MindsDB 1.2.9__py3-none-any.whl → 24.12.4.0__py3-none-any.whl

mindsdb/integrations/utilities/datasets/question_answering/squad_v2_val_100_sample.csv

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+id,title,context,question,answers
+571156152419e3140095559d,Steam_engine,"The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its ""duty"". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.",What is the weight of a bushel of coal in pounds?,"{'text': ['94', '94 pounds', '94 pounds'], 'answer_start': [300, 300, 300]}"
+57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6,Warsaw,"As interesting examples of expositions the most notable are: the world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60 museums, the most prestigious ones are National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms.",What does the world's first Museum of Posters have one of the largest collections of in the world?,"{'text': ['art posters', 'art posters', 'art posters'], 'answer_start': [140, 140, 140]}"
+5728855d3acd2414000dfa90,Yuan_dynasty,"When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting.",Why were the Uighurs ranked higher by the Mongols?,"{'text': ['the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting', 'Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting', 'surrendered peacefully without violently resisting'], 'answer_start': [480, 484, 492]}"
+57269aa65951b619008f77ab,European_Union_law,"While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or ""standing"" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties. From the EU's foundation, the Court of Justice also held that the Treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against EU and member state institutions for violation of the Treaties and Regulations, if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations. However, under Directives, citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties. This meant courts of member states were not bound to apply an EU law where a national rule conflicted, even though the member state government could be sued, if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation. These rules on ""direct effect"" limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged. The remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages, but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction, in order to ensure the law is effective as possible.",Which type of law makes EU institutions and its member states follow the law?,"{'text': ['administrative law', 'administrative law', 'administrative law'], 'answer_start': [77, 77, 77]}"
+5705f7c875f01819005e77df,Southern_California,"Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California.","Outside of its use of automobiles, what else is southern California famous for using?","{'text': ['highways', 'highways'], 'answer_start': [426, 426]}"
+56e1f10ee3433e1400423225,Computational_complexity_theory,"Similarly, it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes between the two, such as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes.",What are two complexity classes between L and P?,"{'text': ['NL and NC', 'NL and NC', 'NL and NC'], 'answer_start': [206, 206, 206]}"
+572726c9708984140094da7d,Civil_disobedience,"It has been argued that the term ""civil disobedience"" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased. Marshall Cohen notes, ""It has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official. Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins.""",More in the present prevalence of civil disobedience has turned and said to be?,"{'text': ['utterly debased', 'debased', 'everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official', 'utterly debased'], 'answer_start': [117, 125, 186, 117]}"
+5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e,Imperialism,"The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were seen as ""less civilized"" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission. Across the three waves of European colonialism (first in the Americas, second in Asia and lastly in Africa), environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial hierarchy. This takes two forms, orientalism and tropicality.",What were the two forms of environmental determinism?,"{'text': ['orientalism and tropicality', 'orientalism and tropicality', 'orientalism and tropicality', 'orientalism and tropicality', 'orientalism and tropicality.'], 'answer_start': [639, 639, 639, 639, 639]}"
+57293f8a6aef051400154bde,Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change,"In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports. In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) and the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). Both Special Reports were requested by governments.",How does the IPCC prepare Special Reports?,"{'text': ['the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports', 'follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports', 'the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports'], 'answer_start': [176, 168, 176]}"
+56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104,Computational_complexity_theory,"To classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem. The complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity, unless specified otherwise. Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms. To show an upper bound T(n) on the time complexity of a problem, one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most T(n). However, proving lower bounds is much more difficult, since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem. The phrase ""all possible algorithms"" includes not just the algorithms known today, but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future. To show a lower bound of T(n) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than T(n).",Classification of resources is contingent on determining the upper and lower bounds of minimum time required by what?  ,"{'text': ['the most efficient algorithm', 'the most efficient algorithm', 'the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem'], 'answer_start': [178, 178, 178]}"
+5728202c4b864d19001644f0,Civil_disobedience,"Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged ""wrong"" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government (or to change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc...revolution doesn't have to be political, i.e. ""cultural revolution"", it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric). Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc Deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government. Thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing ""peaceable revolution."" Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler, and others have identified the right espoused in The Declaration of Independence to ""alter or abolish"" an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience. ",What other topics can Civil disobedience pertain to?,"{'text': ['cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs', 'revolutionary civil disobedience', 'change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc', 'cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs', 'peaceable revolution'], 'answer_start': [400, 653, 393, 400, 876]}"
+57263eaa38643c19005ad375,Ctenophora,"Ctenophora (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia. Adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells deep, while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep. Some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla.",Where do ctenophora live?,"{'text': ['marine waters', 'marine waters worldwide', 'marine waters'], 'answer_start': [201, 201, 201]}"
+5728e3c33acd2414000e0132,Civil_disobedience,"The earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the Roman Empire[citation needed]. Unarmed Jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem.[citation needed][original research?] In modern times, some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists. This is a form of jail solidarity.[page needed] There have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience, such as that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed. Thoreau, at the time of his arrest, was not yet a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened. The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office, and Thoreau's essay was not published until after the end of the Mexican War.",What was the goal of this Roman disobedience?,"{'text': ['prevent the installation of pagan images', 'prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem', 'prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem', 'to prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem', 'prevent the installation of pagan images'], 'answer_start': [158, 158, 158, 155, 158]}"
+572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f,Islamism,"Islamists have asked the question, ""If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?"" Similarly, a writer for the International Crisis Group maintains that ""the conception of 'political Islam'"" is a creation of Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the ""short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970"", and it is quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation.",What term do Islamists think should be applied to them?,"{'text': ['Muslims', 'Muslims'], 'answer_start': [201, 201]}"
+5729a3716aef05140015506c,Prime_number,"Prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers. The French composer Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through ""natural phenomena"". In works such as La Nativité du Seigneur (1935) and Quatre études de rythme (1949–50), he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms: the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear in the third étude, ""Neumes rythmiques"". According to Messiaen this way of composing was ""inspired by the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations"".",What is another piece created by Olivier Messiaen?,"{'text': ['Quatre études de rythme', 'Quatre études de rythme', 'Quatre études de rythme', 'Quatre études de rythme'], 'answer_start': [219, 219, 219, 219]}"
+57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09,Force,"In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be ""fundamental interactions"".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex.",Matter particles are shown as what kind of lines in a Feynman diagram?,"{'text': ['straight', 'straight line', 'straight', 'straight'], 'answer_start': [1280, 1280, 1280, 1280]}"
+57265700dd62a815002e820e,Black_Death,"In the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half. In 1709–13, a plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (1700–21, Sweden v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000 in Prussia. The plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki, and claimed a third of Stockholm's population. Europe's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in Marseille.",How many were killed by plague in Italy in the 17th century?,"{'text': ['some 1.7 million victims', '1.7 million', '1.7 million'], 'answer_start': [56, 61, 61]}"
+572754dd708984140094dc3b,Private_school,"In Sweden, pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools. Over 10% of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008. Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides Swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer. For instance, the biggest school chain, Kunskapsskolan (“The Knowledge School”), offers 30 schools and a web-based environment, has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils. The Swedish system has been recommended to Barack Obama.","As of 2008, about what percentage of Swedish students attended private schools?","{'text': ['10', '10%', '10'], 'answer_start': [130, 130, 130]}"
+5725e748ec44d21400f3d735,"Fresno,_California","The area is also known for its early twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades. The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno.",Does the residential architecture of the Tower District compare or contrast with other part of Fresno?,"{'text': ['contrasts', 'contrasts', 'contrasts'], 'answer_start': [452, 452, 452]}"
+5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705,Imperialism,"One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference. The point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order. As a result of his role in the inquiry, Isiah Bowman would come to be known as Wilson's geographer. ",When was Isiah Bowman appointed to President Wilson's Inquiry?,"{'text': ['1917', '1917', '1917', '1917', '1917'], 'answer_start': [208, 277, 208, 208, 208]}"
+572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480,Scottish_Parliament,"Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers). These include abortion, broadcasting policy, civil service, common markets for UK goods and services, constitution, electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations with Europe, most aspects of transport safety and regulation, National Lottery, protection of borders, social security and stability of UK's fiscal, economic and monetary system.",Most aspects of transport safety is a subject dealt with by whom?,"{'text': ['UK Government ministers', 'UK Government ministers', 'Westminster'], 'answer_start': [267, 267, 205]}"
+572fc043a23a5019007fc960,Scottish_Parliament,"The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith. This contrasts with the formal style of ""Prayers"", which is the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers.",Who decides who gets to address the members of Parliament to share their thoughts on issues of faith?,"{'text': ['Presiding Officer', 'Presiding Officer', 'the Presiding Officer'], 'answer_start': [506, 619, 502]}"
+57286ead2ca10214002da347,Yuan_dynasty,"Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of Yunnan. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, Zhenjin, as the Crown Prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam, which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan.",Who had Kublai wanted to succeed him?,"{'text': ['his eldest son, Zhenjin', 'Zhenjin', 'Zhenjin'], 'answer_start': [420, 436, 436]}"
+5737898f1c45671900574498,Force,"It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.",Who came up with the theory of relativity?,"{'text': ['Albert Einstein', 'Albert Einstein', 'Albert Einstein', 'Albert Einstein'], 'answer_start': [293, 293, 293, 293]}"
+56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7,Normans,"In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed]",What was the name of Bohemond's nephew?,"{'text': ['Tancred', 'Tancred', 'Tancred'], 'answer_start': [100, 100, 100]}"
+5729d36b1d04691400779607,Economic_inequality,"A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth of the ""10 million dollar millionaires"" grew to nearly $41 trillion in 2008. A January 2014 report by Oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50% of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis of the report, the wealthiest 1% owns 46% of the world's wealth; the 85 richest people, a small part of the wealthiest 1%, own about 0.7% of the human population's wealth, which is the same as the bottom half of the population. More recently, in January 2015, Oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse also claims that the top 1% now own nearly half of the world's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession. In October 2015, Credit Suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase, and that half of the world's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile, whose assets each exceed $759,900. A 2016 report by Oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined. Oxfam's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used: by using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts), the Oxfam report, for instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts).[unreliable source?][unreliable source?] Anthony Shorrocks, the lead author of the Credit Suisse report which is one of the sources of Oxfam's data, considers the criticism about debt to be a ""silly argument"" and ""a non-issue . . . a diversion.""",What percent of the global assets in 2000 were owned by just 1% of adults?,"{'text': ['40%', '40%', '40%', '40'], 'answer_start': [145, 145, 145, 145]}"
+57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8,Warsaw,"As interesting examples of expositions the most notable are: the world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60 museums, the most prestigious ones are National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms.",Warsaw's National Museum is one of the most what?,"{'text': ['prestigious', 'prestigious', 'prestigious'], 'answer_start': [260, 260, 260]}"
+572643de5951261400b5195c,Packet_switching,There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address.[citation needed],WHat did foreign clones of DATAPAC allow for ,"{'text': ['A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address', 'the interconnection of national X.25 networks', 'interconnection of national X.25 networks'], 'answer_start': [611, 564, 568]}"
+5726449f1125e71900ae1928,Ctenophora,"Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view at present, based on molecular phylogenetics, is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores. A recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like, and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently, probably after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the ""cydippids"" are not monophyletic, in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor, because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids.",Fossils found that were believed to be ctenophores were how old?,"{'text': ['515 million years', '66 million years', '515 million years'], 'answer_start': [226, 760, 226]}"
+57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6,Black_Death,"The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that ""it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.",When did the second edition of Gasquet's book come out?,"{'text': ['1908', '1908', '1908'], 'answer_start': [281, 281, 281]}"
+57263b1638643c19005ad335,Packet_switching,"Both X.25 and Frame Relay provide connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer. Another major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay is that X.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted. Frame Relay does not define any such handshakes. X.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network. It only operates at the user-network-interface (UNI). Thus, the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network. X.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the UNI, and its link layer protocol (LAPB) provides conventional HDLC-type link management procedures. Frame Relay is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB. As such, its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link, not end-to-end. Any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols. The X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25 protocol suite, which consists of the lower three layers of the OSI Model. It was widely used at the UNI for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s, to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks. Some implementations used X.25 within the network as well, but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient. Frame relay operates principally at layer two of the OSI Model. However, its address field (the Data Link Connection ID, or DLCI) can be used at the OSI network layer, with a minimum set of procedures. Thus, it rids itself of many X.25 layer 3 encumbrances, but still has the DLCI as an ID beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol. The simplicity of Frame Relay makes it faster and more efficient than X.25. Because Frame relay is a data link layer protocol, like X.25 it does not define internal network routing operations. For X.25 its packet IDs---the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses. The same is true for Frame Relays DLCI. How this is done is up to the network provider. Frame Relay, by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two, by using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). X.25 connections are typically established for each communication session, but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the UNI without the connection-oriented handshake. For a while, Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) at layer two. A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS. <Uyless Black, X.25 and Related Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 1991> <Uyless Black, Frame Relay Networks, McGraw-Hill, 1998> <Uyless Black, MPLS and Label Switching Networks, Prentice Hall, 2001> < Uyless Black, ATM, Volume I, Prentice Hall, 1995>",What supplanted Frame Relay and X.25 ,"{'text': ['supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching', 'Internet Protocol (IP)', 'Internet Protocol'], 'answer_start': [2652, 2670, 2670]}"
+56de3f784396321400ee26fa,Normans,"In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Limassol on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.",What ruined Richard's plans to reach Acre?,"{'text': ['a storm', 'a storm', 'a storm'], 'answer_start': [99, 99, 99]}"
+57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53,Huguenot,"Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. Several prominent German military, cultural, and political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including poet Theodor Fontane, General Hermann von François, the hero of the First World War Battle of Tannenberg, Luftwaffe General and fighter ace Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille, and famed U-boat captain Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizière, is also a descendant of a Huguenot family, as is the German Federal Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizière.",Who was the final Prime Minister of East Germany?,"{'text': ['Lothar de Maizière', 'Lothar de Maizière', 'Lothar de Maizière'], 'answer_start': [588, 588, 588]}"
+57096f37200fba1400367fe7,Sky_(United_Kingdom),"BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.",Can BSkyB veto the presence of channels on their EPG?,"{'text': ['no', 'no', 'Third-party channels'], 'answer_start': [10, 10, 296]}"
+5727ee372ca10214002d99f0,Economic_inequality,"On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (""push"" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations (""pull"") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs. The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth.",What type of entrepreneurship leads to advancements in technology?,"{'text': ['opportunity-based entrepreneurship', 'opportunity-based entrepreneurship', 'opportunity-based'], 'answer_start': [333, 333, 333]}"
+5725b76389a1e219009abd4d,1973_oil_crisis,"On August 15, 1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to ""float"" (rise and fall according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling. The other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies. Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before. The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased. In September 1971, OPEC issued a joint communiqué stating that, from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold.",When did oil start getting priced in the terms of gold?,"{'text': ['In September 1971', 'September 1971', 'September 1971', 'September 1971', 'September 1971'], 'answer_start': [843, 846, 846, 846, 846]}"
+572991943f37b319004784a5,Prime_number,"A third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture). Polignac's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it states that for every positive integer n, there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n. It is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1. These conjectures are special cases of the broad Schinzel's hypothesis H. Brocard's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. Legendre's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and (n + 1)2 for every positive integer n. It is implied by the stronger Cramér's conjecture.",What conjecture holds that there are always a minimum of 4 primes  between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2?,"{'text': [""Brocard's conjecture"", ""Brocard's"", ""Brocard's conjecture"", ""Brocard's""], 'answer_start': [521, 521, 521, 521]}"
+5725cbb289a1e219009abed4,Amazon_rainforest,"The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as smallpox. Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0–1250, furthering claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations. Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta.",What was believed to be the cause of devastation to the civilization?,"{'text': ['diseases from Europe', 'the spread of diseases from Europe', 'spread of diseases from Europe'], 'answer_start': [399, 385, 389]}"
+572673f5708984140094c69b,Geology,"The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down. Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below. Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed. This can result in the emplacement of dike swarms, such as those that are observable across the Canadian shield, or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano.","What is another word for long, planar igneous intrusions?","{'text': ['Dikes', 'Dikes', 'Dikes'], 'answer_start': [724, 724, 724]}"
+5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e,Construction,"There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs) aka private finance initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as ""pure"" or ""project"" alliances and ""impure"" or ""strategic"" alliances. The focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry.",A growing number of new forms of procurement involves what?,"{'text': ['relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship', 'relationship contracting', 'relationship contracting'], 'answer_start': [72, 72, 72]}"
+5726431d271a42140099d7f9,Ctenophora,"Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores.",What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in The Black Sea?,"{'text': ['introduction of Beroe', 'accidental introduction of Beroe'], 'answer_start': [805, 794]}"
+57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec,"Jacksonville,_Florida","The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.",The area where Jacksonville currently sits has been inhabited for how many years?,"{'text': ['thousands', 'thousands of years', 'thousands of years'], 'answer_start': [67, 67, 67]}"
+5706074552bb8914006897d7,Southern_California,"Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population. These are the Greater Los Angeles Area at 17,786,419, and San Diego–Tijuana at 5,105,768. Of these metropolitan areas, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan area, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metropolitan area form Greater Los Angeles; while the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form the Southern Border Region. North of Greater Los Angeles are the Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Bakersfield metropolitan areas.",What does the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carslbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form?,"{'text': ['Southern Border Region', 'the Southern Border Region', 'Southern Border Region'], 'answer_start': [672, 668, 672]}"
+57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c,Packet_switching,"ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.",2 differences betwen X.25 and ARPNET CITA technologies ,"{'text': ['Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core', 'the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core.', 'division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core'], 'answer_start': [154, 191, 195]}"
+5729efab3f37b319004785d1,Immune_system,"Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells are in no way connected to the nervous system. Dendritic cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems, as they present antigens to T cells, one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system.",What are one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system?,"{'text': ['T cells', 'T cells', 'T cells'], 'answer_start': [484, 484, 484]}"
+57264c42dd62a815002e80c7,Black_Death,"The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.",Where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin?,"{'text': ['Hong Kong in 1894', 'Hong Kong', 'Hong Kong in 1894'], 'answer_start': [334, 334, 334]}"
+572820512ca10214002d9e74,"Jacksonville,_Florida","According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles (2,264 km2), making Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2) is water. Jacksonville surrounds the town of Baldwin. Nassau County lies to the north, Baker County lies to the west, and Clay and St. Johns County lie to the south; the Atlantic Ocean lies to the east, along with the Jacksonville Beaches. The St. Johns River divides the city. The Trout River, a major tributary of the St. Johns River, is located entirely within Jacksonville.",What is the name of the river that is completely contained inside Jacksonville?,"{'text': ['The Trout River', 'Trout River', 'The Trout River'], 'answer_start': [557, 561, 557]}"
+5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2,Economic_inequality,"Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907). A similar relationship exists among US states (r = -.620).",What is a lower rate of social goods an effect of?,"{'text': ['inequality', 'inequality', 'inequality'], 'answer_start': [11, 11, 11]}"
+57337ea24776f41900660bd2,Warsaw,"Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent). Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city's total population. In 1933, out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of Polish mother tongue. World War II changed the demographics of the city, and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of Warsaw's history. Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation.",What percentage of the population of Warsaw was Jewish in 1897?,"{'text': ['around 34%', '34', '34%'], 'answer_start': [301, 308, 308]}"
+57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c,Packet_switching,"Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network. The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching.",What delivery message was used ,"{'text': ['by store and forward switching', 'packets', 'store and forward switching'], 'answer_start': [665, 625, 668]}"
+57284142ff5b5019007da00e,University_of_Chicago,"The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational, secular institution in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field. While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B. Cobb who provided the funds for the campus' first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000. Other early benefactors included businessmen Charles L. Hutchinson (trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons), Martin A. Ryerson (president of the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory) Adolphus Clay Bartlett and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum, a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities.",What is the name of the donor who helped establish the Hutchinson Commons?,"{'text': ['Charles L. Hutchinson', 'Charles L. Hutchinson', 'Charles L. Hutchinson', 'Charles L. Hutchinson'], 'answer_start': [679, 679, 679, 679]}"
+56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca,Computational_complexity_theory,"The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham–Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known, such as the Boolean satisfiability problem, the Hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing machines, it is easily observed that each problem in P is also member of the class NP.",What complexity class is characterized by a computational tasks and efficient algorithms?,"{'text': ['P', 'P', 'P'], 'answer_start': [21, 21, 21]}"
+573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6,Imperialism,"Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word ""imperium"", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is ""a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means"". Imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world. It has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas. The term imperialism has been applied to Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia and Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery.",The word imperialism has it's origins in which ancient language? ,"{'text': ['Latin', 'Latin', 'Latin', 'Latin', 'Latin'], 'answer_start': [74, 74, 74, 74, 74]}"
+571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2,Steam_engine,"The first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible, and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable ""head"". Water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel.",What was the first true engine that was commercially successful?,"{'text': ['atmospheric engine', 'atmospheric engine', 'atmospheric engine', 'the atmospheric engine'], 'answer_start': [117, 117, 117, 113]}"
+571c3a685efbb31900334db6,Oxygen,"Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O
+2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend, because of fossil-fuel burning. Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide, making up almost half of the crust's mass.","Under normal conditions, what do two atoms of oxygen form?","{'text': ['dioxygen', 'diatomic gas', 'dioxygen', 'dioxygen', 'dioxygen'], 'answer_start': [415, 450, 415, 415, 415]}"
+57265aaf5951b619008f706c,Ctenophora,"The Lobata have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydippida). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey.",What are auricles?,"{'text': ['gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents', 'gelatinous projections edged with cilia', 'gelatinous projections edged with cilia'], 'answer_start': [417, 417, 417]}"
+572fb059947a6a140053cb80,Scottish_Parliament,"In addition to the General Assembly Hall, the Parliament also used buildings rented from the City of Edinburgh Council. The former administrative building of Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge was used for the MSP's offices. Following the move to Holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh (originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 Midlothian County Council) housed the Parliament's visitors' centre and shop, whilst the main hall was used as the Parliament's principal committee room.",Who did the Parliament rent additional buildings from?,"{'text': ['City of Edinburgh Council', 'City of Edinburgh Council', 'the City of Edinburgh Council'], 'answer_start': [93, 93, 89]}"
+5727ec062ca10214002d99b7,Economic_inequality,"In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. ""On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers."" ""Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair."" Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.",Under what law is value of a worker determined?,"{'text': ['supply and demand', 'law of supply and demand', 'supply and demand'], 'answer_start': [433, 426, 433]}"
+57299a6f6aef051400155016,Prime_number,"The concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics. Generally, ""prime"" indicates minimality or indecomposability, in an appropriate sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field with p elements, whence the name. Often a second, additional meaning is intended by using the word prime, namely that any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components. For example, in knot theory, a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots. Prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type.",What does the word prime generally suggest?,"{'text': ['indecomposability', 'minimality', 'minimality or indecomposability', 'minimality or indecomposability'], 'answer_start': [170, 156, 156, 156]}"
+573011de04bcaa1900d770fd,Islamism,"While Qutb's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood, led by Hasan al-Hudaybi, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism. Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto Milestones, a.k.a. Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq) did, however, develop and they pursued a more radical direction. By the 1970s, the Brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals.",When had the Brotherhood renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals?,"{'text': ['By the 1970s', 'the 1970s', '1970s'], 'answer_start': [452, 455, 459]}"
+57309564069b5314008321a6,Imperialism,"During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919–1980) and Ronald Robinson (1920–1999) constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism. They claim that European imperialism was influential, and Europeans rejected the notion that ""imperialism"" required formal, legal control by one government over another country. ""In their view, historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to areas outside the formal British Empire. Key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'""[attribution needed] Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.",When did Ronald Robinson die?,"{'text': ['1999', '1999', '1999', '1999', '1999'], 'answer_start': [89, 89, 89, 89, 89]}"
+5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2,"Fresno,_California","There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,843 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35,064 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals and 12,344 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.62.",What was the percentage of a female householder with no husband present?,"{'text': ['19.3%', '19.3%', '19.3%'], 'answer_start': [178, 178, 178]}"
+572a058aaf94a219006aa754,Immune_system,"When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor, in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin D, calcitriol, but the T-cell expresses the gene CYP27B1, which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D, calcidiol into the steroid hormone version, calcitriol. Only after binding to calcitriol can T-cells perform their intended function. Other immune system cells that are known to express CYP27B1 and thus activate vitamin D calcidiol, are dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages.",What gene is responsible for converting calcidiol into calcitriol?,"{'text': ['gene CYP27B1', 'CYP27B1', 'gene CYP27B1'], 'answer_start': [433, 438, 433]}"
+5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a,Force,"Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:",What may a force on one part of an object affect?,"{'text': ['other parts', 'other parts of an object', 'other parts of an object', 'other parts of an object'], 'answer_start': [276, 276, 276, 276]}"
+572a07c11d046914007796d9,Amazon_rainforest,"The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims. Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries, making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories.",Why do some tribes use remote sensing technology?,"{'text': ['to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests', 'to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests', 'protect their tribal lands from commercial interests'], 'answer_start': [118, 118, 121]}"
+5725fb8138643c19005acf40,"Fresno,_California","To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and those planned for Chico, Sacramento, Salinas, and Stockton, the Federal Communications Commission decided that Fresno would only have UHF television stations. The very first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953. KMJ is now known as NBC affiliate KSEE. Other Fresno stations include ABC O&O KFSN, CBS affiliate KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE, FOX affiliate KMPH, MNTV affiliate KAIL, PBS affiliate KVPT, Telemundo O&O KNSO, Univision O&O KFTV, and MundoFox and Azteca affiliate KGMC-DT.",What was the very first television station to broadcast in Fresno?,"{'text': ['KMJ-TV', 'KMJ-TV', 'KMJ-TV'], 'answer_start': [320, 320, 320]}"
+573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550,Imperialism,"Imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other, if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance, either formally or informally. Colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war. The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region. Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.",What is colonialism's core meaning?,"{'text': ['exploitation', 'the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies', 'the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered', 'exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits', 'exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered'], 'answer_start': [845, 841, 841, 845, 845]}"
+571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134,Oxygen,"Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle). Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old.",How much heavier is oxygen 18 than oxygen 16?,"{'text': ['12%', '12%', '12%', '12%', '12%'], 'answer_start': [344, 344, 344, 344, 344]}"
+573796edc3c5551400e51f36,Force,"The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.",How are nuclear forces transmitted?,"{'text': ['as gluons', 'as gluons', 'as gluons', 'as gluons'], 'answer_start': [282, 282, 282, 282]}"
+57268220f1498d1400e8e219,Geology,"In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores. Other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate.",What types of scientists looks for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rocks within the drill cores?,"{'text': ['Magnetic stratigraphers', 'Magnetic stratigraphers', 'Magnetic stratigraphers'], 'answer_start': [397, 397, 397]}"
+5705edcd52bb8914006896cb,Southern_California,"""Southern California"" is not a formal geographic designation, and definitions of what constitutes southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9' 58.23"" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose; however, this does not coincide with popular use of the term. When the state is divided into two areas (northern and southern California), the term ""southern California"" usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state. This definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude, which form the northern borders of San Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties. Another definition for southern California uses Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains as the northern boundary.",How many miles south of San Jose is the north - south midway point located?,"{'text': ['11', '11', '11'], 'answer_start': [225, 225, 225]}"
+5726db5add62a815002e92d7,Pharmacy,"In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native Greek Περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century AD. The Latin translation De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances) was used a basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age. The title coined the term materia medica.",What term resulted from Dioscorides' book?,"{'text': ['materia medica', 'materia medica', 'materia medica'], 'answer_start': [533, 533, 533]}"
+57297d421d046914007794e6,Prime_number,"Modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes, probabilistic (or ""Monte Carlo"") and deterministic algorithms. Deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite. Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime. These tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way. For example, a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number, but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number. If we repeat the test n times and pass every time, then the probability that our number is composite is 1/(1-p)n, which decreases exponentially with the number of tests, so we can be as sure as we like (though never perfectly sure) that the number is prime. On the other hand, if the test ever fails, then we know that the number is composite.",What is the name of one type of modern primality test?,"{'text': ['probabilistic (or ""Monte Carlo"")', 'probabilistic (or ""Monte Carlo"")', 'probabilistic', 'probabilistic', 'probabilistic'], 'answer_start': [83, 83, 83, 83, 83]}"
+5729fd111d046914007796a5,Immune_system,"Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response, whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication.",Plants lack what kind of immune cells?,"{'text': ['phagocytic cells', 'phagocytic', 'phagocytic cells'], 'answer_start': [28, 28, 28]}"
+5730a40f396df91900096234,Imperialism,"Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the Portuguese who already had set up trading posts in India. In 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy.",When is the earliest Britain had an imperialist policy?,"{'text': ['the sixteenth century', 'sixteenth century', 'sixteenth century', 'sixteenth century', 'sixteenth century'], 'answer_start': [56, 60, 60, 60, 60]}"
+573003dd947a6a140053cf44,Rhine,"Since 7500 yr ago, a situation with tides and currents, very similar to present has existed. Rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea; in the last 7000 years, the coast line was roughly at the same location. In the southern North Sea, due to ongoing tectonic subsidence, the sea level is still rising, at the rate of about 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century (1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years).",How long has the Rhine coastline been in the same location?,"{'text': ['last 7000 years', '7000 years', 'last 7000 years'], 'answer_start': [263, 268, 263]}"
+57108c95b654c5140001f979,Huguenot,"Huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The ""Huguenot Street Historic District"" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America. A small group of Huguenots also settled on the south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood of Huguenot was named.",What city north of New York was settled by Huguenots?,"{'text': ['New Rochelle', 'New Rochelle', 'New Rochelle'], 'answer_start': [226, 226, 226]}"
+573796edc3c5551400e51f37,Force,"The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.",What is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks?,"{'text': ['color confinement', 'color confinement', 'color confinement', 'color confinement'], 'answer_start': [564, 564, 564, 564]}"
+57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec,Geology,"In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens. In the electron microprobe, individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals. Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units.",What do petrologists use electron microprobes in the laboratory for?,"{'text': ['identifying rocks', 'identifying rocks', 'identifying rocks'], 'answer_start': [15, 132, 132]}"
+572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc,Scottish_Parliament,Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill; a committee of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit; a member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages:,An MSP may introduce a bill as what?,"{'text': ['a private member', 'a private member', 'private member'], 'answer_start': [294, 294, 296]}"
+5728fd206aef05140015494f,Immune_system,"Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness. However, since most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi, oral antibiotics can lead to an ""overgrowth"" of fungi and cause conditions such as a vaginal candidiasis (a yeast infection). There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora, such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt, helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, urinary tract infection and post-surgical infections.",Commensal flora can change what specific conditions of their environment in the gastrointestinal tract?,"{'text': ['pH or available iron', 'pH or available iron', 'balance of microbial populations'], 'answer_start': [233, 233, 733]}"
+572995d46aef051400154feb,Prime_number,"Giuga's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime. Another consequence of Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1. The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10) has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial (p − 1)! + 1 is divisible by p. Moreover, an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n − 1)! is divisible by n.","According to Wilson's theorem, what factorial must be divisible by n if some integer n > 4 is to be considered composite?","{'text': ['(n − 1)!', '(n − 1)!', '(n − 1)!', '(n − 1)!', '(n − 1)!'], 'answer_start': [582, 582, 582, 582, 582]}"
+573750f61c4567190057446b,Force,"Newton's Second Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass, but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales. With some justification, Newton's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed.","In Newton's second law, what are the units of mass and force in relation to microscales?","{'text': ['fixed', 'an equality', 'fixed', 'fixed', 'unclear'], 'answer_start': [760, 701, 760, 760, 511]}"
+572a11663f37b31900478697,Economic_inequality,"In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, ""more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth.""",What do extremely unequal societies tend to be?,"{'text': ['politically and socially unstable', 'politically and socially unstable', 'politically and socially unstable'], 'answer_start': [930, 930, 930]}"
+571ce3745efbb31900334e24,Oxygen,"Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving. Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O
+2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis. Exposure to a O
+2 partial pressures greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures, its most feared effect for divers) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21% O
+2 at 66 m or more of depth; the same thing can occur by breathing 100% O
+2 at only 6 m.",What physical condition can acute oxygen toxicity cause?,"{'text': ['seizures', 'seizures', 'seizures', 'seizures', 'seizures'], 'answer_start': [415, 415, 415, 415, 415]}"
+57265e11708984140094c3be,1973_oil_crisis,"OPEC soon lost its preeminent position, and in 1981, its production was surpassed by that of other countries. Additionally, its own member nations were divided. Saudi Arabia, trying to recover market share, increased production, pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers. The world price, which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels. This ""sale"" price was a windfall for oil-importing nations, both developing and developed.","In 1979, during the oil crisis, what was the highest price of oil?","{'text': ['nearly $40 per barrel', 'nearly $40 per barrel', '$40 per barrel', '$40 per barrel', '$40 per barrel'], 'answer_start': [375, 375, 382, 382, 382]}"
+57268c01dd62a815002e8915,Ctenophora,"On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels.",How was the population of mnemiopsis in The black Sea and the Sea of Azov brought under control?,"{'text': ['by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,', 'the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata', 'the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993'], 'answer_start': [925, 928, 928]}"
+572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7,Rhine,"The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s). Northeastern France drains to the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers drain the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands. Most of Luxembourg and a very small part of Belgium also drain to the Rhine via the Moselle. As it approaches the Dutch border, the Rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) and an average width of 400 m (1,300 ft).",Which of the tributaries in Germany contributes most? ,"{'text': ['Moselle', 'Neckar', 'Neckar'], 'answer_start': [160, 127, 127]}"
+56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff,Computational_complexity_theory,"The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. An important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate. The answer is not known, but it is believed that the problem is at least not NP-complete. If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level, it is believed that graph isomorphism is not NP-complete. The best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks has run time 2O(√(n log(n))) for graphs with n vertices.",To what level would the polynomial time hierarchy collapse if graph isomorphism is NP-complete?,"{'text': ['second level', 'second', 'second'], 'answer_start': [424, 424, 424]}"
+57294baaaf94a219006aa26b,Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change,"Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach as in the previous IPCC assessment reports. It has become more important to provide a broader exploration of uncertainties. Others see as well mixed blessings of the drive for consensus within the IPCC process and ask to include dissenting or minority positions or to improve statements about uncertainties.",What role did Michael Oppenheimer have in the IPCC's reports?,"{'text': ['coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report', 'participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report', 'coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report'], 'answer_start': [61, 33, 61]}"
+572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9,Rhine,"From the Eocene onwards, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N–S rift system to develop in this zone. The main elements of this rift are the Upper Rhine Graben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment, in northwest Germany and the southeastern Netherlands. By the time of the Miocene, a river system had developed in the Upper Rhine Graben, that continued northward and is considered the first Rhine river. At that time, it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps; instead, the watersheds of the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps.",What time did a river system develop in the Upper Rhine Graben?,"{'text': ['Miocene', 'By the time of the Miocene', 'time of the Miocene'], 'answer_start': [306, 287, 294]}"
+56de16ca4396321400ee25c7,Normans,"In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the King of France for their land on the continent. They considered England to be their most important holding (it brought with it the title of King—an important status symbol).",When was the Battle of Hastings?,"{'text': ['1066', 'In 1066', '1066'], 'answer_start': [3, 0, 3]}"
+5725d42a89a1e219009abf59,"Fresno,_California","In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, ""Walking Into Fresno"", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous ""WWVA Jamboree"" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.","Who recorded ""Walking in Fresno?""","{'text': ['Bob Gallion', 'Bob Gallion', 'Bob Gallion'], 'answer_start': [133, 133, 133]}"
+5705fc3a52bb89140068976c,Southern_California,"Southern California contains a Mediterranean climate, with infrequent rain and many sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually. In the summers, temperature ranges are 90-60's while as winters are 70-50's, usually all of Southern California have Mediterranean climate. But snow is very rare in the Southwest of the state, it occurs on the Southeast of the state.",What is the low end of the temperature range in summer?,"{'text': [""60's"", ""60's"", ""60's""], 'answer_start': [243, 243, 243]}"
+5705e63175f01819005e7723,Southern_California,"Within southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the country's largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation.",What is the eighth most populous city in the nation?,"{'text': ['San Diego', 'San Diego', 'San Diego'], 'answer_start': [324, 324, 324]}"
+572a0ce11d04691400779701,Immune_system,"An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses, the food poisoning bacterium Salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.). Other bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement. Many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host's immune response. Some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system. Such biofilms are present in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis. Other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies, rendering them ineffective; examples include Streptococcus (protein G), Staphylococcus aureus (protein A), and Peptostreptococcus magnus (protein L).",What protein does Staphylococcus aureus produce to make antibodies ineffective?,"{'text': ['protein A', 'G', 'Streptococcus (protein G)'], 'answer_start': [1166, 1139, 1116]}"
+57113f83b654c5140001fc2a,Steam_engine,"Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.",What are the stages in a compound engine called?,"{'text': ['expansions', 'expansions', 'expansions'], 'answer_start': [254, 254, 254]}"
+5705fd8475f01819005e7841,Southern_California,"Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts of California.",The region spans starting at islands found in which body of water?,"{'text': ['Pacific Ocean', 'Pacific Ocean', 'Pacific Ocean'], 'answer_start': [222, 222, 222]}"
+57264a8cdd62a815002e808e,European_Union_law,"The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should ""promote the general interest of the Union"" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be ""completely independent"" and not ""take instructions from any Government"". Under article 17(2), ""Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a Commission proposal, except where the Treaties provide otherwise."" This means that the Commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the Council is the ""de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives"". The Parliament can also formally request the Commission to submit a legislative proposal but the Commission can reject such a suggestion, giving reasons. The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote, usually through a ""written procedure"" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.[citation needed] Since Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, there remains one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini). The Commissioners (and most importantly, the portfolios they will hold) are bargained over intensively by the member states. The Commissioners, as a block, are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the Council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament. The proposal to make the Commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected subordinates of member state governments.",Which authority figure is designated to schedule and set the work of the EU?,"{'text': [""The Commission's President"", ""The Commission's President"", ""The Commission's President"", ""The Commission's President (""], 'answer_start': [793, 793, 793, 793]}"
+572847dd4b864d19001648bf,Amazon_rainforest,"For a long time, it was thought that the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting, with agriculture needed to host a larger population. However, recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at Marajó, and inland dwellers. By 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000.",In what book did Betty Meggers describe the idea of the Amazon being sparsely populated?,"{'text': ['Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise', 'Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise', 'Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise'], 'answer_start': [277, 277, 277]}"

mindsdb/integrations/utilities/date_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import datetime as dt
+import pytz
+import re
+
+
+def parse_local_date(date_str: str) -> dt.datetime:
+    """Parses common date string formats to local datetime objects."""
+    if isinstance(date_str, dt.datetime):
+        return date_str
+    date_formats = ['%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '%Y-%m-%d']
+
+    date = None
+    for date_format in date_formats:
+        try:
+            date = dt.datetime.strptime(date_str, date_format)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    if date is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Can't parse date: {date_str}")
+    return date
+
+
+def parse_utc_date_with_limit(date_str: str, max_window_in_days: int = None) -> dt.datetime:
+    """Parses common date string formats to UTC datetime objects."""
+    date = parse_local_date(date_str)
+
+    # Convert date to UTC
+    date_utc = date.astimezone(pytz.utc)
+
+    # If max_window_in_days is provided, apply the logic
+    if max_window_in_days is not None:
+        # Get the current UTC time
+        now_utc = dt.datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=pytz.utc)
+        # Check if the parsed date is earlier than the maximum window allowed
+        max_window_date = now_utc - dt.timedelta(days=max_window_in_days)
+        if date_utc < max_window_date:
+            return max_window_date
+    return date_utc
+
+
+def parse_utc_date(date_str: str) -> dt.datetime:
+    """Parses common date string formats to UTC datetime objects."""
+    date = parse_local_date(date_str)
+    return date.astimezone(pytz.utc)
+
+
+def utc_date_str_to_timestamp_ms(date_str: str) -> int:
+    """Parses common date string formats into ms since the Unix epoch in UTC."""
+    date = parse_local_date(date_str)
+    # `timestamp` method doesn't work as expected unless we replace the timezone info this way.
+    date = date.replace(tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
+    return int(date.timestamp() * 1000)
+
+
+def interval_str_to_duration_ms(interval_str: str) -> int:
+    """Parses interval strings into how long they represent in ms.
+    Supported intervals:
+      - seconds (e.g. 1s)
+      - minutes (e.g. 5m)
+      - hours (e.g. 1h)
+      - days (e.g. 5d)
+      - weeks (e.g. 1w)
+    """
+    duration_match = re.search(r'^\d+', interval_str)
+    time_unit_match = re.search('[smhdw]', interval_str)
+    if not duration_match or not time_unit_match:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid interval {}'.format(interval_str))
+    duration = int(duration_match.group())
+    time_unit = time_unit_match.group()
+    if time_unit == 's':
+        return duration * 1000
+    if time_unit == 'm':
+        return duration * 1000 * 60
+    if time_unit == 'h':
+        return duration * 1000 * 60 * 60
+    if time_unit == 'd':
+        return duration * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24
+    if time_unit == 'w':
+        return duration * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7

mindsdb/integrations/utilities/handler_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import os
+from typing import Dict
+
+from mindsdb.interfaces.storage.model_fs import HandlerStorage
+from mindsdb.utilities.config import Config
+
+"""Contains utilities to be used by handlers."""
+
+
+def get_api_key(
+    api_name: str,
+    create_args: Dict[str, str],
+    engine_storage: HandlerStorage = None,
+    strict: bool = True,
+):
+    """Gets the API key needed to use an ML Handler.
+
+    Args:
+        api_name (str): Name of the API (e.g. openai, anthropic)
+        create_args (Dict[str, str]): Args user passed to the created model with USING keyword
+        engine_storage (HandlerStorage): Engine storage for the ML handler
+        strict (bool): Whether or not to require the API key
+
+    Returns:
+        api_key (str): The API key
+
+    API_KEY preference order:
+        1. provided at inference
+        2. provided at model creation
+        3. provided at engine creation
+        4. api key env variable
+        5. api_key setting in config.json
+    """
+    # Special case for vLLM - always return dummy key
+    if api_name == "vllm":
+        return "EMPTY"
+
+    # 1
+    if "using" in create_args and f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key" in create_args["using"]:
+        return create_args["using"][f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key"]
+
+    # 2
+    if f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key" in create_args:
+        return create_args[f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key"]
+
+    # 3
+    if engine_storage is not None:
+        connection_args = engine_storage.get_connection_args()
+        if f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key" in connection_args:
+            return connection_args[f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key"]
+
+    # 4
+    api_key = os.getenv(f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key")
+    if api_key is not None:
+        return api_key
+    api_key = os.getenv(f"{api_name.upper()}_API_KEY")
+    if api_key is not None:
+        return api_key
+
+    # 5
+    config = Config()
+    api_cfg = config.get(api_name, {})
+    if f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key" in api_cfg:
+        return api_cfg[f"{api_name.lower()}_api_key"]
+
+    if strict:
+        raise Exception(
+            f"Missing API key '{api_name.lower()}_api_key'. Either re-create this ML_ENGINE specifying the '{api_name.lower()}_api_key' parameter, or re-create this model and pass the API key with `USING` syntax."
+        )  # noqa
+    return None

mindsdb/integrations/utilities/handlers/api_utilities/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from .microsoft import MSGraphAPIBaseClient

mindsdb/integrations/utilities/handlers/api_utilities/microsoft/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from .ms_graph_api_utilities import MSGraphAPIBaseClient