wrangler 0.0.0-ece06ea → 0.0.0-ed08df4

package/src/publish.ts

@@ -1,32 +1,39 @@
-import type { CfWorkerInit } from "./api/worker";
-import { toFormData } from "./api/form_data";
-import esbuild from "esbuild";
-import tmp from "tmp-promise";
-import type { Config } from "./config";
-import path from "path";
-import { readFile } from "fs/promises";
-import cfetch from "./cfetch";
 import assert from "node:assert";
+import { mkdirSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { URLSearchParams } from "node:url";
+import tmp from "tmp-promise";
+import { bundleWorker } from "./bundle";
+import { fetchResult } from "./cfetch";
+import { createWorkerUploadForm } from "./create-worker-upload-form";
+import { logger } from "./logger";
 import { syncAssets } from "./sites";
-import NodeModulesPolyfills from "@esbuild-plugins/node-modules-polyfill";
-import NodeGlobalsPolyfills from "@esbuild-plugins/node-globals-polyfill";
-
-type CfScriptFormat = void | "modules" | "service-worker";
+import type { Config } from "./config";
+import type { Entry } from "./entry";
+import type { AssetPaths } from "./sites";
+import type { CfWorkerInit } from "./worker";
 
 type Props = {
   config: Config;
-  format?: CfScriptFormat;
-  script?: string;
-  name?: string;
-  env?: string;
-  public?: string;
-  site?: string;
-  triggers?: (string | number)[];
-  routes?: (string | number)[];
-  legacyEnv?: boolean;
-  jsxFactory: void | string;
-  jsxFragment: void | string;
-  polyfillNode: void | boolean;
+  accountId: string;
+  entry: Entry;
+  rules: Config["rules"];
+  name: string | undefined;
+  env: string | undefined;
+  compatibilityDate: string | undefined;
+  compatibilityFlags: string[] | undefined;
+  assetPaths: AssetPaths | undefined;
+  triggers: string[] | undefined;
+  routes: string[] | undefined;
+  legacyEnv: boolean | undefined;
+  jsxFactory: string | undefined;
+  jsxFragment: string | undefined;
+  tsconfig: string | undefined;
+  experimentalPublic: boolean;
+  minify: boolean | undefined;
+  nodeCompat: boolean | undefined;
+  outDir: string | undefined;
+  dryRun: boolean | undefined;
 };
 
 function sleep(ms: number) {
@@ -34,281 +41,349 @@ function sleep(ms: number) {
 }
 
 export default async function publish(props: Props): Promise<void> {
-  if (props.public && props.format === "service-worker") {
-    // TODO: check config too
-    throw new Error(
-      "You cannot use the service worker format with a public directory."
-    );
-  }
   // TODO: warn if git/hg has uncommitted changes
-  const { config } = props;
-  const {
-    account_id: accountId,
-    build,
-    // @ts-expect-error hidden
-    __path__,
-  } = config;
+  const { config, accountId } = props;
+
+  assert(
+    props.compatibilityDate || config.compatibility_date,
+    "A compatibility_date is required when publishing. Add one to your wrangler.toml file, or pass it in your terminal as --compatibility-date. See https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/platform/compatibility-dates for more information."
+  );
 
   const triggers = props.triggers || config.triggers?.crons;
-  const routes = props.routes || config.routes;
+  const routes =
+    props.routes ?? config.routes ?? (config.route ? [config.route] : []) ?? [];
+
+  // deployToWorkersDev defaults to true only if there aren't any routes defined
+  const deployToWorkersDev = config.workers_dev ?? routes.length === 0;
 
   const jsxFactory = props.jsxFactory || config.jsx_factory;
   const jsxFragment = props.jsxFragment || config.jsx_fragment;
 
-  assert(config.account_id, "missing account id");
+  const minify = props.minify ?? config.minify;
+
+  const nodeCompat = props.nodeCompat ?? config.node_compat;
+  if (nodeCompat) {
+    logger.warn(
+      "Enabling node.js compatibility mode for builtins and globals. This is experimental and has serious tradeoffs. Please see https://github.com/ionic-team/rollup-plugin-node-polyfills/ for more details."
+    );
+  }
 
-  let scriptName = props.name || config.name;
+  const scriptName = props.name;
   assert(
     scriptName,
     'You need to provide a name when publishing a worker. Either pass it as a cli arg with `--name <name>` or in your config file as `name = "<name>"`'
   );
 
-  let file: string;
-  if (props.script) {
-    file = props.script;
-  } else {
-    assert(build?.upload?.main, "missing main file");
-    file = path.join(path.dirname(__path__), build.upload.main);
-  }
+  assert(
+    !config.site || config.site.bucket,
+    "A [site] definition requires a `bucket` field with a path to the site's public directory."
+  );
 
-  if (props.legacyEnv) {
-    scriptName += props.env ? `-${props.env}` : "";
+  if (props.outDir) {
+    // we're using a custom output directory,
+    // so let's first ensure it exists
+    mkdirSync(props.outDir, { recursive: true });
+    // add a README
+    const readmePath = path.join(props.outDir, "README.md");
+    writeFileSync(
+      readmePath,
+      `This folder contains the built output assets for the worker "${scriptName}" generated at ${new Date().toISOString()}.`
+    );
   }
+
+  const destination = props.outDir ?? (await tmp.dir({ unsafeCleanup: true }));
   const envName = props.env ?? "production";
 
-  const destination = await tmp.dir({ unsafeCleanup: true });
-
-  const result = await esbuild.build({
-    ...(props.public
-      ? {
-          stdin: {
-            contents: (
-              await readFile(
-                path.join(__dirname, "../static-asset-facade.js"),
-                "utf8"
-              )
-            ).replace("__ENTRY_POINT__", path.join(process.cwd(), file)),
-            sourcefile: "static-asset-facade.js",
-            resolveDir: path.dirname(file),
-          },
-        }
-      : { entryPoints: [file] }),
-    bundle: true,
-    define: {
-      ...((props.polyfillNode ?? config.polyfill_node) && {
-        global: "globalThis",
-      }),
-    },
-    nodePaths: props.public ? [path.join(__dirname, "../vendor")] : undefined,
-    outdir: destination.path,
-    external: ["__STATIC_CONTENT_MANIFEST"],
-    format: "esm",
-    plugins:
-      props.polyfillNode ?? config.polyfill_node
-        ? [NodeGlobalsPolyfills({ buffer: true }), NodeModulesPolyfills()]
-        : undefined,
-    sourcemap: true,
-    metafile: true,
-    loader: {
-      ".js": "jsx",
-    },
-    ...(jsxFactory && { jsxFactory }),
-    ...(jsxFragment && { jsxFragment }),
-  });
-
-  const chunks = Object.entries(result.metafile.outputs).find(
-    ([_path, { entryPoint }]) =>
-      entryPoint ===
-      (props.public
-        ? path.join(path.dirname(file), "static-asset-facade.js")
-        : file)
-  );
+  const start = Date.now();
+  const notProd = !props.legacyEnv && props.env;
+  const workerName = notProd ? `${scriptName} (${envName})` : scriptName;
+  const workerUrl = notProd
+    ? `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/services/${scriptName}/environments/${envName}`
+    : `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/scripts/${scriptName}`;
 
-  const { format } = props;
-  const bundle = {
-    type: chunks[1].exports.length > 0 ? "esm" : "commonjs",
-    exports: chunks[1].exports,
-  };
+  let available_on_subdomain; // we'll set this later
 
-  // TODO: instead of bundling the facade with the worker, we should just bundle the worker and expose it as a module.
-  // That way we'll be able to accurately tell if this is a service worker or not.
+  const { format } = props.entry;
 
-  if (format === "modules" && bundle.type === "commonjs") {
-    console.error("⎔ Cannot use modules with a commonjs bundle.");
-    // TODO: a much better error message here, with what to do next
-    return;
+  if (props.experimentalPublic && format === "service-worker") {
+    throw new Error(
+      "You cannot publish in the service-worker format with a public directory."
+    );
   }
-  if (format === "service-worker" && bundle.type !== "esm") {
-    console.error("⎔ Cannot use service-worker with a esm bundle.");
-    // TODO: a much better error message here, with what to do next
-    return;
+
+  if (config.wasm_modules && format === "modules") {
+    throw new Error(
+      "You cannot configure [wasm_modules] with an ES module worker. Instead, import the .wasm module directly in your code"
+    );
   }
 
-  const content = await readFile(chunks[0], { encoding: "utf-8" });
-  destination.cleanup();
+  if (config.text_blobs && format === "modules") {
+    throw new Error(
+      "You cannot configure [text_blobs] with an ES module worker. Instead, import the file directly in your code, and optionally configure `[rules]` in your wrangler.toml"
+    );
+  }
 
-  // if config.migrations
-  // get current migration tag
-  let migrations;
-  if ("migrations" in config) {
-    const scripts = await cfetch<{ id: string; migration_tag: string }[]>(
-      `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/scripts`
+  if (config.data_blobs && format === "modules") {
+    throw new Error(
+      "You cannot configure [data_blobs] with an ES module worker. Instead, import the file directly in your code, and optionally configure `[rules]` in your wrangler.toml"
     );
-    const script = scripts.find((script) => script.id === scriptName);
-    if (script?.migration_tag) {
-      // was already published once
-      const foundIndex = config.migrations.findIndex(
-        (migration) => migration.tag === script.migration_tag
+  }
+  try {
+    const { modules, resolvedEntryPointPath, bundleType } = await bundleWorker(
+      props.entry,
+      typeof destination === "string" ? destination : destination.path,
+      {
+        serveAssetsFromWorker: props.experimentalPublic,
+        jsxFactory,
+        jsxFragment,
+        rules: props.rules,
+        tsconfig: props.tsconfig ?? config.tsconfig,
+        minify,
+        nodeCompat,
+      }
+    );
+
+    // Some validation of durable objects + migrations
+    if (config.durable_objects.bindings.length > 0) {
+      // intrinsic [durable_objects] implies [migrations]
+      const exportedDurableObjects = config.durable_objects.bindings.filter(
+        (binding) => !binding.script_name
       );
-      if (foundIndex === -1) {
-        console.warn(
-          `The published script ${scriptName} has a migration tag "${script.migration_tag}, which was not found in wrangler.toml. You may have already delated it. Applying all available migrations to the script...`
+      if (exportedDurableObjects.length > 0 && config.migrations.length === 0) {
+        logger.warn(
+          `In wrangler.toml, you have configured [durable_objects] exported by this Worker (${exportedDurableObjects.map(
+            (durable) => durable.class_name
+          )}), but no [migrations] for them. This may not work as expected until you add a [migrations] section to your wrangler.toml. Refer to https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/learning/using-durable-objects/#durable-object-migrations-in-wranglertoml for more details.`
         );
-        migrations = {
-          old_tag: script.migration_tag,
-          new_tag: config.migrations[config.migrations.length - 1].tag,
-          steps: config.migrations.map(({ tag: _tag, ...rest }) => rest),
-        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    const content = readFileSync(resolvedEntryPointPath, {
+      encoding: "utf-8",
+    });
+
+    // if config.migrations
+    let migrations;
+    if (config.migrations.length > 0) {
+      // get current migration tag
+      type ScriptData = { id: string; migration_tag?: string };
+      let script: ScriptData | undefined;
+      if (!props.legacyEnv) {
+        try {
+          if (props.env) {
+            const scriptData = await fetchResult<{
+              script: ScriptData;
+            }>(
+              `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/services/${scriptName}/environments/${props.env}`
+            );
+            script = scriptData.script;
+          } else {
+            const scriptData = await fetchResult<{
+              default_environment: {
+                script: ScriptData;
+              };
+            }>(`/accounts/${accountId}/workers/services/${scriptName}`);
+            script = scriptData.default_environment.script;
+          }
+        } catch (err) {
+          if (
+            ![
+              10090, // corresponds to workers.api.error.service_not_found, so the script wasn't previously published at all
+              10092, // workers.api.error.environment_not_found, so the script wasn't published to this environment yet
+            ].includes((err as { code: number }).code)
+          ) {
+            throw err;
+          }
+          // else it's a 404, no script found, and we can proceed
+        }
+      } else {
+        const scripts = await fetchResult<ScriptData[]>(
+          `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/scripts`
+        );
+        script = scripts.find(({ id }) => id === scriptName);
+      }
+
+      if (script?.migration_tag) {
+        // was already published once
+        const scriptMigrationTag = script.migration_tag;
+        const foundIndex = config.migrations.findIndex(
+          (migration) => migration.tag === scriptMigrationTag
+        );
+        if (foundIndex === -1) {
+          logger.warn(
+            `The published script ${scriptName} has a migration tag "${script.migration_tag}, which was not found in wrangler.toml. You may have already deleted it. Applying all available migrations to the script...`
+          );
+          migrations = {
+            old_tag: script.migration_tag,
+            new_tag: config.migrations[config.migrations.length - 1].tag,
+            steps: config.migrations.map(({ tag: _tag, ...rest }) => rest),
+          };
+        } else {
+          if (foundIndex !== config.migrations.length - 1) {
+            // there are new migrations to send up
+            migrations = {
+              old_tag: script.migration_tag,
+              new_tag: config.migrations[config.migrations.length - 1].tag,
+              steps: config.migrations
+                .slice(foundIndex + 1)
+                .map(({ tag: _tag, ...rest }) => rest),
+            };
+          }
+          // else, we're up to date, no migrations to send
+        }
       } else {
+        // first time publishing durable objects to this script,
+        // so we send all the migrations
         migrations = {
-          old_tag: script.migration_tag,
           new_tag: config.migrations[config.migrations.length - 1].tag,
-          steps: config.migrations
-            .slice(foundIndex + 1)
-            .map(({ tag: _tag, ...rest }) => rest),
+          steps: config.migrations.map(({ tag: _tag, ...rest }) => rest),
         };
       }
-    } else {
-      migrations = {
-        new_tag: config.migrations[config.migrations.length - 1].tag,
-        steps: config.migrations.map(({ tag: _tag, ...rest }) => rest),
-      };
     }
-  }
 
-  const assets =
-    props.public || props.site || props.config.site?.bucket // TODO: allow both
-      ? await syncAssets(
-          accountId,
-          scriptName,
-          props.public || props.site || props.config.site?.bucket,
-          false
-        )
-      : { manifest: undefined, namespace: undefined };
-
-  const envRootObj = props.env ? config.env[props.env] || {} : config;
-
-  const worker: CfWorkerInit = {
-    name: scriptName,
-    main: {
-      name: path.basename(chunks[0]),
-      content: content,
-      type: bundle.type === "esm" ? "esm" : "commonjs",
-    },
-    variables: {
-      ...(envRootObj?.vars || {}),
-      ...(envRootObj?.kv_namespaces || []).reduce(
-        (obj, { binding, preview_id: _preview_id, id }) => {
-          return { ...obj, [binding]: { namespaceId: id } };
-        },
-        {}
-      ),
-      ...(envRootObj?.durable_objects?.bindings || []).reduce(
-        (obj, { name, class_name, script_name }) => {
-          return {
-            ...obj,
-            [name]: { class_name, ...(script_name && { script_name }) },
-          };
-        },
-        {}
+    const assets = await syncAssets(
+      accountId,
+      // When we're using the newer service environments, we wouldn't
+      // have added the env name on to the script name. However, we must
+      // include it in the kv namespace name regardless (since there's no
+      // concept of service environments for kv namespaces yet).
+      scriptName + (!props.legacyEnv && props.env ? `-${props.env}` : ""),
+      props.assetPaths,
+      false,
+      props.dryRun
+    );
+
+    const bindings: CfWorkerInit["bindings"] = {
+      kv_namespaces: (config.kv_namespaces || []).concat(
+        assets.namespace
+          ? { binding: "__STATIC_CONTENT", id: assets.namespace }
+          : []
       ),
-      ...(assets.namespace
-        ? { __STATIC_CONTENT: { namespaceId: assets.namespace } }
-        : {}),
-    },
-    ...(migrations && { migrations }),
-    modules: assets.manifest
-      ? [].concat({
-          name: "__STATIC_CONTENT_MANIFEST",
-          content: JSON.stringify(assets.manifest),
-          type: "text",
-        })
-      : [],
-    compatibility_date: config.compatibility_date,
-    compatibility_flags: config.compatibility_flags,
-    usage_model: config.usage_model,
-  };
+      vars: config.vars,
+      wasm_modules: config.wasm_modules,
+      text_blobs: {
+        ...config.text_blobs,
+        ...(assets.manifest &&
+          format === "service-worker" && {
+            __STATIC_CONTENT_MANIFEST: "__STATIC_CONTENT_MANIFEST",
+          }),
+      },
+      data_blobs: config.data_blobs,
+      durable_objects: config.durable_objects,
+      r2_buckets: config.r2_buckets,
+      unsafe: config.unsafe?.bindings,
+    };
+
+    if (assets.manifest) {
+      modules.push({
+        name: "__STATIC_CONTENT_MANIFEST",
+        content: JSON.stringify(assets.manifest),
+        type: "text",
+      });
+    }
 
-  const start = Date.now();
-  function formatTime(duration: number) {
-    return `(${(duration / 1000).toFixed(2)} sec)`;
+    const worker: CfWorkerInit = {
+      name: scriptName,
+      main: {
+        name: path.basename(resolvedEntryPointPath),
+        content: content,
+        type: bundleType,
+      },
+      bindings,
+      migrations,
+      modules,
+      compatibility_date: props.compatibilityDate ?? config.compatibility_date,
+      compatibility_flags:
+        props.compatibilityFlags ?? config.compatibility_flags,
+      usage_model: config.usage_model,
+    };
+
+    if (!props.dryRun) {
+      // Upload the script so it has time to propagate.
+      // We can also now tell whether available_on_subdomain is set
+      available_on_subdomain = (
+        await fetchResult<{ available_on_subdomain: boolean }>(
+          workerUrl,
+          {
+            method: "PUT",
+            body: createWorkerUploadForm(worker),
+          },
+          new URLSearchParams({ include_subdomain_availability: "true" })
+        )
+      ).available_on_subdomain;
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (typeof destination !== "string") {
+      // this means we're using a temp dir,
+      // so let's clean up before we proceed
+      await destination.cleanup();
+    }
   }
 
-  const notProd = !props.legacyEnv && props.env;
-  const workerName = notProd ? `${scriptName} (${envName})` : scriptName;
-  const workerUrl = notProd
-    ? `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/services/${scriptName}/environments/${envName}`
-    : `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/scripts/${scriptName}`;
-
-  // Upload the script so it has time to propogate.
-  const { available_on_subdomain } = await cfetch(
-    `${workerUrl}?available_on_subdomain=true`,
-    {
-      method: "PUT",
-      // @ts-expect-error: TODO: fix this type error!
-      body: toFormData(worker),
-    }
-  );
+  if (props.dryRun) {
+    logger.log(`--dry-run: exiting now.`);
+    return;
+  }
 
   const uploadMs = Date.now() - start;
-  console.log("Uploaded", workerName, formatTime(uploadMs));
   const deployments: Promise<string[]>[] = [];
 
-  const userSubdomain = (
-    await cfetch<{ subdomain: string }>(
-      `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/subdomain`
-    )
-  ).subdomain;
-
-  const scriptURL =
-    props.legacyEnv || !props.env
-      ? `${scriptName}.${userSubdomain}.workers.dev`
-      : `${envName}.${scriptName}.${userSubdomain}.workers.dev`;
-
-  // Enable the `workers.dev` subdomain.
-  // TODO: Make this configurable.
-  if (!available_on_subdomain) {
-    deployments.push(
-      cfetch(`${workerUrl}/subdomain`, {
+  if (deployToWorkersDev) {
+    // Deploy to a subdomain of `workers.dev`
+    const userSubdomain = await getSubdomain(accountId);
+    const scriptURL =
+      props.legacyEnv || !props.env
+        ? `${scriptName}.${userSubdomain}.workers.dev`
+        : `${envName}.${scriptName}.${userSubdomain}.workers.dev`;
+    if (!available_on_subdomain) {
+      // Enable the `workers.dev` subdomain.
+      deployments.push(
+        fetchResult(`${workerUrl}/subdomain`, {
+          method: "POST",
+          body: JSON.stringify({ enabled: true }),
+          headers: {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+          },
+        })
+          .then(() => [scriptURL])
+          // Add a delay when the subdomain is first created.
+          // This is to prevent an issue where a negative cache-hit
+          // causes the subdomain to be unavailable for 30 seconds.
+          // This is a temporary measure until we fix this on the edge.
+          .then(async (url) => {
+            await sleep(3000);
+            return url;
+          })
+      );
+    } else {
+      deployments.push(Promise.resolve([scriptURL]));
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (available_on_subdomain) {
+      // Disable the workers.dev deployment
+      await fetchResult(`${workerUrl}/subdomain`, {
         method: "POST",
-        body: JSON.stringify({ enabled: true }),
+        body: JSON.stringify({ enabled: false }),
         headers: {
           "Content-Type": "application/json",
         },
-      })
-        .then(() => [scriptURL])
-        // Add a delay when the subdomain is first created.
-        // This is to prevent an issue where a negative cache-hit
-        // causes the subdomain to be unavailable for 30 seconds.
-        // This is a temporary measure until we fix this on the edge.
-        .then((url) => {
-          sleep(3000);
-          return url;
-        })
-    );
-  } else {
-    deployments.push(Promise.resolve([scriptURL]));
+      });
+    }
   }
 
+  logger.log("Uploaded", workerName, formatTime(uploadMs));
+
   // Update routing table for the script.
-  if (routes && routes.length) {
+  if (routes.length > 0) {
     deployments.push(
-      cfetch(`${workerUrl}/routes`, {
-        // TODO: PATCH will not delete previous routes on this script,
-        // whereas PUT will. We need to decide on the default behaviour
-        // and how to configure it.
+      fetchResult(`${workerUrl}/routes`, {
+        // Note: PUT will delete previous routes on this script.
         method: "PUT",
-        body: JSON.stringify(routes.map((pattern) => ({ pattern }))),
+        body: JSON.stringify(
+          routes.map((route) =>
+            typeof route !== "object" ? { pattern: route } : route
+          )
+        ),
         headers: {
           "Content-Type": "application/json",
         },
@@ -316,10 +391,22 @@ export default async function publish(props: Props): Promise<void> {
         if (routes.length > 10) {
           return routes
             .slice(0, 9)
-            .map(String)
+            .map((route) =>
+              typeof route === "string"
+                ? route
+                : "zone_id" in route
+                ? `${route.pattern} (zone id: ${route.zone_id})`
+                : `${route.pattern} (zone name: ${route.zone_name})`
+            )
             .concat([`...and ${routes.length - 10} more routes`]);
         }
-        return routes.map(String);
+        return routes.map((route) =>
+          typeof route === "string"
+            ? route
+            : "zone_id" in route
+            ? `${route.pattern} (zone id: ${route.zone_id})`
+            : `${route.pattern} (zone name: ${route.zone_name})`
+        );
       })
     );
   }
@@ -328,27 +415,55 @@ export default async function publish(props: Props): Promise<void> {
   // TODO: rename this to `schedules`?
   if (triggers && triggers.length) {
     deployments.push(
-      cfetch(`${workerUrl}/schedules`, {
-        // TODO: Unlike routes, this endpoint does not support PATCH.
-        // So technically, this will override any previous schedules.
-        // We should change the endpoint to support PATCH.
+      fetchResult(`${workerUrl}/schedules`, {
+        // Note: PUT will override previous schedules on this script.
         method: "PUT",
         body: JSON.stringify(triggers.map((cron) => ({ cron }))),
         headers: {
           "Content-Type": "application/json",
         },
-      }).then(() => triggers.map(String))
+      }).then(() => triggers.map((trigger) => `schedule: ${trigger}`))
     );
   }
 
-  if (!deployments.length) {
-    return;
-  }
-
   const targets = await Promise.all(deployments);
   const deployMs = Date.now() - start - uploadMs;
-  console.log("Deployed", workerName, formatTime(deployMs));
-  for (const target of targets.flat()) {
-    console.log(" ", target);
+
+  if (deployments.length > 0) {
+    logger.log("Published", workerName, formatTime(deployMs));
+    for (const target of targets.flat()) {
+      logger.log(" ", target);
+    }
+  } else {
+    logger.log("No publish targets for", workerName, formatTime(deployMs));
+  }
+}
+
+function formatTime(duration: number) {
+  return `(${(duration / 1000).toFixed(2)} sec)`;
+}
+
+async function getSubdomain(accountId: string): Promise<string> {
+  try {
+    const { subdomain } = await fetchResult(
+      `/accounts/${accountId}/workers/subdomain`
+    );
+    return subdomain;
+  } catch (e) {
+    const error = e as { code?: number };
+    if (typeof error === "object" && !!error && error.code === 10007) {
+      // 10007 error code: not found
+      // https://api.cloudflare.com/#worker-subdomain-get-subdomain
+
+      const errorMessage =
+        "Error: You need to register a workers.dev subdomain before publishing to workers.dev";
+      const solutionMessage =
+        "You can either publish your worker to one or more routes by specifying them in wrangler.toml, or register a workers.dev subdomain here:";
+      const onboardingLink = `https://dash.cloudflare.com/${accountId}/workers/onboarding`;
+
+      throw new Error(`${errorMessage}\n${solutionMessage}\n${onboardingLink}`);
+    } else {
+      throw e;
+    }
   }
 }