MapProxy 2.1.0__py3-none-any.whl

mapproxy/test/unit/test_image.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@
+# -:- encoding: utf8 -:-
+# This file is part of the MapProxy project.
+# Copyright (C) 2010 Omniscale <http://omniscale.de>
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+import os
+
+from io import BytesIO
+
+import pytest
+
+from mapproxy.compat.image import Image, ImageDraw, PIL_VERSION_TUPLE
+from mapproxy.image import (
+    BlankImageSource,
+    GeoReference,
+    ImageSource,
+    ReadBufWrapper,
+    SubImageSource,
+    TIFF_GEOKEYDIRECTORYTAG,
+    TIFF_MODELPIXELSCALETAG,
+    TIFF_MODELTIEPOINTTAG,
+    _make_transparent as make_transparent,
+    img_has_transparency,
+    is_single_color_image,
+    peek_image_format,
+    quantize,
+)
+from mapproxy.image.merge import merge_images, BandMerger
+from mapproxy.image.opts import ImageOptions
+from mapproxy.image.tile import TileMerger, TileSplitter
+from mapproxy.image.transform import ImageTransformer, transform_meshes
+from mapproxy.srs import SRS
+from mapproxy.test.image import (
+    is_png,
+    is_jpeg,
+    is_tiff,
+    create_tmp_image_file,
+    check_format,
+    create_debug_img,
+    create_image,
+    assert_img_colors_eq,
+)
+
+
+PNG_FORMAT = ImageOptions(format="image/png")
+JPEG_FORMAT = ImageOptions(format="image/jpeg")
+TIFF_FORMAT = ImageOptions(format="image/tiff")
+
+
+class TestImageSource(object):
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.tmp_filename = create_tmp_image_file((100, 100))
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        os.remove(self.tmp_filename)
+
+    def test_from_filename(self):
+        ir = ImageSource(self.tmp_filename, PNG_FORMAT)
+        assert is_png(ir.as_buffer())
+        assert ir.as_image().size == (100, 100)
+
+    def test_from_file(self):
+        with open(self.tmp_filename, "rb") as tmp_file:
+            ir = ImageSource(tmp_file, "png")
+            assert ir.as_buffer() == tmp_file
+            assert ir.as_image().size == (100, 100)
+
+    def test_from_image(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGBA", (100, 100))
+        ir = ImageSource(img, (100, 100), PNG_FORMAT)
+        assert ir.as_image() == img
+        assert is_png(ir.as_buffer())
+
+    def test_from_non_seekable_file(self):
+        with open(self.tmp_filename, "rb") as tmp_file:
+            data = tmp_file.read()
+
+        class FileLikeDummy(object):
+            # "file" without seek, like urlopen response
+            def read(self):
+                return data
+
+        ir = ImageSource(FileLikeDummy(), "png")
+        assert ir.as_buffer(seekable=True).read() == data
+        assert ir.as_image().size == (100, 100)
+        assert ir.as_buffer().read() == data
+
+    def test_output_formats(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100))
+        for format in ["png", "gif", "tiff", "jpeg", "GeoTIFF", "bmp"]:
+            ir = ImageSource(img, (100, 100), image_opts=ImageOptions(format=format))
+            check_format(ir.as_buffer(), format)
+
+    def test_converted_output(self):
+        ir = ImageSource(self.tmp_filename, (100, 100), PNG_FORMAT)
+        assert is_png(ir.as_buffer())
+        assert is_jpeg(ir.as_buffer(JPEG_FORMAT))
+        assert is_jpeg(ir.as_buffer())
+        assert is_tiff(ir.as_buffer(TIFF_FORMAT))
+        assert is_tiff(ir.as_buffer())
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(PIL_VERSION_TUPLE < (6, 1, 0), reason="Pillow 6.1.0 required GeoTIFF")
+    def test_tiff_compression(self):
+        def encoded_size(encoding_options):
+            ir = ImageSource(create_debug_img((100, 100)), PNG_FORMAT)
+            buf = ir.as_buffer(ImageOptions(format="tiff", encoding_options=encoding_options))
+            return len(buf.read())
+
+        orig = encoded_size({})
+        q90 = encoded_size({'tiff_compression': 'jpeg', 'jpeg_quality': 90})
+        q75 = encoded_size({'tiff_compression': 'jpeg', 'jpeg_quality': 75})
+        qdf = encoded_size({'tiff_compression': 'jpeg'})
+        q50 = encoded_size({'tiff_compression': 'jpeg', 'jpeg_quality': 50})
+        lzw = encoded_size({'tiff_compression': 'tiff_lzw'})
+
+        # print(orig, q90, q75, qdf, q50, lzw)
+        assert orig > q90
+        assert q90 > q75
+        assert q75 == qdf
+        assert qdf > q50
+        assert q50 > lzw
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        PIL_VERSION_TUPLE >= (9, 0, 0),
+        reason="The palette colors order has been changed in Pillow 9.0.0"
+    )
+    def test_output_formats_greyscale_png(self):
+        img = Image.new("L", (100, 100))
+        ir = ImageSource(img, image_opts=PNG_FORMAT)
+        img = Image.open(
+            ir.as_buffer(ImageOptions(colors=256, transparent=True, format="image/png"))
+        )
+        assert img.mode == "P"
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == 255
+
+    def test_output_formats_greyscale_alpha_png(self):
+        img = Image.new("LA", (100, 100))
+        ir = ImageSource(img, image_opts=PNG_FORMAT)
+        img = Image.open(
+            ir.as_buffer(ImageOptions(colors=256, transparent=True, format="image/png"))
+        )
+        assert img.mode == "LA"
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        PIL_VERSION_TUPLE >= (9, 0, 0),
+        reason="The palette colors order has been changed in Pillow 9.0.0"
+    )
+    def test_output_formats_png8(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGBA", (100, 100))
+        ir = ImageSource(img, image_opts=PNG_FORMAT)
+        img = Image.open(
+            ir.as_buffer(ImageOptions(colors=256, transparent=True, format="image/png"))
+        )
+        assert img.mode == "P"
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == 255
+
+    def test_output_formats_png24(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGBA", (100, 100))
+        image_opts = PNG_FORMAT.copy()
+        image_opts.colors = 0  # TODO image_opts
+        ir = ImageSource(img, image_opts=image_opts)
+        img = Image.open(ir.as_buffer())
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    def test_save_with_unsupported_transparency(self):
+        # check if encoding of non-RGB image with tuple as transparency
+        # works. workaround for Pillow #2633
+        img = Image.new("P", (100, 100))
+        img.info["transparency"] = (0, 0, 0)
+        image_opts = PNG_FORMAT.copy()
+
+        ir = ImageSource(img, image_opts=image_opts)
+        img = Image.open(ir.as_buffer())
+        assert img.mode == "P"
+
+
+class TestSubImageSource(object):
+
+    def test_full(self):
+        sub_img = create_image((100, 100), color=[100, 120, 130, 140])
+        img = SubImageSource(
+            sub_img, size=(100, 100), offset=(0, 0), image_opts=ImageOptions()
+        ).as_image()
+        assert img.getcolors() == [(100 * 100, (100, 120, 130, 140))]
+
+    def test_larger(self):
+        sub_img = create_image((150, 150), color=[100, 120, 130, 140])
+        img = SubImageSource(
+            sub_img, size=(100, 100), offset=(0, 0), image_opts=ImageOptions()
+        ).as_image()
+        assert img.getcolors() == [(100 * 100, (100, 120, 130, 140))]
+
+    def test_negative_offset(self):
+        sub_img = create_image((150, 150), color=[100, 120, 130, 140])
+        img = SubImageSource(
+            sub_img, size=(100, 100), offset=(-50, 0), image_opts=ImageOptions()
+        ).as_image()
+        assert img.getcolors() == [(100 * 100, (100, 120, 130, 140))]
+
+    def test_overlap_right(self):
+        sub_img = create_image((50, 50), color=[100, 120, 130, 140])
+        img = SubImageSource(
+            sub_img,
+            size=(100, 100),
+            offset=(75, 25),
+            image_opts=ImageOptions(transparent=True),
+        ).as_image()
+        assert sorted(img.getcolors()) == [
+            (25 * 50, (100, 120, 130, 140)),
+            (100 * 100 - 25 * 50, (255, 255, 255, 0)),
+        ]
+
+    def test_outside(self):
+        sub_img = create_image((50, 50), color=[100, 120, 130, 140])
+        img = SubImageSource(
+            sub_img,
+            size=(100, 100),
+            offset=(200, 0),
+            image_opts=ImageOptions(transparent=True),
+        ).as_image()
+        assert img.getcolors() == [(100 * 100, (255, 255, 255, 0))]
+
+
+class ROnly(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.data = [b"Hello World!"]
+
+    def read(self):
+        if self.data:
+            return self.data.pop()
+        return b""
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        it = iter(self.data)
+        self.data = []
+        return it
+
+
+class TestReadBufWrapper(object):
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        rbuf = ROnly()
+        self.rbuf_wrapper = ReadBufWrapper(rbuf)
+
+    def test_read(self):
+        assert self.rbuf_wrapper.read() == b"Hello World!"
+        self.rbuf_wrapper.seek(0)
+        assert self.rbuf_wrapper.read() == b""
+
+    def test_seek_read(self):
+        self.rbuf_wrapper.seek(0)
+        assert self.rbuf_wrapper.read() == b"Hello World!"
+        self.rbuf_wrapper.seek(0)
+        assert self.rbuf_wrapper.read() == b"Hello World!"
+
+    def test_iter(self):
+        data = list(self.rbuf_wrapper)
+        assert data == [b"Hello World!"]
+        self.rbuf_wrapper.seek(0)
+        data = list(self.rbuf_wrapper)
+        assert data == []
+
+    def test_seek_iter(self):
+        self.rbuf_wrapper.seek(0)
+        data = list(self.rbuf_wrapper)
+        assert data == [b"Hello World!"]
+        self.rbuf_wrapper.seek(0)
+        data = list(self.rbuf_wrapper)
+        assert data == [b"Hello World!"]
+
+    def test_hasattr(self):
+        assert hasattr(self.rbuf_wrapper, "seek")
+        assert hasattr(self.rbuf_wrapper, "readline")
+
+
+class TestMergeAll(object):
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.cleanup_tiles = []
+
+    def test_full_merge(self):
+        self.cleanup_tiles = [create_tmp_image_file((100, 100)) for _ in range(9)]
+        self.tiles = [ImageSource(tile) for tile in self.cleanup_tiles]
+        m = TileMerger(tile_grid=(3, 3), tile_size=(100, 100))
+        img_opts = ImageOptions()
+        result = m.merge(self.tiles, img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.size == (300, 300)
+
+    def test_one(self):
+        self.cleanup_tiles = [create_tmp_image_file((100, 100))]
+        self.tiles = [ImageSource(self.cleanup_tiles[0])]
+        m = TileMerger(tile_grid=(1, 1), tile_size=(100, 100))
+        img_opts = ImageOptions(transparent=True)
+        result = m.merge(self.tiles, img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.size == (100, 100)
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+
+    def test_missing_tiles(self):
+        self.cleanup_tiles = [create_tmp_image_file((100, 100))]
+        self.tiles = [ImageSource(self.cleanup_tiles[0])]
+        self.tiles.extend([None] * 8)
+        m = TileMerger(tile_grid=(3, 3), tile_size=(100, 100))
+        img_opts = ImageOptions()
+        result = m.merge(self.tiles, img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.size == (300, 300)
+        assert img.getcolors() == [(80000, (255, 255, 255)), (10000, (0, 0, 0))]
+
+    def test_invalid_tile(self):
+        self.cleanup_tiles = [create_tmp_image_file((100, 100)) for _ in range(9)]
+        self.tiles = [ImageSource(tile) for tile in self.cleanup_tiles]
+        invalid_tile = self.tiles[0].source
+        with open(invalid_tile, "wb") as tmp:
+            tmp.write(b"invalid")
+        m = TileMerger(tile_grid=(3, 3), tile_size=(100, 100))
+        img_opts = ImageOptions(bgcolor=(200, 0, 50))
+        result = m.merge(self.tiles, img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.size == (300, 300)
+        assert img.getcolors() == [(10000, (200, 0, 50)), (80000, (0, 0, 0))]
+        assert not os.path.isfile(invalid_tile)
+
+    def test_none_merge(self):
+        tiles = [None]
+        m = TileMerger(tile_grid=(1, 1), tile_size=(100, 100))
+        img_opts = ImageOptions(mode="RGBA", bgcolor=(200, 100, 30, 40))
+        result = m.merge(tiles, img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.size == (100, 100)
+        assert img.getcolors() == [(100 * 100, (200, 100, 30, 40))]
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        for tile_fname in self.cleanup_tiles:
+            if tile_fname and os.path.isfile(tile_fname):
+                os.remove(tile_fname)
+
+
+class TestGetCrop(object):
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.tmp_file = create_tmp_image_file((100, 100), two_colored=True)
+        self.img = ImageSource(
+            self.tmp_file, image_opts=ImageOptions(format="image/png"), size=(100, 100)
+        )
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.tmp_file):
+            os.remove(self.tmp_file)
+
+    def test_perfect_match(self):
+        bbox = (-10, -5, 30, 35)
+        transformer = ImageTransformer(SRS(4326), SRS(4326))
+        result = transformer.transform(
+            self.img, bbox, (100, 100), bbox, image_opts=None
+        )
+        assert self.img == result
+
+    def test_simple_resize_nearest(self):
+        bbox = (-10, -5, 30, 35)
+        transformer = ImageTransformer(SRS(4326), SRS(4326))
+        result = transformer.transform(
+            self.img,
+            bbox,
+            (200, 200),
+            bbox,
+            image_opts=ImageOptions(resampling="nearest"),
+        )
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.size == (200, 200)
+        assert len(img.getcolors()) == 2
+        img.close()
+
+    def test_simple_resize_bilinear(self):
+        bbox = (-10, -5, 30, 35)
+        transformer = ImageTransformer(SRS(4326), SRS(4326))
+        result = transformer.transform(
+            self.img,
+            bbox,
+            (200, 200),
+            bbox,
+            image_opts=ImageOptions(resampling="bilinear"),
+        )
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.size == (200, 200)
+        # some shades of grey with bilinear
+        assert len(img.getcolors()) >= 4
+        img.close()
+
+
+class TestLayerMerge(object):
+
+    def test_opacity_merge(self):
+        img1 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (255, 0, 255)))
+        img2 = ImageSource(
+            Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 255, 255)),
+            image_opts=ImageOptions(opacity=0.5),
+        )
+
+        result = merge_images([img1, img2], ImageOptions(transparent=False))
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (127, 127, 255)
+
+    def test_opacity_merge_mixed_modes(self):
+        img1 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGBA", (10, 10), (255, 0, 255, 255)))
+        img2 = ImageSource(
+            Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 255, 255)).convert("P"),
+            image_opts=ImageOptions(opacity=0.5),
+        )
+
+        result = merge_images([img1, img2], ImageOptions(transparent=True))
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert_img_colors_eq(img, [(10 * 10, (127, 127, 255, 255))])
+
+    def test_merge_L(self):
+        img1 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGBA", (10, 10), (255, 0, 255, 255)))
+        img2 = ImageSource(Image.new("L", (10, 10), 100))
+
+        # img2 overlays img1
+        result = merge_images([img1, img2], ImageOptions(transparent=True))
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert_img_colors_eq(img, [(10 * 10, (100, 100, 100, 255))])
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not hasattr(Image, "FASTOCTREE"), reason="PIL has no FASTOCTREE"
+    )
+    def test_paletted_merge(self):
+        # generate RGBA images with a transparent rectangle in the lower right
+        img1 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGBA", (50, 50), (0, 255, 0, 255))).as_image()
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img1)
+        draw.rectangle((25, 25, 49, 49), fill=(0, 0, 0, 0))
+        paletted_img = quantize(img1, alpha=True)
+        assert img_has_transparency(paletted_img)
+        assert paletted_img.mode == "P"
+
+        rgba_img = Image.new("RGBA", (50, 50), (255, 0, 0, 255))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(rgba_img)
+        draw.rectangle((25, 25, 49, 49), fill=(0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+        img1 = ImageSource(paletted_img)
+        img2 = ImageSource(rgba_img)
+
+        # generate base image and merge the others above
+        img3 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGBA", (50, 50), (0, 0, 255, 255)))
+        result = merge_images([img3, img1, img2], ImageOptions(transparent=True))
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.getpixel((49, 49)) == (0, 0, 255, 255)
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 0, 0, 255)
+
+    def test_solid_merge(self):
+        img1 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (255, 0, 255)))
+        img2 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 255, 255)))
+
+        result = merge_images([img1, img2], ImageOptions(transparent=False))
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 255, 255)
+
+    def test_merge_rgb_with_transp(self):
+        img1 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (255, 0, 255)))
+        raw = Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 255, 255))
+        raw.info = {"transparency": (0, 255, 255)}  # make full transparent
+        img2 = ImageSource(raw)
+
+        result = merge_images([img1, img2], ImageOptions(transparent=False))
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 0, 255)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not hasattr(Image, "alpha_composite"), reason="PIL has no alpha_composite"
+)
+class TestLayerCompositeMerge(object):
+
+    def test_composite_merge(self):
+        # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3374878
+
+        img1 = Image.new("RGBA", size=(100, 100), color=(255, 0, 0, 255))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img1)
+        draw.rectangle((33, 0, 66, 100), fill=(255, 0, 0, 128))
+        draw.rectangle((67, 0, 100, 100), fill=(255, 0, 0, 0))
+        img1 = ImageSource(img1)
+        img2 = Image.new("RGBA", size=(100, 100), color=(0, 255, 0, 255))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img2)
+        draw.rectangle((0, 33, 100, 66), fill=(0, 255, 0, 128))
+        draw.rectangle((0, 67, 100, 100), fill=(0, 255, 0, 0))
+        img2 = ImageSource(img2)
+
+        result = merge_images([img2, img1], ImageOptions(transparent=True))
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert_img_colors_eq(
+            img,
+            [
+                (1089, (0, 255, 0, 255)),
+                (1089, (255, 255, 255, 0)),
+                (1122, (0, 255, 0, 128)),
+                (1122, (128, 126, 0, 255)),
+                (1122, (255, 0, 0, 128)),
+                (1156, (170, 84, 0, 191)),
+                (3300, (255, 0, 0, 255)),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_composite_merge_opacity(self):
+        bg = Image.new("RGBA", size=(100, 100), color=(255, 0, 255, 255))
+        bg = ImageSource(bg)
+        fg = Image.new("RGBA", size=(100, 100), color=(0, 0, 0, 0))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(fg)
+        draw.rectangle((10, 10, 89, 89), fill=(0, 255, 255, 255))
+        fg = ImageSource(fg, image_opts=ImageOptions(opacity=0.5))
+
+        result = merge_images([bg, fg], ImageOptions(transparent=True))
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert_img_colors_eq(
+            img, [(3600, (255, 0, 255, 255)), (6400, (128, 127, 255, 255))]
+        )
+
+
+class TestTransform(object):
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.src_img = ImageSource(create_debug_img((200, 200), transparent=False))
+        self.src_srs = SRS(31467)
+        self.dst_size = (100, 150)
+        self.dst_srs = SRS(4326)
+        self.dst_bbox = (0.2, 45.1, 8.3, 53.2)
+        self.src_bbox = self.dst_srs.transform_bbox_to(self.src_srs, self.dst_bbox)
+
+    def test_transform(self):
+        transformer = ImageTransformer(self.src_srs, self.dst_srs)
+        result = transformer.transform(
+            self.src_img,
+            self.src_bbox,
+            self.dst_size,
+            self.dst_bbox,
+            image_opts=ImageOptions(resampling="nearest"),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(result, ImageSource)
+        assert result.as_image() != self.src_img.as_image()
+        assert result.size == (100, 150)
+
+    def _test_compare_max_px_err(self):
+        """
+        Create transformations with different div values.
+        """
+        for err in [0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16]:
+            transformer = ImageTransformer(self.src_srs, self.dst_srs, max_px_err=err)
+            result = transformer.transform(
+                self.src_img,
+                self.src_bbox,
+                self.dst_size,
+                self.dst_bbox,
+                image_opts=ImageOptions(resampling="nearest"),
+            )
+            result.as_image().save("/tmp/transform-%03d.png" % (err * 10,))
+
+
+def assert_geotiff_tags(img, expected_origin, expected_pixel_res, srs, projected):
+    tags = img.tag_v2
+    print(dict(tags))
+    print(dict(tags.tagtype))
+    assert tags[TIFF_MODELTIEPOINTTAG] == (
+        0.0, 0.0, 0.0, expected_origin[0], expected_origin[1], 0.0,
+    )
+    assert tags[TIFF_MODELPIXELSCALETAG] == pytest.approx((
+        expected_pixel_res[0], expected_pixel_res[1], 0.0,
+    ))
+    assert len(tags[TIFF_GEOKEYDIRECTORYTAG]) == 4*4
+    assert tags[TIFF_GEOKEYDIRECTORYTAG][0*4+3] == 3
+    assert tags[TIFF_GEOKEYDIRECTORYTAG][1*4+3] == (1 if projected else 2)
+    assert tags[TIFF_GEOKEYDIRECTORYTAG][3*4+3] == srs
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(PIL_VERSION_TUPLE < (6, 1, 0), reason="Pillow 6.1.0 required GeoTIFF")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("compression", ['jpeg', 'raw', 'tiff_lzw'])
+class TestGeoTIFF(object):
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "srs,bbox,size,expected_pixel_res,expected_origin,projected",
+        [
+            (4326, (-180, -90, 180, 90), (360, 180), (1.0, 1.0), (-180, 90), False),
+            (4326, (-180, -90, 180, 90), (360, 360), (1.0, 0.5), (-180, 90), False),
+            (3857, (10000, 20000, 11000, 22000), (500, 1000), (2.0, 2.0), (10000, 22000), True),
+            (25832, (442691.10009850014, 5889716.375224128, 447502.95988220774, 5894528.235007785),
+                (256, 256), (18.796327, 18.796327), (442691.10009850014, 5894528.235007785), True),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_geotiff_tags(
+        self, tmpdir, srs, bbox, size,
+        expected_pixel_res, expected_origin, projected,
+        compression,
+    ):
+        img = ImageSource(create_debug_img(size), georef=GeoReference(bbox=bbox, srs=SRS(srs)))
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions(format='tiff', encoding_options={'tiff_compression': compression})
+        img2 = ImageSource(img.as_buffer(img_opts)).as_image()
+
+        assert_geotiff_tags(img2, expected_origin, expected_pixel_res, srs, projected)
+
+
+class TestMesh(object):
+
+    def test_mesh_utm(self):
+        meshes = transform_meshes(
+            src_size=(1335, 1531),
+            src_bbox=(3.65, 39.84, 17.00, 55.15),
+            src_srs=SRS(4326),
+            dst_size=(853, 1683),
+            dst_bbox=(158512, 4428236, 1012321, 6111268),
+            dst_srs=SRS(25832),
+        )
+        assert len(meshes) == 40
+
+    def test_mesh_none(self):
+        meshes = transform_meshes(
+            src_size=(1000, 1500),
+            src_bbox=(0, 0, 10, 15),
+            src_srs=SRS(4326),
+            dst_size=(1000, 1500),
+            dst_bbox=(0, 0, 10, 15),
+            dst_srs=SRS(4326),
+        )
+
+        assert meshes == [
+            ((0, 0, 1000, 1500), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1500.0, 1000.0, 1500.0, 1000.0, 0.0])
+        ]
+        assert len(meshes) == 1
+
+    def test_mesh(self):
+        # low map scale -> more meshes
+        # print(SRS(4326).transform_bbox_to(SRS(3857), (5, 50, 10, 55)))
+        meshes = transform_meshes(
+            src_size=(1000, 2000),
+            src_bbox=(556597, 6446275, 1113194, 7361866),
+            src_srs=SRS(3857),
+            dst_size=(1000, 1000),
+            dst_bbox=(5, 50, 10, 55),
+            dst_srs=SRS(4326),
+        )
+        assert len(meshes) == 16
+
+        # large map scale -> one meshes
+        # print(SRS(4326).transform_bbox_to(SRS(3857), (5, 50, 5.1, 50.1)))
+        meshes = transform_meshes(
+            src_size=(1000, 2000),
+            src_bbox=(
+                556597.4539663672,
+                6446275.841017158,
+                567729.4030456939,
+                6463612.124257667,
+            ),
+            src_srs=SRS(3857),
+            dst_size=(1000, 1000),
+            dst_bbox=(5, 50, 5.1, 50.1),
+            dst_srs=SRS(4326),
+        )
+        assert len(meshes) == 1
+
+        # quad stretches whole image plus 1 pixel
+        assert meshes[0][0] == (0, 0, 1000, 1000)
+        for e, a in zip(
+            meshes[0][1], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2000.0, 1000.0, 2000.0, 1000.0, 0.0]
+        ):
+            assert e == pytest.approx(a, abs=1e-9)
+
+
+class TestSingleColorImage(object):
+
+    def test_one_point(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100), color="#ff0000")
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
+        draw.point((99, 99))
+        del draw
+
+        assert not is_single_color_image(img)
+
+    def test_solid(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (100, 100), color="#ff0102")
+        assert is_single_color_image(img) == (255, 1, 2)
+
+    def test_solid_w_alpha(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGBA", (100, 100), color="#ff0102")
+        assert is_single_color_image(img) == (255, 1, 2, 255)
+
+    def test_solid_paletted_image(self):
+        img = Image.new("P", (100, 100), color=20)
+        palette = []
+        for i in range(256):
+            palette.extend((i, i // 2, i % 3))
+        img.putpalette(palette)
+        assert is_single_color_image(img) == (20, 10, 2)
+
+
+class TestMakeTransparent(object):
+
+    def _make_test_image(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (50, 50), (130, 140, 120))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
+        draw.rectangle((10, 10, 39, 39), fill=(130, 150, 120))
+        return img
+
+    def _make_transp_test_image(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGBA", (50, 50), (130, 140, 120, 100))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
+        draw.rectangle((10, 10, 39, 39), fill=(130, 150, 120, 120))
+        return img
+
+    def test_result(self):
+        img = self._make_test_image()
+        img = make_transparent(img, (130, 150, 120), tolerance=5)
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.size == (50, 50)
+        colors = img.getcolors()
+        assert colors == [(1600, (130, 140, 120, 255)), (900, (130, 150, 120, 0))]
+
+    def test_with_color_fuzz(self):
+        img = self._make_test_image()
+        img = make_transparent(img, (128, 154, 121), tolerance=5)
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.size == (50, 50)
+        colors = img.getcolors()
+        assert colors == [(1600, (130, 140, 120, 255)), (900, (130, 150, 120, 0))]
+
+    def test_no_match(self):
+        img = self._make_test_image()
+        img = make_transparent(img, (130, 160, 120), tolerance=5)
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.size == (50, 50)
+        colors = img.getcolors()
+        assert colors == [(1600, (130, 140, 120, 255)), (900, (130, 150, 120, 255))]
+
+    def test_from_paletted(self):
+        img = self._make_test_image().quantize(256)
+        img = make_transparent(img, (130, 150, 120), tolerance=5)
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.size == (50, 50)
+        colors = img.getcolors()
+        assert colors == [(1600, (130, 140, 120, 255)), (900, (130, 150, 120, 0))]
+
+    def test_from_transparent(self):
+        img = self._make_transp_test_image()
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
+        draw.rectangle((0, 0, 4, 4), fill=(130, 100, 120, 0))
+        draw.rectangle((5, 5, 9, 9), fill=(130, 150, 120, 255))
+        img = make_transparent(img, (130, 150, 120, 120), tolerance=5)
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.size == (50, 50)
+        colors = sorted(img.getcolors(), reverse=True)
+
+        assert colors == [
+            (1550, (130, 140, 120, 100)),
+            (900, (130, 150, 120, 0)),
+            (25, (130, 150, 120, 255)),
+            (25, (130, 100, 120, 0)),
+        ]
+
+
+class TestTileSplitter(object):
+
+    def test_background_larger_crop(self):
+        img = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (356, 266), (130, 140, 120)))
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGB")
+        splitter = TileSplitter(img, img_opts)
+
+        tile = splitter.get_tile((0, 0), (256, 256))
+
+        assert tile.size == (256, 256)
+        colors = tile.as_image().getcolors()
+        assert colors == [(256 * 256, (130, 140, 120))]
+
+        tile = splitter.get_tile((256, 256), (256, 256))
+
+        assert tile.size == (256, 256)
+        colors = tile.as_image().getcolors()
+        assert sorted(colors) == [
+            (10 * 100, (130, 140, 120)),
+            (256 * 256 - 10 * 100, (255, 255, 255)),
+        ]
+
+    def test_background_larger_crop_with_transparent(self):
+        img = ImageSource(Image.new("RGBA", (356, 266), (130, 140, 120, 255)))
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGBA", transparent=True)
+        splitter = TileSplitter(img, img_opts)
+
+        tile = splitter.get_tile((0, 0), (256, 256))
+
+        assert tile.size == (256, 256)
+        colors = tile.as_image().getcolors()
+        assert colors == [(256 * 256, (130, 140, 120, 255))]
+
+        tile = splitter.get_tile((256, 256), (256, 256))
+
+        assert tile.size == (256, 256)
+        colors = tile.as_image().getcolors()
+        assert sorted(colors) == [
+            (10 * 100, (130, 140, 120, 255)),
+            (256 * 256 - 10 * 100, (255, 255, 255, 0)),
+        ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(Image, "FASTOCTREE"), reason="PIL has no FASTOCTREE")
+class TestHasTransparency(object):
+
+    def test_rgb(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (10, 10))
+        assert not img_has_transparency(img)
+
+        img = quantize(img, alpha=False)
+        assert not img_has_transparency(img)
+
+    def test_rbga(self):
+        img = Image.new("RGBA", (10, 10), (100, 200, 50, 255))
+        img.paste((255, 50, 50, 0), (3, 3, 7, 7))
+        assert img_has_transparency(img)
+
+        img = quantize(img, alpha=True)
+        assert img_has_transparency(img)
+
+
+class TestPeekImageFormat(object):
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "format,expected_format",
+        [
+            ["png", "png"],
+            ["tiff", "tiff"],
+            ["gif", "gif"],
+            ["jpeg", "jpeg"],
+            ["bmp", None],
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_peek_format(self, format, expected_format):
+        buf = BytesIO()
+        Image.new("RGB", (100, 100)).save(buf, format)
+        assert peek_image_format(buf) == expected_format
+
+
+class TestBandMerge(object):
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.img0 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 10, 20)))
+        self.img1 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (100, 110, 120)))
+        self.img2 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (200, 210, 220)))
+        self.img3 = ImageSource(Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 255, 0)))
+        self.blank = BlankImageSource(size=(10, 10), image_opts=ImageOptions())
+
+    def test_merge_noops(self):
+        """
+        Check that black image is returned for no ops.
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGB")
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGB")
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0], img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.size == (10, 10)
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (0, 0, 0)
+
+    def test_merge_missing_source(self):
+        """
+        Check that empty source list or source list with missing images
+        returns BlankImageSource.
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGB")
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=0, src_band=0)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=1, src_band=0)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=2, src_band=0)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGBA", transparent=True)
+        result = merger.merge([], img_opts, size=(10, 10))
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.size == (10, 10)
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 255, 255, 0)
+
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0, self.img1], img_opts, size=(10, 10))
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.size == (10, 10)
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (255, 255, 255, 0)
+
+    def test_rgb_merge(self):
+        """
+        Check merge of RGB bands
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGB")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=0, src_band=0, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=3, src_band=1, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=2, src_band=1)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=1, src_band=2)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGB")
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0, self.img1, self.img2, self.img3], img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (210, 127, 120)
+
+    def test_rgb_merge_missing(self):
+        """
+        Check missing band is set to 0
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGB")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=2, src_band=1)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=1, src_band=2)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGB")
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0, self.img1, self.img2, self.img3], img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (210, 0, 120)
+
+    def test_rgba_merge(self):
+        """
+        Check merge of RGBA bands
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGBA")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=0, src_band=0, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=3, src_band=1, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=2, src_band=1)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=1, src_band=2)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=3, src_img=1, src_band=1)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGBA")
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0, self.img1, self.img2, self.img3], img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (210, 127, 120, 110)
+
+    def test_rgba_merge_missing_a(self):
+        """
+        Check that missing alpha band defaults to opaque
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGBA")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=0, src_band=0, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=3, src_band=1, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=2, src_band=1)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=1, src_band=2)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGBA")
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0, self.img1, self.img2, self.img3], img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (210, 127, 120, 255)
+
+    def test_l_merge(self):
+        """
+        Check merge bands to grayscale image
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="L")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=0, src_band=2, factor=0.2)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=2, src_band=1, factor=0.3)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=3, src_band=1, factor=0.5)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("L")
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0, self.img1, self.img2, self.img3], img_opts)
+        img = result.as_image()
+
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == int(20 * 0.2) + int(210 * 0.3) + int(255 * 0.5)
+
+    def test_p_merge(self):
+        """
+        Check merge bands to paletted image
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGB")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=0, src_band=0, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=3, src_band=1, factor=0.5)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=2, src_band=1)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=1, src_band=2)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions(
+            "P", format="image/png", encoding_options={"quantizer": "mediancut"}
+        )
+        result = merger.merge([self.img0, self.img1, self.img2, self.img3], img_opts)
+
+        # need to encode to get conversion to P
+        img = Image.open(result.as_buffer())
+
+        assert img.mode == "P"
+        img = img.convert("RGB")
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (210, 127, 120)
+
+    def test_from_p_merge(self):
+        """
+        Check merge bands from paletted image
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGB")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=0, src_band=2)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=0, src_band=1)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=0, src_band=0)
+
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 100, 200)).quantize(256)
+        assert img.mode == "P"
+        # src img is P but we can still access RGB bands
+        src_img = ImageSource(img)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGB")
+        result = merger.merge([src_img], img_opts)
+
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.mode == "RGB"
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (200, 100, 0)
+
+    def test_from_mixed_merge(self):
+        """
+        Check merge RGBA bands from image without alpha (mixed)
+        """
+        merger = BandMerger(mode="RGBA")
+
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=0, src_img=0, src_band=2)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=1, src_img=0, src_band=1)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=2, src_img=0, src_band=0)
+        merger.add_ops(dst_band=3, src_img=0, src_band=3)
+
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (10, 10), (0, 100, 200))
+        src_img = ImageSource(img)
+
+        img_opts = ImageOptions("RGBA")
+        result = merger.merge([src_img], img_opts)
+
+        img = result.as_image()
+        assert img.mode == "RGBA"
+        assert img.getpixel((0, 0)) == (200, 100, 0, 255)