MapProxy 1.16.1__py3-none-any.whl

mapproxy/config/loader.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2286 @@
+# This file is part of the MapProxy project.
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2016 Omniscale <http://omniscale.de>
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+Configuration loading and system initializing.
+"""
+from __future__ import division
+
+import os
+import sys
+import hashlib
+import warnings
+from copy import deepcopy, copy
+from functools import partial
+
+import logging
+log = logging.getLogger('mapproxy.config')
+
+from mapproxy.config import load_default_config, finish_base_config, defaults
+from mapproxy.config.validator import validate_references
+from mapproxy.config.spec import validate_options, add_source_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec, add_service_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec
+from mapproxy.util.py import memoize
+from mapproxy.util.ext.odict import odict
+from mapproxy.util.yaml import load_yaml_file, YAMLError
+from mapproxy.util.fs import find_exec
+from mapproxy.compat.modules import urlparse
+from mapproxy.compat import string_type, iteritems
+
+class ConfigurationError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxyConfiguration(object):
+    def __init__(self, conf, conf_base_dir=None, seed=False, renderd=False):
+        self.configuration = conf
+        self.seed = seed
+        self.renderd = renderd
+
+        if conf_base_dir is None:
+            conf_base_dir = os.getcwd()
+
+        self.load_globals(conf_base_dir=conf_base_dir)
+        self.load_grids()
+        self.load_caches()
+        self.load_sources()
+        self.load_wms_root_layer()
+        self.load_tile_layers()
+        self.load_services()
+
+    def load_globals(self, conf_base_dir):
+        self.globals = GlobalConfiguration(conf_base_dir=conf_base_dir,
+                                           conf=self.configuration.get('globals') or {},
+                                           context=self)
+
+    def load_grids(self):
+        self.grids = {}
+        grid_configs = dict(defaults.grids)
+        grid_configs.update(self.configuration.get('grids') or {})
+        for grid_name, grid_conf in iteritems(grid_configs):
+            grid_conf.setdefault('name', grid_name)
+            self.grids[grid_name] = GridConfiguration(grid_conf, context=self)
+
+    def load_caches(self):
+        self.caches = odict()
+        caches_conf = self.configuration.get('caches')
+        if not caches_conf: return
+        if isinstance(caches_conf, list):
+            caches_conf = list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict(caches_conf)
+        for cache_name, cache_conf in iteritems(caches_conf):
+            cache_conf['name'] = cache_name
+            self.caches[cache_name] = CacheConfiguration(conf=cache_conf, context=self)
+
+    def load_sources(self):
+        self.sources = SourcesCollection()
+        for source_name, source_conf in iteritems((self.configuration.get('sources') or {})):
+            source_conf['name'] = source_name
+            self.sources[source_name] = SourceConfiguration.load(conf=source_conf, context=self)
+
+    def load_tile_layers(self):
+        self.layers = odict()
+        layers_conf = deepcopy(self._layers_conf_dict())
+        if layers_conf is None: return
+        layers = self._flatten_layers_conf_dict(layers_conf)
+        for layer_name, layer_conf in iteritems(layers):
+            layer_conf['name'] = layer_name
+            self.layers[layer_name] = LayerConfiguration(conf=layer_conf, context=self)
+
+    def _legacy_layers_conf_dict(self):
+        """
+        Read old style layer configuration with a dictionary where
+        the key is the layer name. Optionally: a list an each layer
+        is wrapped in such dictionary.
+
+        ::
+          layers:
+            foo:
+              title: xxx
+              sources: []
+            bar:
+              title: xxx
+              sources: []
+
+        or
+
+        ::
+
+          layers:
+            - foo:
+               title: xxx
+               sources: []
+            - bar:
+               title: xxx
+               sources: []
+
+        """
+        warnings.warn('old layer configuration syntax is deprecated since 1.4.0. '
+            'use list of dictionaries as documented', RuntimeWarning)
+        layers = []
+        layers_conf = self.configuration.get('layers')
+        if not layers_conf: return None # TODO config error
+        if isinstance(layers_conf, list):
+            layers_conf = list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict(layers_conf)
+        for layer_name, layer_conf in iteritems(layers_conf):
+            layer_conf['name'] = layer_name
+            layers.append(layer_conf)
+        return dict(title=None, layers=layers)
+
+
+    def _layers_conf_dict(self):
+        """
+        Returns (recursive) layer configuration as a dictionary
+        in unified structure:
+
+        ::
+            {
+             title: 'xxx', # required, might be None
+             name: 'xxx', # optional
+             # sources or layers or both are required
+             sources: [],
+             layers: [
+                {..., ...} # more layers like this
+             ]
+            }
+
+        Multiple layers will be wrapped in an unnamed root layer, if the
+        first level starts with multiple layers.
+        """
+        layers_conf = self.configuration.get('layers')
+        if layers_conf is None: return
+
+        if isinstance(layers_conf, list):
+            if isinstance(layers_conf[0], dict) and len(layers_conf[0].keys()) == 1:
+                # looks like ordered legacy config
+                layers_conf = self._legacy_layers_conf_dict()
+            elif len(layers_conf) == 1 and (
+                'layers' in layers_conf[0]
+                or 'sources' in layers_conf[0]
+                or 'tile_sources' in layers_conf[0]):
+                # single root layer in list -> remove list
+                layers_conf = layers_conf[0]
+            else:
+                # layer list without root -> wrap in root layer
+                layers_conf = dict(title=None, layers=layers_conf)
+
+        if len(set(layers_conf.keys()) &
+               set('layers name title sources'.split())) < 2:
+            # looks like unordered legacy config
+            layers_conf = self._legacy_layers_conf_dict()
+
+        return layers_conf
+
+    def _flatten_layers_conf_dict(self, layers_conf, _layers=None):
+        """
+        Returns a dictionary with all layers that have a name and sources.
+        Flattens the layer tree.
+        """
+        layers = _layers if _layers is not None else odict()
+
+        if 'layers' in layers_conf:
+            for layer in layers_conf.pop('layers'):
+                self._flatten_layers_conf_dict(layer, layers)
+
+        if 'name' in layers_conf and ('sources' in layers_conf or 'tile_sources' in layers_conf):
+            layers[layers_conf['name']] = layers_conf
+
+        return layers
+
+
+    def load_wms_root_layer(self):
+        self.wms_root_layer = None
+
+        layers_conf = self._layers_conf_dict()
+        if layers_conf is None: return
+        self.wms_root_layer = WMSLayerConfiguration(layers_conf, context=self)
+
+    def load_services(self):
+        self.services = ServiceConfiguration(self.configuration.get('services', {}), context=self)
+
+    def configured_services(self):
+        with self:
+            return self.services.services()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        # push local base_config onto config stack
+        import mapproxy.config.config
+        mapproxy.config.config._config.push(self.base_config)
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        # pop local base_config from config stack
+        import mapproxy.config.config
+        mapproxy.config.config._config.pop()
+
+    @property
+    def base_config(self):
+        return self.globals.base_config
+
+    def config_files(self):
+        """
+        Returns a dictionary with all configuration filenames and there timestamps.
+        Contains any included files as well (see `base` option).
+        """
+        return self.configuration.get('__config_files__', {})
+
+def list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict(dictlist):
+    """
+    >>> d = list_of_dicts_to_ordered_dict([{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'c': 3}])
+    >>> list(d.items())
+    [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
+    """
+
+    result = odict()
+    for d in dictlist:
+        for k, v in iteritems(d):
+            result[k] = v
+    return result
+
+class ConfigurationBase(object):
+    """
+    Base class for all configurations.
+    """
+    defaults = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, conf, context):
+        """
+        :param conf: the configuration part for this configurator
+        :param context: the complete proxy configuration
+        :type context: ProxyConfiguration
+        """
+        self.conf = conf
+        self.context = context
+        for k, v in iteritems(self.defaults):
+            if k not in self.conf:
+                self.conf[k] = v
+
+class GridConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+    @memoize
+    def tile_grid(self):
+        from mapproxy.grid import tile_grid
+
+        if 'base' in self.conf:
+            base_grid_name = self.conf['base']
+            if not base_grid_name in self.context.grids:
+                raise ConfigurationError('unknown base %s for grid %s' % (base_grid_name, self.conf['name']))
+            conf = self.context.grids[base_grid_name].conf.copy()
+            conf.update(self.conf)
+            conf.pop('base')
+            self.conf = conf
+        else:
+            conf = self.conf
+        align_with = None
+        if 'align_resolutions_with' in self.conf:
+            align_with_grid_name = self.conf['align_resolutions_with']
+            align_with = self.context.grids[align_with_grid_name].tile_grid()
+
+        tile_size = self.context.globals.get_value('tile_size', conf,
+            global_key='grid.tile_size')
+        conf['tile_size'] = tuple(tile_size)
+        tile_size = tuple(tile_size)
+
+        stretch_factor = self.context.globals.get_value('stretch_factor', conf,
+            global_key='image.stretch_factor')
+        max_shrink_factor = self.context.globals.get_value('max_shrink_factor', conf,
+            global_key='image.max_shrink_factor')
+
+        if conf.get('origin') is None:
+            log.warning('grid %s does not have an origin. default origin will change from sw (south/west) to nw (north-west) with MapProxy 2.0',
+                conf['name'],
+            )
+
+        grid = tile_grid(
+            name=conf['name'],
+            srs=conf.get('srs'),
+            tile_size=tile_size,
+            min_res=conf.get('min_res'),
+            max_res=conf.get('max_res'),
+            res=conf.get('res'),
+            res_factor=conf.get('res_factor', 2.0),
+            threshold_res=conf.get('threshold_res'),
+            bbox=conf.get('bbox'),
+            bbox_srs=conf.get('bbox_srs'),
+            num_levels=conf.get('num_levels'),
+            stretch_factor=stretch_factor,
+            max_shrink_factor=max_shrink_factor,
+            align_with=align_with,
+            origin=conf.get('origin')
+        )
+
+        return grid
+
+
+def preferred_srs(conf):
+    from mapproxy.srs import SRS, PreferredSrcSRS
+
+    preferred_conf = conf.get('preferred_src_proj', {})
+
+    if not preferred_conf:
+        return
+
+    preferred = PreferredSrcSRS()
+
+    for target, preferred_srcs in preferred_conf.items():
+        preferred.add(SRS(target), [SRS(s) for s in preferred_srcs])
+
+    return preferred
+
+
+class GlobalConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+    def __init__(self, conf_base_dir, conf, context):
+        ConfigurationBase.__init__(self, conf, context)
+        self.base_config = load_default_config()
+        self._copy_conf_values(self.conf, self.base_config)
+        self.base_config.conf_base_dir = conf_base_dir
+        finish_base_config(self.base_config)
+
+        self.image_options = ImageOptionsConfiguration(self.conf.get('image', {}), context)
+        self.preferred_srs = preferred_srs(self.conf.get('srs', {}))
+        self.renderd_address = self.get_value('renderd.address')
+
+    def _copy_conf_values(self, d, target):
+        for k, v in iteritems(d):
+            if v is None: continue
+            if (hasattr(v, 'iteritems') or hasattr(v, 'items')) and k in target:
+                self._copy_conf_values(v, target[k])
+            else:
+                target[k] = v
+
+    def get_value(self, key, local={}, global_key=None, default_key=None):
+        result = dotted_dict_get(key, local)
+        if result is None:
+            result = dotted_dict_get(global_key or key, self.conf)
+
+        if result is None:
+            result = dotted_dict_get(default_key or global_key or key, self.base_config)
+
+        return result
+
+    def get_path(self, key, local, global_key=None, default_key=None):
+        value = self.get_value(key, local, global_key, default_key)
+        if value is not None:
+            value = self.abspath(value)
+        return value
+
+    def abspath(self, path):
+        return os.path.join(self.base_config.conf_base_dir, path)
+
+
+
+default_image_options = {
+}
+
+class ImageOptionsConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+    def __init__(self, conf, context):
+        ConfigurationBase.__init__(self, conf, context)
+        self._init_formats()
+
+    def _init_formats(self):
+        self.formats = {}
+
+        formats_config = default_image_options.copy()
+        for format, conf in iteritems(self.conf.get('formats', {})):
+            if format in formats_config:
+                tmp = formats_config[format].copy()
+                tmp.update(conf)
+                conf = tmp
+            if 'resampling_method' in conf:
+                conf['resampling'] = conf.pop('resampling_method')
+            if 'encoding_options' in conf:
+                self._check_encoding_options(conf['encoding_options'])
+            if 'merge_method' in conf:
+                warnings.warn('merge_method now defaults to composite. option no longer required',
+                    DeprecationWarning)
+            formats_config[format] = conf
+        for format, conf in iteritems(formats_config):
+            if 'format' not in conf and format.startswith('image/'):
+                conf['format'] = format
+            self.formats[format] = conf
+
+    def _check_encoding_options(self, options):
+        if not options:
+            return
+        options = options.copy()
+        jpeg_quality = options.pop('jpeg_quality', None)
+        if jpeg_quality and not isinstance(jpeg_quality, int):
+            raise ConfigurationError('jpeg_quality is not an integer')
+
+        tiff_compression = options.pop('tiff_compression', None)
+        if tiff_compression and tiff_compression not in ('raw', 'tiff_lzw', 'jpeg'):
+            raise ConfigurationError('unknown tiff_compression')
+
+        quantizer = options.pop('quantizer', None)
+        if quantizer and quantizer not in ('fastoctree', 'mediancut'):
+            raise ConfigurationError('unknown quantizer')
+
+        if options:
+            raise ConfigurationError('unknown encoding_options: %r' % options)
+
+    def image_opts(self, image_conf, format):
+        from mapproxy.image.opts import ImageOptions
+        if not image_conf:
+            image_conf = {}
+
+        conf = {}
+        if format in self.formats:
+            conf = self.formats[format].copy()
+
+        resampling = image_conf.get('resampling_method') or conf.get('resampling')
+        if resampling is None:
+            resampling = self.context.globals.get_value('image.resampling_method', {})
+        transparent = image_conf.get('transparent')
+        opacity = image_conf.get('opacity')
+        img_format = image_conf.get('format')
+        colors = image_conf.get('colors')
+        mode = image_conf.get('mode')
+        encoding_options = image_conf.get('encoding_options')
+        if 'merge_method' in image_conf:
+            warnings.warn('merge_method now defaults to composite. option no longer required',
+                DeprecationWarning)
+
+        self._check_encoding_options(encoding_options)
+
+        # only overwrite default if it is not None
+        for k, v in iteritems(dict(transparent=transparent, opacity=opacity, resampling=resampling,
+            format=img_format, colors=colors, mode=mode, encoding_options=encoding_options,
+        )):
+            if v is not None:
+                conf[k] = v
+
+        if 'format' not in conf and format and format.startswith('image/'):
+            conf['format'] = format
+
+        # caches shall be able to store png and jpeg tiles with mixed format
+        if format == 'mixed':
+            conf['format'] = format
+            conf['transparent'] = True
+
+        # force 256 colors for image.paletted for backwards compat
+        paletted = self.context.globals.get_value('image.paletted', self.conf)
+        if conf.get('colors') is None and 'png' in conf.get('format', '') and paletted:
+            conf['colors'] = 256
+
+        opts = ImageOptions(**conf)
+        return opts
+
+
+def dotted_dict_get(key, d):
+    """
+    >>> dotted_dict_get('foo', {'foo': {'bar': 1}})
+    {'bar': 1}
+    >>> dotted_dict_get('foo.bar', {'foo': {'bar': 1}})
+    1
+    >>> dotted_dict_get('bar', {'foo': {'bar': 1}})
+    """
+    parts = key.split('.')
+    try:
+        while parts and d:
+            d = d[parts.pop(0)]
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+    if parts: # not completely resolved
+        return None
+    return d
+
+
+class SourcesCollection(dict):
+    """
+    Collection of SourceConfigurations.
+    Allows access to tagged WMS sources, e.g.
+    ``sc['source_name:lyr,lyr2']`` will return the source with ``source_name``
+    and set ``req.layers`` to ``lyr1,lyr2``.
+    """
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        layers = None
+        source_name = key
+        if ':' in source_name:
+            source_name, layers = source_name.split(':', 1)
+        source = dict.__getitem__(self, source_name)
+        if not layers:
+            return source
+
+        if source.conf.get('type') not in ('wms', 'mapserver', 'mapnik'):
+            raise ConfigurationError("found ':' in: '%s'."
+                " tagged sources only supported for WMS/Mapserver/Mapnik" % key)
+
+        uses_req = source.conf.get('type') != 'mapnik'
+
+        source = copy(source)
+        source.conf = deepcopy(source.conf)
+
+        if uses_req:
+            supported_layers = source.conf['req'].get('layers', [])
+        else:
+            supported_layers = source.conf.get('layers', [])
+        supported_layer_set = SourcesCollection.layer_set(supported_layers)
+        layer_set = SourcesCollection.layer_set(layers)
+
+        if supported_layer_set and not layer_set.issubset(supported_layer_set):
+            raise ConfigurationError('layers (%s) not supported by source (%s)' % (
+                layers, ','.join(supported_layer_set)))
+
+        if uses_req:
+            source.conf['req']['layers'] = layers
+        else:
+            source.conf['layers'] = layers
+
+        return source
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        source_name = key
+        if ':' in source_name:
+            source_name, _ = source_name.split(':', 1)
+        return dict.__contains__(self, source_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def layer_set(layers):
+        if isinstance(layers, (list, tuple)):
+            return set(layers)
+        return set(layers.split(','))
+
+
+class SourceConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+
+    supports_meta_tiles = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load(cls, conf, context):
+        source_type = conf['type']
+
+        subclass = source_configuration_types.get(source_type)
+        if not subclass:
+            raise ConfigurationError("unknown source type '%s'" % source_type)
+
+        return subclass(conf, context)
+
+    @memoize
+    def coverage(self):
+        if not 'coverage' in self.conf: return None
+        from mapproxy.config.coverage import load_coverage
+        return load_coverage(self.conf['coverage'])
+
+    def image_opts(self, format=None):
+        if 'transparent' in self.conf:
+            self.conf.setdefault('image', {})['transparent'] = self.conf['transparent']
+        return self.context.globals.image_options.image_opts(self.conf.get('image', {}), format)
+
+    def supported_srs(self):
+        from mapproxy.srs import SRS, SupportedSRS
+
+        supported_srs = [SRS(code) for code in self.conf.get('supported_srs', [])]
+        if not supported_srs:
+            return None
+        return SupportedSRS(supported_srs, self.context.globals.preferred_srs)
+
+    def http_client(self, url):
+        from mapproxy.client.http import auth_data_from_url, HTTPClient
+
+        http_client = None
+        url, (username, password) = auth_data_from_url(url)
+        insecure = ssl_ca_certs = None
+        if 'https' in url:
+            insecure = self.context.globals.get_value('http.ssl_no_cert_checks', self.conf)
+            ssl_ca_certs = self.context.globals.get_path('http.ssl_ca_certs', self.conf)
+
+        timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', self.conf)
+        headers = self.context.globals.get_value('http.headers', self.conf)
+        hide_error_details = self.context.globals.get_value('http.hide_error_details', self.conf)
+        manage_cookies = self.context.globals.get_value('http.manage_cookies', self.conf)
+
+        http_client = HTTPClient(url, username, password, insecure=insecure,
+                                 ssl_ca_certs=ssl_ca_certs, timeout=timeout,
+                                 headers=headers, hide_error_details=hide_error_details,
+                                 manage_cookies=manage_cookies)
+        return http_client, url
+
+    @memoize
+    def on_error_handler(self):
+        if not 'on_error' in self.conf: return None
+        from mapproxy.source.error import HTTPSourceErrorHandler
+
+        error_handler = HTTPSourceErrorHandler()
+        for status_code, response_conf in iteritems(self.conf['on_error']):
+            if not isinstance(status_code, int) and status_code != 'other':
+                raise ConfigurationError("invalid error code %r in on_error", status_code)
+            cacheable = response_conf.get('cache', False)
+            color = response_conf.get('response', 'transparent')
+            authorize_stale = response_conf.get('authorize_stale', False)
+            if color == 'transparent':
+                color = (255, 255, 255, 0)
+            else:
+                color = parse_color(color)
+            error_handler.add_handler(status_code, color, cacheable, authorize_stale)
+
+        return error_handler
+
+def resolution_range(conf):
+    from mapproxy.grid import resolution_range as _resolution_range
+    if 'min_res' in conf or 'max_res' in conf:
+        return _resolution_range(min_res=conf.get('min_res'),
+                                max_res=conf.get('max_res'))
+    if 'min_scale' in conf or 'max_scale' in conf:
+        return _resolution_range(min_scale=conf.get('min_scale'),
+                                max_scale=conf.get('max_scale'))
+
+
+class ArcGISSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
+    source_type = ('arcgis',)
+    def __init__(self, conf, context):
+        SourceConfiguration.__init__(self, conf, context)
+
+    def source(self, params=None):
+        from mapproxy.client.arcgis import ArcGISClient
+        from mapproxy.source.arcgis import ArcGISSource
+        from mapproxy.srs import SRS
+        from mapproxy.request.arcgis import create_request
+
+        if not self.conf.get('opts', {}).get('map', True):
+            return None
+
+        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
+            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
+            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())
+
+        supported_formats = [file_ext(f) for f in self.conf.get("supported_formats", [])]
+
+        # Construct the parameters
+        if params is None:
+            params = {}
+
+        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
+        if request_format:
+            params['format'] = request_format
+
+        request = create_request(self.conf["req"], params)
+        http_client, request.url = self.http_client(request.url)
+        coverage = self.coverage()
+        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)
+
+        client = ArcGISClient(request, http_client)
+        image_opts = self.image_opts(format=params.get('format'))
+        return ArcGISSource(client, image_opts=image_opts, coverage=coverage,
+                            res_range=res_range,
+                            supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
+                            supported_formats=supported_formats or None,
+                            error_handler=self.on_error_handler())
+
+    @memoize
+    def fi_source(self, params=None):
+        from mapproxy.client.arcgis import ArcGISInfoClient
+        from mapproxy.request.arcgis import create_identify_request
+        from mapproxy.source.arcgis import ArcGISInfoSource
+        from mapproxy.srs import SRS
+
+        if params is None: params = {}
+        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
+        if request_format:
+            params['format'] = request_format
+        fi_source = None
+        if self.conf.get('opts', {}).get('featureinfo', False):
+            opts = self.conf['opts']
+            tolerance = opts.get('featureinfo_tolerance', 5)
+            return_geometries = opts.get('featureinfo_return_geometries', False)
+
+            fi_request = create_identify_request(self.conf['req'], params)
+
+
+            http_client, fi_request.url = self.http_client(fi_request.url)
+            fi_client = ArcGISInfoClient(fi_request,
+                supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
+                http_client=http_client,
+                tolerance=tolerance,
+                return_geometries=return_geometries,
+            )
+            fi_source = ArcGISInfoSource(fi_client)
+        return fi_source
+
+
+class WMSSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
+    source_type = ('wms',)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def static_legend_source(url, context):
+        from mapproxy.cache.legend import LegendCache
+        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSLegendURLClient
+        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSLegendSource
+
+        cache_dir = os.path.join(context.globals.get_path('cache.base_dir', {}),
+                                 'legends')
+        if url.startswith('file://') and not url.startswith('file:///'):
+            prefix = 'file://'
+            url = prefix + context.globals.abspath(url[7:])
+        lg_client = WMSLegendURLClient(url)
+        legend_cache = LegendCache(cache_dir=cache_dir)
+        return WMSLegendSource([lg_client], legend_cache, static=True)
+
+    def fi_xslt_transformer(self, conf, context):
+        from mapproxy.featureinfo import XSLTransformer, has_xslt_support
+        fi_transformer = None
+        fi_xslt = conf.get('featureinfo_xslt')
+        if fi_xslt:
+            if not has_xslt_support:
+                raise ValueError('featureinfo_xslt requires lxml. Please install.')
+            fi_xslt = context.globals.abspath(fi_xslt)
+            fi_format = conf.get('featureinfo_out_format')
+            if not fi_format:
+                fi_format = conf.get('featureinfo_format')
+            fi_transformer = XSLTransformer(fi_xslt, fi_format)
+        return fi_transformer
+
+    def image_opts(self, format=None):
+        if 'transparent' not in (self.conf.get('image') or {}):
+            transparent = self.conf['req'].get('transparent')
+            if transparent is not None:
+                transparent = bool(str(transparent).lower() == 'true')
+                self.conf.setdefault('image', {})['transparent'] = transparent
+        return SourceConfiguration.image_opts(self, format=format)
+
+    def source(self, params=None):
+        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSClient
+        from mapproxy.request.wms import create_request
+        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSSource
+        from mapproxy.srs import SRS, SupportedSRS
+
+        if not self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('map', True):
+            return None
+
+        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
+            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
+            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())
+
+        if params is None: params = {}
+
+        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
+        if request_format:
+            params['format'] = request_format
+
+        image_opts = self.image_opts(format=params.get('format'))
+
+        supported_formats = [file_ext(f) for f in self.conf.get('supported_formats', [])]
+        version = self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('version', '1.1.1')
+
+        lock = None
+        concurrent_requests = self.context.globals.get_value('concurrent_requests', self.conf,
+                                                        global_key='http.concurrent_requests')
+        if concurrent_requests:
+            from mapproxy.util.lock import SemLock
+            lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('cache.lock_dir', self.conf)
+            lock_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', self.conf)
+            url = urlparse.urlparse(self.conf['req']['url'])
+            md5 = hashlib.md5(url.netloc.encode('ascii'))
+            lock_file = os.path.join(lock_dir, md5.hexdigest() + '.lck')
+            lock = lambda: SemLock(lock_file, concurrent_requests, timeout=lock_timeout)
+
+        coverage = self.coverage()
+        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)
+
+        transparent_color = (self.conf.get('image') or {}).get('transparent_color')
+        transparent_color_tolerance = self.context.globals.get_value(
+            'image.transparent_color_tolerance', self.conf)
+        if transparent_color:
+            transparent_color = parse_color(transparent_color)
+
+        http_method = self.context.globals.get_value('http.method', self.conf)
+
+        fwd_req_params = set(self.conf.get('forward_req_params', []))
+
+        request = create_request(self.conf['req'], params, version=version,
+            abspath=self.context.globals.abspath)
+        http_client, request.url = self.http_client(request.url)
+        client = WMSClient(request, http_client=http_client,
+                           http_method=http_method, lock=lock,
+                           fwd_req_params=fwd_req_params)
+        return WMSSource(client, image_opts=image_opts, coverage=coverage,
+                         res_range=res_range, transparent_color=transparent_color,
+                         transparent_color_tolerance=transparent_color_tolerance,
+                         supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
+                         supported_formats=supported_formats or None,
+                         fwd_req_params=fwd_req_params,
+                         error_handler=self.on_error_handler())
+
+    def fi_source(self, params=None):
+        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSInfoClient
+        from mapproxy.request.wms import create_request
+        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSInfoSource
+        from mapproxy.srs import SRS
+
+        if params is None: params = {}
+        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
+        if request_format:
+            params['format'] = request_format
+        fi_source = None
+        if self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('featureinfo', False):
+            wms_opts = self.conf['wms_opts']
+            version = wms_opts.get('version', '1.1.1')
+            if 'featureinfo_format' in wms_opts:
+                params['info_format'] = wms_opts['featureinfo_format']
+            fi_request = create_request(self.conf['req'], params,
+                req_type='featureinfo', version=version,
+                abspath=self.context.globals.abspath)
+
+            fi_transformer = self.fi_xslt_transformer(self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}),
+                                                     self.context)
+
+            http_client, fi_request.url = self.http_client(fi_request.url)
+            fi_client = WMSInfoClient(fi_request, supported_srs=self.supported_srs(),
+                                      http_client=http_client)
+            coverage = self.coverage()
+            fi_source = WMSInfoSource(fi_client, fi_transformer=fi_transformer,
+                                      coverage=coverage)
+        return fi_source
+
+    def lg_source(self, params=None):
+        from mapproxy.cache.legend import LegendCache
+        from mapproxy.client.wms import WMSLegendClient
+        from mapproxy.request.wms import create_request
+        from mapproxy.source.wms import WMSLegendSource
+
+        if params is None: params = {}
+        request_format = self.conf['req'].get('format')
+        if request_format:
+            params['format'] = request_format
+        lg_source = None
+        cache_dir = os.path.join(self.context.globals.get_path('cache.base_dir', {}),
+                                 'legends')
+
+        if self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('legendurl', False):
+            lg_url = self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('legendurl')
+            lg_source = WMSSourceConfiguration.static_legend_source(lg_url, self.context)
+        elif self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('legendgraphic', False):
+            version = self.conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('version', '1.1.1')
+            lg_req = self.conf['req'].copy()
+            lg_clients = []
+            lg_layers = str(lg_req['layers']).split(',')
+            del lg_req['layers']
+            for lg_layer in lg_layers:
+                lg_req['layer'] = lg_layer
+                lg_request = create_request(lg_req, params,
+                    req_type='legendgraphic', version=version,
+                    abspath=self.context.globals.abspath)
+                http_client, lg_request.url = self.http_client(lg_request.url)
+                lg_client = WMSLegendClient(lg_request, http_client=http_client)
+                lg_clients.append(lg_client)
+            legend_cache = LegendCache(cache_dir=cache_dir)
+            lg_source = WMSLegendSource(lg_clients, legend_cache)
+        return lg_source
+
+
+class MapServerSourceConfiguration(WMSSourceConfiguration):
+    source_type = ('mapserver',)
+
+    def __init__(self, conf, context):
+        WMSSourceConfiguration.__init__(self, conf, context)
+        self.script = self.context.globals.get_path('mapserver.binary',
+            self.conf)
+        if not self.script:
+            self.script = find_exec('mapserv')
+
+        if not self.script or not os.path.isfile(self.script):
+            raise ConfigurationError('could not find mapserver binary (%r)' %
+                (self.script, ))
+
+        # set url to dummy script name, required as identifier
+        # for concurrent_request
+        self.conf['req']['url'] = 'mapserver://' + self.script
+
+        mapfile = self.context.globals.abspath(self.conf['req']['map'])
+        self.conf['req']['map'] = mapfile
+
+    def http_client(self, url):
+        working_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('mapserver.working_dir', self.conf)
+        if working_dir and not os.path.isdir(working_dir):
+            raise ConfigurationError('could not find mapserver working_dir (%r)' % (working_dir, ))
+
+        from mapproxy.client.cgi import CGIClient
+        client = CGIClient(script=self.script, working_directory=working_dir)
+        return client, url
+
+
+class MapnikSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
+    source_type = ('mapnik',)
+
+    def source(self, params=None):
+        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
+            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
+            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())
+
+        image_opts = self.image_opts()
+
+        lock = None
+        concurrent_requests = self.context.globals.get_value('concurrent_requests', self.conf,
+                                                        global_key='http.concurrent_requests')
+        if concurrent_requests:
+            from mapproxy.util.lock import SemLock
+            lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('cache.lock_dir', self.conf)
+            mapfile = self.conf['mapfile']
+            md5 = hashlib.md5(mapfile.encode('utf-8'))
+            lock_file = os.path.join(lock_dir, md5.hexdigest() + '.lck')
+            lock = lambda: SemLock(lock_file, concurrent_requests)
+
+        coverage = self.coverage()
+        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)
+
+        scale_factor = self.conf.get('scale_factor', None)
+        multithreaded = self.conf.get('multithreaded', False)
+
+        layers = self.conf.get('layers', None)
+        if isinstance(layers, string_type):
+            layers = layers.split(',')
+
+        mapfile = self.context.globals.abspath(self.conf['mapfile'])
+
+        if self.conf.get('use_mapnik2', False):
+            warnings.warn('use_mapnik2 option is no longer needed for Mapnik 2 support',
+                DeprecationWarning)
+
+        from mapproxy.source.mapnik import MapnikSource, mapnik as mapnik_api
+        if mapnik_api is None:
+            raise ConfigurationError('Could not import Mapnik, please verify it is installed!')
+
+        if self.context.renderd:
+            # only renderd guarantees that we have a single proc/thread
+            # that accesses the same mapnik map object
+            reuse_map_objects = True
+        else:
+            reuse_map_objects = False
+
+        return MapnikSource(mapfile, layers=layers, image_opts=image_opts,
+                            coverage=coverage, res_range=res_range, lock=lock,
+                            reuse_map_objects=reuse_map_objects, scale_factor=scale_factor,
+                            multithreaded=multithreaded)
+
+class TileSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
+    supports_meta_tiles = False
+    source_type = ('tile',)
+    defaults = {}
+
+    def source(self, params=None):
+        from mapproxy.client.tile import TileClient, TileURLTemplate
+        from mapproxy.source.tile import TiledSource
+
+        if not self.context.seed and self.conf.get('seed_only'):
+            from mapproxy.source import DummySource
+            return DummySource(coverage=self.coverage())
+
+        if params is None: params = {}
+
+        url = self.conf['url']
+
+        if self.conf.get('origin'):
+            warnings.warn('origin for tile sources is deprecated since 1.3.0 '
+            'and will be ignored. use grid with correct origin.', RuntimeWarning)
+
+        http_client, url = self.http_client(url)
+
+        grid_name = self.conf.get('grid')
+        if grid_name is None:
+            log.warning("tile source for %s does not have a grid configured and defaults to GLOBAL_MERCATOR. default will change with MapProxy 2.0", url)
+            grid_name = "GLOBAL_MERCATOR"
+
+        grid = self.context.grids[grid_name].tile_grid()
+        coverage = self.coverage()
+        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)
+
+        image_opts = self.image_opts()
+        error_handler = self.on_error_handler()
+
+        format = file_ext(params['format'])
+        client = TileClient(TileURLTemplate(url, format=format), http_client=http_client, grid=grid)
+        return TiledSource(grid, client, coverage=coverage, image_opts=image_opts,
+            error_handler=error_handler, res_range=res_range)
+
+
+def file_ext(mimetype):
+    from mapproxy.request.base import split_mime_type
+    _mime_class, format, _options = split_mime_type(mimetype)
+    return format
+
+class DebugSourceConfiguration(SourceConfiguration):
+    source_type = ('debug',)
+    required_keys = set('type'.split())
+
+    def source(self, params=None):
+        from mapproxy.source import DebugSource
+        return DebugSource()
+
+
+source_configuration_types = {
+    'wms': WMSSourceConfiguration,
+    'arcgis': ArcGISSourceConfiguration,
+    'tile': TileSourceConfiguration,
+    'debug': DebugSourceConfiguration,
+    'mapserver': MapServerSourceConfiguration,
+    'mapnik': MapnikSourceConfiguration,
+}
+
+
+def register_source_configuration(config_name, config_class,
+                                  yaml_spec_source_name = None, yaml_spec_source_def = None):
+    """ Method used by plugins to register a new source configuration.
+
+        :param config_name: Name of the source configuration
+        :type config_name: str
+        :param config_class: Class of the source configuration
+        :type config_name: SourceConfiguration
+        :param yaml_spec_source_name: Name of the source in the YAML configuration file
+        :type yaml_spec_source_name: str
+        :param yaml_spec_source_def: Definition of the source in the YAML configuration file
+        :type yaml_spec_source_def: dict
+
+        Example:
+            register_source_configuration('hips', HIPSSourceConfiguration,
+                                          'hips', { required('url'): str(),
+                                                    'resampling_method': str(),
+                                                    'image': image_opts,
+                                                  })
+    """
+    log.info('Registering configuration for plugin source %s' % config_name)
+    source_configuration_types[config_name] = config_class
+    if yaml_spec_source_name is not None and yaml_spec_source_def is not None:
+        add_source_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec(yaml_spec_source_name, yaml_spec_source_def)
+
+
+class CacheConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+    defaults = {'format': 'image/png'}
+
+    @memoize
+    def cache_dir(self):
+        cache_dir = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory')
+        if cache_dir:
+            if self.conf.get('cache_dir'):
+                log.warning('found cache.directory and cache_dir option for %s, ignoring cache_dir',
+                self.conf['name'])
+            return self.context.globals.abspath(cache_dir)
+
+        return self.context.globals.get_path('cache_dir', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.base_dir')
+
+    @memoize
+    def has_multiple_grids(self):
+        return len(self.grid_confs()) > 1
+
+    def lock_dir(self):
+        lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_path('cache.tile_lock_dir', self.conf)
+        if not lock_dir:
+            lock_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir(), 'tile_locks')
+        return lock_dir
+
+    def _file_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.file import FileCache
+
+        cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
+        directory_layout = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory_layout', 'tc')
+        if self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory'):
+            if self.has_multiple_grids():
+                raise ConfigurationError(
+                    "using single directory for cache with multiple grids in %s" %
+                    (self.conf['name']),
+                )
+            pass
+        elif self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('use_grid_names'):
+            cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)
+        else:
+            suffix = grid_conf.conf['srs'].replace(':', '')
+            cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, self.conf['name'] + '_' + suffix)
+        link_single_color_images = self.context.globals.get_value('link_single_color_images', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.link_single_color_images')
+
+        if link_single_color_images and sys.platform == 'win32':
+            log.warning('link_single_color_images not supported on windows')
+            link_single_color_images = False
+
+
+        return FileCache(
+            cache_dir,
+            file_ext=file_ext,
+            directory_layout=directory_layout,
+            link_single_color_images=link_single_color_images,
+        )
+
+    def _mbtiles_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.mbtiles import MBTilesCache
+
+        filename = self.conf['cache'].get('filename')
+        if not filename:
+            filename = self.conf['name'] + '.mbtiles'
+
+        if filename.startswith('.' + os.sep):
+            mbfile_path = self.context.globals.abspath(filename)
+        else:
+            mbfile_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir(), filename)
+
+        sqlite_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_timeout', self.conf)
+        wal = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_wal', self.conf)
+
+        return MBTilesCache(
+            mbfile_path,
+            timeout=sqlite_timeout,
+            wal=wal,
+        )
+
+    def _geopackage_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.geopackage import GeopackageCache, GeopackageLevelCache
+
+        filename = self.conf['cache'].get('filename')
+        table_name = self.conf['cache'].get('table_name') or \
+                     "{}_{}".format(self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)
+        levels = self.conf['cache'].get('levels')
+
+        if not filename:
+            filename = self.conf['name'] + '.gpkg'
+        if filename.startswith('.' + os.sep):
+            gpkg_file_path = self.context.globals.abspath(filename)
+        else:
+            gpkg_file_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir(), filename)
+
+        cache_dir = self.conf['cache'].get('directory')
+        if cache_dir:
+            cache_dir = os.path.join(
+                self.context.globals.abspath(cache_dir),
+                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
+            )
+        else:
+            cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
+            cache_dir = os.path.join(
+                cache_dir,
+                self.conf['name'],
+                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
+            )
+
+        if levels:
+            return GeopackageLevelCache(
+                cache_dir, grid_conf.tile_grid(), table_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return GeopackageCache(
+                gpkg_file_path, grid_conf.tile_grid(), table_name
+            )
+
+    def _azureblob_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.azureblob import AzureBlobCache
+
+        container_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.container_name', self.conf,
+                                                        global_key='cache.azureblob.container_name')
+
+        if not container_name:
+            raise ConfigurationError("no container_name configured for Azure Blob cache %s" % self.conf['name'])
+
+        connection_string = os.getenv("AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING", self.context.globals.get_value(
+            'cache.connection_string', self.conf, global_key='cache.azureblob.connection_string'))
+
+        if not connection_string:
+            raise ConfigurationError("no connection_string configured for Azure Blob cache %s" % self.conf['name'])
+
+        directory_layout = self.conf['cache'].get('directory_layout', 'tms')
+
+        base_path = self.conf['cache'].get('directory', None)
+        if base_path is None:
+            base_path = os.path.join(self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)
+
+        return AzureBlobCache(
+            base_path=base_path,
+            file_ext=file_ext,
+            directory_layout=directory_layout,
+            container_name=container_name,
+            connection_string=connection_string
+        )
+
+    def _s3_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.s3 import S3Cache
+
+        bucket_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.bucket_name', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.s3.bucket_name')
+
+        if not bucket_name:
+            raise ConfigurationError("no bucket_name configured for s3 cache %s" % self.conf['name'])
+
+        profile_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.profile_name', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.s3.profile_name')
+
+        region_name = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.region_name', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.s3.region_name')
+
+        endpoint_url = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.endpoint_url', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.s3.endpoint_url')
+
+        access_control_list = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.access_control_list', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.s3.access_control_list')
+
+        directory_layout = self.conf['cache'].get('directory_layout', 'tms')
+
+        base_path = self.conf['cache'].get('directory', None)
+        if base_path is None:
+            base_path = os.path.join(self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)
+
+        return S3Cache(
+            base_path=base_path,
+            file_ext=file_ext,
+            directory_layout=directory_layout,
+            bucket_name=bucket_name,
+            profile_name=profile_name,
+            region_name=region_name,
+            endpoint_url=endpoint_url,
+            access_control_list=access_control_list
+        )
+
+    def _sqlite_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.mbtiles import MBTilesLevelCache
+
+        cache_dir = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory')
+        if cache_dir:
+            cache_dir = os.path.join(
+                self.context.globals.abspath(cache_dir),
+                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
+            )
+        else:
+            cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
+            cache_dir = os.path.join(
+                cache_dir,
+                self.conf['name'],
+                grid_conf.tile_grid().name
+            )
+
+        sqlite_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_timeout', self.conf)
+        wal = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.sqlite_wal', self.conf)
+
+        return MBTilesLevelCache(
+            cache_dir,
+            timeout=sqlite_timeout,
+            wal=wal,
+        )
+
+    def _couchdb_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.couchdb import CouchDBCache, CouchDBMDTemplate
+
+        db_name = self.conf['cache'].get('db_name')
+        if not db_name:
+            suffix = grid_conf.conf['srs'].replace(':', '')
+            db_name = self.conf['name'] + '_' + suffix
+
+        url = self.conf['cache'].get('url')
+        if not url:
+            url = 'http://127.0.0.1:5984'
+
+        md_template = CouchDBMDTemplate(self.conf['cache'].get('tile_metadata', {}))
+        tile_id = self.conf['cache'].get('tile_id')
+
+        return CouchDBCache(url=url, db_name=db_name,
+            file_ext=file_ext, tile_grid=grid_conf.tile_grid(),
+            md_template=md_template, tile_id_template=tile_id)
+
+    def _riak_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.riak import RiakCache
+
+        default_ports = self.conf['cache'].get('default_ports', {})
+        default_pb_port = default_ports.get('pb', 8087)
+        default_http_port = default_ports.get('http', 8098)
+
+        nodes = self.conf['cache'].get('nodes')
+        if not nodes:
+            nodes = [{'host': '127.0.0.1'}]
+
+        for n in nodes:
+            if 'pb_port' not in n:
+                n['pb_port'] = default_pb_port
+            if 'http_port' not in n:
+                n['http_port'] = default_http_port
+
+        protocol = self.conf['cache'].get('protocol', 'pbc')
+        bucket = self.conf['cache'].get('bucket')
+        if not bucket:
+            suffix = grid_conf.tile_grid().name
+            bucket = self.conf['name'] + '_' + suffix
+
+        use_secondary_index = self.conf['cache'].get('secondary_index', False)
+        timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', self.conf)
+
+        return RiakCache(nodes=nodes, protocol=protocol, bucket=bucket,
+            tile_grid=grid_conf.tile_grid(),
+            use_secondary_index=use_secondary_index,
+            timeout=timeout
+        )
+
+    def _redis_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.redis import RedisCache
+
+        host = self.conf['cache'].get('host', '127.0.0.1')
+        port = self.conf['cache'].get('port', 6379)
+        db = self.conf['cache'].get('db', 0)
+        ttl = self.conf['cache'].get('default_ttl', 3600)
+
+        prefix = self.conf['cache'].get('prefix')
+        if not prefix:
+            prefix = self.conf['name'] + '_' + grid_conf.tile_grid().name
+
+        return RedisCache(
+            host=host,
+            port=port,
+            db=db,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            ttl=ttl,
+        )
+
+    def _compact_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        from mapproxy.cache.compact import CompactCacheV1, CompactCacheV2
+
+        cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
+        if self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('directory'):
+            if self.has_multiple_grids():
+                raise ConfigurationError(
+                    "using single directory for cache with multiple grids in %s" %
+                    (self.conf['name']),
+                )
+            pass
+        else:
+            cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, self.conf['name'], grid_conf.tile_grid().name)
+
+        version = self.conf['cache']['version']
+        if version == 1:
+            return CompactCacheV1(cache_dir=cache_dir)
+        elif version == 2:
+            return CompactCacheV2(cache_dir=cache_dir)
+
+        raise ConfigurationError("compact cache only supports version 1 or 2")
+
+    def _tile_cache(self, grid_conf, file_ext):
+        if self.conf.get('disable_storage', False):
+            from mapproxy.cache.dummy import DummyCache
+            return DummyCache()
+
+        grid_conf.tile_grid() #create to resolve `base` in grid_conf.conf
+        cache_type = self.conf.get('cache', {}).get('type', 'file')
+        return getattr(self, '_%s_cache' % cache_type)(grid_conf, file_ext)
+
+    def _tile_filter(self):
+        filters = []
+        if 'watermark' in self.conf:
+            from mapproxy.tilefilter import create_watermark_filter
+            if self.conf['watermark'].get('color'):
+                self.conf['watermark']['color'] = parse_color(self.conf['watermark']['color'])
+            f = create_watermark_filter(self.conf, self.context)
+            if f:
+                filters.append(f)
+        return filters
+
+    @memoize
+    def image_opts(self):
+        from mapproxy.image.opts import ImageFormat
+
+        format = None
+        if 'format' not in self.conf.get('image', {}):
+            format = self.conf.get('format') or self.conf.get('request_format')
+        image_opts = self.context.globals.image_options.image_opts(self.conf.get('image', {}), format)
+        if image_opts.format is None:
+            if format is not None and format.startswith('image/'):
+                image_opts.format = ImageFormat(format)
+            else:
+                image_opts.format = ImageFormat('image/png')
+        return image_opts
+
+    def supports_tiled_only_access(self, params=None, tile_grid=None):
+        caches = self.caches()
+        if len(caches) > 1:
+            return False
+
+        cache_grid, extent, tile_manager = caches[0]
+        image_opts = self.image_opts()
+
+        if (tile_grid.is_subset_of(cache_grid)
+            and params.get('format') == image_opts.format):
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def source(self, params=None, tile_grid=None, tiled_only=False):
+        from mapproxy.source.tile import CacheSource
+        from mapproxy.layer import map_extent_from_grid
+
+        caches = self.caches()
+        if len(caches) > 1:
+            # cache with multiple grids/sources
+            source = self.map_layer()
+            source.supports_meta_tiles = True
+            return source
+
+        cache_grid, extent, tile_manager = caches[0]
+        image_opts = self.image_opts()
+
+        cache_extent = map_extent_from_grid(tile_grid)
+        cache_extent = extent.intersection(cache_extent)
+
+        source = CacheSource(tile_manager, extent=cache_extent,
+            image_opts=image_opts, tiled_only=tiled_only)
+        return source
+
+    def _sources_for_grid(self, source_names, grid_conf, request_format):
+        sources = []
+        source_image_opts = []
+
+        # a cache can directly access source tiles when _all_ sources are caches too
+        # and when they have compatible grids by using tiled_only on the CacheSource
+        # check if all sources support tiled_only
+        tiled_only = True
+        for source_name in source_names:
+            if source_name in self.context.sources:
+                tiled_only = False
+                break
+            elif source_name in self.context.caches:
+                cache_conf = self.context.caches[source_name]
+                tiled_only = cache_conf.supports_tiled_only_access(
+                    params={'format': request_format},
+                    tile_grid=grid_conf.tile_grid(),
+                )
+                if not tiled_only:
+                    break
+
+        for source_name in source_names:
+            if source_name in self.context.sources:
+                source_conf = self.context.sources[source_name]
+                source = source_conf.source({'format': request_format})
+            elif source_name in self.context.caches:
+                cache_conf = self.context.caches[source_name]
+                source = cache_conf.source(
+                    params={'format': request_format},
+                    tile_grid=grid_conf.tile_grid(),
+                    tiled_only=tiled_only,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise ConfigurationError('unknown source %s' % source_name)
+            if source:
+                sources.append(source)
+                source_image_opts.append(source.image_opts)
+
+        return sources, source_image_opts
+
+    def _sources_for_band_merge(self, sources_conf, grid_conf, request_format):
+        from mapproxy.image.merge import BandMerger
+
+        source_names = []
+
+        for band, band_sources in iteritems(sources_conf):
+            for source in band_sources:
+                name = source['source']
+                if name in source_names:
+                    idx = source_names.index(name)
+                else:
+                    source_names.append(name)
+                    idx = len(source_names) - 1
+
+                source["src_idx"] = idx
+
+        sources, source_image_opts = self._sources_for_grid(
+            source_names=source_names,
+            grid_conf=grid_conf,
+            request_format=request_format,
+        )
+
+        if 'l' in sources_conf:
+            mode = 'L'
+        elif 'a' in sources_conf:
+            mode = 'RGBA'
+        else:
+            mode = 'RGB'
+
+        band_merger = BandMerger(mode=mode)
+        available_bands = {'r': 0, 'g': 1, 'b': 2, 'a': 3, 'l': 0}
+        for band, band_sources in iteritems(sources_conf):
+            band_idx = available_bands.get(band)
+            if band_idx is None:
+                raise ConfigurationError("unsupported band '%s' for cache %s"
+                    % (band, self.conf['name']))
+            for source in band_sources:
+                band_merger.add_ops(
+                    dst_band=band_idx,
+                    src_img=source['src_idx'],
+                    src_band=source['band'],
+                    factor=source.get('factor', 1.0),
+                )
+
+        return band_merger, sources, source_image_opts
+
+    @memoize
+    def caches(self):
+        from mapproxy.cache.dummy import DummyCache, DummyLocker
+        from mapproxy.cache.tile import TileManager
+        from mapproxy.cache.base import TileLocker
+        from mapproxy.image.opts import compatible_image_options
+        from mapproxy.layer import map_extent_from_grid, merge_layer_extents
+
+        base_image_opts = self.image_opts()
+        if self.conf.get('format') == 'mixed' and not self.conf.get('request_format') in [ 'image/png', 'image/vnd.jpeg-png' ]:
+            raise ConfigurationError('request_format must be set to image/png or image/vnd.jpeg-png if mixed mode is enabled')
+        request_format = self.conf.get('request_format') or self.conf.get('format')
+        if '/' in request_format:
+            request_format_ext = request_format.split('/', 1)[1]
+        else:
+            request_format_ext = request_format
+
+        caches = []
+
+        meta_buffer = self.context.globals.get_value('meta_buffer', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.meta_buffer')
+        meta_size = self.context.globals.get_value('meta_size', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.meta_size')
+        bulk_meta_tiles = self.context.globals.get_value('bulk_meta_tiles', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.bulk_meta_tiles')
+        minimize_meta_requests = self.context.globals.get_value('minimize_meta_requests', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.minimize_meta_requests')
+        concurrent_tile_creators = self.context.globals.get_value('concurrent_tile_creators', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.concurrent_tile_creators')
+
+        cache_rescaled_tiles = self.conf.get('cache_rescaled_tiles')
+        upscale_tiles = self.conf.get('upscale_tiles', 0)
+        if upscale_tiles < 0:
+            raise ConfigurationError("upscale_tiles must be positive")
+        downscale_tiles = self.conf.get('downscale_tiles', 0)
+        if downscale_tiles < 0:
+            raise ConfigurationError("downscale_tiles must be positive")
+        if upscale_tiles and downscale_tiles:
+            raise ConfigurationError("cannot use both upscale_tiles and downscale_tiles")
+
+        rescale_tiles = 0
+        if upscale_tiles:
+            rescale_tiles = -upscale_tiles
+        if downscale_tiles:
+            rescale_tiles = downscale_tiles
+
+        renderd_address = self.context.globals.get_value('renderd.address', self.conf)
+
+        band_merger = None
+        for grid_name, grid_conf in self.grid_confs():
+            if isinstance(self.conf['sources'], dict):
+                band_merger, sources, source_image_opts = self._sources_for_band_merge(
+                    self.conf['sources'],
+                    grid_conf=grid_conf,
+                    request_format=request_format,
+                )
+            else:
+                sources, source_image_opts = self._sources_for_grid(
+                    self.conf['sources'],
+                    grid_conf=grid_conf,
+                    request_format=request_format,
+                )
+
+            if not sources:
+                from mapproxy.source import DummySource
+                sources = [DummySource()]
+                source_image_opts.append(sources[0].image_opts)
+            tile_grid = grid_conf.tile_grid()
+            tile_filter = self._tile_filter()
+            image_opts = compatible_image_options(source_image_opts, base_opts=base_image_opts)
+            cache = self._tile_cache(grid_conf, image_opts.format.ext)
+            identifier = self.conf['name'] + '_' + tile_grid.name
+
+            tile_creator_class = None
+
+            use_renderd = bool(renderd_address)
+            if self.context.renderd:
+                # we _are_ renderd
+                use_renderd = False
+            if self.conf.get('disable_storage', False):
+                # can't ask renderd to create tiles that shouldn't be cached
+                use_renderd = False
+
+            if use_renderd:
+                from mapproxy.cache.renderd import RenderdTileCreator, has_renderd_support
+                if not has_renderd_support():
+                    raise ConfigurationError("renderd requires requests library")
+                if self.context.seed:
+                    priority = 10
+                else:
+                    priority = 100
+
+                cache_dir = self.cache_dir()
+
+                lock_dir = self.context.globals.get_value('cache.tile_lock_dir')
+                if not lock_dir:
+                    lock_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, 'tile_locks')
+
+                lock_timeout = self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', {})
+                locker = TileLocker(lock_dir, lock_timeout, identifier + '_renderd')
+                # TODO band_merger
+                tile_creator_class = partial(RenderdTileCreator, renderd_address,
+                    priority=priority, tile_locker=locker)
+
+            else:
+                from mapproxy.cache.tile import TileCreator
+                tile_creator_class = partial(TileCreator, image_merger=band_merger)
+
+            if isinstance(cache, DummyCache):
+                locker = DummyLocker()
+            else:
+                locker = TileLocker(
+                        lock_dir=self.lock_dir(),
+                        lock_timeout=self.context.globals.get_value('http.client_timeout', {}),
+                        lock_cache_id=cache.lock_cache_id,
+                )
+
+            mgr = TileManager(tile_grid, cache, sources, image_opts.format.ext,
+                locker=locker,
+                image_opts=image_opts, identifier=identifier,
+                request_format=request_format_ext,
+                meta_size=meta_size, meta_buffer=meta_buffer,
+                minimize_meta_requests=minimize_meta_requests,
+                concurrent_tile_creators=concurrent_tile_creators,
+                pre_store_filter=tile_filter,
+                tile_creator_class=tile_creator_class,
+                bulk_meta_tiles=bulk_meta_tiles,
+                cache_rescaled_tiles=cache_rescaled_tiles,
+                rescale_tiles=rescale_tiles,
+            )
+            if self.conf['name'] in self.context.caches:
+                mgr._refresh_before = self.context.caches[self.conf['name']].conf.get('refresh_before', {})
+            extent = merge_layer_extents(sources)
+            if extent.is_default:
+                extent = map_extent_from_grid(tile_grid)
+            caches.append((tile_grid, extent, mgr))
+        return caches
+
+    @memoize
+    def grid_confs(self):
+        grid_names = self.conf.get('grids')
+        if grid_names is None:
+            log.warning('cache %s does not have any grids. default will change from [GLOBAL_MERCATOR] to [GLOBAL_WEBMERCATOR] with MapProxy 2.0',
+                self.conf['name'])
+            grid_names = ['GLOBAL_MERCATOR']
+        return [(g, self.context.grids[g]) for g in grid_names]
+
+    @memoize
+    def map_layer(self):
+        from mapproxy.layer import CacheMapLayer, SRSConditional, ResolutionConditional
+
+        image_opts = self.image_opts()
+        max_tile_limit = self.context.globals.get_value('max_tile_limit', self.conf,
+            global_key='cache.max_tile_limit')
+        caches = []
+        main_grid = None
+        for grid, extent, tile_manager in self.caches():
+            if main_grid is None:
+                main_grid = grid
+            caches.append((CacheMapLayer(tile_manager, extent=extent, image_opts=image_opts,
+                                         max_tile_limit=max_tile_limit),
+                          grid.srs))
+
+        if len(caches) == 1:
+            layer = caches[0][0]
+        else:
+            layer = SRSConditional(caches, caches[0][0].extent, opacity=image_opts.opacity,
+                                   preferred_srs=self.context.globals.preferred_srs)
+
+        if 'use_direct_from_level' in self.conf:
+            self.conf['use_direct_from_res'] = main_grid.resolution(self.conf['use_direct_from_level'])
+        if 'use_direct_from_res' in self.conf:
+            if len(self.conf['sources']) != 1:
+                raise ValueError('use_direct_from_level/res only supports single sources')
+            source_conf = self.context.sources[self.conf['sources'][0]]
+            layer = ResolutionConditional(layer, source_conf.source(), self.conf['use_direct_from_res'],
+                                          main_grid.srs, layer.extent, opacity=image_opts.opacity)
+        return layer
+
+
+class WMSLayerConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+    @memoize
+    def wms_layer(self):
+        from mapproxy.service.wms import WMSGroupLayer
+
+        layers = []
+        this_layer = None
+
+        if 'layers' in self.conf:
+            layers_conf = self.conf['layers']
+            for layer_conf in layers_conf:
+                lyr = WMSLayerConfiguration(layer_conf, self.context).wms_layer()
+                if lyr:
+                    layers.append(lyr)
+
+        if 'sources' in self.conf or 'legendurl' in self.conf:
+            this_layer = LayerConfiguration(self.conf, self.context).wms_layer()
+
+        if not layers and not this_layer:
+            return None
+
+        if not layers:
+            layer = this_layer
+        else:
+            layer = WMSGroupLayer(name=self.conf.get('name'), title=self.conf.get('title'),
+                                  this=this_layer, layers=layers, md=self.conf.get('md'))
+        return layer
+
+def cache_source_names(context, cache):
+    """
+    Return all sources for a cache, even if a caches uses another cache.
+    """
+    source_names = []
+    for src in context.caches[cache].conf['sources']:
+        if src in context.caches and src not in context.sources:
+            source_names.extend(cache_source_names(context, src))
+        else:
+            source_names.append(src)
+
+    return source_names
+
+class LayerConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+    @memoize
+    def wms_layer(self):
+        from mapproxy.service.wms import WMSLayer
+
+        sources = []
+        fi_sources = []
+        lg_sources = []
+
+        lg_sources_configured = False
+        if self.conf.get('legendurl'):
+            legend_url = self.conf['legendurl']
+            lg_sources.append(WMSSourceConfiguration.static_legend_source(legend_url, self.context))
+            lg_sources_configured = True
+
+        for source_name in self.conf.get('sources', []):
+            fi_source_names = []
+            lg_source_names = []
+            if source_name in self.context.caches:
+                map_layer = self.context.caches[source_name].map_layer()
+                fi_source_names = cache_source_names(self.context, source_name)
+                lg_source_names = cache_source_names(self.context, source_name)
+            elif source_name in self.context.sources:
+                source_conf = self.context.sources[source_name]
+                if not source_conf.supports_meta_tiles:
+                    raise ConfigurationError('source "%s" of layer "%s" does not support un-tiled access'
+                        % (source_name, self.conf.get('name')))
+                map_layer = source_conf.source()
+                fi_source_names = [source_name]
+                lg_source_names = [source_name]
+            else:
+                raise ConfigurationError('source/cache "%s" not found' % source_name)
+
+            if map_layer:
+                sources.append(map_layer)
+
+            for fi_source_name in fi_source_names:
+                if fi_source_name not in self.context.sources: continue
+                if not hasattr(self.context.sources[fi_source_name], 'fi_source'): continue
+                fi_source = self.context.sources[fi_source_name].fi_source()
+                if fi_source:
+                    fi_sources.append(fi_source)
+            if not lg_sources_configured:
+                for lg_source_name in lg_source_names:
+                    if lg_source_name not in self.context.sources: continue
+                    if not hasattr(self.context.sources[lg_source_name], 'lg_source'): continue
+                    lg_source = self.context.sources[lg_source_name].lg_source()
+                    if lg_source:
+                        lg_sources.append(lg_source)
+
+        res_range = resolution_range(self.conf)
+        dimensions = None
+        if 'dimensions' in self.conf.keys():
+            dimensions = self.dimensions()
+
+        layer = WMSLayer(self.conf.get('name'), self.conf.get('title'),
+                         sources, fi_sources, lg_sources, res_range=res_range, md=self.conf.get('md'),dimensions=dimensions)
+        return layer
+
+    @memoize
+    def dimensions(self):
+        from mapproxy.layer import Dimension
+        from mapproxy.util.ext.wmsparse.util import parse_datetime_range
+        dimensions = {}
+        for dimension, conf in iteritems(self.conf.get('dimensions', {})):
+            raw_values = conf.get('values')
+            if len(raw_values) == 1:
+                # look for time or dim_reference_time
+                if 'time' in dimension.lower():
+                    log.debug('Determining values as datetime strings')
+                    values = parse_datetime_range(raw_values[0])
+                else:
+                    log.debug('Determining values as plain strings')
+                    values = raw_values[0].strip().split('/')
+            else:
+                values = [str(val) for val in  conf.get('values', ['default'])]
+
+            default = conf.get('default', values[-1])
+            dimensions[dimension.lower()] = Dimension(dimension, values, default=default)
+        return dimensions
+
+    @memoize
+    def tile_layers(self, grid_name_as_path=False):
+        from mapproxy.service.tile import TileLayer
+        from mapproxy.cache.dummy import DummyCache
+        from mapproxy.cache.file import FileCache
+        sources = []
+        fi_only_sources = []
+        if 'tile_sources' in self.conf:
+            sources = self.conf['tile_sources']
+        else:
+            for source_name in self.conf.get('sources', []):
+                # we only support caches for tiled access...
+                if not source_name in self.context.caches:
+                    if source_name in self.context.sources:
+                        src_conf = self.context.sources[source_name].conf
+                        # but we ignore debug layers for convenience
+                        if src_conf['type'] == 'debug':
+                            continue
+                        # and WMS layers with map: False (i.e. FeatureInfo only sources)
+                        if src_conf['type'] == 'wms' and src_conf.get('wms_opts', {}).get('map', True) == False:
+                            fi_only_sources.append(source_name)
+                            continue
+
+                    return []
+                sources.append(source_name)
+
+            if len(sources) > 1:
+                # skip layers with more then one source
+                return []
+
+
+        dimensions = self.dimensions()
+
+        tile_layers = []
+        for cache_name in sources:
+            fi_sources = []
+            fi_source_names = cache_source_names(self.context, cache_name)
+
+            for fi_source_name in fi_source_names + fi_only_sources:
+                if fi_source_name not in self.context.sources: continue
+                if not hasattr(self.context.sources[fi_source_name], 'fi_source'): continue
+                fi_source = self.context.sources[fi_source_name].fi_source()
+                if fi_source:
+                    fi_sources.append(fi_source)
+
+            for grid, extent, cache_source in self.context.caches[cache_name].caches():
+                disable_storage = self.context.configuration['caches'][cache_name].get('disable_storage', False)
+                if disable_storage:
+                    supported_cache_class = DummyCache
+                else:
+                    supported_cache_class = FileCache
+                if dimensions and not isinstance(cache_source.cache, supported_cache_class):
+                    # caching of dimension layers is not supported yet
+                    raise ConfigurationError(
+                        "caching of dimension layer (%s) is not supported yet."
+                        " need to `disable_storage: true` on %s cache" % (self.conf['name'], cache_name)
+                    )
+
+                md = {}
+                md['title'] = self.conf['title']
+                md['name'] = self.conf['name']
+                md['grid_name'] = grid.name
+                if grid_name_as_path:
+                    md['name_path'] = (md['name'], md['grid_name'])
+                else:
+                    md['name_path'] = (md['name'], grid.srs.srs_code.replace(':', '').upper())
+                md['name_internal'] = md['name_path'][0] + '_' + md['name_path'][1]
+                md['format'] = self.context.caches[cache_name].image_opts().format
+                md['cache_name'] = cache_name
+                md['extent'] = extent
+                tile_layers.append(
+                    TileLayer(
+                        self.conf['name'], self.conf['title'],
+                        info_sources=fi_sources,
+                        md=md,
+                        tile_manager=cache_source,
+                        dimensions=dimensions,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        return tile_layers
+
+
+def fi_xslt_transformers(conf, context):
+    from mapproxy.featureinfo import XSLTransformer, has_xslt_support
+    fi_transformers = {}
+    fi_xslt = conf.get('featureinfo_xslt')
+    if fi_xslt:
+        if not has_xslt_support:
+            raise ValueError('featureinfo_xslt requires lxml. Please install.')
+        for info_type, fi_xslt in fi_xslt.items():
+            fi_xslt = context.globals.abspath(fi_xslt)
+            fi_transformers[info_type] = XSLTransformer(fi_xslt)
+    return fi_transformers
+
+def extents_for_srs(bbox_srs):
+    from mapproxy.layer import DefaultMapExtent, MapExtent
+    from mapproxy.srs import SRS
+    extents = {}
+    for srs in bbox_srs:
+        if isinstance(srs, str):
+            bbox = DefaultMapExtent()
+        else:
+            srs, bbox = srs['srs'], srs['bbox']
+            bbox = MapExtent(bbox, SRS(srs))
+
+        extents[srs] = bbox
+
+    return extents
+
+
+plugin_services = {}
+
+def register_service_configuration(service_name, service_creator,
+                                   yaml_spec_service_name = None, yaml_spec_service_def = None):
+    """ Method used by plugins to register a new service.
+
+        :param service_name: Name of the service
+        :type service_name: str
+        :param service_creator: Creator method of the service
+        :type service_creator: method of type (serviceConfiguration: ServiceConfiguration, conf: dict) -> Server
+        :param yaml_spec_service_name: Name of the service in the YAML configuration file
+        :type yaml_spec_service_name: str
+        :param yaml_spec_service_def: Definition of the service in the YAML configuration file
+        :type yaml_spec_service_def: dict
+    """
+
+    log.info('Registering configuration for plugin service %s' % service_name)
+    plugin_services[service_name] = service_creator
+    if yaml_spec_service_name is not None and yaml_spec_service_def is not None:
+        add_service_to_mapproxy_yaml_spec(yaml_spec_service_name, yaml_spec_service_def)
+
+
+class ServiceConfiguration(ConfigurationBase):
+    def __init__(self, conf, context):
+        if 'wms' in conf:
+            if conf['wms'] is None:
+                conf['wms'] = {}
+            if 'md' not in conf['wms']:
+                conf['wms']['md'] = {'title': 'MapProxy WMS'}
+
+        ConfigurationBase.__init__(self, conf, context)
+
+    def services(self):
+        services = []
+        ows_services = []
+        for service_name, service_conf in iteritems(self.conf):
+            creator = getattr(self, service_name + '_service', None)
+            if not creator:
+                # If not a known service, try to use the plugin mechanism
+                global plugin_services
+                creator = plugin_services.get(service_name, None)
+                if not creator:
+                    raise ValueError('unknown service: %s' % service_name)
+                new_services = creator(self, service_conf or {})
+            else:
+                new_services = creator(service_conf or {})
+
+            # a creator can return a list of services...
+            if not isinstance(new_services, (list, tuple)):
+                new_services = [new_services]
+
+            for new_service in new_services:
+                if getattr(new_service, 'service', None):
+                    ows_services.append(new_service)
+                else:
+                    services.append(new_service)
+
+        if ows_services:
+            from mapproxy.service.ows import OWSServer
+            services.append(OWSServer(ows_services))
+        return services
+
+    def tile_layers(self, conf, use_grid_names=False):
+        layers = odict()
+        for layer_name, layer_conf in iteritems(self.context.layers):
+            for tile_layer in layer_conf.tile_layers(grid_name_as_path=use_grid_names):
+                if not tile_layer: continue
+                if use_grid_names:
+                    layers[tile_layer.md['name_path']] = tile_layer
+                else:
+                    layers[tile_layer.md['name_internal']] = tile_layer
+        return layers
+
+    def kml_service(self, conf):
+        from mapproxy.service.kml import KMLServer
+
+        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
+        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
+        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
+        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60 # seconds
+        use_grid_names = conf.get('use_grid_names', False)
+        layers = self.tile_layers(conf, use_grid_names=use_grid_names)
+        return KMLServer(layers, md, max_tile_age=max_tile_age, use_dimension_layers=use_grid_names)
+
+    def tms_service(self, conf):
+        from mapproxy.service.tile import TileServer
+
+        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
+        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
+        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
+        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60 # seconds
+
+        origin = conf.get('origin')
+        use_grid_names = conf.get('use_grid_names', False)
+        layers = self.tile_layers(conf, use_grid_names=use_grid_names)
+        return TileServer(layers, md, max_tile_age=max_tile_age, use_dimension_layers=use_grid_names,
+            origin=origin)
+
+    def wmts_service(self, conf):
+        from mapproxy.service.wmts import WMTSServer, WMTSRestServer
+
+        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
+        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
+        layers = self.tile_layers(conf, use_grid_names=True)
+
+        kvp = conf.get('kvp')
+        restful = conf.get('restful')
+
+        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
+        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60 # seconds
+
+        info_formats = conf.get('featureinfo_formats', [])
+        info_formats = odict((f['suffix'], f['mimetype']) for f in info_formats)
+
+        if kvp is None and restful is None:
+            kvp = restful = True
+
+        services = []
+        if kvp:
+            services.append(
+                WMTSServer(
+                    layers, md, max_tile_age=max_tile_age,
+                    info_formats=info_formats,
+                )
+            )
+
+        if restful:
+            template = conf.get('restful_template')
+            fi_template = conf.get('restful_featureinfo_template')
+            if template and '{{' in template:
+                # TODO remove warning in 1.6
+                log.warning("double braces in WMTS restful_template are deprecated {{x}} -> {x}")
+            services.append(
+                WMTSRestServer(
+                    layers, md, template=template,
+                    fi_template=fi_template,
+                    max_tile_age=max_tile_age,
+                    info_formats=info_formats,
+                    )
+            )
+
+        return services
+
+    def wms_service(self, conf):
+        from mapproxy.service.wms import WMSServer
+        from mapproxy.request.wms import Version
+
+        md = conf.get('md', {})
+        inspire_md = conf.get('inspire_md', {})
+        tile_layers = self.tile_layers(conf)
+        attribution = conf.get('attribution')
+        strict = self.context.globals.get_value('strict', conf, global_key='wms.strict')
+        on_source_errors = self.context.globals.get_value('on_source_errors',
+            conf, global_key='wms.on_source_errors')
+        root_layer = self.context.wms_root_layer.wms_layer()
+        if not root_layer:
+            raise ConfigurationError("found no WMS layer")
+        if not root_layer.title:
+            # set title of root layer to WMS title
+            root_layer.title = md.get('title')
+        concurrent_layer_renderer = self.context.globals.get_value(
+            'concurrent_layer_renderer', conf,
+            global_key='wms.concurrent_layer_renderer')
+        image_formats_names = self.context.globals.get_value('image_formats', conf,
+                                                       global_key='wms.image_formats')
+        image_formats = odict()
+        for format in image_formats_names:
+            opts = self.context.globals.image_options.image_opts({}, format)
+            if opts.format in image_formats:
+                log.warning('duplicate mime-type for WMS image_formats: "%s" already configured, will use last format',
+                    opts.format)
+            image_formats[opts.format] = opts
+        info_types = conf.get('featureinfo_types')
+        srs = self.context.globals.get_value('srs', conf, global_key='wms.srs')
+        self.context.globals.base_config.wms.srs = srs
+        srs_extents = extents_for_srs(conf.get('bbox_srs', []))
+
+        versions = conf.get('versions')
+        if versions:
+            versions = sorted([Version(v) for v in versions])
+
+        max_output_pixels = self.context.globals.get_value('max_output_pixels', conf,
+            global_key='wms.max_output_pixels')
+        if isinstance(max_output_pixels, list):
+            max_output_pixels = max_output_pixels[0] * max_output_pixels[1]
+
+        max_tile_age = self.context.globals.get_value('tiles.expires_hours')
+        max_tile_age *= 60 * 60 # seconds
+
+        server = WMSServer(root_layer, md, attribution=attribution,
+            image_formats=image_formats, info_types=info_types,
+            srs=srs, tile_layers=tile_layers, strict=strict, on_error=on_source_errors,
+            concurrent_layer_renderer=concurrent_layer_renderer,
+            max_output_pixels=max_output_pixels, srs_extents=srs_extents,
+            max_tile_age=max_tile_age, versions=versions,
+            inspire_md=inspire_md,
+            )
+
+        server.fi_transformers = fi_xslt_transformers(conf, self.context)
+
+        return server
+
+    def demo_service(self, conf):
+        from mapproxy.service.demo import DemoServer
+        services = list(self.context.services.conf.keys())
+        md = self.context.services.conf.get('wms', {}).get('md', {}).copy()
+        md.update(conf.get('md', {}))
+        layers = odict()
+        for layer_name, layer_conf in iteritems(self.context.layers):
+            lyr = layer_conf.wms_layer()
+            if lyr:
+                layers[layer_name] = lyr
+        image_formats = self.context.globals.get_value('image_formats', conf, global_key='wms.image_formats')
+        srs = self.context.globals.get_value('srs', conf, global_key='wms.srs')
+        tms_conf = self.context.services.conf.get('tms', {}) or {}
+        use_grid_names = tms_conf.get('use_grid_names', False)
+        tile_layers = self.tile_layers(tms_conf, use_grid_names=use_grid_names)
+
+        # WMTS restful template
+        wmts_conf = self.context.services.conf.get('wmts', {}) or {}
+        from mapproxy.service.wmts import WMTSRestServer
+        if wmts_conf:
+            restful_template = wmts_conf.get('restful_template', WMTSRestServer.default_template)
+        else:
+            restful_template = WMTSRestServer.default_template
+
+        if 'wmts' in self.context.services.conf:
+            kvp = wmts_conf.get('kvp')
+            restful = wmts_conf.get('restful')
+
+            if kvp is None and restful is None:
+                kvp = restful = True
+
+            if kvp:
+                services.append('wmts_kvp')
+            if restful:
+                services.append('wmts_restful')
+
+        if 'wms' in self.context.services.conf:
+            versions = self.context.services.conf['wms'].get('versions', ['1.1.1'])
+            if '1.1.1' in versions:
+                # demo service only supports 1.1.1, use wms_111 as an indicator
+                services.append('wms_111')
+
+        return DemoServer(layers, md, tile_layers=tile_layers,
+            image_formats=image_formats, srs=srs, services=services, restful_template=restful_template)
+
+
+def load_plugins():
+    """ Locate plugins that belong to the 'mapproxy' group and load them """
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+        from importlib import metadata as importlib_metadata
+    else:
+        try:
+            import importlib_metadata
+        except ImportError:
+            return
+
+    for dist in importlib_metadata.distributions():
+        for ep in dist.entry_points:
+            if ep.group == 'mapproxy':
+                log.info('Loading plugin from package %s' % dist.metadata['name'])
+                ep.load().plugin_entrypoint()
+
+
+def load_configuration(mapproxy_conf, seed=False, ignore_warnings=True, renderd=False):
+
+    load_plugins()
+
+    conf_base_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(mapproxy_conf))
+
+    # A configuration is checked/validated four times, each step has a different
+    # focus and returns different errors. The steps are:
+    # 1. YAML loading: checks YAML syntax like tabs vs. space, indention errors, etc.
+    # 2. Options: checks all options agains the spec and validates their types,
+    #             e.g is disable_storage a bool, is layers a list, etc.
+    # 3. References: checks if all referenced caches, sources and grids exist
+    # 4. Initialization: creates all MapProxy objects, returns on first error
+
+    try:
+        conf_dict = load_configuration_file([os.path.basename(mapproxy_conf)], conf_base_dir)
+    except YAMLError as ex:
+        raise ConfigurationError(ex)
+    errors, informal_only = validate_options(conf_dict)
+    for error in errors:
+        log.warning(error)
+    if not informal_only or (errors and not ignore_warnings):
+        raise ConfigurationError('invalid configuration')
+    errors = validate_references(conf_dict)
+    for error in errors:
+        log.warning(error)
+
+    services = conf_dict.get('services')
+    if services is not None and 'demo' in services:
+        log.warning('Application has demo page enabled. It is recommended to disable this in production.')
+
+    return ProxyConfiguration(conf_dict, conf_base_dir=conf_base_dir, seed=seed,
+        renderd=renderd)
+
+def load_configuration_file(files, working_dir):
+    """
+    Return configuration dict from imported files
+    """
+    # record all config files with timestamp for reloading
+    conf_dict = {'__config_files__': {}}
+    for conf_file in files:
+        conf_file = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(working_dir, conf_file))
+        log.info('reading: %s' % conf_file)
+        current_dict = load_yaml_file(conf_file)
+        conf_dict['__config_files__'][os.path.abspath(conf_file)] = os.path.getmtime(conf_file)
+        if 'base' in current_dict:
+            current_working_dir = os.path.dirname(conf_file)
+            base_files = current_dict.pop('base')
+            if isinstance(base_files, string_type):
+                base_files = [base_files]
+            imported_dict = load_configuration_file(base_files, current_working_dir)
+            current_dict = merge_dict(current_dict, imported_dict)
+        conf_dict = merge_dict(conf_dict, current_dict)
+
+    return conf_dict
+
+def merge_dict(conf, base):
+    """
+    Return `base` dict with values from `conf` merged in.
+    """
+    for k, v in iteritems(conf):
+        if k not in base:
+            base[k] = v
+        else:
+            if isinstance(base[k], dict):
+                merge_dict(v, base[k])
+            else:
+                base[k] = v
+    return base
+
+def parse_color(color):
+    """
+    >>> parse_color((100, 12, 55))
+    (100, 12, 55)
+    >>> parse_color('0xff0530')
+    (255, 5, 48)
+    >>> parse_color('#FF0530')
+    (255, 5, 48)
+    >>> parse_color('#FF053080')
+    (255, 5, 48, 128)
+    """
+    if isinstance(color, (list, tuple)) and 3 <= len(color) <= 4:
+        return tuple(color)
+    if not isinstance(color, string_type):
+        raise ValueError('color needs to be a tuple/list or 0xrrggbb/#rrggbb(aa) string, got %r' % color)
+
+    if color.startswith('0x'):
+        color = color[2:]
+    if color.startswith('#'):
+        color = color[1:]
+
+    r, g, b = map(lambda x: int(x, 16), [color[:2], color[2:4], color[4:6]])
+
+    if len(color) == 8:
+        a = int(color[6:8], 16)
+        return r, g, b, a
+
+    return r, g, b