condition, join=method, condition_and=condition_and)
-            }
-        elif on:
-            if len(fields) != 1:
-                raise ValueError("join(field, on=...) can only be used with exactly one field!")
-
-            if isinstance(on, pydal.objects.Expression):
-                on = [on]
-
-            if isinstance(on, list):
-                on = as_lambda(on)
-
-            to_field = typing.cast(Type[TypedTable], fields[0])
-            relationships = {str(to_field): Relationship(to_field, on=on, join=method, condition_and=condition_and)}
-
-        else:
-            if fields:
-                # join on every relationship
-                relationships = {str(k): relationships[str(k)].clone(condition_and=condition_and) for k in fields}
-
-            if method:
-                relationships = {
-                    str(k): r.clone(join=method, condition_and=condition_and) for k, r in relationships.items()
-                }
-
-        return self._extend(relationships=relationships)
-
-    def cache(
-        self,
-        *deps: Any,
-        expires_at: Optional[dt.datetime] = None,
-        ttl: Optional[int | dt.timedelta] = None,
-    ) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Enable caching for this query to load repeated calls from a dill row \
-            instead of executing the sql and collecing matching rows again.
-        """
-        existing = self.metadata.get("cache", {})
-
-        metadata: Metadata = {}
-
-        cache_meta = typing.cast(
-            CacheMetadata,
-            self.metadata.get("cache", {})
-            | {
-                "enabled": True,
-                "depends_on": existing.get("depends_on", []) + [str(_) for _ in deps],
-                "expires_at": get_expire(expires_at=expires_at, ttl=ttl),
-            },
-        )
-
-        metadata["cache"] = cache_meta
-        return self._extend(metadata=metadata)
-
-    def _get_db(self) -> TypeDAL:
-        if db := self.model._db:
-            return db
-        else:  # pragma: no cover
-            raise EnvironmentError("@define or db.define is not called on this class yet!")
-
-    def _select_arg_convert(self, arg: Any) -> Any:
-        # typedfield are not really used at runtime anymore, but leave it in for safety:
-        if isinstance(arg, TypedField):  # pragma: no cover
-            arg = arg._field
-
-        return arg
-
-    def delete(self) -> list[int]:
-        """
-        Based on the current query, delete rows and return a list of deleted IDs.
-        """
-        db = self._get_db()
-        removed_ids = [_.id for _ in db(self.query).select("id")]
-        if db(self.query).delete():
-            # success!
-            return removed_ids
-
-        return []
-
-    def _delete(self) -> str:
-        db = self._get_db()
-        return str(db(self.query)._delete())
-
-    def update(self, **fields: Any) -> list[int]:
-        """
-        Based on the current query, update `fields` and return a list of updated IDs.
-        """
-        # todo: limit?
-        db = self._get_db()
-        updated_ids = db(self.query).select("id").column("id")
-        if db(self.query).update(**fields):
-            # success!
-            return updated_ids
-
-        return []
-
-    def _update(self, **fields: Any) -> str:
-        db = self._get_db()
-        return str(db(self.query)._update(**fields))
-
-    def _before_query(self, mut_metadata: Metadata, add_id: bool = True) -> tuple[Query, list[Any], SelectKwargs]:
-        select_args = [self._select_arg_convert(_) for _ in self.select_args] or [self.model.ALL]
-        select_kwargs = self.select_kwargs.copy()
-        query = self.query
-        model = self.model
-        mut_metadata["query"] = query
-        # require at least id of main table:
-        select_fields = ", ".join([str(_) for _ in select_args])
-        tablename = str(model)
-
-        if add_id and f"{tablename}.id" not in select_fields:
-            # fields of other selected, but required ID is missing.
-            select_args.append(model.id)
-
-        if self.relationships:
-            query, select_args = self._handle_relationships_pre_select(query, select_args, select_kwargs, mut_metadata)
-
-        return query, select_args, select_kwargs
-
-    def to_sql(self, add_id: bool = False) -> str:
-        """
-        Generate the SQL for the built query.
-        """
-        db = self._get_db()
-
-        query, select_args, select_kwargs = self._before_query({}, add_id=add_id)
-
-        return str(db(query)._select(*select_args, **select_kwargs))
-
-    def _collect(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Alias for to_sql, pydal-like syntax.
-        """
-        return self.to_sql()
-
-    def _collect_cached(self, metadata: Metadata) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance] | None":
-        expires_at = metadata["cache"].get("expires_at")
-        metadata["cache"] |= {
-            # key is partly dependant on cache metadata but not these:
-            "key": None,
-            "status": None,
-            "cached_at": None,
-            "expires_at": None,
-        }
-
-        _, key = create_and_hash_cache_key(
-            self.model,
-            metadata,
-            self.query,
-            self.select_args,
-            self.select_kwargs,
-            self.relationships.keys(),
-        )
-
-        # re-set after creating key:
-        metadata["cache"]["expires_at"] = expires_at
-        metadata["cache"]["key"] = key
-
-        return load_from_cache(key, self._get_db())
-
-    def execute(self, add_id: bool = False) -> Rows:
-        """
-        Raw version of .collect which only executes the SQL, without performing any magic afterwards.
-        """
-        db = self._get_db()
-        metadata = typing.cast(Metadata, self.metadata.copy())
-
-        query, select_args, select_kwargs = self._before_query(metadata, add_id=add_id)
-
-        return db(query).select(*select_args, **select_kwargs)
-
-    def collect(
-        self,
-        verbose: bool = False,
-        _to: Type["TypedRows[Any]"] = None,
-        add_id: bool = True,
-    ) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Execute the built query and turn it into model instances, while handling relationships.
-        """
-        if _to is None:
-            _to = TypedRows
-
-        db = self._get_db()
-        metadata = typing.cast(Metadata, self.metadata.copy())
-
-        if metadata.get("cache", {}).get("enabled") and (result := self._collect_cached(metadata)):
-            return result
-
-        query, select_args, select_kwargs = self._before_query(metadata, add_id=add_id)
-
-        metadata["sql"] = db(query)._select(*select_args, **select_kwargs)
-
-        if verbose:  # pragma: no cover
-            print(metadata["sql"])
-
-        rows: Rows = db(query).select(*select_args, **select_kwargs)
-
-        metadata["final_query"] = str(query)
-        metadata["final_args"] = [str(_) for _ in select_args]
-        metadata["final_kwargs"] = select_kwargs
-
-        if verbose:  # pragma: no cover
-            print(rows)
-
-        if not self.relationships:
-            # easy
-            typed_rows = _to.from_rows(rows, self.model, metadata=metadata)
-
-        else:
-            # harder: try to match rows to the belonging objects
-            # assume structure of {'table': <data>} per row.
-            # if that's not the case, return default behavior again
-            typed_rows = self._collect_with_relationships(rows, metadata=metadata, _to=_to)
-
-        # only saves if requested in metadata:
-        return save_to_cache(typed_rows, rows)
-
-    @typing.overload
-    def column(self, field: TypedField[T], **options: Unpack[SelectKwargs]) -> list[T]:
-        """
-        If a typedfield is passed, the output type can be safely determined.
-        """
-
-    @typing.overload
-    def column(self, field: T, **options: Unpack[SelectKwargs]) -> list[T]:
-        """
-        Otherwise, the output type is loosely determined (assumes `field: type` or Any).
-        """
-
-    def column(self, field: TypedField[T] | T, **options: Unpack[SelectKwargs]) -> list[T]:
-        """
-        Get all values in a specific column.
-
-        Shortcut for `.select(field).execute().column(field)`.
-        """
-        return self.select(field, **options).execute().column(field)
-
-    def _handle_relationships_pre_select(
-        self,
-        query: Query,
-        select_args: list[Any],
-        select_kwargs: SelectKwargs,
-        metadata: Metadata,
-    ) -> tuple[Query, list[Any]]:
-        db = self._get_db()
-        model = self.model
-
-        metadata["relationships"] = set(self.relationships.keys())
-
-        join = []
-        for key, relation in self.relationships.items():
-            if not relation.condition or relation.join != "inner":
-                continue
-
-            other = relation.get_table(db)
-            other = other.with_alias(f"{key}_{hash(relation)}")
-            condition = relation.condition(model, other)
-            if callable(relation.condition_and):
-                condition &= relation.condition_and(model, other)
-
-            join.append(other.on(condition))
-
-        if limitby := select_kwargs.pop("limitby", ()):
-            # if limitby + relationships:
-            # 1. get IDs of main table entries that match 'query'
-            # 2. change query to .belongs(id)
-            # 3. add joins etc
-
-            kwargs: SelectKwargs = select_kwargs | {"limitby": limitby}
-            # if orderby := select_kwargs.get("orderby"):
-            #     kwargs["orderby"] = orderby
-
-            if join:
-                kwargs["join"] = join
-
-            ids = db(query)._select(model.id, **kwargs)
-            query = model.id.belongs(ids)
-            metadata["ids"] = ids
-
-        if join:
-            select_kwargs["join"] = join
-
-        left = []
-
-        for key, relation in self.relationships.items():
-            other = relation.get_table(db)
-            method: JOIN_OPTIONS = relation.join or DEFAULT_JOIN_OPTION
-
-            select_fields = ", ".join([str(_) for _ in select_args])
-            pre_alias = str(other)
-
-            if f"{other}." not in select_fields:
-                # no fields of other selected. add .ALL:
-                select_args.append(other.ALL)
-            elif f"{other}.id" not in select_fields:
-                # fields of other selected, but required ID is missing.
-                select_args.append(other.id)
-
-            if relation.on:
-                # if it has a .on, it's always a left join!
-                on = relation.on(model, other)
-                if not isinstance(on, list):  # pragma: no cover
-                    on = [on]
-
-                on = [
-                    _
-                    for _ in on
-                    # only allow Expressions (query and such):
-                    if isinstance(_, pydal.objects.Expression)
-                ]
-                left.extend(on)
-            elif method == "left":
-                # .on not given, generate it:
-                other = other.with_alias(f"{key}_{hash(relation)}")
-                condition = typing.cast(Query, relation.condition(model, other))
-                if callable(relation.condition_and):
-                    condition &= relation.condition_and(model, other)
-                left.append(other.on(condition))
-            else:
-                # else: inner join (handled earlier)
-                other = other.with_alias(f"{key}_{hash(relation)}")  # only for replace
-
-            # if no fields of 'other' are included, add other.ALL
-            # else: only add other.id if missing
-            select_fields = ", ".join([str(_) for _ in select_args])
-
-            post_alias = str(other).split(" AS ")[-1]
-            if pre_alias != post_alias:
-                # replace .select's with aliased:
-                select_fields = select_fields.replace(
-                    f"{pre_alias}.",
-                    f"{post_alias}.",
-                )
-
-                select_args = select_fields.split(", ")
-
-        select_kwargs["left"] = left
-        return query, select_args
-
-    def _collect_with_relationships(
-        self,
-        rows: Rows,
-        metadata: Metadata,
-        _to: Type["TypedRows[Any]"],
-    ) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Transform the raw rows into Typed Table model instances.
-        """
-        db = self._get_db()
-        main_table = self.model._ensure_table_defined()
-
-        # id: Model
-        records = {}
-
-        # id: [Row]
-        raw_per_id = defaultdict(list)
-
-        seen_relations: dict[str, set[str]] = defaultdict(set)  # main id -> set of col + id for relation
-
-        for row in rows:
-            main = row[main_table]
-            main_id = main.id
-
-            raw_per_id[main_id].append(normalize_table_keys(row))
-
-            if main_id not in records:
-                records[main_id] = self.model(main)
-                records[main_id]._with = list(self.relationships.keys())
-
-                # setup up all relationship defaults (once)
-                for col, relationship in self.relationships.items():
-                    records[main_id][col] = [] if relationship.multiple else None
-
-            # now add other relationship data
-            for column, relation in self.relationships.items():
-                relationship_column = f"{column}_{hash(relation)}"
-
-                # relationship_column works for aliases with the same target column.
-                # if col + relationship not in the row, just use the regular name.
-
-                relation_data = (
-                    row[relationship_column] if relationship_column in row else row[relation.get_table_name()]
-                )
-
-                if relation_data.id is None:
-                    # always skip None ids
-                    continue
-
-                if f"{column}-{relation_data.id}" in seen_relations[main_id]:
-                    # speed up duplicates
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    seen_relations[main_id].add(f"{column}-{relation_data.id}")
-
-                relation_table = relation.get_table(db)
-                # hopefully an instance of a typed table and a regular row otherwise:
-                instance = relation_table(relation_data) if looks_like(relation_table, TypedTable) else relation_data
-
-                if relation.multiple:
-                    # create list of T
-                    if not isinstance(records[main_id].get(column), list):  # pragma: no cover
-                        # should already be set up before!
-                        setattr(records[main_id], column, [])
-
-                    records[main_id][column].append(instance)
-                else:
-                    # create single T
-                    records[main_id][column] = instance
-
-        return _to(rows, self.model, records, metadata=metadata, raw=raw_per_id)
-
-    def collect_or_fail(self, exception: typing.Optional[Exception] = None) -> "TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Call .collect() and raise an error if nothing found.
-
-        Basically unwraps Optional type.
-        """
-        if result := self.collect():
-            return result
-
-        if not exception:
-            exception = ValueError("Nothing found!")
-
-        raise exception
-
-    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Generator[T_MetaInstance, None, None]:
-        """
-        You can start iterating a Query Builder object before calling collect, for ease of use.
-        """
-        yield from self.collect()
-
-    def __count(self, db: TypeDAL, distinct: typing.Optional[bool] = None) -> Query:
-        # internal, shared logic between .count and ._count
-        model = self.model
-        query = self.query
-        for key, relation in self.relationships.items():
-            if (not relation.condition or relation.join != "inner") and not distinct:
-                continue
-
-            other = relation.get_table(db)
-            if not distinct:
-                # todo: can this lead to other issues?
-                other = other.with_alias(f"{key}_{hash(relation)}")
-            query &= relation.condition(model, other)
-
-        return query
-
-    def count(self, distinct: typing.Optional[bool] = None) -> int:
-        """
-        Return the amount of rows matching the current query.
-        """
-        db = self._get_db()
-        query = self.__count(db, distinct=distinct)
-
-        return db(query).count(distinct)
-
-    def _count(self, distinct: typing.Optional[bool] = None) -> str:
-        """
-        Return the SQL for .count().
-        """
-        db = self._get_db()
-        query = self.__count(db, distinct=distinct)
-
-        return typing.cast(str, db(query)._count(distinct))
-
-    def exists(self) -> bool:
-        """
-        Determines if any records exist matching the current query.
-
-        Returns True if one or more records exist; otherwise, False.
-
-        Returns:
-            bool: A boolean indicating whether any records exist.
-        """
-        return bool(self.count())
-
-    def __paginate(
-        self,
-        limit: int,
-        page: int = 1,
-    ) -> "QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]":
-        available = self.count()
-
-        _from = limit * (page - 1)
-        _to = (limit * page) if limit else available
-
-        metadata: Metadata = {}
-
-        metadata["pagination"] = {
-            "limit": limit,
-            "current_page": page,
-            "max_page": math.ceil(available / limit) if limit else 1,
-            "rows": available,
-            "min_max": (_from, _to),
-        }
-
-        return self._extend(select_kwargs={"limitby": (_from, _to)}, metadata=metadata)
-
-    def paginate(self, limit: int, page: int = 1, verbose: bool = False) -> "PaginatedRows[T_MetaInstance]":
-        """
-        Paginate transforms the more readable `page` and `limit` to pydals internal limit and offset.
-
-        Note: when using relationships, this limit is only applied to the 'main' table and any number of extra rows \
-            can be loaded with relationship data!
-        """
-        builder = self.__paginate(limit, page)
-
-        rows = typing.cast(PaginatedRows[T_MetaInstance], builder.collect(verbose=verbose, _to=PaginatedRows))
-
-        rows._query_builder = builder
-        return rows
-
-    def _paginate(
-        self,
-        limit: int,
-        page: int = 1,
-    ) -> str:
-        builder = self.__paginate(limit, page)
-        return builder._collect()
-
-    def chunk(self, chunk_size: int) -> typing.Generator["TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]", Any, None]:
-        """
-        Generator that yields rows from a paginated source in chunks.
-
-        This function retrieves rows from a paginated data source in chunks of the
-        specified `chunk_size` and yields them as TypedRows.
-
-        Example:
-            ```
-            for chunk_of_rows in Table.where(SomeTable.id > 5).chunk(100):
-                for row in chunk_of_rows:
-                    # Process each row within the chunk.
-                    pass
-            ```
-        """
-        page = 1
-
-        while rows := self.__paginate(chunk_size, page).collect():
-            yield rows
-            page += 1
-
-    def first(self, verbose: bool = False) -> T_MetaInstance | None:
-        """
-        Get the first row matching the currently built query.
-
-        Also adds paginate, since it would be a waste to select more rows than needed.
-        """
-        if row := self.paginate(page=1, limit=1, verbose=verbose).first():
-            return self.model.from_row(row)
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    def _first(self) -> str:
-        return self._paginate(page=1, limit=1)
-
-    def first_or_fail(self, exception: typing.Optional[BaseException] = None, verbose: bool = False) -> T_MetaInstance:
-        """
-        Call .first() and raise an error if nothing found.
-
-        Basically unwraps Optional type.
-        """
-        if inst := self.first(verbose=verbose):
-            return inst
-
-        if not exception:
-            exception = ValueError("Nothing found!")
-
-        raise exception
-
-
-S = typing.TypeVar("S")
-
-
-class PaginatedRows(TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]):
-    """
-    Extension on top of rows that is used when calling .paginate() instead of .collect().
-    """
-
-    _query_builder: QueryBuilder[T_MetaInstance]
-
-    @property
-    def data(self) -> list[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Get the underlying data.
-        """
-        return list(self.records.values())
-
-    @property
-    def pagination(self) -> Pagination:
-        """
-        Get all page info.
-        """
-        pagination_data = self.metadata["pagination"]
-
-        has_next_page = pagination_data["current_page"] < pagination_data["max_page"]
-        has_prev_page = pagination_data["current_page"] > 1
-        return {
-            "total_items": pagination_data["rows"],
-            "current_page": pagination_data["current_page"],
-            "per_page": pagination_data["limit"],
-            "total_pages": pagination_data["max_page"],
-            "has_next_page": has_next_page,
-            "has_prev_page": has_prev_page,
-            "next_page": pagination_data["current_page"] + 1 if has_next_page else None,
-            "prev_page": pagination_data["current_page"] - 1 if has_prev_page else None,
-        }
-
-    def next(self) -> Self:
-        """
-        Get the next page.
-        """
-        data = self.metadata["pagination"]
-        if data["current_page"] >= data["max_page"]:
-            raise StopIteration("Final Page")
-
-        return self._query_builder.paginate(limit=data["limit"], page=data["current_page"] + 1)
-
-    def previous(self) -> Self:
-        """
-        Get the previous page.
-        """
-        data = self.metadata["pagination"]
-        if data["current_page"] <= 1:
-            raise StopIteration("First Page")
-
-        return self._query_builder.paginate(limit=data["limit"], page=data["current_page"] - 1)
-
-    def as_dict(self, *_: Any, **__: Any) -> PaginateDict:  # type: ignore
-        """
-        Convert to a dictionary with pagination info and original data.
-
-        All arguments are ignored!
-        """
-        return {"data": super().as_dict(), "pagination": self.pagination}
-
-
-class TypedSet(pydal.objects.Set):  # type: ignore # pragma: no cover
-    """
-    Used to make pydal Set more typed.
-
-    This class is not actually used, only 'cast' by TypeDAL.__call__
-    """
-
-    def count(self, distinct: typing.Optional[bool] = None, cache: AnyDict = None) -> int:
-        """
-        Count returns an int.
-        """
-        result = super().count(distinct, cache)
-        return typing.cast(int, result)
-
-    def select(self, *fields: Any, **attributes: Any) -> TypedRows[T_MetaInstance]:
-        """
-        Select returns a TypedRows of a user defined table.
-
-        Example:
-            result: TypedRows[MyTable] = db(MyTable.id > 0).select()
-
-            for row in result:
-                reveal_type(row)  # MyTable
-        """
-        rows = super().select(*fields, **attributes)
-        return typing.cast(TypedRows[T_MetaInstance], rows)