PyNvVideoCodec 2.2.1__cp314-cp314-win_arm64.whl

benchmarks/segmented_transcode_benchmark.py

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+# This copyright notice applies to this file only
+#
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2026 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+# DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import platform
+import subprocess
+import time
+import random
+import json
+import datetime
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from concurrent.futures import wait
+import PyNvVideoCodec as nvc
+from typing import Optional, Dict
+
+import pycuda.driver as cuda
+import threading
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+
+"""
+Benchmark script for comparing segmented video transcoding performance.
+
+This script generates (or reuses) a Mandelbrot set video with FFmpeg and benchmarks
+transcoding performance using multiple approaches: PyNvVideoCodec and various FFmpeg
+configurations. It supports parallel processing with multiple threads.
+
+Features:
+- Supports multiple video codecs (H.264, HEVC, AV1)
+- Tests different thread counts for parallel processing
+- Generates performance comparison results
+- Saves results in JSON format with execution logs
+- Automatically reuses previously generated videos
+
+NOTE 1: Videos are generated using FFmpeg only for the first run. Subsequent runs will 
+reuse existing videos if they match the parameters (codec, resolution, duration, etc.).
+
+NOTE 2: Generated videos are stored in the source_videos/ directory with names that 
+include codec and resolution information.
+
+NOTE 3: The script will run transcoding in multiple threads if specified. Number of 
+threads is controlled by the --numthreads argument.
+
+NOTE 4: Execution logs are automatically saved to track all steps including video 
+generation/reuse, segment creation, and transcoding results. Default location is 
+logs/run_{timestamp}.json (e.g., logs/run_20240615_123045.json). These logs can be 
+replayed using the --replay flag to re-run transcoding with the same parameters.
+
+Parameters:
+    -g, --gpuid (int): GPU device ID to use (default: 0)
+    -W, --width (int): Width of the video in pixels (default: 1920)
+    -H, --height (int): Height of the video in pixels (default: 1080)
+    -d, --duration (int): Duration of the video in seconds (default: 10)
+    -fps, --fps (int): Frames per second (default: 30)
+    -p, --preset (str): Encoder preset P1-P7 (default: P4)
+    -ic, --input-codec (str): Input codec for video generation: h264, hevc, av1 (default: h264)
+    -c, --codec (str): Output codec for transcoding: h264, hevc, av1 (default: h264)
+    -ibf, --input-bframes (int): Number of B-frames for input video generation (default: 2)
+    -bf, --bframes (int): Number of B-frames for output transcoding (default: 0)
+    -n, --numthreads (int): Number of concurrent threads for parallel processing (default: 1)
+    -s, --segments (int): Number of random segments to create (default: 3)
+    -u, --usage (list[int]): Transcoding modes to benchmark (default: [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        See "Transcoding Modes" section below for detailed explanation.
+    --chunk-size (int): Number of segments per FFmpeg batch command (default: 5)
+    --segment-duration (int): Minimum duration of each segment in seconds (default: 1)
+    --gop-size (int): GOP size for video encoding (default: 250)
+    --log (str): Path to save execution log (default: logs/run_{timestamp}.json)
+    --random-seed (int): Random seed for reproducible segment generation (optional)
+    -i, --input (str): Use existing video file instead of generating new one (optional)
+    --ffmpeg-dir (str): Path to the FFmpeg installation directory (bin/ffmpeg on Unix, bin/ffmpeg.exe on Windows). Required.
+    --replay (str): Replay transcoding from a previous log file (optional)
+
+Transcoding Modes:
+    The script benchmarks 4 different approaches to segmented video transcoding:
+    
+    Mode 0 - PyNVC Transcoding:
+        Uses PyNvVideoCodec's Transcoder class with segmented_transcode() method.
+        - One output file per segment
+        - GPU-accelerated decode and encode pipeline
+        - Output: pynvc_out/{base}_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}_transcoded_{start}_{end}.mp4
+          Example: pynvc_out/mandelbrot_h264_1920x1080_bf0_transcoded_1.75_5.74.mp4
+        
+    Mode 1 - FFmpeg Without Map (Sequential Processing):
+        Uses FFmpeg with separate commands for each segment.
+        - Individual FFmpeg process per segment (-ss/-to for time ranges)
+        - Hardware-accelerated decode (cuvid) and encode (nvenc)
+        - Simple approach but spawns multiple processes
+        - Output: ffmpeg_out/{base}_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}_{start}_{end}.mp4
+          Example: ffmpeg_out/mandelbrot_h264_1920x1080_bf0_1.75_5.74.mp4
+        Command example:
+            ffmpeg -ss START -to END -c:v h264_cuvid -i INPUT \
+                   -c:v h264_nvenc -c:a copy OUTPUT
+        
+    Mode 2 - FFmpeg With Map (No Audio, Batch Processing):
+        Uses FFmpeg's filter_complex to process multiple segments in one command.
+        - Single FFmpeg process handles multiple segments simultaneously
+        - Hardware-accelerated with CUDA
+        - Uses trim filters for precise segment extraction
+        - Video only (no audio processing)
+        - Output: ffmpeg_fc_out/{base}_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}_{start}_{end}.mp4
+          Example: ffmpeg_fc_out/mandelbrot_h264_1920x1080_bf0_1.75_5.74.mp4
+        Command example:
+            ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -c:v h264_cuvid -i INPUT \
+                   -filter_complex "[0:v]trim=start=S1:end=E1[v0];..." \
+                   -map [v0] -c:v h264_nvenc -an OUT1 \
+                   -map [v1] -c:v h264_nvenc -an OUT2
+        
+    Mode 3 - FFmpeg With Map (With Audio, Batch Processing):
+        Enhanced version of Mode 2 with audio support.
+        - Single FFmpeg process for multiple segments
+        - Processes both video (trim) and audio (atrim) streams
+        - Hardware-accelerated video processing
+        - Full quality audio transcoding (AAC)
+        - Most complete but potentially slower due to audio processing
+        - Output: ffmpeg_fc_out/{base}_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}_{start}_{end}.mp4
+          Example: ffmpeg_fc_out/mandelbrot_h264_1920x1080_bf0_1.75_5.74.mp4
+        Command example:
+            ffmpeg -hwaccel cuda -c:v h264_cuvid -i INPUT \
+                   -filter_complex "[0:v]trim=start=S1:end=E1[v0]; \
+                                    [0:a]atrim=start=S1:end=E1[a0];..." \
+                   -map [v0] -map [a0] -c:v h264_nvenc -c:a aac OUT1 \
+                   -map [v1] -map [a1] -c:v h264_nvenc -c:a aac OUT2
+
+Returns:
+    None. Results are printed to console and saved to log file.
+
+Logging:
+    The script automatically logs all execution steps to a JSON file for tracking and replay:
+    
+    Log Structure:
+    - timestamp: ISO format timestamp of when the script was run
+    - args: All command-line arguments used
+    - steps: Detailed list of execution steps:
+        * video_generation: When a new video is generated
+        * video_reuse: When an existing video is reused
+        * video_input: When user provides input video with -i flag
+        * segment_creation: Random segments generated for transcoding
+        * transcoding: Each transcoding operation with its parameters
+        * summary: Final results with performance metrics
+    - results: Performance comparison data (time, throughput, FPS)
+    
+    Default Log Location:
+    - Normal runs: logs/run_{timestamp}.json
+    - Replay runs: logs/replay_{timestamp}.json
+    - Custom path: Specify with --log argument
+    
+    All logs are stored in the logs/ directory (automatically created if not present).
+
+Output Files:
+    - Transcoded video segments (one file per segment):
+        * pynvc_out/{base}_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}_transcoded.mp4
+        * ffmpeg_out/{base}_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}_{start}_{end}.mp4
+        * ffmpeg_fc_out/{base}_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}_{start}_{end}.mp4
+    - Source videos: source_videos/mandelbrot_{codec}_{resolution}.mp4
+    
+    Where:
+        {base} = base filename (e.g., mandelbrot)
+        {codec} = output codec (h264, hevc, av1)
+        {resolution} = video resolution (e.g., 1920x1080)
+        {bframes} = number of B-frames
+        {start}_{end} = segment timestamps (e.g., 1.75_5.74)
+
+Examples:
+    Basic usage with default parameters (runs all 4 modes):
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py --ffmpeg-dir /path/to/ffmpeg
+    
+    Compare only PyNVC vs FFmpeg with audio:
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py -u 0 3
+    
+    Test only PyNVC transcoding:
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py -u 0
+    
+    Compare all FFmpeg modes (without PyNVC):
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py -u 1 2 3
+    
+    Custom video parameters with specific mode:
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py -W 1920 -H 1080 -d 30 -fps 30 -p P4 -c h264 -n 4 -s 10 -u 0
+    
+    Using HEVC codec with B-frames:
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py -ic hevc -c hevc -ibf 2 -bf 2
+    
+    Save log to custom location:
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py --log my_benchmark_results.json
+    
+    Replay from previous log:
+    >>> python segmented_transcode_benchmark.py --ffmpeg-dir /path/to/ffmpeg --replay logs/run_20240615_123045.json
+"""
+
+# Global log file handle
+log_file = None
+log_data = {
+    "timestamp": "",
+    "args": {},
+    "steps": [],
+    "results": {}
+}
+
+def get_ffmpeg_env(ffmpeg_path):
+    """
+    Build environment so FFmpeg/FFprobe can find shared libs when run by path.
+    - Windows: prepend bin dir to PATH.
+    - Unix: if path is .../bin/ffmpeg, add install_dir/lib to LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
+    """
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    if not os.path.isfile(ffmpeg_path):
+        return env
+    ffmpeg_dir = os.path.dirname(ffmpeg_path)
+    if platform.system() == "Windows":
+        env["PATH"] = ffmpeg_dir + os.pathsep + env.get("PATH", "")
+    else:
+        if os.path.sep + "bin" + os.path.sep in ffmpeg_path:
+            install_dir = os.path.dirname(ffmpeg_dir)
+            lib_dir = os.path.join(install_dir, "lib")
+            if os.path.isdir(lib_dir):
+                env["LD_LIBRARY_PATH"] = lib_dir + (os.pathsep + env.get("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", ""))
+    return env
+
+
+def parse_ffmpeg_progress(line: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, str]]:
+    """Parse FFmpeg progress line and extract key information"""
+    if not line.strip():
+        return None
+    
+    progress_data = {}
+    
+    if '=' in line:
+        for item in line.split():
+            if '=' in item:
+                key, value = item.split('=', 1)
+                progress_data[key] = value
+    
+    return progress_data if progress_data else None
+
+
+def log_step(step_type, description, params=None, results=None):
+    """
+    Log a step to both console and log file
+
+    Parameters:
+        step_type (str): Type of step (video_generation, segment_creation, transcoding)
+        description (str): Human-readable description
+        params (dict): Parameters used for this step
+        results (dict): Results from this step
+    """
+    global log_file, log_data
+
+    step = {
+        "type": step_type,
+        "description": description,
+        "timestamp": datetime.datetime.now().isoformat(),
+        "params": params or {},
+        "results": results or {}
+    }
+
+    # Add to log data
+    log_data["steps"].append(step)
+
+    # Print to console
+    print(f"[LOG] {description}")
+
+    # Write to log file if open
+    if log_file:
+        # Update the file with the latest log data
+        log_file.seek(0)
+        json.dump(log_data, log_file, indent=2)
+        log_file.truncate()
+        log_file.flush()
+
+
+def generate_mandelbrot_video(width, height, duration, fps, output_path, gop_size, input_codec="h264", input_bframes=2, ffmpeg_path="ffmpeg"):
+    """
+    Generate a Mandelbrot set zoom video with audio using FFmpeg
+    
+    Uses optimized approach: generates a short base clip and loops it for better
+    performance with long duration videos.
+    
+    Parameters:
+        width (int): Video width
+        height (int): Video height
+        duration (int): Video duration in seconds
+        fps (int): Frames per second
+        output_path (str): Path to save the generated video
+        gop_size (int): GOP size for encoding
+        input_codec (str): Codec to use for video generation (h264, hevc, av1)
+        input_bframes (int): Number of B-frames for video generation
+        ffmpeg_path (str): Path to the ffmpeg executable (from --ffmpeg-dir).
+        
+    Returns:
+        str: Path to the generated video
+    """
+    # Map codec to FFmpeg encoder name
+    encoder_map = {
+        "h264": "h264_nvenc",
+        "hevc": "hevc_nvenc",
+        "av1": "av1_nvenc"
+    }
+    encoder = encoder_map.get(input_codec.lower(), "h264_nvenc")
+    
+    # Update output path to include codec information
+    base, ext = os.path.splitext(output_path)
+    codec_output_path = f"{base}_{input_codec}_{width}x{height}_{duration}s_{fps}fps_gop{gop_size}_bf{input_bframes}{ext}"
+    # Log the step
+    log_step("video_generation", f"Generating Mandelbrot video ({width}x{height}, {duration}s, {fps} fps, {input_codec}, B-frames: {input_bframes})",
+             params={"width": width, "height": height, "duration": duration, "fps": fps,
+                    "output_path": codec_output_path, "gop_size": gop_size, "codec": input_codec, "bframes": input_bframes})
+
+    print(f"Generating Mandelbrot set video with audio at {width}x{height}, {duration}s duration, {fps} fps")
+    print(f"Using codec: {input_codec}, encoder: {encoder}, B-frames: {input_bframes}")
+
+    # Create the directory if it doesn't exist
+    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(codec_output_path) or '.', exist_ok=True)
+
+    print(f"Using GOP size: {gop_size} and {input_bframes} B-frames")
+    
+    # Determine base clip duration (use min of 10 seconds or full duration)
+    base_duration = min(10, duration)
+    temp_clip = f"{base}_temp_{input_codec}_{width}x{height}_{duration}s_{fps}fps_gop{gop_size}_bf{input_bframes}{ext}"
+    
+    # Step 1: Generate short Mandelbrot base clip if it doesn't exist
+    if not os.path.exists(temp_clip):
+        print(f"\nStep 1: Generating {base_duration}s Mandelbrot base clip...")
+        print("This base clip will be reused for future runs with same parameters")
+
+        
+        # FFmpeg command to generate base Mandelbrot clip
+        cmd_base = [
+            ffmpeg_path, "-y",
+            "-progress", "pipe:2",
+            "-v", "warning",
+            # Video input from mandelbrot filter
+            "-f", "lavfi",
+            "-i", f"mandelbrot=size={width}x{height}:rate={fps}:start_scale=3:end_scale=0.1",
+            # Audio input - sine wave
+            "-f", "lavfi",
+            "-i", f"sine=frequency=220:sample_rate=44100:duration={base_duration}",
+            # Set duration
+            "-t", str(base_duration),
+            # Video encoding with specified codec
+            "-c:v", encoder,
+            "-preset", "medium",
+            "-g", str(gop_size),
+            "-bf", str(input_bframes),
+            # Audio encoding
+            "-c:a", "aac",
+            "-b:a", "128k",
+            # Output
+            temp_clip
+        ]
+        
+        try:
+            # Calculate estimated total frames for progress tracking
+            estimated_frames = base_duration * fps
+            
+            # For custom FFmpeg builds, ensure the subprocess finds shared libs
+            env = get_ffmpeg_env(ffmpeg_path)
+            # Execute FFmpeg command with progress tracking
+            print(f"Generating base clip ({base_duration}s)...")
+            process = subprocess.Popen(cmd_base, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                     universal_newlines=True, bufsize=1, env=env)
+            
+            # Progress bar setup
+            pbar = tqdm(total=estimated_frames, unit='frames',
+                       desc=f"Base clip generation",
+                       ncols=80, leave=True)
+            
+            # Read stderr line by line to get progress
+            current_frame = 0
+            max_frame_seen = 0
+            last_update_time = time.time()
+            update_interval = 0.5
+            
+            while True:
+                line = process.stderr.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    break
+                    
+                # Parse progress information
+                progress_data = parse_ffmpeg_progress(line.strip())
+                if progress_data and 'frame' in progress_data:
+                    try:
+                        frame_num = int(progress_data['frame'])
+                        max_frame_seen = max(max_frame_seen, frame_num)
+                        
+                        current_time = time.time()
+                        if (current_time - last_update_time >= update_interval or 
+                            frame_num - current_frame >= 10):
+                            
+                            if frame_num > estimated_frames:
+                                pbar.total = frame_num + 50
+                                
+                            if frame_num > current_frame:
+                                pbar.update(frame_num - current_frame)
+                                current_frame = frame_num
+                                last_update_time = current_time
+                            
+                    except (ValueError, KeyError):
+                        continue
+            
+            # Wait for process to complete
+            process.wait()
+            
+            # Ensure progress bar reaches 100%
+            if max_frame_seen > current_frame:
+                pbar.update(max_frame_seen - current_frame)
+                current_frame = max_frame_seen
+                
+            if current_frame < pbar.total:
+                pbar.update(pbar.total - current_frame)
+            
+            pbar.close()
+
+            if process.returncode != 0:
+                remaining_stderr = process.stderr.read()
+                print(f"Error generating base clip: {remaining_stderr}")
+                raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(process.returncode, cmd_base, remaining_stderr)
+
+            print(f"✓ Base clip generated: {temp_clip} ({max_frame_seen} frames)")
+            
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            print(f"FFmpeg error: {e}")
+            raise
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error: {e}")
+            raise
+    else:
+        print(f"✓ Reusing existing base clip: {temp_clip}")
+    
+    # Step 2: Loop the base clip to desired duration (if needed)
+    if duration > base_duration:
+        print(f"\nStep 2: Looping base clip to {duration}s duration...")
+        loop_count = int(duration / base_duration) + 1
+        print(f"Looping {loop_count} times to reach target duration")
+        
+        # FFmpeg command to loop the video
+        cmd_loop = [
+            ffmpeg_path, "-y",
+            "-progress", "pipe:2",
+            "-v", "warning",
+            "-stream_loop", str(loop_count),
+            "-i", temp_clip,
+            "-t", str(duration),
+            # Re-encode with same parameters
+            "-c:v", encoder,
+            "-preset", "fast",  # Use faster preset for looping
+            "-g", str(gop_size),
+            "-bf", str(input_bframes),
+            "-c:a", "aac",
+            "-b:a", "128k",
+            codec_output_path
+        ]
+        
+        try:
+            # Calculate estimated total frames for progress tracking
+            estimated_frames = duration * fps
+            
+            # For custom FFmpeg builds, ensure the subprocess finds shared libs
+            env = get_ffmpeg_env(ffmpeg_path)
+            # Execute FFmpeg command with progress tracking
+            process = subprocess.Popen(cmd_loop, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                     universal_newlines=True, bufsize=1, env=env)
+            
+            # Progress bar setup
+            video_name = os.path.basename(codec_output_path)
+            pbar = tqdm(total=estimated_frames, unit='frames',
+                       desc=f"Looping to {duration}s",
+                       ncols=80, leave=True)
+            
+            # Read stderr line by line to get progress
+            current_frame = 0
+            max_frame_seen = 0
+            last_update_time = time.time()
+            update_interval = 0.5
+            
+            while True:
+                line = process.stderr.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    break
+                    
+                # Parse progress information
+                progress_data = parse_ffmpeg_progress(line.strip())
+                if progress_data and 'frame' in progress_data:
+                    try:
+                        frame_num = int(progress_data['frame'])
+                        max_frame_seen = max(max_frame_seen, frame_num)
+                        
+                        current_time = time.time()
+                        if (current_time - last_update_time >= update_interval or 
+                            frame_num - current_frame >= 10):
+                            
+                            if frame_num > estimated_frames:
+                                pbar.total = frame_num + 50
+                                
+                            if frame_num > current_frame:
+                                pbar.update(frame_num - current_frame)
+                                current_frame = frame_num
+                                last_update_time = current_time
+                            
+                    except (ValueError, KeyError):
+                        continue
+            
+            # Wait for process to complete
+            process.wait()
+            
+            # Ensure progress bar reaches 100%
+            if max_frame_seen > current_frame:
+                pbar.update(max_frame_seen - current_frame)
+                current_frame = max_frame_seen
+                
+            if current_frame < pbar.total:
+                pbar.update(pbar.total - current_frame)
+            
+            pbar.close()
+
+            if process.returncode != 0:
+                remaining_stderr = process.stderr.read()
+                print(f"Error looping video: {remaining_stderr}")
+                raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(process.returncode, cmd_loop, remaining_stderr)
+
+            print(f"✓ Video generation with audio complete: {codec_output_path}")
+            print(f"  Video codec: {encoder} with {gop_size} GOP size and {input_bframes} B-frames")
+            print(f"  Frames encoded: {max_frame_seen}")
+            print(f"  Performance: Generated {duration}s video by looping {base_duration}s base clip")
+            
+            # Clean up temp clip since we have the looped video
+            if os.path.exists(temp_clip):
+                os.remove(temp_clip)
+                print(f"  Cleaned up temp clip: {temp_clip}")
+            
+            return codec_output_path
+            
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            print(f"FFmpeg error: {e}")
+            raise
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error: {e}")
+            raise
+    else:
+        # Duration is <= base_duration, just rename/copy the temp clip
+        print(f"\nUsing base clip as final output (duration <= {base_duration}s)")
+        if os.path.exists(codec_output_path):
+            os.remove(codec_output_path)
+        os.rename(temp_clip, codec_output_path)
+        print(f"✓ Video generation complete: {codec_output_path}")
+        return codec_output_path
+
+
+def generate_random_segments(duration, num_segments, min_segment_duration=1.0):
+    """
+    Generate random non-overlapping start and end timestamps for video segments
+
+    Parameters:
+        duration (float): Total video duration in seconds
+        num_segments (int): Number of segments to generate
+        min_segment_duration (float): Minimum duration of each segment in seconds
+
+    Returns:
+        list: List of tuples containing (start_time, end_time) for each segment
+    """
+    segments = []
+
+    # Make sure we can fit all segments with minimum duration
+    total_segment_time = num_segments * min_segment_duration
+    if total_segment_time > duration:
+        num_segments = int(duration / min_segment_duration)
+        print(f"Warning: Reduced number of segments to {num_segments} to ensure minimum segment duration")
+        total_segment_time = num_segments * min_segment_duration
+
+    if num_segments == 0:
+        print("Warning: Cannot create any segments with the given parameters")
+        return []
+
+    # Calculate the total available gap time (time not occupied by segments)
+    total_gap_time = duration - total_segment_time
+    
+    # Divide video into num_segments equal slots and place one segment randomly in each
+    # This guarantees we always get exactly num_segments segments
+    slot_duration = duration / num_segments
+    
+    # Calculate max segment duration (allow some variation but cap it)
+    max_segment_duration = min(slot_duration * 0.9, min_segment_duration * 2)
+    max_segment_duration = max(max_segment_duration, min_segment_duration)  # Ensure max >= min
+    
+    for i in range(num_segments):
+        slot_start = i * slot_duration
+        slot_end = (i + 1) * slot_duration
+        
+        # Randomize segment duration between min and max
+        segment_duration = random.uniform(min_segment_duration, max_segment_duration)
+        
+        # Ensure segment fits within the slot
+        if segment_duration > slot_duration:
+            segment_duration = slot_duration
+        
+        # Calculate the range where segment can start within this slot
+        max_start = slot_end - segment_duration
+        if max_start < slot_start:
+            max_start = slot_start
+            segment_duration = slot_end - slot_start  # Adjust duration to fit
+        
+        # Random start position within the valid range
+        start_time = random.uniform(slot_start, max_start)
+        end_time = start_time + segment_duration
+        
+        # Ensure we don't exceed video duration
+        if end_time > duration:
+            end_time = duration
+            start_time = max(0, end_time - segment_duration)
+        
+        segments.append((start_time, end_time))
+
+    # Sort segments by start time
+    segments.sort()
+
+    return segments
+
+
+def run_subprocess(cmd, shell=False, description="", env=None):
+    """
+    Run a subprocess and wait for completion, with proper error handling
+
+    Parameters:
+        cmd: Command to run (list or string)
+        shell: Whether to use shell execution
+        description: Description of the process for logging
+        env: Optional environment dict (e.g. from get_ffmpeg_env) for FFmpeg shared libs
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple: (stdout, stderr) from the process
+    """
+    try:
+        print(f"Starting {description}...")
+        process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 text=True, shell=shell, env=env)
+
+        # Wait for the process to complete
+        stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
+
+        # Check if process completed successfully
+        if process.returncode != 0:
+            print(f"Error in {description}: {stderr}")
+            print(f"Command was: {cmd}")
+        else:
+            print(f"{description} completed successfully")
+
+        return stdout, stderr
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Exception in {description}: {e}")
+        raise
+
+
+def segmented_transcode(args):
+    """
+    Transcode the input video using the specified method
+
+    Parameters:
+        args (list): List of parameters including video path, clip_start_end, config, usage, ffmpeg_path, ffprobe_path, etc.
+    """
+    video_path, clip_start_end, config, fps, usage, chunk_size, ffmpeg_path, ffprobe_path = args
+    print(f"Segmented transcode for {video_path}")
+    print(f"Number of segments: {len(clip_start_end)}")
+    print(f"Using mode: {usage}")
+
+    # So custom FFmpeg builds find shared libs (LD_LIBRARY_PATH on Unix, PATH on Windows)
+    ffmpeg_env = get_ffmpeg_env(ffmpeg_path)
+
+    # Get B-frames setting from config
+    bframes = config.get("bf", 0)  # Default to 0 if not specified
+    print(f"Using {bframes} B-frames for transcoding")
+    
+    # Properly extract base filename without extension
+    base, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(video_path))
+    
+    # Create output directory if it doesn't exist
+    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(video_path)), exist_ok=True)
+
+    # Start timing
+    start_time = time.time()
+
+    # Get codec and resolution from config
+    codec = config.get("codec", "h264")
+    width = config.get("width", 1920)
+    height = config.get("height", 1080)
+    resolution = f"{width}x{height}"
+    
+    # Create a resolution-codec-bframes suffix for file names
+    suffix = f"_{codec}_{resolution}_bf{bframes}"
+    
+    # Determine FFmpeg encoder based on output codec
+    encoder_map = {
+        "h264": "h264_nvenc",
+        "hevc": "hevc_nvenc",
+        "av1": "av1_nvenc"
+    }
+    encoder = encoder_map.get(codec.lower(), "h264_nvenc")
+    
+    # Determine input video codec and decoder to use
+    # First try to get from input file using ffprobe
+    input_codec = "h264"  # Default assumption
+    try:
+        probe_cmd = [ffprobe_path, "-v", "error", "-select_streams", "v:0", 
+                     "-show_entries", "stream=codec_name", "-of", "csv=p=0", video_path]
+        probe_result = subprocess.run(probe_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, env=ffmpeg_env)
+        if probe_result.returncode == 0 and probe_result.stdout.strip():
+            input_codec = probe_result.stdout.strip().lower()
+            print(f"Detected input codec: {input_codec}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error detecting input codec: {str(e)}. Using default h264 decoder.")
+    
+    # Map to cuvid decoder
+    decoder_map = {
+        "h264": "h264_cuvid",
+        "avc": "h264_cuvid",
+        "hevc": "hevc_cuvid",
+        "av1": "av1_cuvid"
+    }
+    decoder = decoder_map.get(input_codec, "h264_cuvid")
+    print(f"Using decoder: {decoder}")
+
+    # Create output directories if they don't exist
+    os.makedirs("pynvc_out", exist_ok=True)
+    os.makedirs("ffmpeg_out", exist_ok=True)
+    os.makedirs("ffmpeg_fc_out", exist_ok=True)
+
+    try:
+        if usage == 0:
+            # PyNVC Usage
+            out_file_path = os.path.join("pynvc_out", f"{base}{suffix}_transcoded.mp4")
+            print(f"Output will be saved to: ./pynvc_out/")
+            
+            # Make a copy of the config and remove width and height
+            transcoder_config = config.copy()
+            if 'width' in transcoder_config:
+                del transcoder_config['width']
+            if 'height' in transcoder_config:
+                del transcoder_config['height']
+            
+            # Pass the modified config to the Transcoder
+            tr = nvc.Transcoder(video_path, out_file_path, 0, 0, 0, **transcoder_config)
+            for start, end in clip_start_end:
+                tr.segmented_transcode(start, end)
+
+        elif usage == 1:
+            print(f"FFmpeg without map")
+            print(f"Output files will be saved to: ./ffmpeg_out/")
+            for i in range(0, len(clip_start_end), chunk_size):
+                chunk = clip_start_end[i:i+chunk_size]
+                for start, end in chunk:
+                    # Include codec and resolution in output file path
+                    out_file_path = os.path.join("ffmpeg_out", f"{base}{suffix}_{start:.2f}_{end:.2f}.mp4")
+                    segment_cmd = [
+                        ffmpeg_path, "-loglevel", "warning", "-hide_banner", "-y",
+                        "-hwaccel", "cuda", "-hwaccel_output_format", "cuda",
+                        "-c:v", decoder,
+                        "-ss", str(start),
+                        "-to", str(end),
+                        "-i", video_path,
+                        "-bf", str(bframes),
+                        "-c:v", encoder,
+                        "-c:a", "copy",
+                        out_file_path
+                    ]
+                    desc = f"FFmpeg transcode segment {start:.2f}s - {end:.2f}s"
+                    run_subprocess(segment_cmd, shell=False, description=desc, env=ffmpeg_env)
+
+        elif usage == 2:
+            print(f"FFmpeg with map but no audio")
+            print(f"Output files will be saved to: ./ffmpeg_fc_out/")
+            for i in range(0, len(clip_start_end), chunk_size):
+                chunk = clip_start_end[i:i+chunk_size]
+                # Only decode the range spanning this chunk (same as u=1 behavior per chunk)
+                chunk_min_start = min(s for s, e in chunk)
+                chunk_max_end = max(e for s, e in chunk)
+
+                segment_cmd = [ffmpeg_path, "-loglevel", "warning", "-hide_banner", "-y",
+                              "-hwaccel", "cuda", "-hwaccel_output_format", "cuda",
+                              "-c:v", decoder,
+                              "-ss", str(chunk_min_start),
+                              "-to", str(chunk_max_end),
+                              "-i", video_path]
+
+                filter_complex = []
+                map_cmds = []
+                output_files = []
+
+                for j, (start, end) in enumerate(chunk):
+                    # Include codec and resolution in output file path
+                    out_file_path = f"./ffmpeg_fc_out/{base}{suffix}_{start:.2f}_{end:.2f}.mp4"
+                    output_files.append(out_file_path)
+
+                    # Trim relative to chunk start (decoded stream starts at chunk_min_start)
+                    rel_start = start - chunk_min_start
+                    rel_end = end - chunk_min_start
+                    filter_complex.append(f"[0:v]trim=start={rel_start}:end={rel_end},setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[v{j}]")
+                    map_cmds.extend(["-map", f"[v{j}]", "-c:v", encoder, "-an", out_file_path])
+
+                # Combine all filters
+                segment_cmd.extend(["-filter_complex", ";".join(filter_complex)])
+                segment_cmd.extend(map_cmds)
+
+                # Convert the list to a shell command string
+                cmd_str = " ".join([
+                    f'"{arg}"' if (" " in arg or ";" in arg or "[" in arg) else arg
+                    for arg in segment_cmd
+                ])
+
+                # Execute FFmpeg command
+                desc = f"FFmpeg batch transcode {len(chunk)} segments (no audio)"
+                run_subprocess(cmd_str, shell=True, description=desc, env=ffmpeg_env)
+
+        elif usage == 3:
+            print(f"FFmpeg with map and audio")
+            print(f"Output files will be saved to: ./ffmpeg_fc_out/")
+            # Probe for audio once per video (not per segment)
+            has_audio = False
+            if os.path.exists(video_path):
+                probe_cmd = [ffprobe_path, "-v", "error", "-select_streams", "a", "-show_entries", "stream=codec_type", "-of", "csv=p=0", video_path]
+                probe_result = subprocess.run(probe_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, env=ffmpeg_env)
+                has_audio = "audio" in probe_result.stdout
+
+            for i in range(0, len(clip_start_end), chunk_size):
+                chunk = clip_start_end[i:i+chunk_size]
+                # Only decode the range spanning this chunk (same as u=1 behavior per chunk)
+                chunk_min_start = min(s for s, e in chunk)
+                chunk_max_end = max(e for s, e in chunk)
+
+                segment_cmd = [ffmpeg_path, "-y", "-loglevel", "warning",
+                           "-hwaccel", "cuda", "-hwaccel_output_format", "cuda",
+                           "-c:v", decoder,
+                           "-ss", str(chunk_min_start),
+                           "-to", str(chunk_max_end),
+                           "-i", video_path]
+
+                filter_complex = []
+                map_cmds = []
+                output_files = []
+
+                for j, (start, end) in enumerate(chunk):
+                    # Include codec and resolution in output file path
+                    out_file_path = f"./ffmpeg_fc_out/{base}{suffix}_{start:.2f}_{end:.2f}.mp4"
+                    output_files.append(out_file_path)
+
+                    # Trim relative to chunk start (decoded stream starts at chunk_min_start)
+                    rel_start = start - chunk_min_start
+                    rel_end = end - chunk_min_start
+                    filter_complex.append(f"[0:v]trim=start={rel_start}:end={rel_end},setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[v{j}]")
+
+                    if has_audio:
+                        filter_complex.append(f"[0:a]atrim=start={rel_start}:end={rel_end},asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[a{j}]")
+                        map_cmds.extend(["-map", f"[v{j}]", "-map", f"[a{j}]"])
+                    else:
+                        map_cmds.extend(["-map", f"[v{j}]"])
+
+                    # Convert P4 to p4 (lowercase) for FFmpeg preset
+                    ffmpeg_preset = config.get("preset", "p4").lower()
+
+                    # Add encoding parameters
+                    map_cmds.extend([
+                        "-c:v", encoder,  # Use appropriate encoder
+                        "-preset", ffmpeg_preset,
+                        "-rc", "vbr",
+                        "-b:v", "5M",
+                        "-maxrate", "10M",
+                        "-bufsize", "10M",
+                    ])
+
+                    # Add audio encoding if we have audio
+                    audio_filter = f"a{j}" in "".join(filter_complex)
+                    if audio_filter:
+                        map_cmds.extend(["-c:a", "aac", "-b:a", "192k"])
+
+                    map_cmds.append(out_file_path)
+
+                # Combine all filters
+                segment_cmd.extend(["-filter_complex", ";".join(filter_complex)])
+                segment_cmd.extend(map_cmds)
+
+                # Convert the list to a shell command string
+                cmd_str = " ".join([
+                    f'"{arg}"' if (" " in arg or ";" in arg or "[" in arg) else arg
+                    for arg in segment_cmd
+                ])
+
+                # Execute FFmpeg command
+                desc = f"FFmpeg batch transcode {len(chunk)} segments (with audio)"
+                run_subprocess(cmd_str, shell=True, description=desc, env=ffmpeg_env)
+
+        else:
+            print(f"Error: Invalid usage mode {usage}. Must be 0, 1, 2, or 3")
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error processing {video_path}: {str(e)}")
+        raise
+
+
+def extract_segments_from_log(log_data):
+    """
+    Extract segment information from log data
+
+    Parameters:
+        log_data (dict): Log data from a previous run
+
+    Returns:
+        list: List of (start_time, end_time) tuples
+    """
+    try:
+        # Find segment creation step
+        for step in log_data.get("steps", []):
+            if step.get("type") == "segment_creation":
+                if "results" in step and "segments" in step["results"]:
+                    segments = step["results"]["segments"]
+                    return [(segment["start"], segment["end"]) for segment in segments]
+
+        return []
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error parsing segments from log: {e}")
+        return []
+
+
+def replay_from_log(log_path, ffmpeg_path, ffprobe_path):
+    """
+    Replay a previous run from a log file
+
+    Parameters:
+        log_path (str): Path to the log file
+        ffmpeg_path (str): Path to the ffmpeg executable (from --ffmpeg-dir).
+        ffprobe_path (str): Path to the ffprobe executable (from --ffmpeg-dir).
+    """
+    import re
+    global log_data
+
+    print(f"Replaying from log: {log_path}")
+
+    try:
+        with open(log_path, 'r') as f:
+            log_data = json.load(f)
+
+        print(f"Log timestamp: {log_data['timestamp']}")
+        print(f"Original arguments: {json.dumps(log_data['args'], indent=2)}")
+
+        # Extract video path from video generation, video reuse, or video input step
+        video_path = None
+        video_params = None
+        for step in log_data['steps']:
+            if step['type'] == 'video_generation':
+                video_path = step['params']['output_path']
+                video_params = step['params']
+                break
+            elif step['type'] == 'video_reuse':
+                # For video_reuse, the path is in the description or params
+                if 'output_path' in step['params']:
+                    video_path = step['params']['output_path']
+                    video_params = step['params']
+                elif 'params' in step and step['params']:
+                    # Construct the path from parameters
+                    width = step['params'].get('width')
+                    height = step['params'].get('height')
+                    codec = step['params'].get('codec', 'h264')
+                    video_path = f"source_videos/mandelbrot_{codec}_{width}x{height}.mp4"
+                    video_params = step['params']
+                # Try to extract from description as fallback
+                if not video_path and 'description' in step:
+                    match = re.search(r'Reusing existing video: (.+)', step['description'])
+                    if match:
+                        video_path = match.group(1)
+                        video_params = step['params']
+                break
+            elif step['type'] == 'video_input':
+                # User provided an input video
+                if 'input_path' in step['params']:
+                    video_path = step['params']['input_path']
+                    video_params = step['params']
+                # Try to extract from description as fallback
+                if not video_path and 'description' in step:
+                    match = re.search(r'Using user-provided input video: (.+)', step['description'])
+                    if match:
+                        video_path = match.group(1)
+                        video_params = step['params']
+                break
+
+        if not video_path:
+            print("Error: No video generation, video reuse, or video input step found in log")
+            print("Available step types:", [step.get('type') for step in log_data.get('steps', [])])
+            return
+
+        # Check if the video exists
+        if not os.path.exists(video_path):
+            print(f"Video file not found: {video_path}")
+            print("Regenerating video...")
+
+            # Use video_params if available, otherwise try to get from log_data args
+            if video_params:
+                video_path = generate_mandelbrot_video(
+                    video_params.get('width'),
+                    video_params.get('height'),
+                    video_params.get('duration'),
+                    video_params.get('fps'),
+                    video_path,  # Use the constructed path
+                    video_params.get('gop_size'),
+                    video_params.get('codec', 'h264'),
+                    video_params.get('bframes', 2),
+                    ffmpeg_path=ffmpeg_path
+                )
+            else:
+                # Fallback to args
+                args_data = log_data.get('args', {})
+                video_path = generate_mandelbrot_video(
+                    args_data.get('width', 1920),
+                    args_data.get('height', 1080),
+                    args_data.get('duration', 10),
+                    args_data.get('fps', 30),
+                    video_path,
+                    args_data.get('gop_size', 250),
+                    args_data.get('input_codec', 'h264'),
+                    args_data.get('input_bframes', 2),
+                    ffmpeg_path=ffmpeg_path
+                )
+        else:
+            print(f"Using existing video: {video_path}")
+
+        # Extract segments
+        clip_start_end = extract_segments_from_log(log_data)
+        if not clip_start_end:
+            print("Error: No segments found in log")
+            return
+
+        # Extract usage modes
+        usage_modes = []
+        for step in log_data['steps']:
+            if step['type'] == 'transcoding' and 'usage' in step['params']:
+                if step['params']['usage'] not in usage_modes:
+                    usage_modes.append(step['params']['usage'])
+
+        if not usage_modes:
+            print("Error: No transcoding steps found in log")
+            return
+
+        print(f"Replay will use these usage modes: {usage_modes}")
+
+        # Extract config
+        config = log_data['args'].get('config', {"preset": "P4", "codec": "h264", "tuning_info": "high_quality", "bf": "0"})
+
+        # Calculate total frames
+        fps = log_data['args'].get('fps', 30)
+        segment_frames = sum((end - start) * fps for start, end in clip_start_end)
+
+        # Store results for comparison
+        results = {}
+
+        # Run transcoding for each usage mode
+        for usage in usage_modes:
+            if usage not in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
+                print(f"Warning: Invalid usage mode {usage}. Skipping...")
+                continue
+
+            print("\n" + "=" * 80)
+            print(f"REPLAY: TRANSCODING SEGMENTS USING MODE {usage}")
+            print("=" * 80)
+
+            # Get mode description
+            mode_desc = {
+                0: "PyNVC transcoding",
+                1: "FFmpeg without map",
+                2: "FFmpeg with map (no audio)",
+                3: "FFmpeg with map (with audio)"
+            }.get(usage, "Unknown mode")
+
+            print(f"Running: {mode_desc}")
+
+            futures_list = []
+            starttime = time.time()
+
+            # Extract numthreads and chunk_size
+            numthreads = log_data['args'].get('numthreads', 1)
+            chunk_size = log_data['args'].get('chunk_size', 5)
+            # numthreads = 3
+
+            # Distribute segments among threads (same as normal run)
+            clip_chunks = split_list(numthreads, clip_start_end)
+
+            with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=numthreads) as executor:
+                # Submit one task per thread, each with its subset of segments
+                futures = [
+                    executor.submit(segmented_transcode, [
+                        video_path,
+                        clip_chunks[m],
+                        config,
+                        fps,
+                        usage,
+                        chunk_size,
+                        ffmpeg_path,
+                        ffprobe_path
+                    ])
+                    for m in range(numthreads)
+                ]
+                futures_list.append(futures)
+
+                # Wait for all tasks to complete
+                for future in futures_list:
+                    wait(future)
+
+            endtime = time.time()
+            total_time = endtime - starttime
+            throughput = segment_frames / total_time if total_time > 0 else 0
+
+            # Store results
+            results[usage] = {
+                'mode': mode_desc,
+                'time': total_time,
+                'throughput': throughput
+            }
+
+            print(f"Completed {mode_desc}")
+            print(f"Processing time: {total_time:.2f} seconds")
+            print(f"Throughput: {throughput:.2f} frames/second")
+
+            # Log the results
+            log_step("replay_results", f"Replay results for mode {usage}",
+                    params={"usage": usage, "mode": mode_desc},
+                    results={"time": total_time, "throughput": throughput})
+
+        # Print comparison results with additional details
+        print("\n" + "=" * 80)
+        print("REPLAY COMPARISON RESULTS")
+        print("=" * 80)
+
+        # Add video details from the log data
+        width = log_data['args'].get('width', 'unknown')
+        height = log_data['args'].get('height', 'unknown')
+        codec = log_data['args'].get('codec', 'unknown')
+        duration = log_data['args'].get('duration', 'unknown')
+        gop_size = log_data['args'].get('gop_size', 'unknown')
+        num_segments = len(clip_start_end)
+
+        print(f"Video Resolution: {width}x{height}")
+        print(f"Codec: {codec}")
+        print(f"Duration: {duration} seconds")
+        print(f"Number of Segments: {num_segments}")
+        print(f"GOP Size: {gop_size}")
+        print()
+
+        print(f"{'Mode':<30} {'Time (s)':<15} {'Throughput (fps)':<20}")
+        print("-" * 65)
+
+        for usage, data in sorted(results.items()):
+            print(f"{data['mode']:<30} {data['time']:<15.2f} {data['throughput']:<20.2f}")
+
+        # Find fastest method
+        if results:
+            fastest = min(results.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]['time'])
+            highest_throughput = max(results.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]['throughput'])
+
+            print("\nResults Summary:")
+            print(f"Total frames transcoded: {segment_frames:.0f}")
+            print(f"Fastest method: {results[fastest[0]]['mode']} ({fastest[1]['time']:.2f}s)")
+            print(f"Highest throughput: {results[highest_throughput[0]]['mode']} ({highest_throughput[1]['throughput']:.2f} fps)")
+
+            # Log summary with additional details
+            log_step("summary", "Transcoding summary",
+                    results={
+                        "resolution": f"{width}x{height}",
+                        "codec": codec,
+                        "duration": duration,
+                        "num_segments": num_segments,
+                        "gop_size": gop_size,
+                        "total_frames": segment_frames,
+                        "fastest_method": results[fastest[0]]['mode'],
+                        "fastest_time": fastest[1]['time'],
+                        "highest_throughput_method": results[highest_throughput[0]]['mode'],
+                        "highest_throughput": highest_throughput[1]['throughput']
+                    })
+
+        print("=" * 80)
+
+        # Compare with original results if available
+        if 'results' in log_data and log_data['results']:
+            print("\n" + "=" * 80)
+            print("COMPARISON WITH ORIGINAL RUN")
+            print("=" * 80)
+
+            print(f"{'Mode':<30} {'Original Time':<15} {'Replay Time':<15} {'Original FPS':<15} {'Replay FPS':<15}")
+            print("-" * 90)
+
+            for usage, data in sorted(results.items()):
+                if str(usage) in log_data['results']:
+                    orig_data = log_data['results'][str(usage)]
+                    print(f"{data['mode']:<30} {orig_data['time']:<15.2f} {data['time']:<15.2f} {orig_data['throughput']:<15.2f} {data['throughput']:<15.2f}")
+
+            print("=" * 90)
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error during replay: {e}")
+        raise
+
+def split_list(n, clip_start_end):
+    k, m = divmod(len(clip_start_end), n)
+    result = []
+    start = 0
+    for i in range(n):
+        end = start + k + (1 if i < m else 0)
+        result.append(clip_start_end[start:end])
+        start = end
+    return result
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    """Parse command-line arguments."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Benchmark segmented transcoding approaches")
+    parser.add_argument("-g", "--gpuid", type=int, default=0, help="GPU ID")
+    parser.add_argument("-W", "--width", type=int, default=1920, help="Video width. Default is 1920")
+    parser.add_argument("-H", "--height", type=int, default=1080, help="Video height. Default is 1080")
+    parser.add_argument("-d", "--duration", type=int, default=5400, help="Video duration in seconds. Default is 5400")
+    parser.add_argument("-fps", "--fps", type=int, default=30, help="Frames per second. Default is 30")
+    parser.add_argument("-p", "--preset", type=str, default="P1", help="Encoding preset (P1-P7). Default is P1")
+    parser.add_argument("-ic", "--input-codec", type=str, default="h264", 
+                      choices=["h264", "hevc", "av1"], 
+                      help="Input codec to use for generating the video. Default is h264")
+    parser.add_argument("-c", "--codec", type=str, default="h264", 
+                      choices=["h264", "hevc", "av1"], 
+                      help="Output codec to use for transcoding. Default is h264")
+    parser.add_argument("-ibf", "--input-bframes", type=int, default=2, 
+                      help="Number of B-frames for input video generation. Default is 2")
+    parser.add_argument("-bf", "--bframes", type=int, default=0, 
+                      help="Number of B-frames for output transcoding. Default is 0")
+    parser.add_argument("-n", "--numthreads", type=int, default=1, help="Number of threads. Default is 1")
+    parser.add_argument("-s", "--segments", type=int, default=20, help="Number of random segments. Default is 20")
+    parser.add_argument("-u", "--usage", type=int, nargs='*', default=None, 
+                      help="Transcoding method (0: PyNVC, 1: FFmpeg without map, 2: FFmpeg stream-aware, 3: FFmpeg frame-by-frame). Default is [0, 1, 2, 3]")
+    parser.add_argument("--chunk-size", type=int, default=5, help="Number of segments to process in a single FFmpeg command. Default is 5")
+    parser.add_argument("--segment-duration", type=int, default=5, help="Duration of each segment in seconds. Default is 5")
+    parser.add_argument("--log", type=str, help="Path to save log file")
+    parser.add_argument("--random-seed", type=int, help="Random seed for reproducible segment generation")
+    parser.add_argument("--gop-size", type=int, default=250, help="GOP size for encoding. Default is 250")
+    parser.add_argument("-i", "--input", type=str, help="Input video file (instead of generating using ffmpeg)")
+    parser.add_argument("--ffmpeg-dir", type=str, required=True,
+                        help="Path to the FFmpeg installation directory (bin/ffmpeg on Unix, bin/ffmpeg.exe on Windows).")
+    parser.add_argument("--replay", type=str, help="Path to log file for replay")
+    
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    
+    # Set default usages if none provided
+    if args.usage is None:
+        args.usage = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+        
+    return args
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    script_start_time = time.perf_counter()
+    
+    args = parse_args()
+
+    # Resolve FFmpeg and FFprobe executables from the required installation directory
+    bin_dir = os.path.join(args.ffmpeg_dir, "bin")
+    if platform.system() == "Windows":
+        ffmpeg_exe = os.path.join(bin_dir, "ffmpeg.exe")
+        if not os.path.isfile(ffmpeg_exe):
+            ffmpeg_exe = os.path.join(bin_dir, "ffmpeg")
+        ffprobe_exe = os.path.join(bin_dir, "ffprobe.exe")
+        if not os.path.isfile(ffprobe_exe):
+            ffprobe_exe = os.path.join(bin_dir, "ffprobe")
+    else:
+        ffmpeg_exe = os.path.join(bin_dir, "ffmpeg")
+        ffprobe_exe = os.path.join(bin_dir, "ffprobe")
+    if not os.path.isfile(ffmpeg_exe):
+        expected = "bin/ffmpeg.exe or bin/ffmpeg" if platform.system() == "Windows" else "bin/ffmpeg"
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            f"FFmpeg executable not found at {ffmpeg_exe}. "
+            f"The given FFmpeg installation directory must contain {expected}."
+        )
+    if not os.path.isfile(ffprobe_exe):
+        expected = "bin/ffprobe.exe or bin/ffprobe" if platform.system() == "Windows" else "bin/ffprobe"
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            f"FFprobe executable not found at {ffprobe_exe}. "
+            f"The given FFmpeg installation directory must contain {expected}."
+        )
+
+    # Create logs directory if it doesn't exist
+    os.makedirs("logs", exist_ok=True)
+
+    # Generate default log filename if not specified
+    if not args.log and not args.replay:
+        timestamp = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
+        args.log = f"logs/run_{timestamp}.json"
+
+    # Initialize log data
+    log_data["timestamp"] = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
+    log_data["args"] = vars(args)
+
+    # Replay mode
+    if args.replay:
+        # Open log file in append mode to add replay results
+        replay_log_path = f"logs/replay_{datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')}.json"
+        with open(replay_log_path, 'w') as log_file:
+            log_data = {
+                "timestamp": datetime.datetime.now().isoformat(),
+                "replay_source": args.replay,
+                "steps": [],
+                "results": {}
+            }
+            json.dump(log_data, log_file, indent=2)
+            replay_from_log(args.replay, ffmpeg_exe, ffprobe_exe)
+    else:
+        # Normal execution mode
+        # Open log file
+        log_file = open(args.log, 'w')
+        json.dump(log_data, log_file, indent=2)
+
+        print(f"Logging to: {args.log}")
+
+        # In the video generation part
+        if not args.input:
+            # Generate the Mandelbrot video with the specified input codec
+            # Use a simple base name - generate_mandelbrot_video will add codec/resolution suffix
+            base_video_path = "source_videos/mandelbrot.mp4"
+            os.makedirs("source_videos", exist_ok=True)
+            
+            # Construct the expected filename (matches the naming in generate_mandelbrot_video)
+            expected_video_path = f"source_videos/mandelbrot_{args.input_codec}_{args.width}x{args.height}_{args.duration}s_{args.fps}fps_gop{args.gop_size}_bf{args.input_bframes}.mp4"
+
+            # Check if video already exists
+            if os.path.exists(expected_video_path):
+                print("=" * 80)
+                print(f"STEP 1: USING EXISTING MANDELBROT VIDEO")
+                print(f"Found existing video: {expected_video_path}")
+                print("=" * 80)
+                video_path = expected_video_path
+                log_step("video_reuse", f"Reusing existing video: {expected_video_path}",
+                        params={"width": args.width, "height": args.height, "duration": args.duration, 
+                               "fps": args.fps, "codec": args.input_codec, "bframes": args.input_bframes,
+                               "output_path": expected_video_path, "gop_size": args.gop_size})
+            else:
+                print("=" * 80)
+                print(f"STEP 1: GENERATING MANDELBROT VIDEO WITH {args.input_codec.upper()} CODEC")
+                print(f"Using {args.input_bframes} B-frames for input video generation")
+                print("=" * 80)
+                
+                video_path = generate_mandelbrot_video(
+                    args.width, args.height, args.duration, args.fps, 
+                    base_video_path, args.gop_size, args.input_codec, args.input_bframes,
+                    ffmpeg_path=ffmpeg_exe
+                )
+        else:
+            # User provided an input video
+            video_path = args.input
+            print("=" * 80)
+            print(f"STEP 1: USING USER-PROVIDED INPUT VIDEO")
+            print(f"Input video: {video_path}")
+            print("=" * 80)
+            log_step("video_input", f"Using user-provided input video: {video_path}",
+                    params={"input_path": video_path})
+
+        # Configure encoding parameters based on output codec
+        config = {
+            "preset": args.preset.upper(),
+            "width": args.width,
+            "height": args.height,
+            "codec": args.codec.lower(),  # This is the output codec
+            "tuning_info": "high_quality",
+            "bf": str(args.bframes),  # Use the bframes parameter from args
+            "gop": str(args.gop_size)
+        }
+        log_data["args"]["config"] = config
+
+        # Set random seed if provided for reproducible segment generation
+        if args.random_seed is not None:
+            random.seed(args.random_seed)
+            log_step("initialization", f"Set random seed to {args.random_seed}")
+
+        # Initialize CUDA
+        cuda.init()
+        log_step("initialization", "Initialized CUDA")
+
+        # Create random segments
+        print("\n" + "=" * 80)
+        print("STEP 2: CREATING RANDOM SEGMENTS")
+        print("=" * 80)
+
+        clip_start_end = generate_random_segments(args.duration, args.segments, min_segment_duration=args.segment_duration)
+
+        # Log segment creation
+        segment_data = [{"start": start, "end": end} for start, end in clip_start_end]
+        log_step("segment_creation", f"Created {len(clip_start_end)} random segments",
+                params={"num_segments": args.segments, "min_duration": 1.0, "duration": args.duration},
+                results={"segments": segment_data})
+
+        # Print segments
+        print(f"Created {len(clip_start_end)} random segments:")
+        for i, (start, end) in enumerate(clip_start_end):
+            print(f"  Segment {i+1}: {start:.2f}s - {end:.2f}s (duration: {end-start:.2f}s)")
+
+        # Calculate total frames to transcode
+        segment_frames = sum((end - start) * args.fps for start, end in clip_start_end)
+
+        # Store results for comparison
+        results = {}
+
+        # Run transcoding for each usage mode
+        for usage in args.usage:
+            if usage not in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
+                print(f"Warning: Invalid usage mode {usage}. Skipping...")
+                log_step("warning", f"Invalid usage mode {usage}, skipping")
+                continue
+
+            print("\n" + "=" * 80)
+            print(f"STEP 3: TRANSCODING SEGMENTS USING MODE {usage}")
+            print("=" * 80)
+
+            # Get mode description
+            mode_desc = {
+                0: "PyNVC transcoding",
+                1: "FFmpeg without map",
+                2: "FFmpeg with map (no audio)",
+                3: "FFmpeg with map (with audio)"
+            }.get(usage, "Unknown mode")
+
+            print(f"Running: {mode_desc}")
+
+            # Log transcoding start
+            log_step("transcoding", f"Starting transcoding with mode {usage} ({mode_desc})",
+                    params={"usage": usage, "mode": mode_desc, "numthreads": args.numthreads,
+                            "chunk_size": args.chunk_size, "video_path": video_path})
+            clip_chunks = split_list(args.numthreads, clip_start_end)
+            threads = []
+
+
+            starttime = time.time()
+
+            for m in range(0, args.numthreads):
+                t = threading.Thread(target=segmented_transcode, args=([video_path,
+                    clip_chunks[m],
+                    config,
+                    args.fps,
+                    usage,
+                    args.chunk_size,
+                    ffmpeg_exe,
+                    ffprobe_exe],))
+                t.start()
+                #
+                threads.append(t)
+
+            for t in threads:
+                t.join()
+
+            endtime = time.time()
+            total_time = endtime - starttime
+            throughput = segment_frames / total_time if total_time > 0 else 0
+
+            # Store results
+            results[usage] = {
+                'mode': mode_desc,
+                'time': total_time,
+                'throughput': throughput
+            }
+
+            # Log transcoding completion
+            log_step("transcoding_complete", f"Completed transcoding with mode {usage}",
+                    params={"usage": usage, "mode": mode_desc},
+                    results={"time": total_time, "throughput": throughput})
+
+            print(f"Completed {mode_desc}")
+            print(f"Processing time: {total_time:.2f} seconds")
+            print(f"Throughput: {throughput:.2f} frames/second")
+
+        # Store results in log data
+        log_data["results"] = {str(usage): {"time": data["time"], "throughput": data["throughput"]}
+                            for usage, data in results.items()}
+
+        # Print comparison results with additional details
+        print("\n" + "=" * 80)
+        print("COMPARISON RESULTS")
+        print("=" * 80)
+
+        # Add video details above the table
+        print(f"Video Resolution: {args.width}x{args.height}")
+        print(f"Codec: {args.codec}")
+        print(f"Duration: {args.duration} seconds")
+        print(f"Number of Segments: {len(clip_start_end)}")
+        print(f"GOP Size: {args.gop_size}")
+        print()
+
+        print(f"{'Mode':<30} {'Time (s)':<15} {'Throughput (fps)':<20}")
+        print("-" * 65)
+
+        for usage, data in sorted(results.items()):
+            print(f"{data['mode']:<30} {data['time']:<15.2f} {data['throughput']:<20.2f}")
+
+        # Find fastest method
+        if results:
+            fastest = min(results.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]['time'])
+            highest_throughput = max(results.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]['throughput'])
+
+            print("\nResults Summary:")
+            print(f"Total frames transcoded: {segment_frames:.0f}")
+            print(f"Fastest method: {results[fastest[0]]['mode']} ({fastest[1]['time']:.2f}s)")
+            print(f"Highest throughput: {results[highest_throughput[0]]['mode']} ({highest_throughput[1]['throughput']:.2f} fps)")
+
+            # Log summary with additional details
+            log_step("summary", "Transcoding summary",
+                    results={
+                        "resolution": f"{args.width}x{args.height}",
+                        "codec": args.codec,
+                        "duration": args.duration,
+                        "num_segments": len(clip_start_end),
+                        "gop_size": args.gop_size,
+                        "total_frames": segment_frames,
+                        "fastest_method": results[fastest[0]]['mode'],
+                        "fastest_time": fastest[1]['time'],
+                        "highest_throughput_method": results[highest_throughput[0]]['mode'],
+                        "highest_throughput": highest_throughput[1]['throughput']
+                    })
+
+        print("=" * 80)
+
+        # Close log file
+        if log_file:
+            log_file.close()
+            print(f"Log saved to: {args.log}")
+    
+    # Display total execution time
+    total_time = time.perf_counter() - script_start_time
+    hours = int(total_time // 3600)
+    minutes = int((total_time % 3600) // 60)
+    seconds = total_time % 60
+    print(f"\nTotal execution time: {hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:06.3f} ({total_time:.3f} seconds)")