PyNerva 0.0.5__py3-none-any.whl

nervapy/arm/function.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2405 @@
+# This file is part of PeachPy package and is licensed under the Simplified BSD license.
+#    See license.rst for the full text of the license.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import time
+
+import nervapy.arm.instructions
+import nervapy.arm.registers
+from nervapy.arm.microarchitecture import Microarchitecture
+
+active_function = None
+
+
+class Function(object):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name,
+        arguments,
+        return_type=None,
+        target=Microarchitecture.Default,
+        abi=None,
+        assembly_format=None,
+        high_register_strategy=None,
+        collect_origin=False,
+        dump_intermediate_assembly=False,
+        report_generation=True,
+        report_live_registers=False,
+        is_thumb=False,
+        alignment=0,
+        validate_stack_alignment=True,
+        preserve8=False,
+    ):
+        self.name = name
+        self.arguments = arguments
+        self.return_type = return_type
+        self.is_thumb = is_thumb
+        self.alignment = alignment
+        self.validate_stack_alignment = validate_stack_alignment
+        self.preserve8 = preserve8
+
+        # Set default assembly format to GAS if not specified
+        if assembly_format is None:
+            from nervapy.arm.formats import AssemblyFormat
+
+            assembly_format = AssemblyFormat.GAS
+        self.assembly_format = assembly_format
+
+        # Set default high register strategy if not specified
+        if high_register_strategy is None:
+            from nervapy.arm.formats import HighRegisterStrategy
+
+            high_register_strategy = HighRegisterStrategy.AUTO
+        self.high_register_strategy = high_register_strategy
+
+        for argument in self.arguments:
+            argument.stack_offset = None
+            argument.register = None
+            if (
+                argument.is_size_integer
+                or argument.is_pointer_integer
+                or argument.is_pointer
+            ):
+                argument.c_type.size = abi.pointer_size
+            assert argument.size
+        self.target = target
+        self.abi = abi
+        self.collect_origin = collect_origin
+        self.dump_intermediate_assembly = dump_intermediate_assembly
+        self.report_generation = report_generation
+        self.report_live_registers = report_live_registers
+        self.ticks = None
+
+        # Assign argument locations
+        from nervapy.arm.abi import arm_gnueabi, arm_gnueabihf
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import r0, r1, r2, r3
+
+        if abi == arm_gnueabi or abi == arm_gnueabihf:
+            # Up to 4 first arguments are passed in registers, others passed through stack
+            # Arguments smaller than 4 bytes are extended to 4 bytes (both when passed on stack or in a register).
+            # 8-byte arguments occupy 2 general-purpose registers or 8 bytes on stack. When they are passed in
+            # registers, the index of the first register must be even (i.e. they are passed in (r0, r1) or (r2, r3),
+            # but not in (r1, r2). When 8-byte arguments are passed on stack, their location is aligned on 8 bytes,
+            # skipping 4 bytes if necessary.
+            argument_registers = (r0, r1, r2, r3)
+            register_offset = 0
+            stack_offset = 0
+            for argument in self.arguments:
+                if argument.size <= 4:
+                    if register_offset < 4:
+                        argument.register = argument_registers[register_offset]
+                        register_offset += 1
+                    else:
+                        argument.stack_offset = stack_offset
+                        stack_offset += 4
+                elif argument.size == 8:
+                    # First register index must be even
+                    if register_offset % 2 == 1:
+                        register_offset += 1
+                    if register_offset < 4:
+                        argument.register = (
+                            argument_registers[register_offset],
+                            argument_registers[register_offset + 1],
+                        )
+                        register_offset += 2
+                    else:
+                        if stack_offset % 8 == 4:
+                            stack_offset += 4
+                        argument.stack_offset = stack_offset
+                        stack_offset += 8
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Unsupported argument size {0}".format(argument.size)
+                    )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unsupported assembler ABI %s" % abi)
+
+        self.instructions = list()
+        self.constants = list()
+        self.external_functions = set()  # Track external function imports
+        self.stack_frame = StackFrame(self.abi)
+        self.local_variables_count = 0
+        self.virtual_registers_count = 0x40
+        self.conflicting_registers = dict()
+        self.allocation_options = dict()
+        self.unallocated_registers = list()
+        self._live_register_markers = []  # List of (instruction_index, label) tuples
+        self._register_names = {}  # Map from register number to variable name
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        import nervapy.stream
+
+        global active_function
+
+        if active_function is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Function {0} was not detached".format(active_function.name)
+            )
+        if nervapy.stream.active_stream is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Alternative instruction stream is active")
+        active_function = self
+        nervapy.stream.active_stream = self
+        if self.report_generation:
+            print(
+                "Generating function {Function} for microarchitecture {Microarchitecture} and ABI {ABI}".format(
+                    Function=self.name, Microarchitecture=self.target, ABI=self.abi
+                )
+            )
+            print("\tParsing source", end="")
+            self.ticks = time.time()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        import nervapy.stream
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+
+        nervapy.stream.active_stream = None
+        if exc_type is None:
+            try:
+                self.generate_labels()
+                self.decompose_instructions()
+                self.reserve_registers()
+                if self.report_generation:
+                    elapsed = time.time() - self.ticks
+                    print(" (%2.2f secs)" % elapsed)
+                    print("\tRunning liveness analysis", end="")
+                    self.ticks = time.time()
+                self.determine_available_registers()
+                self.determine_live_registers(exclude_parameter_loads=True)
+                
+                # Report live registers at marked points
+                if self._live_register_markers:
+                    self._report_live_registers_at_markers()
+
+                if self.dump_intermediate_assembly:
+                    with open(
+                        "%s.S" % self.symbol_name, "w"
+                    ) as intermediate_assembly_file:
+                        for instruction in self.instructions:
+                            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                                consumed_registers = ", ".join(
+                                    sorted(
+                                        map(
+                                            str,
+                                            list(
+                                                instruction.get_input_registers_list()
+                                            ),
+                                        )
+                                    )
+                                )
+                                produced_registers = ", ".join(
+                                    sorted(
+                                        map(
+                                            str,
+                                            list(
+                                                instruction.get_output_registers_list()
+                                            ),
+                                        )
+                                    )
+                                )
+                                available_registers = ", ".join(
+                                    sorted(
+                                        map(str, list(instruction.available_registers))
+                                    )
+                                )
+                                live_registers = ", ".join(
+                                    sorted(map(str, list(instruction.live_registers)))
+                                )
+                                intermediate_assembly_file.write(
+                                    str(instruction) + "\n"
+                                )
+                                intermediate_assembly_file.write(
+                                    "\tConsumed registers: " + consumed_registers + "\n"
+                                )
+                                intermediate_assembly_file.write(
+                                    "\tProduced registers: " + produced_registers + "\n"
+                                )
+                                intermediate_assembly_file.write(
+                                    "\tLive registers: " + live_registers + "\n"
+                                )
+                                if instruction.line_number:
+                                    intermediate_assembly_file.write(
+                                        "\tLine: " + str(instruction.line_number) + "\n"
+                                    )
+                                if instruction.source_code:
+                                    intermediate_assembly_file.write(
+                                        "\tCode: " + instruction.source_code + "\n"
+                                    )
+                            else:
+                                intermediate_assembly_file.write(
+                                    str(instruction) + "\n"
+                                )
+
+                if self.report_generation:
+                    elapsed = time.time() - self.ticks
+                    print(" (%2.2f secs)" % elapsed)
+                    print("\tRunning register allocation", end="")
+                    self.ticks = time.time()
+                self.check_live_registers()
+                self.determine_register_relations()
+                self.allocate_registers()
+
+                if self.report_generation:
+                    elapsed = time.time() - self.ticks
+                    print(" (%2.2f secs)" % elapsed)
+                    print("\tGenerating code", end="")
+                    self.ticks = time.time()
+                self.remove_assume_statements()
+                self.update_stack_frame()
+                self.generate_parameter_loads()
+                if self.report_live_registers:
+                    self.determine_live_registers()
+                self.generate_prolog_and_epilog()
+                if self.validate_stack_alignment:
+                    self.validate_stack_alignment_check()
+
+                self.generate_constant_loads()
+                self.optimize_instructions()
+                if self.report_generation:
+                    elapsed = time.time() - self.ticks
+                    print(" (%2.2f secs)" % elapsed)
+                    self.ticks = time.time()
+            finally:
+                self.detach()
+        else:
+            self.detach()
+
+    def find_argument(self, argument_target):
+        from nervapy import Argument
+
+        assert isinstance(
+            argument_target, (Argument, str)
+        ), "Either Argument object or argument name expected"
+        if isinstance(argument_target, Argument):
+            if argument_target in self.arguments:
+                return argument_target
+            else:
+                return None
+        else:
+            return next(
+                (
+                    argument
+                    for argument in self.arguments
+                    if argument.name == argument_target
+                ),
+                None,
+            )
+
+    def detach(self):
+        import nervapy.stream
+
+        global active_function
+        if active_function is None:
+            raise ValueError("Trying to detach a function while no function is active")
+        active_function = None
+        nervapy.stream.active_stream = None
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def assembly(self):
+        """Generate assembly code in the specified format."""
+        from nervapy.arm.formats import AssemblyFormat
+
+        if self.assembly_format == AssemblyFormat.ARMCC:
+            return self._generate_armcc_assembly()
+        else:  # Default to GAS format
+            return self._generate_gas_assembly()
+
+    def _generate_constant_data_section(self):
+        """Generate .data section for ConstantData objects"""
+        try:
+            from nervapy.constant_data import ConstantData
+            constants = ConstantData.get_function_constants(self)
+            if not constants:
+                return ""
+
+            import os
+            lines = []
+            lines.append("")
+            lines.append("\t.data")
+            lines.append("\t.align 4")
+            for const in constants:
+                lines.append(const.generate_data_section())
+            return os.linesep.join(lines)
+        except ImportError:
+            return ""
+
+
+    @property
+    def global_asm(self):
+        """Generate a Rust global_asm!() macro call embedding the GAS assembly.
+
+        Usage in a Rust source file:
+            use core::arch::global_asm;
+            include!("generated_kernels.rs");  // or paste directly
+
+        The extern declaration goes in your Rust code:
+            unsafe extern "C" { fn my_func(a: u32) -> u32; }
+        """
+        gas = self._generate_gas_assembly()
+        return 'core::arch::global_asm!(r#"\n{asm}"#);\n'.format(asm=gas)
+
+    def _generate_gas_assembly(self):
+        """Generate assembly code in GNU Assembler (GAS) format."""
+        import os
+
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import BranchInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LabelQuasiInstruction
+
+        function_label = self.name
+        constants_label = self.name + "_constants"
+        assembly = ""
+        assembly += "\t.syntax unified" + os.linesep
+        if self.is_thumb:
+            assembly += "\t.thumb" + os.linesep
+        assembly += "\t" + self.gnu_arch_spec + os.linesep
+
+        # Generate .data section for ConstantData if present
+        constant_data_section = self._generate_constant_data_section()
+        if constant_data_section:
+            assembly += constant_data_section + os.linesep
+
+        if len(self.constants) > 0:
+            assembly += (
+                "section .rodata.{Microarchitecture} progbits alloc noexec nowrite align={Alignment}".format(
+                    Microarchitecture=self.target.id, Alignment=32
+                )
+                + os.linesep
+            )
+            assembly += constants_label + ":" + os.linesep
+            data_declaration_map = {8: "DB", 16: "DW", 32: "DD", 64: "DQ", 128: "DO"}
+            need_alignment = False
+            for constant_bucket in self.constants:
+                if need_alignment:
+                    assembly += (
+                        "\tALIGN {Alignment}".format(Alignment=constant_bucket.capacity)
+                        + os.linesep
+                    )
+                for constant in constant_bucket.constants:
+                    assembly += (
+                        "\t.{Label}: {Declaration} {Value}".format(
+                            Label=constant.label,
+                            Declaration=data_declaration_map[constant.size],
+                            Value=", ".join([str(constant)] * constant.repeats),
+                        )
+                        + os.linesep
+                    )
+                need_alignment = not constant_bucket.is_full()
+            assembly += os.linesep
+
+        if hasattr(self, "external_functions") and len(self.external_functions) > 0:
+            for func_name in sorted(self.external_functions):
+                assembly += ".extern {0}".format(func_name) + os.linesep
+            assembly += os.linesep
+
+        assembly += "\n\t.text\n" + os.linesep
+        assembly += ".global {Function}".format(Function=function_label) + os.linesep
+        assembly += (
+            ".type {Function}, %function".format(Function=function_label) + os.linesep
+        )
+        if self.alignment > 0:
+            assembly += (
+                ".align {Alignment}".format(Alignment=self.alignment) + os.linesep
+            )
+        assembly += function_label + ":" + os.linesep
+        if self.gnu_fpu_spec:
+            assembly += "\t" + self.gnu_fpu_spec + os.linesep
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, BranchInstruction):
+                assembly += (
+                    "\t"
+                    + "{0} L{1}.{2}".format(
+                        instruction.name, self.name, instruction.operands[0].label
+                    )
+                    + os.linesep
+                )
+            elif isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                constant = instruction.get_constant()
+                if constant is not None:
+                    constant.prefix = constants_label
+                assembly += "\t" + str(instruction) + os.linesep
+            elif isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                assembly += "L{0}.{1}:".format(self.name, instruction.name) + os.linesep
+            else:
+                assembly += "\t" + str(instruction) + os.linesep
+
+        # Generate literal pool if present
+        if hasattr(self, 'literal_pool') and self.literal_pool.entries:
+            assembly += os.linesep
+            assembly += self.literal_pool.generate_assembly(format='gas') + os.linesep
+
+        assembly += os.linesep
+        return assembly
+
+    def _generate_armcc_assembly(self):
+        """Generate assembly code in ARM Compiler (ARMCC) format."""
+        import os
+
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import BranchInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LabelQuasiInstruction
+
+        function_label = self.name
+        constants_label = self.name + "_constants"
+        assembly = ""
+
+        if self.is_thumb:
+            assembly += "        THUMB" + os.linesep
+
+        # ARMCC constants section
+        if len(self.constants) > 0:
+            assembly += "        AREA    ||.constdata||, DATA, READONLY" + os.linesep
+            assembly += constants_label + os.linesep
+            data_declaration_map = {
+                8: "DCB",
+                16: "DCW",
+                32: "DCD",
+                64: "DCDU",
+                128: "DCDU",
+            }
+            for constant_bucket in self.constants:
+                for constant in constant_bucket.constants:
+                    assembly += (
+                        "{Label}    {Declaration}    {Value}".format(
+                            Label=constant.label,
+                            Declaration=data_declaration_map[constant.size],
+                            Value=", ".join([str(constant)] * constant.repeats),
+                        )
+                        + os.linesep
+                    )
+            assembly += os.linesep
+
+        # ARMCC code section
+        assembly += "        AREA    ||.text||, CODE, READONLY"
+        if self.alignment > 0:
+            assembly += ", ALIGN={0}".format(self.alignment)
+        assembly += os.linesep
+        if self.preserve8:
+            assembly += "        PRESERVE8" + os.linesep
+        if self.armcc_fpu_spec:
+            assembly += "        " + self.armcc_fpu_spec + os.linesep
+        assembly += os.linesep
+
+        # Add IMPORT statements for external functions
+        if hasattr(self, "external_functions") and len(self.external_functions) > 0:
+            for func_name in sorted(self.external_functions):
+                assembly += "        IMPORT  " + func_name + os.linesep
+            assembly += os.linesep
+
+        assembly += function_label + "    PROC" + os.linesep
+        assembly += "        EXPORT  " + function_label + os.linesep
+
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, BranchInstruction):
+                assembly += (
+                    "        "
+                    + "{0} {1}_{2}".format(
+                        instruction.name, self.name, instruction.operands[0].label
+                    )
+                    + os.linesep
+                )
+            elif isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                constant = instruction.get_constant()
+                if constant is not None:
+                    constant.prefix = constants_label
+                assembly += "        " + str(instruction) + os.linesep
+            elif isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                assembly += "{0}_{1}".format(self.name, instruction.name) + os.linesep
+            else:
+                assembly += "        " + str(instruction) + os.linesep
+
+        # Generate literal pool if present
+        if hasattr(self, 'literal_pool') and self.literal_pool.entries:
+            assembly += os.linesep
+            assembly += self.literal_pool.generate_assembly(format='armcc') + os.linesep
+
+        assembly += "        ENDP" + os.linesep
+        assembly += "        END" + os.linesep
+        return assembly
+
+    @property
+    def gnu_arch_spec(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension
+
+        isa_extensions = self.isa_extensions
+        if Extension.V8_1MMain in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv8.1-m.main"
+        elif Extension.V8MMain in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv8-m.main"
+        elif Extension.Div in isa_extensions:
+            return ".cpu cortex-a15"
+        elif Extension.V7MP in isa_extensions:
+            return ".cpu cortex-a9"
+        elif Extension.V7M in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv7-m"
+        elif Extension.V8MBase in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv8-m.base"
+        elif Extension.V7 in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv7-a"
+        elif Extension.V6K in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv6zk"
+        elif Extension.V6 in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv6"
+        elif Extension.V5E in isa_extensions:
+            return ".arch armv5te"
+        else:
+            return ".arch armv5t"
+
+    @property
+    def gnu_fpu_spec(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension
+
+        isa_extensions = self.isa_extensions
+        # ARMv8-M (Cortex-M33, M35P, etc.) uses FPv5-SP
+        if Extension.V8MMain in isa_extensions or Extension.V8MBase in isa_extensions:
+            if Extension.MVE in isa_extensions:
+                return ".fpu mve"
+            elif Extension.VFP4 in isa_extensions or Extension.VFP3 in isa_extensions:
+                # ARMv8-M has FPv5 single-precision FPU
+                return ".fpu fpv5-sp-d16"
+            else:
+                return None
+        # ARMv8.1-M (Cortex-M55, etc.) with Helium MVE
+        elif Extension.V8_1MMain in isa_extensions:
+            if Extension.MVE in isa_extensions:
+                return ".fpu mve"
+            elif Extension.VFP4 in isa_extensions or Extension.VFP3 in isa_extensions:
+                return ".fpu fpv5-sp-d16"
+            else:
+                return None
+        elif Extension.NEON2 in isa_extensions or (Extension.VFP4 in isa_extensions and Extension.NEON in isa_extensions):
+            return ".fpu neon-vfpv4"
+        elif (
+            Extension.NEONHP in isa_extensions
+            or Extension.VFPHP in isa_extensions
+            and Extension.NEON in isa_extensions
+        ):
+            return ".fpu neon-fp16"
+        elif Extension.NEON in isa_extensions:
+            return ".fpu neon"
+        elif Extension.VFPHP in isa_extensions:
+            if Extension.VFPd32 in isa_extensions:
+                return ".fpu vfpv3-fp16"
+            else:
+                return ".fpu vfpv3-d16-fp16"
+        elif Extension.VFP3 in isa_extensions:
+            if Extension.VFPd32 in isa_extensions:
+                return ".fpu vfpv3"
+            else:
+                return ".fpu vfpv3-d16"
+        elif Extension.VFP in isa_extensions or Extension.VFP2 in isa_extensions:
+            return
+        elif Extension.VFP3 in isa_extensions:
+            return ".fpu vfp"
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def armcc_arch_spec(self):
+        """Generate ARMCC-compatible architecture specification."""
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension
+
+        isa_extensions = self.isa_extensions
+        if Extension.V7M in isa_extensions:
+            return "ARM"
+        elif Extension.V7MP in isa_extensions:
+            return "ARM"
+        elif Extension.V7 in isa_extensions:
+            return "ARM"
+        elif Extension.V6K in isa_extensions:
+            return "ARM"
+        elif Extension.V6 in isa_extensions:
+            return "ARM"
+        elif Extension.V5E in isa_extensions:
+            return "ARM"
+        else:
+            return "ARM"
+
+    @property
+    def armcc_fpu_spec(self):
+        """Generate ARMCC-compatible FPU specification."""
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension
+
+        isa_extensions = self.isa_extensions
+        if Extension.NEON2 in isa_extensions or Extension.VFP4 in isa_extensions:
+            return "REQUIRE VFPv4"
+        elif (
+            Extension.NEONHP in isa_extensions
+            or Extension.VFPHP in isa_extensions
+            and Extension.NEON in isa_extensions
+        ):
+            return "REQUIRE VFPv3_FP16"
+        elif Extension.NEON in isa_extensions:
+            return "REQUIRE VFPv3"
+        elif Extension.VFPHP in isa_extensions:
+            return "REQUIRE VFPv3_FP16"
+        elif Extension.VFP3 in isa_extensions:
+            return "REQUIRE VFPv3"
+        elif Extension.VFP in isa_extensions or Extension.VFP2 in isa_extensions:
+            return "REQUIRE VFPv2"
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def add_instruction(self, instruction):
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+
+        if instruction is None:
+            return
+        if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+            for extension in instruction.isa_extensions:
+                if extension not in self.target.extensions:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "{0} is not supported on the target microarchitecture".format(
+                            extension
+                        )
+                    )
+            local_variable = instruction.get_local_variable()
+            if local_variable is not None:
+                self.stack_frame.add_variable(local_variable.get_root())
+            self.stack_frame.preserve_registers(instruction.get_output_registers_list())
+        self.instructions.append(instruction)
+
+    def add_instructions(self, instructions):
+        for instruction in instructions:
+            self.add_instruction(instruction)
+
+    def preserve(self, *registers):
+        """Force additional registers into the function prologue/epilogue.
+
+        Use this when you need registers preserved that the automatic analysis
+        would not detect (e.g. registers used only via inline logic or explicit
+        control flow).  The registers are merged with the auto-detected ones so
+        the prologue emits a single PUSH / PUSH.W covering everything.
+
+        Accepts individual registers or a single tuple/list, mirroring the
+        calling convention of PUSH::
+
+            with Function("my_func", ...) as f:
+                f.preserve(r8, r9)       # varargs style
+                f.preserve((r8, r9))     # tuple style (like PUSH)
+                f.preserve(lr)
+        """
+        for item in registers:
+            if isinstance(item, (tuple, list)):
+                for register in item:
+                    self.stack_frame.force_preserve_register(register)
+            else:
+                self.stack_frame.force_preserve_register(item)
+
+    def decompose_instructions(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import ReturnInstruction
+
+        new_instructions = list()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, ReturnInstruction):
+                new_instructions.extend(instruction.to_instruction_list())
+            else:
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+        self.instructions = new_instructions
+
+    def generate_prolog_and_epilog(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import BranchExchangeInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LabelQuasiInstruction
+
+        prologue_instructions = self.stack_frame.generate_prologue()
+        epilogue_instructions = self.stack_frame.generate_epilogue()
+        new_instructions = list()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+                if instruction.name == "ENTRY":
+                    new_instructions.extend(prologue_instructions)
+            elif isinstance(instruction, BranchExchangeInstruction):
+                new_instructions.extend(epilogue_instructions)
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+            else:
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+        self.instructions = new_instructions
+
+    def generate_labels(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Operand
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LabelQuasiInstruction
+
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                if instruction.name == "ENTRY":
+                    break
+        else:
+            self.instructions.insert(0, LabelQuasiInstruction(Operand("ENTRY")))
+
+    def get_label_table(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LabelQuasiInstruction
+
+        label_table = dict()
+        for index, instruction in enumerate(self.instructions):
+            if isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                label_table[instruction.name] = index
+        return label_table
+
+    def find_entry_label(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LabelQuasiInstruction
+
+        for index, instruction in enumerate(self.instructions):
+            if isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                if instruction.name == "ENTRY":
+                    return index
+        raise ValueError("Instruction stream does not contain the ENTRY label")
+
+    def find_exit_points(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import BranchExchangeInstruction
+
+        ret_instructions = list()
+        for index, instruction in enumerate(self.instructions):
+            if isinstance(instruction, BranchExchangeInstruction):
+                ret_instructions.append(index)
+        return ret_instructions
+
+    def determine_branches(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import BranchInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LabelQuasiInstruction
+
+        label_table = self.get_label_table()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                instruction.input_branches = set()
+
+        for i, instruction in enumerate(self.instructions):
+            if isinstance(instruction, BranchInstruction):
+                target_label = instruction.operands[0].label
+                target_index = label_table[target_label]
+                self.instructions[target_index].input_branches.add(i)
+
+    def reserve_registers(self):
+        pass
+
+    def determine_available_registers(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import BranchInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+
+        processed_branches = set()
+        label_table = self.get_label_table()
+
+        def mark_available_registers(instructions, start, initial_available_registers):
+            available_registers = set(initial_available_registers)
+            for i in range(start, len(instructions)):
+                instruction = instructions[i]
+                if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                    instruction.available_registers = set(available_registers)
+                    if isinstance(instruction, BranchInstruction):
+                        if i not in processed_branches:
+                            target_label = instruction.operands[0].label
+                            target_index = label_table[target_label]
+                            processed_branches.add(i)
+                            mark_available_registers(
+                                instructions, target_index, available_registers
+                            )
+                        if not instruction.is_conditional():
+                            return
+                    else:
+                        available_registers |= set(
+                            instruction.get_output_registers_list()
+                        )
+
+        current_index = self.find_entry_label()
+        mark_available_registers(self.instructions, current_index, set())
+
+    def determine_live_registers(self, exclude_parameter_loads=False):
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import BranchInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import (LabelQuasiInstruction,
+                                        LoadArgumentPseudoInstruction)
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import Register
+
+        self.determine_branches()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                live_registers = set()
+            if isinstance(instruction, BranchInstruction):
+                instruction.is_visited = False
+
+        def mark_live_registers(instructions, exit_point, initial_live_registers):
+            live_registers = dict(initial_live_registers)
+            # Walk from the bottom to top of the linear block
+            for i in range(exit_point, -1, -1):
+                instruction = instructions[i]
+                if (
+                    isinstance(instruction, BranchInstruction)
+                    and not instruction.is_conditional
+                    and i != exit_point
+                ):
+                    return
+                elif isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                    # First mark registers which are written to by this instruction as non-live
+                    # Then mark registers which are read by this instruction as live
+                    for output_register in instruction.get_output_registers_list():
+                        register_id = output_register.id
+                        register_mask = output_register.mask
+                        if register_id in live_registers:
+                            live_registers[register_id] &= ~register_mask
+                            if live_registers[register_id] == 0:
+                                del live_registers[register_id]
+
+                    if not (
+                        exclude_parameter_loads
+                        and isinstance(instruction, LoadArgumentPseudoInstruction)
+                    ):
+                        for input_register in instruction.get_input_registers_list():
+                            register_id = input_register.id
+                            register_mask = input_register.mask
+                            if register_id in live_registers:
+                                live_registers[register_id] |= register_mask
+                            else:
+                                live_registers[register_id] = register_mask
+
+                    # Merge with previously determined as live registers
+                    for instruction_live_register in instruction.live_registers:
+                        if instruction_live_register.id in live_registers:
+                            live_registers[
+                                instruction_live_register.id
+                            ] |= instruction_live_register.mask
+                        else:
+                            live_registers[instruction_live_register.id] = (
+                                instruction_live_register.mask
+                            )
+
+                    instruction.live_registers = set(
+                        [
+                            Register.from_parts(id, mask, expand=True)
+                            for (id, mask) in live_registers.items()
+                        ]
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(instruction, LabelQuasiInstruction):
+                    for entry_point in instruction.input_branches:
+                        if not instructions[entry_point].is_visited:
+                            instructions[entry_point].is_visited = True
+                            mark_live_registers(
+                                instructions, entry_point, live_registers
+                            )
+
+        exit_points = self.find_exit_points()
+        for exit_point in exit_points:
+            mark_live_registers(self.instructions, exit_point, set())
+
+    def check_live_registers(self):
+        pass
+
+    def print_live_registers(self, label=""):
+        """Mark this point for live register analysis.
+        
+        This marks the current instruction position for live register analysis
+        which will be performed after all instructions are generated.
+        
+        Args:
+            label: Optional label to identify the location in code
+        """
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+
+        # Find the last actual instruction object (not index, as indices can change)
+        instr_obj = None
+        for i in range(len(self.instructions) - 1, -1, -1):
+            if isinstance(self.instructions[i], Instruction):
+                instr_obj = self.instructions[i]
+                break
+        
+        # Store the marker for later analysis (store instruction object, not index)
+        self._live_register_markers.append((instr_obj, label))
+    
+    def _report_live_registers_at_markers(self):
+        """Report live registers at all marked points.
+        
+        This is called after liveness analysis has been performed on all instructions.
+        """
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import (DRegister, GeneralPurposeRegister,
+                                           QRegister, SRegister)
+        
+        for instr_obj, label in self._live_register_markers:
+            if instr_obj is None:
+                print(f"Live registers {label}: No instructions yet")
+                continue
+            
+            # Get live registers from the instruction (computed by determine_live_registers)
+            live_regs = instr_obj.live_registers if hasattr(instr_obj, 'live_registers') else set()
+            
+            if not live_regs:
+                print(f"Live registers {label}: None")
+            else:
+                gp_regs = [r for r in live_regs if isinstance(r, GeneralPurposeRegister)]
+                s_regs = [r for r in live_regs if isinstance(r, SRegister)]
+                d_regs = [r for r in live_regs if isinstance(r, DRegister)]
+                q_regs = [r for r in live_regs if isinstance(r, QRegister)]
+                
+                def format_reg(r, reg_type):
+                    """Format a register with its name if available."""
+                    if r.is_virtual:
+                        vreg_id = (r.number - 0x40000) >> 12
+                        name = self._register_names.get(r.number, None)
+                        prefix = reg_type.lower()
+                        if name:
+                            return f"{prefix}-vreg<{vreg_id}, {name}>"
+                        else:
+                            return f"{prefix}-vreg<{vreg_id}>"
+                    else:
+                        return str(r)
+                
+                print(f"Live registers {label}:")
+                if gp_regs:
+                    print(f"  GP ({len(gp_regs)}): {', '.join(format_reg(r, 'gp') for r in sorted(gp_regs, key=lambda x: (x.id, x.mask)))}")
+                if s_regs:
+                    print(f"  S ({len(s_regs)}): {', '.join(format_reg(r, 's') for r in sorted(s_regs, key=lambda x: (x.id, x.mask)))}")
+                if d_regs:
+                    print(f"  D ({len(d_regs)}): {', '.join(format_reg(r, 'd') for r in sorted(d_regs, key=lambda x: (x.id, x.mask)))}")
+                if q_regs:
+                    print(f"  Q ({len(q_regs)}): {', '.join(format_reg(r, 'q') for r in sorted(q_regs, key=lambda x: (x.id, x.mask)))}")
+
+    # 		all_registers = self.abi.volatile_registers + list(reversed(self.abi.argument_registers)) + self.abi.callee_save_registers
+    # 		available_registers = { Register.GPType: list(), Register.WMMXType: list(), Register.VFPType: list() }
+    # 		for register in all_registers:
+    # 			if register not in available_registers[register.regtype]:
+    # 				available_registers[register.regtype].append(register)
+    # 		for instruction in self.instructions:
+    # 			live_registers = { Register.GPType: set(), Register.WMMXType: set(), Register.VFPType: set() }
+    # 			if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+    # 				for live_register in instruction.live_registers:
+    # 					live_registers[live_register.regtype].add(live_register)
+    # 				for register_type in live_registers.keys():
+    # 					if len(live_registers[register_type]) > len(available_registers[register_type]):
+    # 						raise ValueError("Not enough available registers to allocate live registers at instruction {0}".format(instruction))
+
+    def determine_register_relations(self):
+        from nervapy import RegisterAllocationError
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import (DRegister, QRegister, Register,
+                                           SRegister)
+        from nervapy.arm.vfpneon import (NeonLoadStoreInstruction,
+                                         VFPLoadStoreMultipleInstruction)
+
+        all_registers = (
+            self.abi.volatile_registers
+            + list(reversed(self.abi.argument_registers))
+            + self.abi.callee_save_registers
+        )
+        available_registers = {
+            Register.GPType: list(),
+            Register.WMMXType: list(),
+            Register.VFPType: list(),
+        }
+        for register in all_registers:
+            if register.type == Register.GPType or register.type == Register.WMMXType:
+                register_bitboard = 0x1 << register.get_physical_number()
+                if register_bitboard not in available_registers[register.type]:
+                    available_registers[register.type].append(register_bitboard)
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                # Track all virtual registers used in the instruction (both live and outputs)
+                virtual_live_registers = [
+                    register
+                    for register in instruction.live_registers
+                    if register.is_virtual
+                ]
+                # Also include output registers that may not be in live_registers
+                # (e.g., dead code outputs that are written but never read)
+                for output_reg in instruction.get_output_registers_list():
+                    if output_reg.is_virtual and output_reg not in virtual_live_registers:
+                        virtual_live_registers.append(output_reg)
+                
+                for registerX in virtual_live_registers:
+                    if registerX.type == Register.VFPType:
+                        if isinstance(registerX, SRegister) and registerX.parent:
+                            registerX = registerX.parent
+                        if isinstance(registerX, DRegister) and registerX.parent:
+                            registerX = registerX.parent
+                        if registerX.get_id() not in self.allocation_options:
+                            if isinstance(registerX, SRegister):
+                                self.allocation_options[registerX.id] = [
+                                    (0x1 << n) for n in range(32)
+                                ]
+                            elif isinstance(registerX, DRegister):
+                                if self.target.has_vfpd32:
+                                    self.allocation_options[registerX.id] = [
+                                        (0x3 << n) for n in range(0, 64, 2)
+                                    ]
+                                else:
+                                    self.allocation_options[registerX.id] = [
+                                        (0x3 << n) for n in range(0, 32, 2)
+                                    ]
+                            else:
+                                self.allocation_options[registerX.id] = [
+                                    (0xF << n) for n in range(0, 64, 4)
+                                ]
+                    else:
+                        if registerX.id not in self.allocation_options:
+                            self.allocation_options[registerX.id] = list(
+                                available_registers[registerX.type]
+                            )
+
+                    self.unallocated_registers.append((registerX.id, registerX.type))
+
+                    # Setup the list of conflicting registers for each virtual register
+                    if registerX.id not in self.conflicting_registers:
+                        self.conflicting_registers[registerX.id] = set()
+                    for registerY in virtual_live_registers:
+                        # VFP registers have a conflict even they are of different size
+                        if (
+                            registerX.id != registerY.id
+                            and registerX.type == registerY.type
+                        ):
+                            self.conflicting_registers[registerX.id].add(registerY.id)
+
+        # Mark available physical registers for each virtual register
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                virtual_live_registers = [
+                    register
+                    for register in instruction.live_registers
+                    if register.is_virtual
+                ]
+                # If a physical register is live at some point, it can not be allocated for a virtual register
+                physical_live_registers = [
+                    register
+                    for register in instruction.live_registers
+                    if not register.is_virtual
+                ]
+                for virtual_register in virtual_live_registers:
+                    for physical_register in physical_live_registers:
+                        if virtual_register.type == physical_register.type:
+                            virtual_register_id = virtual_register.id
+                            physical_register_bitboard = physical_register.bitboard
+                            self.allocation_options[virtual_register_id][:] = [
+                                possible_register_bitboard
+                                for possible_register_bitboard in self.allocation_options[
+                                    virtual_register_id
+                                ]
+                                if (
+                                    possible_register_bitboard
+                                    & physical_register_bitboard
+                                )
+                                == 0
+                            ]
+
+        # Detect group constraints
+        constraints = dict()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, NeonLoadStoreInstruction) or isinstance(
+                instruction, VFPLoadStoreMultipleInstruction
+            ):
+                if isinstance(instruction, NeonLoadStoreInstruction):
+                    register_list = instruction.operands[0].get_registers_list()
+                    physical_registers_count = 32
+                else:
+                    register_list = instruction.operands[1].get_registers_list()
+                    physical_registers_count = 32 if self.target.has_vfpd32 else 16
+                if len(register_list) > 1:
+                    if all(
+                        isinstance(register, DRegister) for register in register_list
+                    ):
+                        register_id_list = list()
+                        for register in register_list:
+                            register_id = register.get_id()
+                            if register_id not in register_id_list:
+                                register_id_list.append(register_id)
+                        register_id_list = tuple(register_id_list)
+                        # Iterate possible allocations for this register list
+                        # For VLD1/VST1 instructions all registers must be allocated to sequential physical registers
+                        options = list()
+                        for sequence_bitboard_position in range(
+                            0,
+                            2 * physical_registers_count - 2 * len(register_list) + 2,
+                            2,
+                        ):
+                            register_bitboards = [
+                                0x3 << (sequence_bitboard_position + 2 * i)
+                                for i in range(len(register_list))
+                            ]
+                            for i, (bitboard, register) in enumerate(
+                                zip(register_bitboards, register_list)
+                            ):
+                                register_bitboards[i] = register.extend_bitboard(
+                                    bitboard
+                                )
+                            # Check that bitboard is available for allocation
+                            for register, bitboard in zip(
+                                register_list, register_bitboards
+                            ):
+                                if (
+                                    bitboard
+                                    not in self.allocation_options[register.get_id()]
+                                ):
+                                    break
+                            else:
+                                # Check that if registers with the same id use the same bitboard in this allocation
+                                register_id_map = dict()
+                                for register, bitboard in zip(
+                                    register_list, register_bitboards
+                                ):
+                                    register_id = register.get_id()
+                                    if register_id in register_id_map:
+                                        if register_id_map[register_id] != bitboard:
+                                            break
+                                    else:
+                                        register_id_map[register_id] = bitboard
+                                else:
+                                    # Check that allocation bitboards do not overlap:
+                                    allocation_bitboard = 0
+                                    for bitboard in register_id_map.values():
+                                        if (allocation_bitboard & bitboard) == 0:
+                                            allocation_bitboard |= bitboard
+                                        else:
+                                            break
+                                    else:
+                                        ordered_bitboard_list = [
+                                            register_id_map[register_id]
+                                            for register_id in register_id_list
+                                        ]
+                                        options.append(tuple(ordered_bitboard_list))
+                        if options:
+                            if len(register_id_list) > 1:
+                                if register_id_list in constraints:
+                                    constraints[register_id_list] = tuple(
+                                        [
+                                            option
+                                            for option in constraints[register_id_list]
+                                            if option in options
+                                        ]
+                                    )
+                                else:
+                                    constraints[register_id_list] = tuple(options)
+                        else:
+                            raise RegisterAllocationError(
+                                "Impossible virtual register combination in instruction %s"
+                                % instruction
+                            )
+                    elif all(
+                        isinstance(register, SRegister) for register in register_list
+                    ) and isinstance(instruction, VFPLoadStoreMultipleInstruction):
+                        register_id_list = list()
+                        for register in register_list:
+                            register_id = register.id
+                            if register_id not in register_id_list:
+                                register_id_list.append(register_id)
+                        register_id_list = tuple(register_id_list)
+                        # Iterate possible allocations for this register list
+                        # For VLDM/VSTM instructions all registers must be allocated to sequential physical registers
+                        options = list()
+                        for sequence_bitboard_position in range(
+                            0, 32 - len(register_list) + 1
+                        ):
+                            register_bitboards = [
+                                0x1 << (sequence_bitboard_position + i)
+                                for i in range(len(register_list))
+                            ]
+                            for i, (bitboard, register) in enumerate(
+                                zip(register_bitboards, register_list)
+                            ):
+                                register_bitboards[i] = register.extend_bitboard(
+                                    bitboard
+                                )
+                            # Check that bitboard is available for allocation
+                            for register, bitboard in zip(
+                                register_list, register_bitboards
+                            ):
+                                if bitboard not in self.allocation_options[register.id]:
+                                    break
+                            else:
+                                # Check that if registers with the same id use the same bitboard in this allocation
+                                register_id_map = dict()
+                                for register, bitboard in zip(
+                                    register_list, register_bitboards
+                                ):
+                                    register_id = register.id
+                                    if register_id in register_id_map:
+                                        if register_id_map[register_id] != bitboard:
+                                            break
+                                    else:
+                                        register_id_map[register_id] = bitboard
+                                else:
+                                    # Check that allocation bitboards do not overlap:
+                                    allocation_bitboard = 0
+                                    for bitboard in register_id_map.values():
+                                        if (allocation_bitboard & bitboard) == 0:
+                                            allocation_bitboard |= bitboard
+                                        else:
+                                            break
+                                    else:
+                                        ordered_bitboard_list = [
+                                            register_id_map[register_id]
+                                            for register_id in register_id_list
+                                        ]
+                                        options.append(tuple(ordered_bitboard_list))
+                        if options:
+                            if len(register_id_list) > 1:
+                                if register_id_list in constraints:
+                                    constraints[register_id_list] = tuple(
+                                        [
+                                            option
+                                            for option in constraints[register_id_list]
+                                            if option in options
+                                        ]
+                                    )
+                                else:
+                                    constraints[register_id_list] = tuple(options)
+                        else:
+                            raise RegisterAllocationError(
+                                "Impossible virtual register combination in instruction %s"
+                                % instruction
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        assert False
+        report_register_constraints = False
+        if report_register_constraints:
+            for register_list, options in constraints.items():
+                print("REGISTER CONSTRAINTS: ", map(str, register_list))
+                for option in options:
+                    print("\t", map(lambda t: "%016X" % t, option))
+
+        # Merging of different groups sharing a register will be implemented here sometime
+
+        # Check that each register id appears only once
+        constrained_register_id_list = [
+            register_id
+            for register_id_list in constraints.keys()
+            for register_id in register_id_list
+        ]
+        assert len(constrained_register_id_list) == len(
+            set(constrained_register_id_list)
+        )
+        constrained_register_id_set = set(constrained_register_id_list)
+
+        # Create a map from constrained register to constrained register group
+        # 		constrained_register_map = dict()
+        # 		for register_id_list in constraints.keys():
+        # 			for register_id in register_id_list:
+        # 				constrained_register_map[register_id] = register_id_list
+
+        # Remove individual registers from the set of unallocated registers and add the register group instead
+        for constrained_register_id in constrained_register_id_list:
+            while (
+                constrained_register_id,
+                Register.VFPType,
+            ) in self.unallocated_registers:
+                self.unallocated_registers.remove(
+                    (constrained_register_id, Register.VFPType)
+                )
+        for register_id_list in constraints.keys():
+            self.unallocated_registers.append((register_id_list, Register.VFPType))
+
+        # 		print "UNALLOCATED REGISTERS:"
+        # 		print "\t", self.unallocated_registers
+
+        # Remove individual registers from the sets of conflicting registers and add the register group instead
+        # 		for register_id_list in constraints.keys():
+        # 			self.conflicting_registers[register_id_list] = set()
+        # 		for constrained_register_id in constrained_register_id_list:
+        # 			self.conflicting_registers[constrained_register_map[constrained_register_id]].update(self.conflicting_registers[constrained_register_id])
+        # 			del self.conflicting_registers[constrained_register_id]
+        # 		for conflicting_registers_set in self.conflicting_registers.values():
+        # 			for constrained_register_id in constrained_register_id_list:
+        # 				if constrained_register_id in conflicting_registers_set:
+        # 					conflicting_registers_set.remove(constrained_register_id)
+        # 					conflicting_registers_set.add(constrained_register_map[constrained_register_id])
+
+        # Remove individual registers from the lists of allocation options and add the register group instead
+        for constrained_register_id in constrained_register_id_list:
+            del self.allocation_options[constrained_register_id]
+        for register_id_list, constrained_options in constraints.items():
+            self.allocation_options[register_id_list] = list(options)
+
+    def _get_register_type_name(self, register_type):
+        """Get human-readable name for register type."""
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import Register
+        
+        if register_type == Register.GPType:
+            return "general-purpose"
+        elif register_type == Register.VFPType:
+            return "VFP/NEON"
+        elif register_type == Register.WMMXType:
+            return "WMMX"
+        else:
+            return "unknown type %d" % register_type
+
+    def _get_available_registers_info(self, register_type):
+        """Get information about available registers for a type."""
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import Register
+        
+        if register_type == Register.GPType:
+            # General purpose registers: r0-r12 (13 registers)
+            # Note: r13 (sp), r14 (lr), r15 (pc) are special and typically not used for general allocation
+            return "r0-r12 (13 registers available for allocation)"
+        elif register_type == Register.VFPType:
+            return "s0-s31 or d0-d31 or q0-q15 (depending on instruction)"
+        elif register_type == Register.WMMXType:
+            return "wr0-wr15 (16 registers)"
+        else:
+            return "unknown"
+
+    def _count_virtual_registers_by_type(self, register_type):
+        """Count how many virtual registers of a given type are actually being allocated (after optimization)."""
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import Register
+
+        # Count unique registers in unallocated_registers that match the given type
+        # This list has already been filtered by liveness analysis
+        # Use a set to avoid counting duplicates
+        unique_ids = set()
+        for virtual_register_id, virtual_register_type in self.unallocated_registers:
+            if isinstance(virtual_register_id, tuple):
+                # Register list - all registers in the list should be the same type
+                if virtual_register_type == register_type:
+                    unique_ids.update(virtual_register_id)
+            else:
+                # Single register
+                if virtual_register_type == register_type:
+                    unique_ids.add(virtual_register_id)
+        return len(unique_ids)
+
+    def _get_max_physical_registers(self, register_type):
+        """Get the maximum number of physical registers available for a type."""
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import Register
+        
+        if register_type == Register.GPType:
+            # Typically r0-r12 can be allocated (13 registers)
+            # But this can vary based on ABI and function constraints
+            return 13
+        elif register_type == Register.VFPType:
+            # VFP/NEON: 32 single-precision (s0-s31) or 16 double-precision (d0-d15) or 8 quad (q0-q7)
+            # This is a simplification - actual count depends on usage
+            return 32
+        elif register_type == Register.WMMXType:
+            return 16
+        else:
+            return 0
+
+    def allocate_registers(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LoadArgumentPseudoInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import Register
+
+        # Save counts before allocation starts (after liveness analysis has eliminated dead code)
+        # This gives us accurate counts for error messages
+        self._vr_counts_by_type = {}
+        for reg_type in [Register.GPType, Register.VFPType, Register.WMMXType]:
+            self._vr_counts_by_type[reg_type] = self._count_virtual_registers_by_type(reg_type)
+        
+        # Map from virtual register id to physical register
+        register_allocation = dict()
+        for virtual_register_id, virtual_register_type in self.unallocated_registers:
+            register_allocation[virtual_register_id] = None
+
+        def bind_register(virtual_register_id, physical_register):
+            # Remove option to allocate any conflicting virtual register to the same physical register or its enclosing register
+            physical_register_bitboard = physical_register.bitboard
+            for conflicting_register_id in self.conflicting_registers[
+                virtual_register_id
+            ]:
+                if conflicting_register_id in self.allocation_options:
+                    for allocation_bitboard in self.allocation_options[
+                        conflicting_register_id
+                    ]:
+                        if (allocation_bitboard & physical_register_bitboard) != 0:
+                            self.allocation_options[conflicting_register_id].remove(
+                                allocation_bitboard
+                            )
+            register_allocation[virtual_register_id] = physical_register
+
+        def bind_registers(virtual_register_id_list, physical_register_id_list):
+            # Remove option to allocate any conflicting virtual register to the same physical register or its enclosing register
+            physical_register_bitboard_list = [
+                physical_register.get_bitboard()
+                for physical_register in physical_register_id_list
+            ]
+            for virtual_register_id, physical_register_bitboard in zip(
+                virtual_register_id_list, physical_register_bitboard_list
+            ):
+                for conflicting_register_id in self.conflicting_registers[
+                    virtual_register_id
+                ]:
+                    for (
+                        allocation_key,
+                        allocation_option,
+                    ) in self.allocation_options.items():
+                        if isinstance(allocation_key, tuple):
+                            if conflicting_register_id in allocation_key:
+                                conflicting_register_index = allocation_key.index(
+                                    conflicting_register_id
+                                )
+                                for bitboard_list in allocation_option:
+                                    if (
+                                        bitboard_list[conflicting_register_index]
+                                        & physical_register_bitboard
+                                    ) != 0:
+                                        allocation_option.remove(bitboard_list)
+                        else:
+                            if conflicting_register_id == allocation_key:
+                                for bitboard in allocation_option:
+                                    if (bitboard & physical_register_bitboard) != 0:
+                                        allocation_option.remove(bitboard)
+
+            for virtual_register_id, physical_register_id in zip(
+                virtual_register_id_list, physical_register_id_list
+            ):
+                register_allocation[virtual_register_id] = physical_register_id
+
+        def is_allocated(virtual_register_id):
+            return bool(register_allocation[virtual_register_id])
+
+        # First allocate parameters
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, LoadArgumentPseudoInstruction):
+                if instruction.argument.register:
+                    if instruction.destination.register.is_virtual:
+                        if not is_allocated(instruction.destination.register.id):
+                            if (
+                                instruction.argument.register.bitboard
+                                in self.allocation_options[
+                                    instruction.destination.register.id
+                                ]
+                            ):
+                                bind_register(
+                                    instruction.destination.register.id,
+                                    instruction.argument.register,
+                                )
+
+        # Now allocate registers with special restrictions
+        for (
+            virtual_register_id_list,
+            virtual_register_type,
+        ) in self.unallocated_registers:
+            if isinstance(virtual_register_id_list, tuple):
+                # 				print "REGLIST: ", map(str, virtual_register_id_list)
+                if not self.allocation_options[virtual_register_id_list]:
+                    # Use saved count from before allocation started
+                    vr_count = self._vr_counts_by_type.get(virtual_register_type, 0)
+                    max_phys = self._get_max_physical_registers(virtual_register_type)
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Register allocation failed: No available physical registers for virtual register list %s (type: %s).\n"
+                        "Your code uses %d virtual %s registers, but only ~%d physical registers are available.\n"
+                        "To fix: reduce the number of registers used in your Python code." 
+                        % (virtual_register_id_list, self._get_register_type_name(virtual_register_type),
+                           vr_count, self._get_register_type_name(virtual_register_type), max_phys)
+                    )
+                physical_register_bitboard_list = self.allocation_options[
+                    virtual_register_id_list
+                ][0]
+                physcial_registers_list = [
+                    Register.from_bitboard(
+                        physical_register_bitboard, virtual_register_type
+                    )
+                    for physical_register_bitboard in physical_register_bitboard_list
+                ]
+                bind_registers(virtual_register_id_list, physcial_registers_list)
+
+        # Now allocate all other registers
+        while self.unallocated_registers:
+            virtual_register_id, virtual_register_type = self.unallocated_registers.pop(
+                0
+            )
+            if not isinstance(virtual_register_id, tuple):
+                if not is_allocated(virtual_register_id):
+                    if not self.allocation_options[virtual_register_id]:
+                        # Use saved count from before allocation started
+                        vr_count = self._vr_counts_by_type.get(virtual_register_type, 0)
+                        max_phys = self._get_max_physical_registers(virtual_register_type)
+                        
+                        # Debug: find max simultaneous live registers  
+                        max_live = 0
+                        max_live_instr = None
+                        max_live_line = None
+                        max_live_idx = None
+                        max_live_regs = []
+                        for idx, instruction in enumerate(self.instructions):
+                            if hasattr(instruction, 'live_registers'):
+                                live_regs = [r for r in instruction.live_registers 
+                                            if hasattr(r, 'type') and r.type == virtual_register_type and r.is_virtual]
+                                live_count = len(live_regs)
+                                if live_count > max_live:
+                                    max_live = live_count
+                                    max_live_instr = instruction
+                                    max_live_idx = idx
+                                    max_live_line = getattr(instruction, 'line_number', None)
+                                    # Include variable names in the register representation
+                                    max_live_regs = []
+                                    for r in live_regs:
+                                        reg_str = str(r)
+                                        var_name = self._register_names.get(r.number, None)
+                                        if var_name:
+                                            reg_str = f"{reg_str}, {var_name}"
+                                        max_live_regs.append(reg_str)
+                        
+                        debug_msg = ""
+                        if max_live <= max_phys:
+                            debug_msg = (f"\n\nPhysical registers available: {max_phys}\n"
+                                       f"The register pressure ({max_live}/{max_phys}) should be manageable, but the allocator\n"
+                                       f"couldn't find a valid allocation due to conflicting constraints.\n")
+                            if max_live_instr is not None:
+                                # Show instruction location info
+                                location_info = []
+                                if hasattr(max_live_instr, 'source_file') and max_live_instr.source_file:
+                                    location_info.append(f"File: {max_live_instr.source_file}")
+                                if hasattr(max_live_instr, 'line_number') and max_live_instr.line_number:
+                                    location_info.append(f"Line: {max_live_instr.line_number}")
+                                if location_info:
+                                    debug_msg += f"Max register pressure at {', '.join(location_info)}\n"
+                                elif max_live_idx is not None:
+                                    debug_msg += f"Max register pressure at instruction #{max_live_idx} (index in generated code)\n"
+                                    debug_msg += f"Hint: Enable collect_origin=True in Function() to see Python source line numbers.\n"
+                                
+                                debug_msg += f"Instruction with max pressure: {max_live_instr}\n"
+                                
+                                # Show the source code if available
+                                if hasattr(max_live_instr, 'source_code') and max_live_instr.source_code:
+                                    debug_msg += f"Source code: {max_live_instr.source_code}\n"
+                                
+                                if max_live_regs:
+                                    debug_msg += f"Live virtual registers: {', '.join(sorted(max_live_regs))}\n"
+                            debug_msg += f"\nThis suggests the greedy allocator made suboptimal early choices.\n"
+                            debug_msg += f"Try reordering your code or reducing temporary register usage.\n"
+                        else:
+                            debug_msg = (f"\n\nThis exceeds the {max_phys} physical registers available.\n"
+                                       f"You need to reduce the number of live registers at once.\n")
+                            if max_live_instr is not None:
+                                # Show instruction location info
+                                location_info = []
+                                if hasattr(max_live_instr, 'source_file') and max_live_instr.source_file:
+                                    location_info.append(f"File: {max_live_instr.source_file}")
+                                if hasattr(max_live_instr, 'line_number') and max_live_instr.line_number:
+                                    location_info.append(f"Line: {max_live_instr.line_number}")
+                                if location_info:
+                                    debug_msg += f"Max register pressure at {', '.join(location_info)}\n"
+                                elif max_live_idx is not None:
+                                    debug_msg += f"Max register pressure at instruction #{max_live_idx} (index in generated code)\n"
+                                    debug_msg += f"Hint: Enable collect_origin=True in Function() to see Python source line numbers.\n"
+                                
+                                debug_msg += f"Instruction: {max_live_instr}\n"
+                                
+                                # Show the source code if available
+                                if hasattr(max_live_instr, 'source_code') and max_live_instr.source_code:
+                                    debug_msg += f"Source code: {max_live_instr.source_code}\n"
+                        
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            "Register allocation failed: No available physical registers for virtual register #%d (type: %s).\n"
+                            "Your code uses %d virtual %s registers, but only ~%d physical registers are available.\n"
+                            "Available %s registers: %s\n"
+                            "To fix: reduce the number of registers used in your Python code.%s" 
+                            % (
+                                virtual_register_id, 
+                                self._get_register_type_name(virtual_register_type),
+                                vr_count,
+                                self._get_register_type_name(virtual_register_type),
+                                max_phys,
+                                self._get_register_type_name(virtual_register_type),
+                                self._get_available_registers_info(virtual_register_type),
+                                debug_msg
+                            )
+                        )
+                    physical_register_bitboard = self.allocation_options[
+                        virtual_register_id
+                    ][0]
+                    physical_register = Register.from_bitboard(
+                        physical_register_bitboard, virtual_register_type
+                    )
+                    bind_register(virtual_register_id, physical_register)
+
+        # Verify all virtual registers used in instructions are tracked
+        untracked_registers = set()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                for input_register in instruction.get_input_registers_list():
+                    if input_register.is_virtual:
+                        if input_register.id not in register_allocation:
+                            untracked_registers.add(input_register.id)
+                for output_register in instruction.get_output_registers_list():
+                    if output_register.is_virtual:
+                        if output_register.id not in register_allocation:
+                            untracked_registers.add(output_register.id)
+        
+        if untracked_registers:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Internal error: Virtual registers {sorted(untracked_registers)} used in instructions "
+                f"but were not tracked for allocation. This indicates a bug where registers were created "
+                f"after liveness analysis or were not properly added to live_registers."
+            )
+        
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                for input_register in instruction.get_input_registers_list():
+                    if input_register.is_virtual:
+                        input_register.bind(register_allocation[input_register.id])
+                for output_register in instruction.get_output_registers_list():
+                    if output_register.is_virtual:
+                        output_register.bind(
+                            register_allocation[output_register.id]
+                        )
+
+    # Updates information about registers to be saved/restored in the function prologue/epilogue
+    def update_stack_frame(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                self.stack_frame.preserve_registers(
+                    instruction.get_output_registers_list()
+                )
+
+    def remove_assume_statements(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import AssumeInitializedPseudoInstruction
+
+        new_instructions = list()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, AssumeInitializedPseudoInstruction):
+                continue
+            else:
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+        self.instructions = new_instructions
+
+    def generate_parameter_loads(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import LDR, MOV
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LoadArgumentPseudoInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import sp
+
+        new_instructions = list()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, LoadArgumentPseudoInstruction):
+                parameter = instruction.argument
+                if parameter.register:
+                    # If parameter is in a register, use register-register move:
+                    if instruction.destination.register != parameter.register:
+                        # Parameter is in a different register than instruction destination, generate move:
+                        new_instruction = MOV(
+                            instruction.destination.register, parameter.register
+                        )
+                        new_instruction.live_registers = instruction.live_registers
+                        new_instruction.available_registers = (
+                            instruction.available_registers
+                        )
+                        new_instructions.append(new_instruction)
+                    # If parameter is in the same register as instruction destination, no instruction needed:
+                    #   MOV( instruction.destination == parameter.register_location, parameter.register_location )
+                    # is a no-op
+                else:
+                    parameter_address = (
+                        self.stack_frame.get_parameters_offset()
+                        + parameter.stack_offset
+                    )
+                    new_instruction = LDR(
+                        instruction.destination.register, [sp, parameter_address]
+                    )
+                    new_instruction.live_registers = instruction.live_registers
+                    new_instruction.available_registers = (
+                        instruction.available_registers
+                    )
+                    new_instructions.append(new_instruction)
+            else:
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+        self.instructions = new_instructions
+
+    def generate_constant_loads(self):
+        from nervapy import ConstantBucket
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.pseudo import LoadConstantPseudoInstruction
+
+        max_alignment = 0
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                constant = instruction.get_constant()
+                if constant is not None:
+                    constant_alignment = constant.get_alignment()
+                    constant_size = constant.size * constant.repeats
+                    max_alignment = max(max_alignment, constant_alignment)
+
+        constant_id = 0
+        constant_label_map = dict()
+        constant_buckets = dict()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                constant = instruction.get_constant()
+                if constant is not None:
+                    if constant in constant_label_map:
+                        constant.label = constant_label_map[constant]
+                    else:
+                        constant.label = "c" + str(constant_id)
+                        constant_id += 1
+                        constant_label_map[constant] = constant.label
+                        constant_alignment = constant.get_alignment()
+                        constant_size = constant.size * constant.repeats
+                        if constant_alignment in constant_buckets:
+                            constant_buckets[constant_alignment].add(constant)
+                            if constant_buckets[constant_alignment].is_full():
+                                del constant_buckets[constant_alignment]
+                        else:
+                            constant_bucket = ConstantBucket(max_alignment / 8)
+                            constant_bucket.add(constant)
+                            self.constants.append(constant_bucket)
+                            if not constant_bucket.is_full():
+                                constant_buckets[constant_alignment] = constant_bucket
+
+        new_instructions = list()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, LoadConstantPseudoInstruction):
+                raise NotImplementedError()
+            else:
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+        self.instructions = new_instructions
+
+    def validate_stack_alignment_check(self):
+        """
+        Validate that stack is 8-byte aligned before BL/BLX instructions.
+
+        For ARMv7-M architecture (Cortex-M), the AAPCS requires that the stack
+        pointer must be 8-byte aligned at any public interface (function calls).
+        This method tracks stack pointer changes and validates alignment before
+        BL and BLX instructions.
+        """
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import (ArithmeticInstruction,
+                                         BranchLinkExchangeInstruction,
+                                         BranchWithLinkInstruction,
+                                         PushPopInstruction,
+                                         StoreMultipleInstruction)
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import sp
+
+        # Enforce for ARMv7-M and ARMv8-M architectures (V8MMain implies V7M via prerequisites)
+        if (
+            Extension.V7M not in self.target.extensions
+            and Extension.V8MBase not in self.target.extensions
+        ):
+            return
+
+        # Track stack offset from initial 8-byte aligned position
+        # The prologue is generated by generate_prolog_and_epilog() which inserts
+        # instructions after the ENTRY label. These are guaranteed to maintain
+        # 8-byte alignment. We need to skip them when tracking.
+        #
+        # Strategy: Count prologue size, then skip that many PUSH/VPUSH/STMDB instructions
+        # at the start of the function.
+        prologue_size = len(self.stack_frame.generate_prologue())
+        prologue_instructions_seen = 0
+        stack_offset = 0
+
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if not isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                continue
+
+            # Skip prologue instructions (PUSH/VPUSH/STMDB/SUB-sp at start of function)
+            if prologue_instructions_seen < prologue_size:
+                if isinstance(instruction, PushPopInstruction) and instruction.name in (
+                    "PUSH",
+                    "PUSH.W",
+                ):
+                    prologue_instructions_seen += 1
+                    continue
+                # Also check for VPUSH (VFP register saves)
+                elif instruction.__class__.__name__ == "VfpNeonPushPopInstruction":
+                    prologue_instructions_seen += 1
+                    continue
+                # Also check for STMDB (used with high registers)
+                elif isinstance(instruction, StoreMultipleInstruction):
+                    if instruction.writeback and instruction.name.startswith("STM"):
+                        prologue_instructions_seen += 1
+                        continue
+                # Also skip SUB sp, sp, #imm used for alignment padding
+                elif isinstance(instruction, ArithmeticInstruction):
+                    if len(instruction.operands) >= 3:
+                        dest = instruction.operands[0]
+                        src1 = instruction.operands[1]
+                        if (
+                            hasattr(dest, "register")
+                            and dest.register == sp
+                            and hasattr(src1, "register")
+                            and src1.register == sp
+                            and instruction.name.startswith("SUB")
+                        ):
+                            prologue_instructions_seen += 1
+                            continue
+
+            # Track PUSH instructions (user code)
+            if isinstance(instruction, PushPopInstruction):
+                if instruction.name in ("PUSH", "PUSH.W"):
+                    # Each register pushes 4 bytes
+                    num_registers = len(instruction.operands[0].get_registers_list())
+                    stack_offset += num_registers * 4
+                elif instruction.name in ("POP", "POP.W"):
+                    # Each register pops 4 bytes
+                    num_registers = len(instruction.operands[0].get_registers_list())
+                    stack_offset -= num_registers * 4
+
+            # Track STMDB/LDMIA instructions that modify SP
+            elif isinstance(instruction, StoreMultipleInstruction):
+                if instruction.writeback:
+                    base_reg = instruction.operands[0]
+                    # Check if base register is SP
+                    if hasattr(base_reg, "register") and base_reg.register == sp:
+                        num_registers = len(
+                            instruction.operands[1].get_registers_list()
+                        )
+                        if instruction.name.startswith("STM"):
+                            stack_offset += num_registers * 4
+                        elif instruction.name.startswith("LDM"):
+                            stack_offset -= num_registers * 4
+
+            # Track SUB/ADD with SP
+            elif isinstance(instruction, ArithmeticInstruction):
+                if len(instruction.operands) >= 3:
+                    dest = instruction.operands[0]
+                    src1 = instruction.operands[1]
+                    src2 = instruction.operands[2]
+
+                    # Check if destination is SP
+                    if (
+                        hasattr(dest, "register")
+                        and dest.register == sp
+                        and hasattr(src1, "register")
+                        and src1.register == sp
+                    ):
+
+                        # Get immediate value (check both 'immediate' and 'value')
+                        imm_value = None
+                        if hasattr(src2, "immediate"):
+                            imm_value = src2.immediate
+                        elif hasattr(src2, "value"):
+                            imm_value = src2.value
+
+                        if imm_value is not None:
+                            if instruction.name.startswith("SUB"):
+                                # SUB sp, sp, #imm - allocates stack space
+                                stack_offset += imm_value
+                            elif instruction.name.startswith("ADD"):
+                                # ADD sp, sp, #imm - deallocates stack space
+                                stack_offset -= imm_value
+
+            # Check alignment before BL/BLX
+            elif isinstance(
+                instruction, (BranchWithLinkInstruction, BranchLinkExchangeInstruction)
+            ):
+                if stack_offset % 8 != 0:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Stack is not 8-byte aligned before {0} instruction.\n"
+                        "Current stack offset: {1} bytes (misaligned by {2} bytes).\n"
+                        "ARMv7-M/ARMv8-M requires 8-byte stack alignment at function calls (AAPCS requirement).\n"
+                        "Add registers in pairs to PUSH instructions or adjust the stack manually to maintain alignment.".format(
+                            instruction.name, stack_offset, stack_offset % 8
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    def optimize_instructions(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import MovInstruction
+        from nervapy.arm.vfpneon import VfpNeonMovInstruction
+
+        new_instructions = list()
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            # Remove moves where source and destination are the same
+
+            if isinstance(instruction, VfpNeonMovInstruction):
+                if instruction.operands[0] != instruction.operands[1]:
+                    new_instructions.append(instruction)
+            else:
+                new_instructions.append(instruction)
+        self.instructions = new_instructions
+
+    def get_target(self):
+        return self.target
+
+    @property
+    def isa_extensions(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.instructions import Instruction
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension, Extensions
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import DRegister, QRegister
+
+        # Start with the target microarchitecture's extensions
+        isa_extensions = Extensions(*self.target.extensions)
+        for instruction in self.instructions:
+            if isinstance(instruction, Instruction):
+                for extension in instruction.isa_extensions:
+                    isa_extensions += extension
+                if any(
+                    isinstance(register, QRegister)
+                    or isinstance(register, DRegister)
+                    and register.is_extended
+                    for register in instruction.get_registers_list()
+                ):
+                    isa_extensions += Extension.VFPd32
+        return isa_extensions
+
+    def get_yeppp_isa_extensions(self):
+        isa_extensions_map = {
+            "V4": ("V4", None, None),
+            "V5": ("V5", None, None),
+            "V5E": ("V5E", None, None),
+            "V6": ("V6", None, None),
+            "V6K": ("V6K", None, None),
+            "V7": ("V7", None, None),
+            "V7MP": ("V7MP", None, None),
+            "Div": ("Div", None, None),
+            "Thumb": ("Thumb", None, None),
+            "Thumb2": ("Thumb2", None, None),
+            "VFP": ("VFP", None, None),
+            "VFP2": ("VFP2", None, None),
+            "VFP3": ("VFP3", None, None),
+            "VFPd32": ("VFPd32", None, None),
+            "VFP3HP": ("VFP3HP", None, None),
+            "VFP4": ("VFP4", None, None),
+            "VFPVectorMode": (None, None, "VFPVectorMode"),
+            "XScale": (None, "XScale", None),
+            "WMMX": (None, "WMMX", None),
+            "WMMX2": (None, "WMMX2", None),
+            "NEON": (None, "NEON", None),
+            "NEONHP": (None, "NEONHP", None),
+            "NEON2": (None, "NEON2", None),
+        }
+        isa_extensions, simd_extensions, system_extensions = (set(), set(), set())
+        for isa_extension in self.get_isa_extensions():
+            if isa_extension is not None:
+                isa_extension, simd_extension, system_extension = isa_extensions_map[
+                    isa_extension
+                ]
+                if isa_extension is not None:
+                    isa_extensions.add(isa_extension)
+                if simd_extension is not None:
+                    simd_extensions.add(simd_extension)
+                if system_extension is not None:
+                    system_extensions.add(system_extension)
+        isa_extensions = map(lambda id: "YepARMIsaFeature" + id, isa_extensions)
+        if not isa_extensions:
+            isa_extensions = ["YepIsaFeaturesDefault"]
+        simd_extensions = map(lambda id: "YepARMSimdFeature" + id, simd_extensions)
+        if not simd_extensions:
+            simd_extensions = ["YepSimdFeaturesDefault"]
+        system_extensions = map(
+            lambda id: "YepARMSystemFeature" + id, system_extensions
+        )
+        if not system_extensions:
+            system_extensions = ["YepSystemFeaturesDefault"]
+        return (isa_extensions, simd_extensions, system_extensions)
+
+    def allocate_local_variable(self):
+        self.local_variables_count += 1
+        return self.local_variables_count
+
+    def allocate_q_register(self):
+        self.virtual_registers_count += 1
+        register_number = (self.virtual_registers_count << 12) | 0x0F0
+        
+        # Try to capture variable name from caller's frame
+        try:
+            import inspect
+            frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back.f_back
+            if frame:
+                import linecache
+                line = linecache.getline(frame.f_code.co_filename, frame.f_lineno).strip()
+                if '=' in line and 'QRegister' in line:
+                    var_name = line.split('=')[0].strip()
+                    if var_name and not var_name.startswith('#'):
+                        self._register_names[register_number] = var_name
+        except:
+            pass
+        
+        return register_number
+
+    def allocate_d_register(self):
+        self.virtual_registers_count += 1
+        return (self.virtual_registers_count << 12) | 0x300
+
+    def allocate_s_register(self):
+        self.virtual_registers_count += 1
+        return (self.virtual_registers_count << 12) | 0x400
+
+    def allocate_wmmx_register(self):
+        self.virtual_registers_count += 1
+        return (self.virtual_registers_count << 12) | 0x002
+
+    def allocate_general_purpose_register(self):
+        self.virtual_registers_count += 1
+        register_number = (self.virtual_registers_count << 12) | 0x001
+        
+        # Try to capture variable name from caller's frame
+        try:
+            import inspect
+            frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back.f_back  # Go up 2 frames: this -> __init__ -> caller
+            if frame:
+                # Get the line of code being executed
+                import linecache
+                line = linecache.getline(frame.f_code.co_filename, frame.f_lineno).strip()
+                # Simple pattern matching for "varname = GeneralPurposeRegister()"
+                if '=' in line and 'GeneralPurposeRegister' in line:
+                    var_name = line.split('=')[0].strip()
+                    if var_name and not var_name.startswith('#'):
+                        self._register_names[register_number] = var_name
+        except:
+            pass  # If name capture fails, just continue without name
+        
+        return register_number
+
+    def allocate_p_register(self):
+        self.virtual_registers_count += 1
+        return (self.virtual_registers_count << 12) | 0x001
+
+
+class LocalVariable(object):
+    def __init__(self, register_type):
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import (DRegister, GeneralPurposeRegister,
+                                           QRegister, SRegister, WMMXRegister)
+
+        super(LocalVariable, self).__init__()
+        if isinstance(register_type, int):
+            self.size = register_type
+        elif register_type == GeneralPurposeRegister:
+            self.size = 4
+        elif register_type == WMMXRegister:
+            self.size = 8
+        elif register_type == SRegister:
+            self.size = 4
+        elif register_type == DRegister:
+            self.size = 8
+        elif register_type == QRegister:
+            self.size = 16
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unsupported register type {0}".format(register_type))
+        self.id = active_function.allocate_local_variable()
+        self.address = None
+        self.offset = 0
+        self.parent = None
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.id == other.id
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.id)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.is_subvariable():
+            address = self.parent.get_address()
+            if address is not None:
+                address += self.offset
+        else:
+            address = self.address
+        if address is not None:
+            return "[{0}]".format(address)
+        else:
+            return "local-variable<{0}>".format(self.id)
+
+    def is_subvariable(self):
+        return self.parent is not None
+
+    def get_parent(self):
+        return self.parent
+
+    def get_root(self):
+        if self.is_subvariable():
+            return self.get_parent().get_root()
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def get_address(self):
+        if self.is_subvariable():
+            return self.parent.get_address() + self.offset
+        else:
+            return self.address
+
+    def get_size(self):
+        return self.size
+
+    def get_low(self):
+        assert self.get_size() % 2 == 0
+        child = LocalVariable(self.get_size() / 2)
+        child.parent = self
+        child.offset = 0
+        return child
+
+    def get_high(self):
+        assert self.get_size() % 2 == 0
+        child = LocalVariable(self.get_size() / 2)
+        child.parent = self
+        child.offset = self.get_size() / 2
+        return child
+
+
+class StackFrame(object):
+    def __init__(self, abi):
+        super(StackFrame, self).__init__()
+        self.abi = abi
+        self.general_purpose_registers = list()
+        self.d_registers = list()
+        self.s_variables = list()
+        self.d_variables = list()
+        self.q_variables = list()
+
+    def preserve_registers(self, registers):
+        for register in registers:
+            self.preserve_register(register)
+
+    def preserve_register(self, register):
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import (DRegister, GeneralPurposeRegister,
+                                           QRegister, SRegister)
+
+        if isinstance(register, GeneralPurposeRegister):
+            if not register in self.general_purpose_registers:
+                if register in self.abi.callee_save_registers:
+                    self.general_purpose_registers.append(register)
+        elif isinstance(register, SRegister):
+            if not register.is_virtual():
+                register = register.get_parent()
+                if not register in self.d_registers:
+                    if register in self.abi.callee_save_registers:
+                        self.d_registers.append(register)
+        elif isinstance(register, DRegister):
+            if not register in self.d_registers:
+                if register in self.abi.callee_save_registers:
+                    self.d_registers.append(register)
+        elif isinstance(register, QRegister):
+            d_low = register.get_low_part()
+            d_high = register.get_high_part()
+            if d_low not in self.d_registers:
+                if register in self.abi.callee_save_registers:
+                    self.d_registers.append(d_low)
+            if d_high not in self.d_registers:
+                if register in self.abi.callee_save_registers:
+                    self.d_registers.append(d_high)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Unsupported register type {0}".format(type(register)))
+
+    def force_preserve_register(self, register):
+        """Add *register* to the preservation list unconditionally (no ABI check)."""
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import (DRegister, GeneralPurposeRegister,
+                                           QRegister, SRegister)
+
+        if isinstance(register, GeneralPurposeRegister):
+            if register not in self.general_purpose_registers:
+                self.general_purpose_registers.append(register)
+        elif isinstance(register, SRegister):
+            if not register.is_virtual():
+                register = register.get_parent()
+                if register not in self.d_registers:
+                    self.d_registers.append(register)
+        elif isinstance(register, DRegister):
+            if register not in self.d_registers:
+                self.d_registers.append(register)
+        elif isinstance(register, QRegister):
+            d_low = register.get_low_part()
+            d_high = register.get_high_part()
+            if d_low not in self.d_registers:
+                self.d_registers.append(d_low)
+            if d_high not in self.d_registers:
+                self.d_registers.append(d_high)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Unsupported register type {0}".format(type(register)))
+
+    def add_variable(self, variable):
+        if variable.get_size() == 16:
+            if variable not in self.sse_variables:
+                self.sse_variables.append(variable)
+        elif variable.get_size() == 32:
+            if variable not in self.avx_variables:
+                self.avx_variables.append(variable)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Unsupported variable type {0}".format(type(variable)))
+
+    def get_parameters_offset(self):
+        parameters_offset = len(self.general_purpose_registers) * 4
+        if parameters_offset % 8 == 4:
+            parameters_offset += 4
+        return parameters_offset + len(self.d_registers) * 8
+
+    def generate_prologue(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.formats import HighRegisterStrategy
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import PUSH, PUSH_W, STMDB, SUB
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import sp
+        from nervapy.arm.vfpneon import VPUSH
+        from nervapy.stream import InstructionStream
+
+        with InstructionStream() as instructions:
+            if self.general_purpose_registers:
+                general_purpose_registers = list(self.general_purpose_registers)
+
+                # Check if we're targeting ARMv7-M (Cortex-M) processors
+                function = self.get_function()
+                is_armv7m = function and Extension.V7M in function.target.extensions
+
+                if is_armv7m:
+                    low_registers = [
+                        reg
+                        for reg in general_purpose_registers
+                        if reg.get_physical_number() <= 7
+                    ]
+                    high_registers = [
+                        reg
+                        for reg in general_purpose_registers
+                        if reg.get_physical_number() > 7
+                    ]
+
+                    if high_registers:
+                        # Merge low and high into one instruction so the
+                        # prologue is a single PUSH.W / STMDB covering all
+                        # callee-saved registers.
+                        all_registers = low_registers + high_registers
+                        needs_pad = len(all_registers) % 2 == 1
+                        sorted_regs = tuple(
+                            sorted(
+                                all_registers,
+                                key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number(),
+                            )
+                        )
+                        strategy = function.high_register_strategy
+                        if strategy == HighRegisterStrategy.STMDB or (
+                            strategy == HighRegisterStrategy.AUTO
+                            and function.assembly_format.name == "ARMCC"
+                        ):
+                            STMDB(sp, sorted_regs)
+                        else:
+                            PUSH_W(sorted_regs)
+                        if needs_pad:
+                            SUB(sp, sp, 4)
+                    elif low_registers:
+                        # Only low registers - use efficient 16-bit PUSH
+                        needs_pad = len(low_registers) % 2 == 1
+                        PUSH(
+                            tuple(
+                                sorted(
+                                    low_registers,
+                                    key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number(),
+                                )
+                            )
+                        )
+                        if needs_pad:
+                            SUB(sp, sp, 4)
+                else:
+                    # Standard ARM (non-Cortex-M) handling
+                    needs_pad = len(general_purpose_registers) % 2 == 1
+                    PUSH(
+                        tuple(
+                            sorted(
+                                general_purpose_registers,
+                                key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number(),
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                    if needs_pad:
+                        SUB(sp, sp, 4)
+
+            if self.d_registers:
+                VPUSH(
+                    tuple(
+                        sorted(
+                            self.d_registers, key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number()
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+        return list(iter(instructions))
+
+    def generate_epilogue(self):
+        from nervapy.arm.formats import HighRegisterStrategy
+        from nervapy.arm.generic import ADD, LDMIA, POP, POP_W
+        from nervapy.arm.isa import Extension
+        from nervapy.arm.registers import sp
+        from nervapy.arm.vfpneon import VPOP
+        from nervapy.stream import InstructionStream
+
+        with InstructionStream() as instructions:
+            if self.d_registers:
+                VPOP(
+                    tuple(
+                        sorted(
+                            self.d_registers, key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number()
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+
+            if self.general_purpose_registers:
+                general_purpose_registers = list(self.general_purpose_registers)
+
+                # Check if we're targeting ARMv7-M (Cortex-M) processors
+                function = self.get_function()
+                is_armv7m = function and Extension.V7M in function.target.extensions
+
+                if is_armv7m:
+                    low_registers = [
+                        reg
+                        for reg in general_purpose_registers
+                        if reg.get_physical_number() <= 7
+                    ]
+                    high_registers = [
+                        reg
+                        for reg in general_purpose_registers
+                        if reg.get_physical_number() > 7
+                    ]
+
+                    if high_registers:
+                        # Mirror of prologue: one instruction restoring all regs
+                        all_registers = low_registers + high_registers
+                        needs_pad = len(all_registers) % 2 == 1
+                        sorted_regs = tuple(
+                            sorted(
+                                all_registers,
+                                key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number(),
+                            )
+                        )
+                        strategy = function.high_register_strategy
+                        if needs_pad:
+                            ADD(sp, sp, 4)
+                        if strategy == HighRegisterStrategy.STMDB or (
+                            strategy == HighRegisterStrategy.AUTO
+                            and function.assembly_format.name == "ARMCC"
+                        ):
+                            LDMIA(sp, sorted_regs)
+                        else:
+                            POP_W(sorted_regs)
+                    elif low_registers:
+                        # Only low registers - use efficient 16-bit POP
+                        needs_pad = len(low_registers) % 2 == 1
+                        if needs_pad:
+                            ADD(sp, sp, 4)
+                        POP(
+                            tuple(
+                                sorted(
+                                    low_registers,
+                                    key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number(),
+                                )
+                            )
+                        )
+                else:
+                    # Standard ARM (non-Cortex-M) handling
+                    needs_pad = len(general_purpose_registers) % 2 == 1
+                    if needs_pad:
+                        ADD(sp, sp, 4)
+                    POP(
+                        tuple(
+                            sorted(
+                                general_purpose_registers,
+                                key=lambda reg: reg.get_physical_number(),
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+        return list(iter(instructions))
+
+    def get_function(self):
+        """Get the active function that owns this stack frame."""
+        from nervapy.arm.function import active_function
+
+        return active_function
+
+
+def print_live_registers(label=""):
+    """Print live registers at the current point in code generation.
+    
+    This function can be called from within a Function context to inspect
+    which registers are currently live (i.e., their values will be used later).
+    
+    Note: Live register information is computed during function compilation,
+    so this will show an approximation based on instructions emitted so far.
+    
+    Args:
+        label: Optional label to identify the location in code
+        
+    Example:
+        with Function("my_func", args, ...):
+            t0 = GeneralPurposeRegister()
+            ADD(t0, r0, r1)
+            print_live_registers("after ADD")  # Shows which regs are live
+    """
+    global active_function
+    if active_function is None:
+        print(f"Live registers {label}: No active function")
+        return
+    
+    active_function.print_live_registers(label)