zod 4.0.0-beta.20250505T195954 → 4.0.0

package/v4/core/to-json-schema.js

@@ -0,0 +1,849 @@
+import { $ZodRegistry, globalRegistry } from "./registries.js";
+import { getEnumValues } from "./util.js";
+export class JSONSchemaGenerator {
+    constructor(params) {
+        this.counter = 0;
+        this.metadataRegistry = params?.metadata ?? globalRegistry;
+        this.target = params?.target ?? "draft-2020-12";
+        this.unrepresentable = params?.unrepresentable ?? "throw";
+        this.override = params?.override ?? (() => { });
+        this.io = params?.io ?? "output";
+        this.seen = new Map();
+    }
+    process(schema, _params = { path: [], schemaPath: [] }) {
+        var _a;
+        const def = schema._zod.def;
+        const formatMap = {
+            guid: "uuid",
+            url: "uri",
+            datetime: "date-time",
+            json_string: "json-string",
+            regex: "", // do not set
+        };
+        // check for schema in seens
+        const seen = this.seen.get(schema);
+        if (seen) {
+            seen.count++;
+            // check if cycle
+            const isCycle = _params.schemaPath.includes(schema);
+            if (isCycle) {
+                seen.cycle = _params.path;
+            }
+            return seen.schema;
+        }
+        // initialize
+        const result = { schema: {}, count: 1, cycle: undefined, path: _params.path };
+        this.seen.set(schema, result);
+        // custom method overrides default behavior
+        const overrideSchema = schema._zod.toJSONSchema?.();
+        if (overrideSchema) {
+            result.schema = overrideSchema;
+        }
+        else {
+            const params = {
+                ..._params,
+                schemaPath: [..._params.schemaPath, schema],
+                path: _params.path,
+            };
+            const parent = schema._zod.parent;
+            if (parent) {
+                // schema was cloned from another schema
+                result.ref = parent;
+                this.process(parent, params);
+                this.seen.get(parent).isParent = true;
+            }
+            else {
+                const _json = result.schema;
+                switch (def.type) {
+                    case "string": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        json.type = "string";
+                        const { minimum, maximum, format, patterns, contentEncoding } = schema._zod
+                            .bag;
+                        if (typeof minimum === "number")
+                            json.minLength = minimum;
+                        if (typeof maximum === "number")
+                            json.maxLength = maximum;
+                        // custom pattern overrides format
+                        if (format) {
+                            json.format = formatMap[format] ?? format;
+                            if (json.format === "")
+                                delete json.format; // empty format is not valid
+                        }
+                        if (contentEncoding)
+                            json.contentEncoding = contentEncoding;
+                        if (patterns && patterns.size > 0) {
+                            const regexes = [...patterns];
+                            if (regexes.length === 1)
+                                json.pattern = regexes[0].source;
+                            else if (regexes.length > 1) {
+                                result.schema.allOf = [
+                                    ...regexes.map((regex) => ({
+                                        ...(this.target === "draft-7" ? { type: "string" } : {}),
+                                        pattern: regex.source,
+                                    })),
+                                ];
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "number": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        const { minimum, maximum, format, multipleOf, exclusiveMaximum, exclusiveMinimum } = schema._zod.bag;
+                        if (typeof format === "string" && format.includes("int"))
+                            json.type = "integer";
+                        else
+                            json.type = "number";
+                        if (typeof exclusiveMinimum === "number")
+                            json.exclusiveMinimum = exclusiveMinimum;
+                        if (typeof minimum === "number") {
+                            json.minimum = minimum;
+                            if (typeof exclusiveMinimum === "number") {
+                                if (exclusiveMinimum >= minimum)
+                                    delete json.minimum;
+                                else
+                                    delete json.exclusiveMinimum;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (typeof exclusiveMaximum === "number")
+                            json.exclusiveMaximum = exclusiveMaximum;
+                        if (typeof maximum === "number") {
+                            json.maximum = maximum;
+                            if (typeof exclusiveMaximum === "number") {
+                                if (exclusiveMaximum <= maximum)
+                                    delete json.maximum;
+                                else
+                                    delete json.exclusiveMaximum;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (typeof multipleOf === "number")
+                            json.multipleOf = multipleOf;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "boolean": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        json.type = "boolean";
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "bigint": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("BigInt cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "symbol": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Symbols cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "null": {
+                        _json.type = "null";
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "any": {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "unknown": {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "undefined": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Undefined cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "void": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Void cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "never": {
+                        _json.not = {};
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "date": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Date cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "array": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        const { minimum, maximum } = schema._zod.bag;
+                        if (typeof minimum === "number")
+                            json.minItems = minimum;
+                        if (typeof maximum === "number")
+                            json.maxItems = maximum;
+                        json.type = "array";
+                        json.items = this.process(def.element, { ...params, path: [...params.path, "items"] });
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "object": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        json.type = "object";
+                        json.properties = {};
+                        const shape = def.shape; // params.shapeCache.get(schema)!;
+                        for (const key in shape) {
+                            json.properties[key] = this.process(shape[key], {
+                                ...params,
+                                path: [...params.path, "properties", key],
+                            });
+                        }
+                        // required keys
+                        const allKeys = new Set(Object.keys(shape));
+                        // const optionalKeys = new Set(def.optional);
+                        const requiredKeys = new Set([...allKeys].filter((key) => {
+                            const v = def.shape[key]._zod;
+                            if (this.io === "input") {
+                                return v.optin === undefined;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return v.optout === undefined;
+                            }
+                        }));
+                        if (requiredKeys.size > 0) {
+                            json.required = Array.from(requiredKeys);
+                        }
+                        // catchall
+                        if (def.catchall?._zod.def.type === "never") {
+                            // strict
+                            json.additionalProperties = false;
+                        }
+                        else if (!def.catchall) {
+                            // regular
+                            if (this.io === "output")
+                                json.additionalProperties = false;
+                        }
+                        else if (def.catchall) {
+                            json.additionalProperties = this.process(def.catchall, {
+                                ...params,
+                                path: [...params.path, "additionalProperties"],
+                            });
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "union": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        json.anyOf = def.options.map((x, i) => this.process(x, {
+                            ...params,
+                            path: [...params.path, "anyOf", i],
+                        }));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "intersection": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        const a = this.process(def.left, {
+                            ...params,
+                            path: [...params.path, "allOf", 0],
+                        });
+                        const b = this.process(def.right, {
+                            ...params,
+                            path: [...params.path, "allOf", 1],
+                        });
+                        const isSimpleIntersection = (val) => "allOf" in val && Object.keys(val).length === 1;
+                        const allOf = [
+                            ...(isSimpleIntersection(a) ? a.allOf : [a]),
+                            ...(isSimpleIntersection(b) ? b.allOf : [b]),
+                        ];
+                        json.allOf = allOf;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "tuple": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        json.type = "array";
+                        const prefixItems = def.items.map((x, i) => this.process(x, { ...params, path: [...params.path, "prefixItems", i] }));
+                        if (this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
+                            json.prefixItems = prefixItems;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            json.items = prefixItems;
+                        }
+                        if (def.rest) {
+                            const rest = this.process(def.rest, {
+                                ...params,
+                                path: [...params.path, "items"],
+                            });
+                            if (this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
+                                json.items = rest;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                json.additionalItems = rest;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // additionalItems
+                        if (def.rest) {
+                            json.items = this.process(def.rest, {
+                                ...params,
+                                path: [...params.path, "items"],
+                            });
+                        }
+                        // length
+                        const { minimum, maximum } = schema._zod.bag;
+                        if (typeof minimum === "number")
+                            json.minItems = minimum;
+                        if (typeof maximum === "number")
+                            json.maxItems = maximum;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "record": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        json.type = "object";
+                        json.propertyNames = this.process(def.keyType, { ...params, path: [...params.path, "propertyNames"] });
+                        json.additionalProperties = this.process(def.valueType, {
+                            ...params,
+                            path: [...params.path, "additionalProperties"],
+                        });
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "map": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Map cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "set": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Set cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "enum": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        const values = getEnumValues(def.entries);
+                        // Number enums can have both string and number values
+                        if (values.every((v) => typeof v === "number"))
+                            json.type = "number";
+                        if (values.every((v) => typeof v === "string"))
+                            json.type = "string";
+                        json.enum = values;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "literal": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        const vals = [];
+                        for (const val of def.values) {
+                            if (val === undefined) {
+                                if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                                    throw new Error("Literal `undefined` cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    // do not add to vals
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else if (typeof val === "bigint") {
+                                if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                                    throw new Error("BigInt literals cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    vals.push(Number(val));
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                vals.push(val);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (vals.length === 0) {
+                            // do nothing (an undefined literal was stripped)
+                        }
+                        else if (vals.length === 1) {
+                            const val = vals[0];
+                            json.type = val === null ? "null" : typeof val;
+                            json.const = val;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (vals.every((v) => typeof v === "number"))
+                                json.type = "number";
+                            if (vals.every((v) => typeof v === "string"))
+                                json.type = "string";
+                            if (vals.every((v) => typeof v === "boolean"))
+                                json.type = "string";
+                            if (vals.every((v) => v === null))
+                                json.type = "null";
+                            json.enum = vals;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "file": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        const file = {
+                            type: "string",
+                            format: "binary",
+                            contentEncoding: "binary",
+                        };
+                        const { minimum, maximum, mime } = schema._zod.bag;
+                        if (minimum !== undefined)
+                            file.minLength = minimum;
+                        if (maximum !== undefined)
+                            file.maxLength = maximum;
+                        if (mime) {
+                            if (mime.length === 1) {
+                                file.contentMediaType = mime[0];
+                                Object.assign(json, file);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                json.anyOf = mime.map((m) => {
+                                    const mFile = { ...file, contentMediaType: m };
+                                    return mFile;
+                                });
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            Object.assign(json, file);
+                        }
+                        // if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                        //   throw new Error("File cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        // }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "transform": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Transforms cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "nullable": {
+                        const inner = this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        _json.anyOf = [inner, { type: "null" }];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "nonoptional": {
+                        this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = def.innerType;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "success": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        json.type = "boolean";
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "default": {
+                        this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = def.innerType;
+                        _json.default = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(def.defaultValue));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "prefault": {
+                        this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = def.innerType;
+                        if (this.io === "input")
+                            _json._prefault = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(def.defaultValue));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "catch": {
+                        // use conditionals
+                        this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = def.innerType;
+                        let catchValue;
+                        try {
+                            catchValue = def.catchValue(undefined);
+                        }
+                        catch {
+                            throw new Error("Dynamic catch values are not supported in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        _json.default = catchValue;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "nan": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("NaN cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "template_literal": {
+                        const json = _json;
+                        const pattern = schema._zod.pattern;
+                        if (!pattern)
+                            throw new Error("Pattern not found in template literal");
+                        json.type = "string";
+                        json.pattern = pattern.source;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "pipe": {
+                        const innerType = this.io === "input" ? (def.in._zod.def.type === "transform" ? def.out : def.in) : def.out;
+                        this.process(innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = innerType;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "readonly": {
+                        this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = def.innerType;
+                        _json.readOnly = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    // passthrough types
+                    case "promise": {
+                        this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = def.innerType;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "optional": {
+                        this.process(def.innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = def.innerType;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "lazy": {
+                        const innerType = schema._zod.innerType;
+                        this.process(innerType, params);
+                        result.ref = innerType;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case "custom": {
+                        if (this.unrepresentable === "throw") {
+                            throw new Error("Custom types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    default: {
+                        def;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // metadata
+        const meta = this.metadataRegistry.get(schema);
+        if (meta)
+            Object.assign(result.schema, meta);
+        if (this.io === "input" && isTransforming(schema)) {
+            // examples/defaults only apply to output type of pipe
+            delete result.schema.examples;
+            delete result.schema.default;
+        }
+        // set prefault as default
+        if (this.io === "input" && result.schema._prefault)
+            (_a = result.schema).default ?? (_a.default = result.schema._prefault);
+        delete result.schema._prefault;
+        // pulling fresh from this.seen in case it was overwritten
+        const _result = this.seen.get(schema);
+        return _result.schema;
+    }
+    emit(schema, _params) {
+        const params = {
+            cycles: _params?.cycles ?? "ref",
+            reused: _params?.reused ?? "inline",
+            // unrepresentable: _params?.unrepresentable ?? "throw",
+            // uri: _params?.uri ?? ((id) => `${id}`),
+            external: _params?.external ?? undefined,
+        };
+        // iterate over seen map;
+        const root = this.seen.get(schema);
+        if (!root)
+            throw new Error("Unprocessed schema. This is a bug in Zod.");
+        // initialize result with root schema fields
+        // Object.assign(result, seen.cached);
+        // returns a ref to the schema
+        // defId will be empty if the ref points to an external schema (or #)
+        const makeURI = (entry) => {
+            // comparing the seen objects because sometimes
+            // multiple schemas map to the same seen object.
+            // e.g. lazy
+            // external is configured
+            const defsSegment = this.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "$defs" : "definitions";
+            if (params.external) {
+                const externalId = params.external.registry.get(entry[0])?.id; // ?? "__shared";// `__schema${this.counter++}`;
+                // check if schema is in the external registry
+                const uriGenerator = params.external.uri ?? ((id) => id);
+                if (externalId) {
+                    return { ref: uriGenerator(externalId) };
+                }
+                // otherwise, add to __shared
+                const id = entry[1].defId ?? entry[1].schema.id ?? `schema${this.counter++}`;
+                entry[1].defId = id; // set defId so it will be reused if needed
+                return { defId: id, ref: `${uriGenerator("__shared")}#/${defsSegment}/${id}` };
+            }
+            if (entry[1] === root) {
+                return { ref: "#" };
+            }
+            // self-contained schema
+            const uriPrefix = `#`;
+            const defUriPrefix = `${uriPrefix}/${defsSegment}/`;
+            const defId = entry[1].schema.id ?? `__schema${this.counter++}`;
+            return { defId, ref: defUriPrefix + defId };
+        };
+        // stored cached version in `def` property
+        // remove all properties, set $ref
+        const extractToDef = (entry) => {
+            // if the schema is already a reference, do not extract it
+            if (entry[1].schema.$ref) {
+                return;
+            }
+            const seen = entry[1];
+            const { ref, defId } = makeURI(entry);
+            seen.def = { ...seen.schema };
+            // defId won't be set if the schema is a reference to an external schema
+            if (defId)
+                seen.defId = defId;
+            // wipe away all properties except $ref
+            const schema = seen.schema;
+            for (const key in schema) {
+                delete schema[key];
+            }
+            schema.$ref = ref;
+        };
+        // throw on cycles
+        // break cycles
+        if (params.cycles === "throw") {
+            for (const entry of this.seen.entries()) {
+                const seen = entry[1];
+                if (seen.cycle) {
+                    throw new Error("Cycle detected: " +
+                        `#/${seen.cycle?.join("/")}/<root>` +
+                        '\n\nSet the `cycles` parameter to `"ref"` to resolve cyclical schemas with defs.');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // extract schemas into $defs
+        for (const entry of this.seen.entries()) {
+            const seen = entry[1];
+            // convert root schema to # $ref
+            if (schema === entry[0]) {
+                extractToDef(entry); // this has special handling for the root schema
+                continue;
+            }
+            // extract schemas that are in the external registry
+            if (params.external) {
+                const ext = params.external.registry.get(entry[0])?.id;
+                if (schema !== entry[0] && ext) {
+                    extractToDef(entry);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            // extract schemas with `id` meta
+            const id = this.metadataRegistry.get(entry[0])?.id;
+            if (id) {
+                extractToDef(entry);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // break cycles
+            if (seen.cycle) {
+                // any
+                extractToDef(entry);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // extract reused schemas
+            if (seen.count > 1) {
+                if (params.reused === "ref") {
+                    extractToDef(entry);
+                    // biome-ignore lint:
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // flatten _refs
+        const flattenRef = (zodSchema, params) => {
+            const seen = this.seen.get(zodSchema);
+            const schema = seen.def ?? seen.schema;
+            const _cached = { ...schema };
+            // already seen
+            if (seen.ref === null) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // flatten ref if defined
+            const ref = seen.ref;
+            seen.ref = null; // prevent recursion
+            if (ref) {
+                flattenRef(ref, params);
+                // merge referenced schema into current
+                const refSchema = this.seen.get(ref).schema;
+                if (refSchema.$ref && params.target === "draft-7") {
+                    schema.allOf = schema.allOf ?? [];
+                    schema.allOf.push(refSchema);
+                }
+                else {
+                    Object.assign(schema, refSchema);
+                    Object.assign(schema, _cached); // prevent overwriting any fields in the original schema
+                }
+            }
+            // execute overrides
+            if (!seen.isParent)
+                this.override({
+                    zodSchema: zodSchema,
+                    jsonSchema: schema,
+                    path: seen.path ?? [],
+                });
+        };
+        for (const entry of [...this.seen.entries()].reverse()) {
+            flattenRef(entry[0], { target: this.target });
+        }
+        const result = {};
+        if (this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
+            result.$schema = "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema";
+        }
+        else if (this.target === "draft-7") {
+            result.$schema = "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#";
+        }
+        else {
+            console.warn(`Invalid target: ${this.target}`);
+        }
+        if (params.external?.uri) {
+            const id = params.external.registry.get(schema)?.id;
+            if (!id)
+                throw new Error("Schema is missing an `id` property");
+            result.$id = params.external.uri(id);
+        }
+        Object.assign(result, root.def);
+        // build defs object
+        const defs = params.external?.defs ?? {};
+        for (const entry of this.seen.entries()) {
+            const seen = entry[1];
+            if (seen.def && seen.defId) {
+                defs[seen.defId] = seen.def;
+            }
+        }
+        // set definitions in result
+        if (params.external) {
+        }
+        else {
+            if (Object.keys(defs).length > 0) {
+                if (this.target === "draft-2020-12") {
+                    result.$defs = defs;
+                }
+                else {
+                    result.definitions = defs;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            // this "finalizes" this schema and ensures all cycles are removed
+            // each call to .emit() is functionally independent
+            // though the seen map is shared
+            return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(result));
+        }
+        catch (_err) {
+            throw new Error("Error converting schema to JSON.");
+        }
+    }
+}
+export function toJSONSchema(input, _params) {
+    if (input instanceof $ZodRegistry) {
+        const gen = new JSONSchemaGenerator(_params);
+        const defs = {};
+        for (const entry of input._idmap.entries()) {
+            const [_, schema] = entry;
+            gen.process(schema);
+        }
+        const schemas = {};
+        const external = {
+            registry: input,
+            uri: _params?.uri,
+            defs,
+        };
+        for (const entry of input._idmap.entries()) {
+            const [key, schema] = entry;
+            schemas[key] = gen.emit(schema, {
+                ..._params,
+                external,
+            });
+        }
+        if (Object.keys(defs).length > 0) {
+            const defsSegment = gen.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "$defs" : "definitions";
+            schemas.__shared = {
+                [defsSegment]: defs,
+            };
+        }
+        return { schemas };
+    }
+    const gen = new JSONSchemaGenerator(_params);
+    gen.process(input);
+    return gen.emit(input, _params);
+}
+function isTransforming(_schema, _ctx) {
+    const ctx = _ctx ?? { seen: new Set() };
+    if (ctx.seen.has(_schema))
+        return false;
+    ctx.seen.add(_schema);
+    const schema = _schema;
+    const def = schema._zod.def;
+    switch (def.type) {
+        case "string":
+        case "number":
+        case "bigint":
+        case "boolean":
+        case "date":
+        case "symbol":
+        case "undefined":
+        case "null":
+        case "any":
+        case "unknown":
+        case "never":
+        case "void":
+        case "literal":
+        case "enum":
+        case "nan":
+        case "file":
+        case "template_literal":
+            return false;
+        case "array": {
+            return isTransforming(def.element, ctx);
+        }
+        case "object": {
+            for (const key in def.shape) {
+                if (isTransforming(def.shape[key], ctx))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        case "union": {
+            for (const option of def.options) {
+                if (isTransforming(option, ctx))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        case "intersection": {
+            return isTransforming(def.left, ctx) || isTransforming(def.right, ctx);
+        }
+        case "tuple": {
+            for (const item of def.items) {
+                if (isTransforming(item, ctx))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            if (def.rest && isTransforming(def.rest, ctx))
+                return true;
+            return false;
+        }
+        case "record": {
+            return isTransforming(def.keyType, ctx) || isTransforming(def.valueType, ctx);
+        }
+        case "map": {
+            return isTransforming(def.keyType, ctx) || isTransforming(def.valueType, ctx);
+        }
+        case "set": {
+            return isTransforming(def.valueType, ctx);
+        }
+        // inner types
+        case "promise":
+        case "optional":
+        case "nonoptional":
+        case "nullable":
+        case "readonly":
+            return isTransforming(def.innerType, ctx);
+        case "lazy":
+            return isTransforming(def.getter(), ctx);
+        case "default": {
+            return isTransforming(def.innerType, ctx);
+        }
+        case "prefault": {
+            return isTransforming(def.innerType, ctx);
+        }
+        case "custom": {
+            return false;
+        }
+        case "transform": {
+            return true;
+        }
+        case "pipe": {
+            return isTransforming(def.in, ctx) || isTransforming(def.out, ctx);
+        }
+        case "success": {
+            return false;
+        }
+        case "catch": {
+            return false;
+        }
+        default:
+            def;
+    }
+    throw new Error(`Unknown schema type: ${def.type}`);
+}