zod 4.2.0-canary.20251207T223211 → 4.2.0-canary.20251213T203150

package/src/v4/core/to-json-schema.ts

@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
-import type * as checks from "./checks.js";
+import type * as core from "../core/index.js";
 import type * as JSONSchema from "./json-schema.js";
-import { $ZodRegistry, globalRegistry } from "./registries.js";
+import { type $ZodRegistry, globalRegistry } from "./registries.js";
 import type * as schemas from "./schemas.js";
-import { getEnumValues } from "./util.js";
+import type { StandardJSONSchemaV1, StandardSchemaWithJSONProps } from "./standard-schema.js";
 
-interface JSONSchemaGeneratorParams {
+export type Processor<T extends schemas.$ZodType = schemas.$ZodType> = (
+  schema: T,
+  ctx: ToJSONSchemaContext,
+  json: JSONSchema.BaseSchema,
+  params: ProcessParams
+) => void;
+
+export interface JSONSchemaGeneratorParams {
+  processors: Record<string, Processor>;
   /** A registry used to look up metadata for each schema. Any schema with an `id` property will be extracted as a $def.
    *  @default globalRegistry */
   metadata?: $ZodRegistry<Record<string, any>>;
   /** The JSON Schema version to target.
    * - `"draft-2020-12"` — Default. JSON Schema Draft 2020-12
-   * - `"draft-7"` — JSON Schema Draft 7
-   * - `"draft-4"` — JSON Schema Draft 4
+   * - `"draft-07"` — JSON Schema Draft 7
+   * - `"draft-04"` — JSON Schema Draft 4
    * - `"openapi-3.0"` — OpenAPI 3.0 Schema Object */
-  target?: "draft-4" | "draft-7" | "draft-2020-12" | "openapi-3.0";
+  target?: "draft-04" | "draft-07" | "draft-2020-12" | "openapi-3.0" | ({} & string) | undefined;
   /** How to handle unrepresentable types.
    * - `"throw"` — Default. Unrepresentable types throw an error
    * - `"any"` — Unrepresentable types become `{}` */
@@ -24,30 +32,14 @@ interface JSONSchemaGeneratorParams {
     jsonSchema: JSONSchema.BaseSchema;
     path: (string | number)[];
   }) => void;
-  /** Whether to extract the `"input"` or `"output"` type. Relevant to transforms, Error converting schema to JSONz, defaults, coerced primitives, etc.
+  /** Whether to extract the `"input"` or `"output"` type. Relevant to transforms, defaults, coerced primitives, etc.
    * - `"output"` — Default. Convert the output schema.
    * - `"input"` — Convert the input schema. */
   io?: "input" | "output";
-}
-
-interface ProcessParams {
-  schemaPath: schemas.$ZodType[];
-  path: (string | number)[];
-}
-
-interface EmitParams {
-  /** How to handle cycles.
-   * - `"ref"` — Default. Cycles will be broken using $defs
-   * - `"throw"` — Cycles will throw an error if encountered */
   cycles?: "ref" | "throw";
-  /* How to handle reused schemas.
-   * - `"inline"` — Default. Reused schemas will be inlined
-   * - `"ref"` — Reused schemas will be extracted as $defs */
   reused?: "ref" | "inline";
-
   external?:
     | {
-        /**  */
         registry: $ZodRegistry<{ id?: string | undefined }>;
         uri?: ((id: string) => string) | undefined;
         defs: Record<string, JSONSchema.BaseSchema>;
@@ -55,7 +47,24 @@ interface EmitParams {
     | undefined;
 }
 
-interface Seen {
+/**
+ * Parameters for the toJSONSchema function.
+ */
+export type ToJSONSchemaParams = Omit<JSONSchemaGeneratorParams, "processors" | "external">;
+
+/**
+ * Parameters for the toJSONSchema function when passing a registry.
+ */
+export interface RegistryToJSONSchemaParams extends ToJSONSchemaParams {
+  uri?: (id: string) => string;
+}
+
+export interface ProcessParams {
+  schemaPath: schemas.$ZodType[];
+  path: (string | number)[];
+}
+
+export interface Seen {
   /** JSON Schema result for this Zod schema */
   schema: JSONSchema.BaseSchema;
   /** A cached version of the schema that doesn't get overwritten during ref resolution */
@@ -71,876 +80,380 @@ interface Seen {
   path?: (string | number)[] | undefined;
 }
 
-export class JSONSchemaGenerator {
+export interface ToJSONSchemaContext {
+  processors: Record<string, Processor>;
   metadataRegistry: $ZodRegistry<Record<string, any>>;
-  target: "draft-4" | "draft-7" | "draft-2020-12" | "openapi-3.0";
+  target: "draft-04" | "draft-07" | "draft-2020-12" | "openapi-3.0" | ({} & string);
   unrepresentable: "throw" | "any";
   override: (ctx: {
-    zodSchema: schemas.$ZodTypes;
+    // must be schemas.$ZodType to prevent recursive type resolution error
+    zodSchema: schemas.$ZodType;
     jsonSchema: JSONSchema.BaseSchema;
     path: (string | number)[];
   }) => void;
   io: "input" | "output";
-
-  counter = 0;
+  counter: number;
   seen: Map<schemas.$ZodType, Seen>;
+  cycles: "ref" | "throw";
+  reused: "ref" | "inline";
+  external?:
+    | {
+        registry: $ZodRegistry<{ id?: string | undefined }>;
+        uri?: ((id: string) => string) | undefined;
+        defs: Record<string, JSONSchema.BaseSchema>;
+      }
+    | undefined;
+}
 
-  constructor(params?: JSONSchemaGeneratorParams) {
-    this.metadataRegistry = params?.metadata ?? globalRegistry;
-    this.target = params?.target ?? "draft-2020-12";
-    this.unrepresentable = params?.unrepresentable ?? "throw";
-    this.override = params?.override ?? (() => {});
-    this.io = params?.io ?? "output";
+// function initializeContext<T extends schemas.$ZodType>(inputs: JSONSchemaGeneratorParams<T>): ToJSONSchemaContext<T> {
+//   return {
+//     processor: inputs.processor,
+//     metadataRegistry: inputs.metadata ?? globalRegistry,
+//     target: inputs.target ?? "draft-2020-12",
+//     unrepresentable: inputs.unrepresentable ?? "throw",
+//   };
+// }
+
+export function initializeContext(params: JSONSchemaGeneratorParams): ToJSONSchemaContext {
+  // Normalize target: convert old non-hyphenated versions to hyphenated versions
+  let target: ToJSONSchemaContext["target"] = params?.target ?? "draft-2020-12";
+  if (target === "draft-4") target = "draft-04";
+  if (target === "draft-7") target = "draft-07";
+
+  return {
+    processors: params.processors ?? {},
+    metadataRegistry: params?.metadata ?? globalRegistry,
+    target,
+    unrepresentable: params?.unrepresentable ?? "throw",
+    override: (params?.override as any) ?? (() => {}),
+    io: params?.io ?? "output",
+    counter: 0,
+    seen: new Map(),
+    cycles: params?.cycles ?? "ref",
+    reused: params?.reused ?? "inline",
+    external: params?.external ?? undefined,
+  };
+}
 
-    this.seen = new Map();
-  }
+export function process<T extends schemas.$ZodType>(
+  schema: T,
+  ctx: ToJSONSchemaContext,
+  _params: ProcessParams = { path: [], schemaPath: [] }
+): JSONSchema.BaseSchema {
+  const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodTypes["_zod"]["def"];
 
-  process(schema: schemas.$ZodType, _params: ProcessParams = { path: [], schemaPath: [] }): JSONSchema.BaseSchema {
-    const def = (schema as schemas.$ZodTypes)._zod.def;
+  // check for schema in seens
+  const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema);
 
-    const formatMap: Partial<Record<checks.$ZodStringFormats, string | undefined>> = {
-      guid: "uuid",
-      url: "uri",
-      datetime: "date-time",
-      json_string: "json-string",
-      regex: "", // do not set
-    };
+  if (seen) {
+    seen.count++;
 
-    // check for schema in seens
-    const seen = this.seen.get(schema);
+    // check if cycle
+    const isCycle = _params.schemaPath.includes(schema);
+    if (isCycle) {
+      seen.cycle = _params.path;
+    }
 
-    if (seen) {
-      seen.count++;
+    return seen.schema;
+  }
 
-      // check if cycle
-      const isCycle = _params.schemaPath.includes(schema);
-      if (isCycle) {
-        seen.cycle = _params.path;
-      }
+  // initialize
+  const result: Seen = { schema: {}, count: 1, cycle: undefined, path: _params.path };
+  ctx.seen.set(schema, result);
 
-      return seen.schema;
-    }
+  // custom method overrides default behavior
+  const overrideSchema = schema._zod.toJSONSchema?.();
+  if (overrideSchema) {
+    result.schema = overrideSchema as any;
+  } else {
+    const params = {
+      ..._params,
+      schemaPath: [..._params.schemaPath, schema],
+      path: _params.path,
+    };
 
-    // initialize
-    const result: Seen = { schema: {}, count: 1, cycle: undefined, path: _params.path };
-    this.seen.set(schema, result);
+    const parent = schema._zod.parent as T;
 
-    // custom method overrides default behavior
-    const overrideSchema = schema._zod.toJSONSchema?.();
-    if (overrideSchema) {
-      result.schema = overrideSchema as any;
+    if (parent) {
+      // schema was cloned from another schema
+      result.ref = parent;
+      process(parent, ctx, params);
+      ctx.seen.get(parent)!.isParent = true;
+    } else if (schema._zod.processJSONSchema) {
+      schema._zod.processJSONSchema(ctx, result.schema, params);
     } else {
-      const params = {
-        ..._params,
-        schemaPath: [..._params.schemaPath, schema],
-        path: _params.path,
-      };
-
-      const parent = schema._zod.parent;
-
-      if (parent) {
-        // schema was cloned from another schema
-        result.ref = parent;
-        this.process(parent, params);
-        this.seen.get(parent)!.isParent = true;
-      } else {
-        const _json = result.schema;
-        switch (def.type) {
-          case "string": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.StringSchema = _json as any;
-            json.type = "string";
-            const { minimum, maximum, format, patterns, contentEncoding } = schema._zod
-              .bag as schemas.$ZodStringInternals<unknown>["bag"];
-            if (typeof minimum === "number") json.minLength = minimum;
-            if (typeof maximum === "number") json.maxLength = maximum;
-            // custom pattern overrides format
-            if (format) {
-              json.format = formatMap[format as checks.$ZodStringFormats] ?? format;
-              if (json.format === "") delete json.format; // empty format is not valid
-            }
-            if (contentEncoding) json.contentEncoding = contentEncoding;
-            if (patterns && patterns.size > 0) {
-              const regexes = [...patterns];
-              if (regexes.length === 1) json.pattern = regexes[0]!.source;
-              else if (regexes.length > 1) {
-                result.schema.allOf = [
-                  ...regexes.map((regex) => ({
-                    ...(this.target === "draft-7" || this.target === "draft-4" || this.target === "openapi-3.0"
-                      ? ({ type: "string" } as const)
-                      : {}),
-                    pattern: regex.source,
-                  })),
-                ];
-              }
-            }
-
-            break;
-          }
-          case "number": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.NumberSchema | JSONSchema.IntegerSchema = _json as any;
-            const { minimum, maximum, format, multipleOf, exclusiveMaximum, exclusiveMinimum } = schema._zod.bag;
-            if (typeof format === "string" && format.includes("int")) json.type = "integer";
-            else json.type = "number";
-
-            if (typeof exclusiveMinimum === "number") {
-              if (this.target === "draft-4" || this.target === "openapi-3.0") {
-                json.minimum = exclusiveMinimum;
-                json.exclusiveMinimum = true;
-              } else {
-                json.exclusiveMinimum = exclusiveMinimum;
-              }
-            }
-            if (typeof minimum === "number") {
-              json.minimum = minimum;
-              if (typeof exclusiveMinimum === "number" && this.target !== "draft-4") {
-                if (exclusiveMinimum >= minimum) delete json.minimum;
-                else delete json.exclusiveMinimum;
-              }
-            }
-
-            if (typeof exclusiveMaximum === "number") {
-              if (this.target === "draft-4" || this.target === "openapi-3.0") {
-                json.maximum = exclusiveMaximum;
-                json.exclusiveMaximum = true;
-              } else {
-                json.exclusiveMaximum = exclusiveMaximum;
-              }
-            }
-            if (typeof maximum === "number") {
-              json.maximum = maximum;
-              if (typeof exclusiveMaximum === "number" && this.target !== "draft-4") {
-                if (exclusiveMaximum <= maximum) delete json.maximum;
-                else delete json.exclusiveMaximum;
-              }
-            }
-
-            if (typeof multipleOf === "number") json.multipleOf = multipleOf;
-
-            break;
-          }
-          case "boolean": {
-            const json = _json as JSONSchema.BooleanSchema;
-            json.type = "boolean";
-            break;
-          }
-          case "bigint": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("BigInt cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "symbol": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Symbols cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "null": {
-            if (this.target === "openapi-3.0") {
-              _json.type = "string";
-              _json.nullable = true;
-              _json.enum = [null];
-            } else _json.type = "null";
-            break;
-          }
-          case "any": {
-            break;
-          }
-          case "unknown": {
-            break;
-          }
-          case "undefined": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Undefined cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "void": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Void cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "never": {
-            _json.not = {};
-            break;
-          }
-          case "date": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Date cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "array": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.ArraySchema = _json as any;
-            const { minimum, maximum } = schema._zod.bag;
-            if (typeof minimum === "number") json.minItems = minimum;
-            if (typeof maximum === "number") json.maxItems = maximum;
-
-            json.type = "array";
-            json.items = this.process(def.element, { ...params, path: [...params.path, "items"] });
-            break;
-          }
-          case "object": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.ObjectSchema = _json as any;
-            json.type = "object";
-            json.properties = {};
-            const shape = def.shape; // params.shapeCache.get(schema)!;
-
-            for (const key in shape) {
-              json.properties[key] = this.process(shape[key]!, {
-                ...params,
-                path: [...params.path, "properties", key],
-              });
-            }
-
-            // required keys
-            const allKeys = new Set(Object.keys(shape));
-            // const optionalKeys = new Set(def.optional);
-            const requiredKeys = new Set(
-              [...allKeys].filter((key) => {
-                const v = def.shape[key]!._zod;
-                if (this.io === "input") {
-                  return v.optin === undefined;
-                } else {
-                  return v.optout === undefined;
-                }
-              })
-            );
-
-            if (requiredKeys.size > 0) {
-              json.required = Array.from(requiredKeys);
-            }
-
-            // catchall
-            if (def.catchall?._zod.def.type === "never") {
-              // strict
-              json.additionalProperties = false;
-            } else if (!def.catchall) {
-              // regular
-              if (this.io === "output") json.additionalProperties = false;
-            } else if (def.catchall) {
-              json.additionalProperties = this.process(def.catchall, {
-                ...params,
-                path: [...params.path, "additionalProperties"],
-              });
-            }
-
-            break;
-          }
-          case "union": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.BaseSchema = _json as any;
-            // Discriminated unions use oneOf (exactly one match) instead of anyOf (one or more matches)
-            // because the discriminator field ensures mutual exclusivity between options in JSON Schema
-            const isDiscriminated = (def as any).discriminator !== undefined;
-            const options = def.options.map((x, i) =>
-              this.process(x, {
-                ...params,
-                path: [...params.path, isDiscriminated ? "oneOf" : "anyOf", i],
-              })
-            );
-            if (isDiscriminated) {
-              json.oneOf = options;
-            } else {
-              json.anyOf = options;
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "intersection": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.BaseSchema = _json as any;
-            const a = this.process(def.left, {
-              ...params,
-              path: [...params.path, "allOf", 0],
-            });
-            const b = this.process(def.right, {
-              ...params,
-              path: [...params.path, "allOf", 1],
-            });
-
-            const isSimpleIntersection = (val: any) => "allOf" in val && Object.keys(val).length === 1;
-            const allOf = [
-              ...(isSimpleIntersection(a) ? (a.allOf as any[]) : [a]),
-              ...(isSimpleIntersection(b) ? (b.allOf as any[]) : [b]),
-            ];
-            json.allOf = allOf;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "tuple": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.ArraySchema = _json as any;
-            json.type = "array";
-
-            const prefixPath = this.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "prefixItems" : "items";
-            const restPath =
-              this.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "items" : this.target === "openapi-3.0" ? "items" : "additionalItems";
-
-            const prefixItems = def.items.map((x, i) =>
-              this.process(x, {
-                ...params,
-                path: [...params.path, prefixPath, i],
-              })
-            );
-            const rest = def.rest
-              ? this.process(def.rest, {
-                  ...params,
-                  path: [...params.path, restPath, ...(this.target === "openapi-3.0" ? [def.items.length] : [])],
-                })
-              : null;
-
-            if (this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
-              json.prefixItems = prefixItems;
-              if (rest) {
-                json.items = rest;
-              }
-            } else if (this.target === "openapi-3.0") {
-              json.items = {
-                anyOf: prefixItems,
-              };
-
-              if (rest) {
-                json.items.anyOf!.push(rest);
-              }
-              json.minItems = prefixItems.length;
-              if (!rest) {
-                json.maxItems = prefixItems.length;
-              }
-            } else {
-              json.items = prefixItems;
-              if (rest) {
-                json.additionalItems = rest;
-              }
-            }
-
-            // length
-            const { minimum, maximum } = schema._zod.bag as {
-              minimum?: number;
-              maximum?: number;
-            };
-            if (typeof minimum === "number") json.minItems = minimum;
-            if (typeof maximum === "number") json.maxItems = maximum;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "record": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.ObjectSchema = _json as any;
-            json.type = "object";
-            if (this.target === "draft-7" || this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
-              json.propertyNames = this.process(def.keyType, {
-                ...params,
-                path: [...params.path, "propertyNames"],
-              });
-            }
-            json.additionalProperties = this.process(def.valueType, {
-              ...params,
-              path: [...params.path, "additionalProperties"],
-            });
-            break;
-          }
-          case "map": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Map cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "set": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Set cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "enum": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.BaseSchema = _json as any;
-            const values = getEnumValues(def.entries);
-            // Number enums can have both string and number values
-            if (values.every((v) => typeof v === "number")) json.type = "number";
-            if (values.every((v) => typeof v === "string")) json.type = "string";
-            json.enum = values;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "literal": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.BaseSchema = _json as any;
-            const vals: (string | number | boolean | null)[] = [];
-            for (const val of def.values) {
-              if (val === undefined) {
-                if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-                  throw new Error("Literal `undefined` cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-                } else {
-                  // do not add to vals
-                }
-              } else if (typeof val === "bigint") {
-                if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-                  throw new Error("BigInt literals cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-                } else {
-                  vals.push(Number(val));
-                }
-              } else {
-                vals.push(val);
-              }
-            }
-            if (vals.length === 0) {
-              // do nothing (an undefined literal was stripped)
-            } else if (vals.length === 1) {
-              const val = vals[0]!;
-              json.type = val === null ? ("null" as const) : (typeof val as any);
-              if (this.target === "draft-4" || this.target === "openapi-3.0") {
-                json.enum = [val];
-              } else {
-                json.const = val;
-              }
-            } else {
-              if (vals.every((v) => typeof v === "number")) json.type = "number";
-              if (vals.every((v) => typeof v === "string")) json.type = "string";
-              if (vals.every((v) => typeof v === "boolean")) json.type = "string";
-              if (vals.every((v) => v === null)) json.type = "null";
-              json.enum = vals;
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-
-          case "file": {
-            const json: JSONSchema.StringSchema = _json as any;
-            const file: JSONSchema.StringSchema = {
-              type: "string",
-              format: "binary",
-              contentEncoding: "binary",
-            };
-
-            const { minimum, maximum, mime } = schema._zod.bag as schemas.$ZodFileInternals["bag"];
-            if (minimum !== undefined) file.minLength = minimum;
-            if (maximum !== undefined) file.maxLength = maximum;
-            if (mime) {
-              if (mime.length === 1) {
-                file.contentMediaType = mime[0]!;
-                Object.assign(json, file);
-              } else {
-                json.anyOf = mime.map((m) => {
-                  const mFile: JSONSchema.StringSchema = { ...file, contentMediaType: m };
-                  return mFile;
-                });
-              }
-            } else {
-              Object.assign(json, file);
-            }
-
-            // if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-            //   throw new Error("File cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            // }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "transform": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Transforms cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-
-          case "nullable": {
-            const inner = this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            if (this.target === "openapi-3.0") {
-              result.ref = def.innerType;
-              _json.nullable = true;
-            } else {
-              _json.anyOf = [inner, { type: "null" }];
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "nonoptional": {
-            this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            result.ref = def.innerType;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "success": {
-            const json = _json as JSONSchema.BooleanSchema;
-            json.type = "boolean";
-            break;
-          }
-          case "default": {
-            this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            result.ref = def.innerType;
-            _json.default = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(def.defaultValue));
-            break;
-          }
-          case "prefault": {
-            this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            result.ref = def.innerType;
-            if (this.io === "input") _json._prefault = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(def.defaultValue));
-
-            break;
-          }
-          case "catch": {
-            // use conditionals
-            this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            result.ref = def.innerType;
-            let catchValue: any;
-            try {
-              catchValue = def.catchValue(undefined as any);
-            } catch {
-              throw new Error("Dynamic catch values are not supported in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            _json.default = catchValue;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "nan": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("NaN cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "template_literal": {
-            const json = _json as JSONSchema.StringSchema;
-            const pattern = schema._zod.pattern;
-            if (!pattern) throw new Error("Pattern not found in template literal");
-            json.type = "string";
-            json.pattern = pattern.source;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "pipe": {
-            const innerType = this.io === "input" ? (def.in._zod.def.type === "transform" ? def.out : def.in) : def.out;
-            this.process(innerType, params);
-            result.ref = innerType;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "readonly": {
-            this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            result.ref = def.innerType;
-            _json.readOnly = true;
-            break;
-          }
-          // passthrough types
-          case "promise": {
-            this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            result.ref = def.innerType;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "optional": {
-            this.process(def.innerType, params);
-            result.ref = def.innerType;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "lazy": {
-            const innerType = (schema as schemas.$ZodLazy)._zod.innerType;
-            this.process(innerType, params);
-            result.ref = innerType;
-            break;
-          }
-          case "custom": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Custom types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          case "function": {
-            if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-              throw new Error("Function types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-          default: {
-            def satisfies never;
-          }
-        }
+      const _json = result.schema;
+      const processor = ctx.processors[def.type];
+      if (!processor) {
+        throw new Error(`[toJSONSchema]: Non-representable type encountered: ${def.type}`);
       }
+      processor(schema, ctx, _json, params);
     }
+  }
 
-    // metadata
-    const meta = this.metadataRegistry.get(schema);
-    if (meta) Object.assign(result.schema, meta);
+  // metadata
+  const meta = ctx.metadataRegistry.get(schema);
+  if (meta) Object.assign(result.schema, meta);
 
-    if (this.io === "input" && isTransforming(schema)) {
-      // examples/defaults only apply to output type of pipe
-      delete result.schema.examples;
-      delete result.schema.default;
-    }
+  if (ctx.io === "input" && isTransforming(schema)) {
+    // examples/defaults only apply to output type of pipe
+    delete result.schema.examples;
+    delete result.schema.default;
+  }
 
-    // set prefault as default
-    if (this.io === "input" && result.schema._prefault) result.schema.default ??= result.schema._prefault;
-    delete result.schema._prefault;
+  // set prefault as default
+  if (ctx.io === "input" && result.schema._prefault) result.schema.default ??= result.schema._prefault;
+  delete result.schema._prefault;
 
-    // pulling fresh from this.seen in case it was overwritten
-    const _result = this.seen.get(schema)!;
+  // pulling fresh from ctx.seen in case it was overwritten
+  const _result = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
 
-    return _result.schema;
-  }
+  return _result.schema;
+}
 
-  emit(schema: schemas.$ZodType, _params?: EmitParams): JSONSchema.BaseSchema {
-    const params = {
-      cycles: _params?.cycles ?? "ref",
-      reused: _params?.reused ?? "inline",
-      // unrepresentable: _params?.unrepresentable ?? "throw",
-      // uri: _params?.uri ?? ((id) => `${id}`),
-      external: _params?.external ?? undefined,
-    } satisfies EmitParams;
-
-    // iterate over seen map;
-    const root = this.seen.get(schema);
-
-    if (!root) throw new Error("Unprocessed schema. This is a bug in Zod.");
-
-    // initialize result with root schema fields
-    // Object.assign(result, seen.cached);
-
-    // returns a ref to the schema
-    // defId will be empty if the ref points to an external schema (or #)
-    const makeURI = (entry: [schemas.$ZodType<unknown, unknown>, Seen]): { ref: string; defId?: string } => {
-      // comparing the seen objects because sometimes
-      // multiple schemas map to the same seen object.
-      // e.g. lazy
-
-      // external is configured
-      const defsSegment = this.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "$defs" : "definitions";
-      if (params.external) {
-        const externalId = params.external.registry.get(entry[0])?.id; // ?? "__shared";// `__schema${this.counter++}`;
-
-        // check if schema is in the external registry
-        const uriGenerator = params.external.uri ?? ((id) => id);
-        if (externalId) {
-          return { ref: uriGenerator(externalId) };
-        }
-
-        // otherwise, add to __shared
-        const id: string = entry[1].defId ?? (entry[1].schema.id as string) ?? `schema${this.counter++}`;
-        entry[1].defId = id; // set defId so it will be reused if needed
-        return { defId: id, ref: `${uriGenerator("__shared")}#/${defsSegment}/${id}` };
+export function extractDefs<T extends schemas.$ZodType>(
+  ctx: ToJSONSchemaContext,
+  schema: T
+  // params: EmitParams
+): void {
+  // iterate over seen map;
+  const root = ctx.seen.get(schema);
+
+  if (!root) throw new Error("Unprocessed schema. This is a bug in Zod.");
+
+  // returns a ref to the schema
+  // defId will be empty if the ref points to an external schema (or #)
+  const makeURI = (entry: [schemas.$ZodType<unknown, unknown>, Seen]): { ref: string; defId?: string } => {
+    // comparing the seen objects because sometimes
+    // multiple schemas map to the same seen object.
+    // e.g. lazy
+
+    // external is configured
+    const defsSegment = ctx.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "$defs" : "definitions";
+    if (ctx.external) {
+      const externalId = ctx.external.registry.get(entry[0])?.id; // ?? "__shared";// `__schema${ctx.counter++}`;
+
+      // check if schema is in the external registry
+      const uriGenerator = ctx.external.uri ?? ((id: string) => id);
+      if (externalId) {
+        return { ref: uriGenerator(externalId) };
       }
 
-      if (entry[1] === root) {
-        return { ref: "#" };
-      }
+      // otherwise, add to __shared
+      const id: string = entry[1].defId ?? (entry[1].schema.id as string) ?? `schema${ctx.counter++}`;
+      entry[1].defId = id; // set defId so it will be reused if needed
+      return { defId: id, ref: `${uriGenerator("__shared")}#/${defsSegment}/${id}` };
+    }
 
-      // self-contained schema
-      const uriPrefix = `#`;
-      const defUriPrefix = `${uriPrefix}/${defsSegment}/`;
-      const defId = entry[1].schema.id ?? `__schema${this.counter++}`;
-      return { defId, ref: defUriPrefix + defId };
-    };
+    if (entry[1] === root) {
+      return { ref: "#" };
+    }
 
-    // stored cached version in `def` property
-    // remove all properties, set $ref
-    const extractToDef = (entry: [schemas.$ZodType<unknown, unknown>, Seen]): void => {
-      // if the schema is already a reference, do not extract it
-      if (entry[1].schema.$ref) {
-        return;
-      }
-      const seen = entry[1];
-      const { ref, defId } = makeURI(entry);
-
-      seen.def = { ...seen.schema };
-      // defId won't be set if the schema is a reference to an external schema
-      if (defId) seen.defId = defId;
-      // wipe away all properties except $ref
-      const schema = seen.schema;
-      for (const key in schema) {
-        delete schema[key];
-      }
-      schema.$ref = ref;
-    };
+    // self-contained schema
+    const uriPrefix = `#`;
+    const defUriPrefix = `${uriPrefix}/${defsSegment}/`;
+    const defId = entry[1].schema.id ?? `__schema${ctx.counter++}`;
+    return { defId, ref: defUriPrefix + defId };
+  };
+
+  // stored cached version in `def` property
+  // remove all properties, set $ref
+  const extractToDef = (entry: [schemas.$ZodType<unknown, unknown>, Seen]): void => {
+    // if the schema is already a reference, do not extract it
+    if (entry[1].schema.$ref) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const seen = entry[1];
+    const { ref, defId } = makeURI(entry);
+
+    seen.def = { ...seen.schema };
+    // defId won't be set if the schema is a reference to an external schema
+    // or if the schema is the root schema
+    if (defId) seen.defId = defId;
+    // wipe away all properties except $ref
+    const schema = seen.schema;
+    for (const key in schema) {
+      delete schema[key];
+    }
+    schema.$ref = ref;
+  };
 
-    // throw on cycles
+  // throw on cycles
 
-    // break cycles
-    if (params.cycles === "throw") {
-      for (const entry of this.seen.entries()) {
-        const seen = entry[1];
-        if (seen.cycle) {
-          throw new Error(
-            "Cycle detected: " +
-              `#/${seen.cycle?.join("/")}/<root>` +
-              '\n\nSet the `cycles` parameter to `"ref"` to resolve cyclical schemas with defs.'
-          );
-        }
+  // break cycles
+  if (ctx.cycles === "throw") {
+    for (const entry of ctx.seen.entries()) {
+      const seen = entry[1];
+      if (seen.cycle) {
+        throw new Error(
+          "Cycle detected: " +
+            `#/${seen.cycle?.join("/")}/<root>` +
+            '\n\nSet the `cycles` parameter to `"ref"` to resolve cyclical schemas with defs.'
+        );
       }
     }
+  }
 
-    // extract schemas into $defs
-    for (const entry of this.seen.entries()) {
-      const seen = entry[1];
+  // extract schemas into $defs
+  for (const entry of ctx.seen.entries()) {
+    const seen = entry[1];
 
-      // convert root schema to # $ref
-      if (schema === entry[0]) {
-        extractToDef(entry); // this has special handling for the root schema
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // extract schemas that are in the external registry
-      if (params.external) {
-        const ext = params.external.registry.get(entry[0])?.id;
-        if (schema !== entry[0] && ext) {
-          extractToDef(entry);
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
+    // convert root schema to # $ref
+    if (schema === entry[0]) {
+      extractToDef(entry); // this has special handling for the root schema
+      continue;
+    }
 
-      // extract schemas with `id` meta
-      const id = this.metadataRegistry.get(entry[0])?.id;
-      if (id) {
+    // extract schemas that are in the external registry
+    if (ctx.external) {
+      const ext = ctx.external.registry.get(entry[0])?.id;
+      if (schema !== entry[0] && ext) {
         extractToDef(entry);
         continue;
       }
+    }
 
-      // break cycles
-      if (seen.cycle) {
-        // any
+    // extract schemas with `id` meta
+    const id = ctx.metadataRegistry.get(entry[0])?.id;
+    if (id) {
+      extractToDef(entry);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // break cycles
+    if (seen.cycle) {
+      // any
+      extractToDef(entry);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // extract reused schemas
+    if (seen.count > 1) {
+      if (ctx.reused === "ref") {
         extractToDef(entry);
+        // biome-ignore lint:
         continue;
       }
-
-      // extract reused schemas
-      if (seen.count > 1) {
-        if (params.reused === "ref") {
-          extractToDef(entry);
-          // biome-ignore lint:
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
     }
+  }
+}
 
-    // flatten _refs
-    const flattenRef = (zodSchema: schemas.$ZodType, params: Pick<ToJSONSchemaParams, "target">) => {
-      const seen = this.seen.get(zodSchema)!;
-      const schema = seen.def ?? seen.schema;
+export function finalize<T extends schemas.$ZodType>(
+  ctx: ToJSONSchemaContext,
+  schema: T
+): ZodStandardJSONSchemaPayload<T> {
+  //
 
-      const _cached = { ...schema };
+  // iterate over seen map;
+  const root = ctx.seen.get(schema);
 
-      // already seen
-      if (seen.ref === null) {
-        return;
-      }
+  if (!root) throw new Error("Unprocessed schema. This is a bug in Zod.");
 
-      // flatten ref if defined
-      const ref = seen.ref;
-      seen.ref = null; // prevent recursion
-      if (ref) {
-        flattenRef(ref, params);
-
-        // merge referenced schema into current
-        const refSchema = this.seen.get(ref)!.schema;
-        if (
-          refSchema.$ref &&
-          (params.target === "draft-7" || params.target === "draft-4" || params.target === "openapi-3.0")
-        ) {
-          schema.allOf = schema.allOf ?? [];
-          schema.allOf.push(refSchema);
-        } else {
-          Object.assign(schema, refSchema);
-          Object.assign(schema, _cached); // prevent overwriting any fields in the original schema
-        }
-      }
+  // flatten _refs
+  const flattenRef = (zodSchema: schemas.$ZodType) => {
+    const seen = ctx.seen.get(zodSchema)!;
+    const schema = seen.def ?? seen.schema;
 
-      // execute overrides
-      if (!seen.isParent)
-        this.override({
-          zodSchema: zodSchema as schemas.$ZodTypes,
-          jsonSchema: schema,
-          path: seen.path ?? [],
-        });
-    };
-
-    for (const entry of [...this.seen.entries()].reverse()) {
-      flattenRef(entry[0], { target: this.target });
-    }
-
-    const result: JSONSchema.BaseSchema = {};
-    if (this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
-      result.$schema = "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema";
-    } else if (this.target === "draft-7") {
-      result.$schema = "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#";
-    } else if (this.target === "draft-4") {
-      result.$schema = "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#";
-    } else if (this.target === "openapi-3.0") {
-      // OpenAPI 3.0 schema objects should not include a $schema property
-    } else {
-      // @ts-ignore
-      console.warn(`Invalid target: ${this.target}`);
-    }
+    const _cached = { ...schema };
 
-    if (params.external?.uri) {
-      const id = params.external.registry.get(schema)?.id;
-      if (!id) throw new Error("Schema is missing an `id` property");
-      result.$id = params.external.uri(id);
+    // already seen
+    if (seen.ref === null) {
+      return;
     }
 
-    Object.assign(result, root.def);
-
-    // build defs object
-    const defs: JSONSchema.BaseSchema["$defs"] = params.external?.defs ?? {};
-    for (const entry of this.seen.entries()) {
-      const seen = entry[1];
-      if (seen.def && seen.defId) {
-        defs[seen.defId] = seen.def;
+    // flatten ref if defined
+    const ref = seen.ref;
+    seen.ref = null; // prevent recursion
+    if (ref) {
+      flattenRef(ref);
+
+      // merge referenced schema into current
+      const refSchema = ctx.seen.get(ref)!.schema;
+      if (refSchema.$ref && (ctx.target === "draft-07" || ctx.target === "draft-04" || ctx.target === "openapi-3.0")) {
+        schema.allOf = schema.allOf ?? [];
+        schema.allOf.push(refSchema);
+      } else {
+        Object.assign(schema, refSchema);
+        Object.assign(schema, _cached); // prevent overwriting any fields in the original schema
       }
     }
 
-    // set definitions in result
-    if (params.external) {
-    } else {
-      if (Object.keys(defs).length > 0) {
-        if (this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
-          result.$defs = defs;
-        } else {
-          result.definitions = defs;
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    // execute overrides
+    if (!seen.isParent)
+      ctx.override({
+        zodSchema: zodSchema as schemas.$ZodTypes,
+        jsonSchema: schema,
+        path: seen.path ?? [],
+      });
+  };
 
-    try {
-      // this "finalizes" this schema and ensures all cycles are removed
-      // each call to .emit() is functionally independent
-      // though the seen map is shared
-      return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(result));
-    } catch (_err) {
-      throw new Error("Error converting schema to JSON.");
-    }
+  for (const entry of [...ctx.seen.entries()].reverse()) {
+    flattenRef(entry[0]);
   }
-}
 
-interface ToJSONSchemaParams extends Omit<JSONSchemaGeneratorParams & EmitParams, "external"> {}
-interface RegistryToJSONSchemaParams extends Omit<JSONSchemaGeneratorParams & EmitParams, "external"> {
-  uri?: (id: string) => string;
-}
+  const result: JSONSchema.BaseSchema = {};
+  if (ctx.target === "draft-2020-12") {
+    result.$schema = "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema";
+  } else if (ctx.target === "draft-07") {
+    result.$schema = "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#";
+  } else if (ctx.target === "draft-04") {
+    result.$schema = "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#";
+  } else if (ctx.target === "openapi-3.0") {
+    // OpenAPI 3.0 schema objects should not include a $schema property
+  } else {
+    // Arbitrary string values are allowed but won't have a $schema property set
+  }
 
-export function toJSONSchema(schema: schemas.$ZodType, _params?: ToJSONSchemaParams): JSONSchema.BaseSchema;
-export function toJSONSchema(
-  registry: $ZodRegistry<{ id?: string | undefined }>,
-  _params?: RegistryToJSONSchemaParams
-): { schemas: Record<string, JSONSchema.BaseSchema> };
-export function toJSONSchema(
-  input: schemas.$ZodType | $ZodRegistry<{ id?: string | undefined }>,
-  _params?: ToJSONSchemaParams
-): any {
-  if (input instanceof $ZodRegistry) {
-    const gen = new JSONSchemaGenerator(_params);
-    const defs: any = {};
-    for (const entry of input._idmap.entries()) {
-      const [_, schema] = entry;
-      gen.process(schema);
-    }
+  if (ctx.external?.uri) {
+    const id = ctx.external.registry.get(schema)?.id;
+    if (!id) throw new Error("Schema is missing an `id` property");
+    result.$id = ctx.external.uri(id);
+  }
 
-    const schemas: Record<string, JSONSchema.BaseSchema> = {};
-    const external = {
-      registry: input,
-      uri: (_params as RegistryToJSONSchemaParams)?.uri,
-      defs,
-    };
-    for (const entry of input._idmap.entries()) {
-      const [key, schema] = entry;
-      schemas[key] = gen.emit(schema, {
-        ..._params,
-        external,
-      });
+  Object.assign(result, root.def ?? root.schema);
+
+  // build defs object
+  const defs: JSONSchema.BaseSchema["$defs"] = ctx.external?.defs ?? {};
+  for (const entry of ctx.seen.entries()) {
+    const seen = entry[1];
+    if (seen.def && seen.defId) {
+      defs[seen.defId] = seen.def;
     }
+  }
 
+  // set definitions in result
+  if (ctx.external) {
+  } else {
     if (Object.keys(defs).length > 0) {
-      const defsSegment = gen.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "$defs" : "definitions";
-      schemas.__shared = {
-        [defsSegment]: defs,
-      };
+      if (ctx.target === "draft-2020-12") {
+        result.$defs = defs;
+      } else {
+        result.definitions = defs;
+      }
     }
-
-    return { schemas };
   }
 
-  const gen = new JSONSchemaGenerator(_params);
-  gen.process(input);
-
-  return gen.emit(input, _params);
+  try {
+    // this "finalizes" this schema and ensures all cycles are removed
+    // each call to finalize() is functionally independent
+    // though the seen map is shared
+    const finalized = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(result));
+    Object.defineProperty(finalized, "~standard", {
+      value: {
+        ...schema["~standard"],
+        jsonSchema: {
+          input: createStandardJSONSchemaMethod(schema, "input"),
+          output: createStandardJSONSchemaMethod(schema, "output"),
+        },
+      },
+      enumerable: false,
+      writable: false,
+    });
+
+    return finalized;
+  } catch (_err) {
+    throw new Error("Error converting schema to JSON.");
+  }
 }
 
 function isTransforming(
@@ -1006,3 +519,36 @@ function isTransforming(
 
   return false;
 }
+
+export type ZodStandardSchemaWithJSON<T> = StandardSchemaWithJSONProps<core.input<T>, core.output<T>>;
+export interface ZodStandardJSONSchemaPayload<T> extends JSONSchema.BaseSchema {
+  "~standard": ZodStandardSchemaWithJSON<T>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a toJSONSchema method for a schema instance.
+ * This encapsulates the logic of initializing context, processing, extracting defs, and finalizing.
+ */
+export const createToJSONSchemaMethod =
+  <T extends schemas.$ZodType>(schema: T, processors: Record<string, Processor> = {}) =>
+  (params?: ToJSONSchemaParams): ZodStandardJSONSchemaPayload<T> => {
+    const ctx = initializeContext({ ...params, processors });
+    process(schema, ctx);
+    extractDefs(ctx, schema);
+    return finalize(ctx, schema);
+  };
+
+/**
+ * Creates a toJSONSchema method for a schema instance.
+ * This encapsulates the logic of initializing context, processing, extracting defs, and finalizing.
+ */
+type StandardJSONSchemaMethodParams = Parameters<StandardJSONSchemaV1["~standard"]["jsonSchema"]["input"]>[0];
+export const createStandardJSONSchemaMethod =
+  <T extends schemas.$ZodType>(schema: T, io: "input" | "output") =>
+  (params?: StandardJSONSchemaMethodParams): JSONSchema.BaseSchema => {
+    const { libraryOptions, target } = params ?? {};
+    const ctx = initializeContext({ ...(libraryOptions ?? {}), target, io, processors: {} });
+    process(schema, ctx);
+    extractDefs(ctx, schema);
+    return finalize(ctx, schema);
+  };