webgl2 1.2.1 → 1.2.3

package/src/webgl2_context.js

@@ -1,2483 +1,2555 @@
-// Thin forwarding WasmWebGL2RenderingContext and helpers
-// This module contains the class and small helpers that operate on the
-// WebAssembly instance. It is intentionally minimal: JS forwards calls to
-// WASM and reads last-error strings when needed.
-
-/** @typedef {number} u32 */
-
-// Errno constants (must match src/webgl2_context.rs)
-export const ERR_OK = 0;
-export const ERR_INVALID_HANDLE = 1;
-export const ERR_OOM = 2;
-export const ERR_INVALID_ARGS = 3;
-export const ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 4;
-export const ERR_GL = 5;
-export const ERR_INTERNAL = 6;
-
-import { WasmWebGLTexture } from './webgl2_texture.js';
-import { WasmWebGLShader, WasmWebGLProgram, WasmWebGLBuffer, WasmWebGLRenderbuffer } from './webgl2_resources.js';
-
-/**
- * @implements {WebGL2RenderingContext}
- */
-export class WasmWebGL2RenderingContext {
-  // Constants
-  FRAGMENT_SHADER = 0x8B30;
-  VERTEX_SHADER = 0x8B31;
-  TRIANGLES = 0x0004;
-  TRIANGLE_STRIP = 0x0005;
-  COLOR_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00004000;
-  DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000100;
-  DEPTH_TEST = 0x0B71;
-  STENCIL_TEST = 0x0B90;
-  SCISSOR_TEST = 0x0C11;
-  STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000400;
-  COMPILE_STATUS = 0x8B81;
-  LINK_STATUS = 0x8B82;
-  DELETE_STATUS = 0x8B80;
-  VALIDATE_STATUS = 0x8B83;
-  ARRAY_BUFFER = 0x8892;
-  ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER = 0x8893;
-  COPY_READ_BUFFER = 0x8F36;
-  COPY_WRITE_BUFFER = 0x8F37;
-  PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER = 0x88EB;
-  PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER = 0x88EC;
-  UNIFORM_BUFFER = 0x8A11;
-  TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER = 0x8C8E;
-  STATIC_DRAW = 0x88E4;
-  BYTE = 0x1400;
-  UNSIGNED_BYTE = 0x1401;
-  SHORT = 0x1402;
-  UNSIGNED_SHORT = 0x1403;
-  INT = 0x1404;
-  UNSIGNED_INT = 0x1405;
-  FLOAT = 0x1406;
-  FLOAT_VEC2 = 0x8B50;
-  FLOAT_VEC3 = 0x8B51;
-  FLOAT_VEC4 = 0x8B52;
-  INT_VEC2 = 0x8B53;
-  INT_VEC3 = 0x8B54;
-  INT_VEC4 = 0x8B55;
-  BOOL = 0x8B56;
-  BOOL_VEC2 = 0x8B57;
-  BOOL_VEC3 = 0x8B58;
-  BOOL_VEC4 = 0x8B59;
-  FLOAT_MAT2 = 0x8B5A;
-  FLOAT_MAT3 = 0x8B5B;
-  FLOAT_MAT4 = 0x8B5C;
-  SAMPLER_2D = 0x8B5E;
-  SAMPLER_3D = 0x8B5F;
-  SAMPLER_CUBE = 0x8B60;
-  ACTIVE_UNIFORMS = 0x8B86;
-  ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES = 0x8B89;
-  VIEWPORT = 0x0BA2;
-  COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE = 0x0C22;
-  COLOR_WRITEMASK = 0x0C23;
-  DEPTH_WRITEMASK = 0x0B72;
-  STENCIL_WRITEMASK = 0x0B98;
-  STENCIL_BACK_WRITEMASK = 0x8CA5;
-
-  DEPTH_FUNC = 0x0B74;
-  STENCIL_FUNC = 0x0B92;
-  STENCIL_VALUE_MASK = 0x0B93;
-  STENCIL_REF = 0x0B97;
-  STENCIL_BACK_FUNC = 0x8800;
-  STENCIL_BACK_VALUE_MASK = 0x8CA4;
-  STENCIL_BACK_REF = 0x8CA3;
-  STENCIL_FAIL = 0x0B94;
-  STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL = 0x0B95;
-  STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_PASS = 0x0B96;
-  STENCIL_BACK_FAIL = 0x8801;
-  STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL = 0x8802;
-  STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_PASS = 0x8803;
-
-  BUFFER_SIZE = 0x8764;
-  MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS = 0x8869;
-  NO_ERROR = 0;
-  INVALID_ENUM = 0x0500;
-  INVALID_VALUE = 0x0501;
-  INVALID_OPERATION = 0x0502;
-  OUT_OF_MEMORY = 0x0505;
-
-  ZERO = 0;
-  ONE = 1;
-
-  CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB = 0x8626;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_ENABLED = 0x8622;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_SIZE = 0x8623;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE = 0x8624;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_TYPE = 0x8625;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_NORMALIZED = 0x886A;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_POINTER = 0x8645;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING = 0x889F;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_DIVISOR = 0x88FE;
-  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_INTEGER = 0x88FD;
-
-  RENDERBUFFER = 0x8D41;
-  FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8D40;
-  READ_FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8CA8;
-  DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8CA9;
-  DEPTH_COMPONENT16 = 0x81A5;
-  DEPTH_STENCIL = 0x84F9;
-  RGBA4 = 0x8056;
-  RGB565 = 0x8D62;
-  RGB5_A1 = 0x8057;
-  RGBA8 = 0x8058;
-  STENCIL_INDEX8 = 0x8D48;
-  COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 = 0x8CE0;
-  DEPTH_ATTACHMENT = 0x8D00;
-  STENCIL_ATTACHMENT = 0x8D20;
-  DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT = 0x821A;
-
-  LESS = 0x0201;
-  EQUAL = 0x0202;
-  LEQUAL = 0x0203;
-  GREATER = 0x0204;
-  NOTEQUAL = 0x0205;
-  GEQUAL = 0x0206;
-  ALWAYS = 0x0207;
-  NEVER = 0x0200;
-
-  KEEP = 0x1E00;
-  REPLACE = 0x1E01;
-  INCR = 0x1E02;
-  DECR = 0x1E03;
-  INVERT = 0x150A;
-  INCR_WRAP = 0x8507;
-  DECR_WRAP = 0x8508;
-
-  FRONT = 0x0404;
-  BACK = 0x0405;
-  FRONT_AND_BACK = 0x0408;
-
-  TEXTURE_2D = 0x0DE1;
-  TEXTURE_3D = 0x806F;
-  TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY = 0x8C1A;
-  TEXTURE_WRAP_S = 0x2802;
-  TEXTURE_WRAP_T = 0x2803;
-  TEXTURE_WRAP_R = 0x8072;
-  TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER = 0x2800;
-  TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER = 0x2801;
-  RGBA = 0x1908;
-  RED = 0x1903;
-  RG = 0x8227;
-  UNSIGNED_BYTE = 0x1401;
-  FLOAT = 0x1406;
-  NEAREST = 0x2600;
-  LINEAR = 0x2601;
-  NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST = 0x2700;
-  LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST = 0x2701;
-  NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR = 0x2702;
-  LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR = 0x2703;
-  REPEAT = 0x2901;
-  CLAMP_TO_EDGE = 0x812F;
-  MIRRORED_REPEAT = 0x8370;
-
-  /**
-   * @param {WebAssembly.Instance} instance
-   * @param {u32} ctxHandle
-   * @param {number} width
-   * @param {number} height
-   * @param {boolean} [debugShaders]
-   */
-  constructor({ instance, ctxHandle, width, height, debugShaders = false, sharedTable = null, tableAllocator = null }) {
-    this._instance = instance;
-    this._ctxHandle = ctxHandle;
-    this._destroyed = false;
-    /** @type {import('./webgl2_resources.js').WasmWebGLProgram | null} */
-    this._currentProgram = null;
-    // Explicit booleans for clarity
-    this._debugShaders = !!debugShaders;
-    this._drawingBufferWidth = width;
-    this._drawingBufferHeight = height;
-    this._sharedTable = sharedTable;
-    this._tableAllocator = tableAllocator;
-
-    WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.set(this._ctxHandle, this);
-  }
-
-  get drawingBufferWidth() {
-    return this._drawingBufferWidth;
-  }
-
-  get drawingBufferHeight() {
-    return this._drawingBufferHeight;
-  }
-
-  resize(width, height) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_resize !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_resize not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_resize(this._ctxHandle, width, height);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    this._drawingBufferWidth = width;
-    this._drawingBufferHeight = height;
-  }
-
-  // Set the viewport for rendering
-  viewport(x, y, width, height) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_viewport !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_viewport not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_viewport(this._ctxHandle, x | 0, y | 0, width >>> 0, height >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  /** @type {Map<number, WasmWebGL2RenderingContext>} */
-  static _contexts = new Map();
-
-  _executeShader(type, tableIdx, attrPtr, uniformPtr, varyingPtr, privatePtr, texturePtr) {
-    if (!this._currentProgram) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (tableIdx > 0 && this._sharedTable) {
-      const func = this._sharedTable.get(tableIdx);
-      if (func) {
-        func(this._ctxHandle, type, tableIdx, attrPtr, uniformPtr, varyingPtr, privatePtr, texturePtr);
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    const shaderInstance = type === this.VERTEX_SHADER ? this._currentProgram._vsInstance : this._currentProgram._fsInstance;
-    if (shaderInstance && shaderInstance.exports.main) {
-      // @ts-ignore
-      shaderInstance.exports.main(this._ctxHandle, type, tableIdx, attrPtr, uniformPtr, varyingPtr, privatePtr, texturePtr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  destroy() {
-    if (this._destroyed) return;
-    WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.delete(this._ctxHandle);
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (ex && typeof ex.wasm_destroy_context === 'function') {
-      const code = ex.wasm_destroy_context(this._ctxHandle);
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    }
-    this._destroyed = true;
-  }
-
-  _assertNotDestroyed() {
-    if (this._destroyed) throw new Error('context has been destroyed');
-  }
-
-  createTexture() {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_texture !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_texture not found');
-    }
-    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_texture(this._ctxHandle);
-    if (handle === 0) {
-      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
-      throw new Error(`Failed to create texture: ${msg}`);
-    }
-    // Return a thin wrapper object representing the texture.
-    return new WasmWebGLTexture(this, handle);
-  }
-
-  deleteTexture(tex) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_texture !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_texture not found');
-    }
-    const handle = tex && typeof tex === 'object' && typeof tex._handle === 'number' ? tex._handle : (tex >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_texture(this._ctxHandle, handle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    // If a wrapper object was passed, mark it as deleted.
-    if (tex && typeof tex === 'object') {
-      try { tex._handle = 0; tex._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
-    }
-  }
-
-  bindTexture(target, tex) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_texture !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_texture not found');
-    }
-    const handle = tex && typeof tex === 'object' && typeof tex._handle === 'number' ? tex._handle : (tex >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_texture(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, handle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    // Record bound texture in JS so we can map units to texture data for texel fetch
-    this._boundTexture = handle;
-    this._textureUnits = this._textureUnits || [];
-    const unit = this._activeTextureUnit || 0;
-    this._textureUnits[unit] = handle;
-  }
-
-  texImage2D(target, level, internalFormat, width, height, border, format, type_, pixels) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_2d !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_image_2d not found');
-    }
-
-    let data = pixels;
-    if (!data) {
-      data = new Uint8Array(width * height * 4);
-    } else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
-      data = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
-    } else if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-      data = new Uint8Array(data);
-    }
-
-    const len = data.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for pixel data');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(data, ptr);
-
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_2d(
-        this._ctxHandle,
-        target >>> 0,
-        level >>> 0,
-        internalFormat >>> 0,
-        width >>> 0,
-        height >>> 0,
-        border >>> 0,
-        format >>> 0,
-        type_ >>> 0,
-        ptr >>> 0,
-        len >>> 0
-      );
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-
-      // Mirror texture data in JS for fast texel fetches by shader imports
-      this._textureData = this._textureData || new Map();
-      const handle = this._boundTexture || 0;
-      const copy = new Uint8Array(mem.slice(ptr, ptr + len));
-      this._textureData.set(handle, { width: width >>> 0, height: height >>> 0, data: copy });
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  texImage3D(target, level, internalFormat, width, height, depth, border, format, type_, pixels) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_3d !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_image_3d not found');
-    }
-
-    let data = pixels;
-    if (!data) {
-      data = new Uint8Array(width * height * depth * 4);
-    } else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
-      data = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
-    } else if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-      data = new Uint8Array(data);
-    }
-
-    const len = data.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for pixel data');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(data, ptr);
-
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_3d(
-        this._ctxHandle,
-        target >>> 0,
-        level >>> 0,
-        internalFormat >>> 0,
-        width >>> 0,
-        height >>> 0,
-        depth >>> 0,
-        border >>> 0,
-        format >>> 0,
-        type_ >>> 0,
-        ptr >>> 0,
-        len >>> 0
-      );
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-
-      // Mirror texture data in JS for fast texel fetches by shader imports
-      this._textureData = this._textureData || new Map();
-      const handle = this._boundTexture || 0;
-      const copy = new Uint8Array(mem.slice(ptr, ptr + len));
-      this._textureData.set(handle, { width: width >>> 0, height: height >>> 0, depth: depth >>> 0, data: copy });
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  copyTexImage2D(target, level, internalFormat, x, y, width, height, border) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      target >>> 0,
-      level >>> 0,
-      internalFormat >>> 0,
-      x | 0,
-      y | 0,
-      width >>> 0,
-      height >>> 0,
-      border >>> 0
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  createFramebuffer() {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_framebuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_framebuffer not found');
-    }
-    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle);
-    if (handle === 0) {
-      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
-      throw new Error(`Failed to create framebuffer: ${msg}`);
-    }
-    return handle;
-  }
-
-  deleteFramebuffer(fb) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_framebuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_framebuffer not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle, fb);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  bindFramebuffer(target, fb) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_framebuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_framebuffer not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, fb >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  framebufferTexture2D(target, attachment, textarget, texture, level) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_texture2d !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_framebuffer_texture2d not found');
-    }
-    const texHandle = texture && typeof texture === 'object' && typeof texture._handle === 'number' ? texture._handle : (texture >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_texture2d(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      target >>> 0,
-      attachment >>> 0,
-      textarget >>> 0,
-      texHandle,
-      level >>> 0
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  createRenderbuffer() {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_renderbuffer not found');
-    }
-    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle);
-    if (handle === 0) {
-      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
-      throw new Error(`Failed to create renderbuffer: ${msg}`);
-    }
-    return new WasmWebGLRenderbuffer(this, handle);
-  }
-
-  bindRenderbuffer(target, renderbuffer) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_renderbuffer not found');
-    }
-    const rbHandle = renderbuffer && typeof renderbuffer === 'object' && typeof renderbuffer._handle === 'number' ? renderbuffer._handle : (renderbuffer >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, rbHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  deleteRenderbuffer(renderbuffer) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_renderbuffer not found');
-    }
-    const rbHandle = renderbuffer && typeof renderbuffer === 'object' && typeof renderbuffer._handle === 'number' ? renderbuffer._handle : (renderbuffer >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle, rbHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  isRenderbuffer(rb) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    if (!rb || typeof rb !== 'object' || !(rb instanceof WasmWebGLRenderbuffer)) return false;
-    if (rb._ctx !== this) return false;
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle, rb._handle) !== 0;
-  }
-
-  renderbufferStorage(target, internalFormat, width, height) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_renderbuffer_storage !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_renderbuffer_storage not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_renderbuffer_storage(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, internalFormat >>> 0, width | 0, height | 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  framebufferRenderbuffer(target, attachment, renderbuffertarget, renderbuffer) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_framebuffer_renderbuffer not found');
-    }
-    const rbHandle = renderbuffer && typeof renderbuffer === 'object' && typeof renderbuffer._handle === 'number' ? renderbuffer._handle : (renderbuffer >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_renderbuffer(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      target >>> 0,
-      attachment >>> 0,
-      renderbuffertarget >>> 0,
-      rbHandle
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  readPixels(x, y, width, height, format, type_, out) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_read_pixels !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_read_pixels not found');
-    }
-
-    let bpp = 4;
-    if (type_ === 0x1406) { // GL_FLOAT
-      if (format === 0x1908) bpp = 16;      // GL_RGBA
-      else if (format === 0x8227) bpp = 8;  // GL_RG
-      else if (format === 0x1903) bpp = 4;  // GL_RED
-    } else if (type_ === 0x1401) { // GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
-      if (format === 0x1908) bpp = 4;
-    }
-
-    const len = width * height * bpp;
-    if (!out || out.byteLength < len) {
-      throw new Error(`output buffer too small (need ${len} bytes, have ${out ? out.byteLength : 0})`);
-    }
-
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for readPixels output');
-
-    try {
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_read_pixels(
-        this._ctxHandle,
-        x | 0,
-        y | 0,
-        width >>> 0,
-        height >>> 0,
-        format >>> 0,
-        type_ >>> 0,
-        ptr >>> 0,
-        len >>> 0
-      );
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      const src = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
-      const out_bytes = new Uint8Array(out.buffer, out.byteOffset, len);
-      out_bytes.set(src);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // --- Stubs for unimplemented WebGL2 methods (forwarding API surface) ---
-  // These are intentionally not implemented in the prototype. They allow
-  // callers to detect missing functionality early with a uniform error.
-
-  createShader(type) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_shader !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_shader not found');
-    }
-    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_shader(this._ctxHandle, type >>> 0);
-    if (handle === 0) {
-      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
-      throw new Error(`Failed to create shader: ${msg}`);
-    }
-    return new WasmWebGLShader(this, handle);
-  }
-
-  shaderSource(shader, source) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_shader_source !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_shader_source not found');
-    }
-
-    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
-    const sourceStr = String(source);
-    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(sourceStr);
-    const len = bytes.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for shaderSource');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_shader_source(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle, ptr, len);
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  compileShader(shader) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_compile_shader !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_compile_shader not found');
-    }
-    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_compile_shader(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  deleteShader(shader) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_shader !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_shader not found');
-    }
-    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_shader(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    if (shader && typeof shader === 'object') {
-      try { shader._handle = 0; shader._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
-    }
-  }
-
-  createProgram() {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_program !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_program not found');
-    }
-    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_program(this._ctxHandle);
-    if (handle === 0) {
-      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
-      throw new Error(`Failed to create program: ${msg}`);
-    }
-    return new WasmWebGLProgram(this, handle);
-  }
-
-  attachShader(program, shader) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_attach_shader !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_attach_shader not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_attach_shader(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  detachShader(program, shader) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  getActiveUniform(program, index) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_uniform !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_active_uniform not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-
-    // Allocate buffers: size(4) + type(4) + name(256)
-    const sizePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-    const typePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-    const nameMaxLen = 256;
-    const namePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(nameMaxLen);
-
-    try {
-      const nameLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_uniform(
-        this._ctxHandle,
-        programHandle,
-        index >>> 0,
-        sizePtr,
-        typePtr,
-        namePtr,
-        nameMaxLen
-      );
-
-      if (nameLen === 0) {
-        return null;
-      }
-
-      const mem32SizeIdx = sizePtr >>> 2;
-      const mem32TypeIdx = typePtr >>> 2;
-
-      const size = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32SizeIdx];
-      const type_ = new Uint32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32TypeIdx];
-
-      const nameBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, namePtr, nameLen);
-      const name = new TextDecoder().decode(nameBytes);
-
-      return { name, size, type: type_ };
-
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(sizePtr);
-      ex.wasm_free(typePtr);
-      ex.wasm_free(namePtr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  getActiveAttrib(program, index) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_attrib !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_active_attrib not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-
-    // Allocate buffers: size(4) + type(4) + name(256)
-    const sizePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-    const typePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-    const nameMaxLen = 256;
-    const namePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(nameMaxLen);
-
-    try {
-      const nameLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_attrib(
-        this._ctxHandle,
-        programHandle,
-        index >>> 0,
-        sizePtr,
-        typePtr,
-        namePtr,
-        nameMaxLen
-      );
-
-      if (nameLen === 0) {
-        return null;
-      }
-
-      const mem32SizeIdx = sizePtr >>> 2;
-      const mem32TypeIdx = typePtr >>> 2;
-
-      const size = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32SizeIdx];
-      const type_ = new Uint32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32TypeIdx];
-
-      const nameBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, namePtr, nameLen);
-      const name = new TextDecoder().decode(nameBytes);
-
-      return { name, size, type: type_ };
-
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(sizePtr);
-      ex.wasm_free(typePtr);
-      ex.wasm_free(namePtr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  linkProgram(program) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_link_program !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_link_program not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_link_program(this._ctxHandle, programHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-
-    // After linking, we need to instantiate the WASM modules on the host.
-    if (program && typeof program === 'object') {
-      const linkStatus = this.getProgramParameter(program, this.LINK_STATUS);
-      if (linkStatus) {
-        this._instantiateProgramShaders(program);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  _instantiateProgramShaders(program) {
-    const vsWasm = this.getProgramWasm(program, this.VERTEX_SHADER);
-    const fsWasm = this.getProgramWasm(program, this.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
-
-    if (!vsWasm || !fsWasm) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Allocate table slots for both shaders
-    const vsIdx = this._tableAllocator ? this._tableAllocator.allocate() : null;
-    const fsIdx = this._tableAllocator ? this._tableAllocator.allocate() : null;
-
-    const createDebugEnv = (type, instanceRef) => {
-      if (!this._debugShaders) return {};
-
-      const stubCode = this.getProgramDebugStub(program, type);
-      if (!stubCode) return {};
-
-      // // Add sourceURL for debugging
-      // const debugName = `shader_stub_program_${program._handle}_${type === this.VERTEX_SHADER ? 'vs' : 'fs'}.js`;
-      // const codeWithUrl = stubCode + `\n//# sourceURL=${debugName}`;
-
-      let stubFuncs;
-      try {
-        // Eval the stub array
-        stubFuncs = (0, eval)(stubCode);
-      } catch (e) {
-        console.error("Failed to eval debug stub:", e);
-        return {};
-      }
-
-      return {
-        debug_step: (line, funcIdx, resultPtr) => {
-          if (line === 999999) {
-            return;
-          }
-          const func = stubFuncs[line - 1];
-          if (func) {
-            const ctx = {
-              go: () => {
-                // Trampoline logic would go here
-                // For now we rely on WASM calling the function after debug_step returns
-              }
-            };
-            try {
-              func.call(ctx);
-            } catch (e) {
-              console.error("Error in debug stub:", e);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      };
-    };
-
-    let vsModule;
-    vsModule = new WebAssembly.Module(vsWasm);
-    const vsInstanceRef = { current: null };
-    const vsDebugEnv = createDebugEnv(this.VERTEX_SHADER, vsInstanceRef);
-
-    const env = {
-      memory: this._instance.exports.memory,
-      __indirect_function_table: this._sharedTable,
-      ...vsDebugEnv
-    };
-
-    // Add math builtins from renderer (skipping host)
-    const mathFuncs = [
-      'gl_sin', 'gl_cos', 'gl_tan', 'gl_asin', 'gl_acos', 'gl_atan', 'gl_atan2',
-      'gl_exp', 'gl_exp2', 'gl_log', 'gl_log2', 'gl_pow',
-      'gl_sinh', 'gl_cosh', 'gl_tanh', 'gl_asinh', 'gl_acosh', 'gl_atanh'
-    ];
-    for (const name of mathFuncs) {
-      if (this._instance.exports[name]) {
-        env[name] = this._instance.exports[name];
-      }
-    }
-
-    program._vsInstance = new WebAssembly.Instance(vsModule, {
-      env
-    });
-    vsInstanceRef.current = program._vsInstance;
-
-    // Register in table
-    if (this._sharedTable && vsIdx !== null && program._vsInstance.exports.main) {
-      this._sharedTable.set(vsIdx, program._vsInstance.exports.main);
-      program._vsTableIndex = vsIdx;
-    }
-
-    let fsModule;
-    fsModule = new WebAssembly.Module(fsWasm);
-    const fsInstanceRef = { current: null };
-    const fsDebugEnv = createDebugEnv(this.FRAGMENT_SHADER, fsInstanceRef);
-
-    const fsEnv = {
-      memory: this._instance.exports.memory,
-      __indirect_function_table: this._sharedTable,
-      ...fsDebugEnv
-    };
-
-    for (const name of mathFuncs) {
-      if (this._instance.exports[name]) {
-        fsEnv[name] = this._instance.exports[name];
-      }
-    }
-
-    program._fsInstance = new WebAssembly.Instance(fsModule, {
-      env: fsEnv
-    });
-    fsInstanceRef.current = program._fsInstance;
-
-    // Register in table
-    if (this._sharedTable && fsIdx !== null && program._fsInstance.exports.main) {
-      this._sharedTable.set(fsIdx, program._fsInstance.exports.main);
-      program._fsTableIndex = fsIdx;
-    }
-
-    // Notify Rust of table indices (requires Phase 4)
-    if (vsIdx !== null && fsIdx !== null) {
-      const ex = this._instance.exports;
-      if (ex.wasm_ctx_register_shader_indices) {
-        ex.wasm_ctx_register_shader_indices(
-          this._ctxHandle,
-          program._handle,
-          vsIdx,
-          fsIdx
-        );
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  getProgramDebugStub(program, shaderType) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub !== 'function') {
-      return null;
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, 0, 0);
-    if (len === 0) return null;
-
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) return null;
-
-    try {
-      const actualLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, ptr, len);
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + actualLen);
-      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  getProgramDebugStub(program, shaderType) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub !== 'function') {
-      return null;
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, 0, 0);
-    if (len === 0) return null;
-
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) return null;
-
-    try {
-      const actualLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, ptr, len);
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + actualLen);
-      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  deleteProgram(program) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_program !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_program not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-
-    // Free table indices
-    if (program && typeof program === 'object') {
-      if (program._vsTableIndex !== undefined && this._tableAllocator) {
-        this._tableAllocator.free(program._vsTableIndex);
-      }
-      if (program._fsTableIndex !== undefined && this._tableAllocator) {
-        this._tableAllocator.free(program._fsTableIndex);
-      }
-    }
-
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_program(this._ctxHandle, programHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    if (program && typeof program === 'object') {
-      try { program._handle = 0; program._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
-    }
-  }
-
-  useProgram(program) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_use_program !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_use_program not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_use_program(this._ctxHandle, programHandle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    this._currentProgram = program;
-  }
-
-  getShaderParameter(shader, pname) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_parameter !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_shader_parameter not found');
-    }
-    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
-    const val = ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_parameter(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle, pname >>> 0);
-
-    // WebGL returns boolean for status parameters
-    if (pname === 0x8B81 /* COMPILE_STATUS */ || pname === 0x8B80 /* DELETE_STATUS */) {
-      return !!val;
-    }
-    return val;
-  }
-
-  getProgramParameter(program, pname) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_parameter !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_parameter not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const val = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_parameter(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, pname >>> 0);
-
-    // WebGL returns boolean for status parameters
-    if (pname === 0x8B82 /* LINK_STATUS */ || pname === 0x8B80 /* DELETE_STATUS */ || pname === 0x8B83 /* VALIDATE_STATUS */) {
-      return !!val;
-    }
-    return val;
-  }
-
-  getShaderInfoLog(shader) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_info_log !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_shader_info_log not found');
-    }
-    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
-
-    const maxLen = 1024;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(maxLen);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getShaderInfoLog');
-
-    try {
-      const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_info_log(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle, ptr, maxLen);
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
-      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  getProgramInfoLog(program) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_info_log !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_info_log not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-
-    const maxLen = 1024;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(maxLen);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getProgramInfoLog');
-
-    try {
-      const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_info_log(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, ptr, maxLen);
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
-      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  getProgramWasm(program, shaderType) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_len !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_len not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_len(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
-    if (len === 0) return null;
-
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getProgramWasm');
-
-    try {
-      const actualLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, ptr, len);
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      return new Uint8Array(mem.buffer, ptr, actualLen).slice();
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  getAttribLocation(program, name) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_attrib_location !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_attrib_location not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const nameStr = String(name);
-    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(nameStr);
-    const len = bytes.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getAttribLocation');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
-      return ex.wasm_ctx_get_attrib_location(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, ptr, len);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  bindAttribLocation(program, index, name) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_attrib_location !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_attrib_location not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const nameStr = String(name);
-    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(nameStr);
-    const len = bytes.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for bindAttribLocation');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_attrib_location(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, index >>> 0, ptr, len);
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  enableVertexAttribArray(index) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_enable_vertex_attrib_array !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_enable_vertex_attrib_array not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_enable_vertex_attrib_array(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  disableVertexAttribArray(index) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_disable_vertex_attrib_array !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_disable_vertex_attrib_array not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_disable_vertex_attrib_array(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  vertexAttribPointer(index, size, type, normalized, stride, offset) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_pointer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_pointer not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_pointer(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      index >>> 0,
-      size >>> 0,
-      type >>> 0,
-      normalized ? 1 : 0,
-      stride >>> 0,
-      offset >>> 0
-    );
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  vertexAttribIPointer(index, size, type, stride, offset) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_ipointer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_ipointer not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_ipointer(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      index >>> 0,
-      size >>> 0,
-      type >>> 0,
-      stride >>> 0,
-      offset >>> 0
-    );
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  vertexAttrib1f(index, v0) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib1f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib1f not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib1f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0);
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  vertexAttrib2f(index, v0, v1) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib2f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib2f not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib2f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0, +v1);
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  vertexAttrib3f(index, v0, v1, v2) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib3f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib3f not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib3f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0, +v1, +v2);
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  vertexAttrib4f(index, v0, v1, v2, v3) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib4f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib4f not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib4f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0, +v1, +v2, +v3);
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  vertexAttrib1fv(index, v) {
-    if (v && v.length >= 1) {
-      this.vertexAttrib1f(index, v[0]);
-    } else {
-      this._setError(0x0501);
-    }
-  }
-  vertexAttrib2fv(index, v) {
-    if (v && v.length >= 2) {
-      this.vertexAttrib2f(index, v[0], v[1]);
-    } else {
-      this._setError(0x0501);
-    }
-  }
-  vertexAttrib3fv(index, v) {
-    if (v && v.length >= 3) {
-      this.vertexAttrib3f(index, v[0], v[1], v[2]);
-    } else {
-      this._setError(0x0501);
-    }
-  }
-  vertexAttrib4fv(index, v) {
-    if (v && v.length >= 4) {
-      this.vertexAttrib4f(index, v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
-    } else {
-      this._setError(0x0501);
-    }
-  }
-
-  vertexAttribI4i(index, v0, v1, v2, v3) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4i !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4i not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4i(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, v0 | 0, v1 | 0, v2 | 0, v3 | 0);
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  vertexAttribI4ui(index, v0, v1, v2, v3) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4ui !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4ui not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4ui(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, v0 >>> 0, v1 >>> 0, v2 >>> 0, v3 >>> 0);
-    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  vertexAttribI4iv(index, v) {
-    if (v && v.length >= 4) {
-      this.vertexAttribI4i(index, v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
-    } else {
-      this._setError(0x0501);
-    }
-  }
-
-  vertexAttribI4uiv(index, v) {
-    if (v && v.length >= 4) {
-      this.vertexAttribI4ui(index, v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
-    } else {
-      this._setError(0x0501);
-    }
-  }
-
-  vertexAttribDivisor(index, divisor) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_divisor !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_divisor not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_divisor(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, divisor >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  createBuffer() {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_buffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_buffer not found');
-    }
-    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_buffer(this._ctxHandle);
-    if (handle === 0) {
-      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
-      throw new Error(`Failed to create buffer: ${msg}`);
-    }
-    return new WasmWebGLBuffer(this, handle);
-  }
-
-  bindBuffer(target, buffer) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_buffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_buffer not found');
-    }
-    const handle = buffer && typeof buffer === 'object' && typeof buffer._handle === 'number' ? buffer._handle : (buffer >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_buffer(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, handle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  deleteBuffer(buffer) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_buffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_buffer not found');
-    }
-    const handle = buffer && typeof buffer === 'object' && typeof buffer._handle === 'number' ? buffer._handle : (buffer >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_buffer(this._ctxHandle, handle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance); if (buffer && typeof buffer === 'object') {
-      try { buffer._handle = 0; buffer._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
-    }
-  }
-
-  bufferData(target, data, usage) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_data !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_buffer_data not found');
-    }
-
-    let bytes;
-    if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-      bytes = new Uint8Array(data);
-    } else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
-      bytes = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
-    } else if (typeof data === 'number') {
-      bytes = new Uint8Array(data);
-    } else {
-      throw new Error('Invalid data type for bufferData');
-    }
-
-    const len = bytes.length;
-    if (len === 0) {
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_data(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, 0, 0, usage >>> 0);
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for bufferData');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_data(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, ptr, len, usage >>> 0);
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  bufferSubData(target, offset, data) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_sub_data !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_buffer_sub_data not found');
-    }
-
-    let bytes;
-    if (data instanceof Uint8Array) bytes = data;
-    else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) bytes = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
-    else if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) bytes = new Uint8Array(data);
-    else bytes = new Uint8Array(data); // Fallback for arrays
-
-    const len = bytes.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for bufferSubData');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_sub_data(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, offset >>> 0, ptr, len);
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-  copyBufferSubData(readTarget, writeTarget, readOffset, writeOffset, size) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_copy_buffer_sub_data !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_copy_buffer_sub_data not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_copy_buffer_sub_data(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      readTarget >>> 0,
-      writeTarget >>> 0,
-      readOffset >>> 0,
-      writeOffset >>> 0,
-      size >>> 0
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  getBufferParameter(target, pname) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_buffer_parameter !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_buffer_parameter not found');
-    }
-    const val = ex.wasm_ctx_get_buffer_parameter(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, pname >>> 0);
-    if (val < 0) {
-      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
-      throw new Error(`getBufferParameter failed: ${msg}`);
-    }
-    return val;
-  }
-  isBuffer(buffer) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    if (!buffer || typeof buffer !== 'object' || !(buffer instanceof WasmWebGLBuffer)) return false;
-    if (buffer._ctx !== this) return false;
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_buffer(this._ctxHandle, buffer._handle) !== 0;
-  }
-
-  drawArrays(mode, first, count) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_arrays not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, first >>> 0, count >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  drawElements(mode, count, type, offset) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_elements not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, count >>> 0, type >>> 0, offset >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  drawArraysInstanced(mode, first, count, instanceCount) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays_instanced !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_arrays_instanced not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays_instanced(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, first | 0, count | 0, instanceCount | 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  drawElementsInstanced(mode, count, type, offset, instanceCount) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements_instanced !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_elements_instanced not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements_instanced(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, count | 0, type >>> 0, offset >>> 0, instanceCount | 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  drawRangeElements(mode, start, end, count, type, offset) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  drawBuffers(buffers) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  createVertexArray() {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_vertex_array !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_vertex_array not found');
-    }
-    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle);
-    if (handle === 0) return null;
-    return { _handle: handle, _type: 'WebGLVertexArrayObject' };
-  }
-
-  bindVertexArray(vao) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_vertex_array !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_vertex_array not found');
-    }
-    const handle = vao && typeof vao === 'object' && typeof vao._handle === 'number' ? vao._handle : (vao ? (vao >>> 0) : 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle, handle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  deleteVertexArray(vao) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_vertex_array !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_vertex_array not found');
-    }
-    const handle = vao && typeof vao === 'object' && typeof vao._handle === 'number' ? vao._handle : (vao >>> 0);
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle, handle);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    if (vao && typeof vao === 'object') {
-      try { vao._handle = 0; vao._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
-    }
-  }
-
-  isVertexArray(vao) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_is_vertex_array !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_is_vertex_array not found');
-    }
-    const handle = vao && typeof vao === 'object' && typeof vao._handle === 'number' ? vao._handle : (vao >>> 0);
-    const res = ex.wasm_ctx_is_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle, handle);
-    return res !== 0;
-  }
-
-  createTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  bindTransformFeedback(target, tf) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  beginTransformFeedback(primitiveMode) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  pauseTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  resumeTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  endTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  transformFeedbackVaryings(program, varyings, bufferMode) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  getTransformFeedbackVarying(program, index) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  createQuery() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  deleteQuery(q) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  beginQuery(target, id) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  endQuery(target) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  getQueryParameter(query, pname) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  fenceSync(condition, flags) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  clientWaitSync(sync, flags, timeout) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  waitSync(sync, flags, timeout) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  deleteSync(sync) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  getSyncParameter(sync, pname) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  createSampler() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  deleteSampler(s) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  bindSampler(unit, sampler) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  samplerParameteri(sampler, pname, param) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  samplerParameterf(sampler, pname, param) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  activeTexture(texture) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_active_texture !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_active_texture not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_active_texture(this._ctxHandle, texture >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    // Track active texture unit in JS wrapper (GL_TEXTURE0 = 0x84C0)
-    this._activeTextureUnit = (texture >>> 0) - 0x84C0;
-    this._textureUnits = this._textureUnits || [];
-  }
-  texParameteri(target, pname, param) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_parameter_i !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_parameter_i not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_parameter_i(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, pname >>> 0, param | 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  generateMipmap(target) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_generate_mipmap !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_generate_mipmap not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_generate_mipmap(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  copyTexImage2D(target, level, internalformat, x, y, width, height, border) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      target >>> 0,
-      level | 0,
-      internalformat >>> 0,
-      x | 0,
-      y | 0,
-      width | 0,
-      height | 0,
-      border | 0
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  copyTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, x, y, width, height) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  texSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type_, pixels) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_sub_image_2d !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_sub_image_2d not found');
-    }
-
-    let data = pixels;
-    if (!data) return; // No-op if no data provided
-    if (!(data instanceof Uint8Array)) {
-      if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
-        data = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
-      } else {
-        data = new Uint8Array(data);
-      }
-    }
-
-    const len = data.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for sub-pixel data');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(data, ptr);
-
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_sub_image_2d(
-        this._ctxHandle,
-        target >>> 0,
-        level >>> 0,
-        xoffset | 0,
-        yoffset | 0,
-        width >>> 0,
-        height >>> 0,
-        format >>> 0,
-        type_ >>> 0,
-        ptr >>> 0,
-        len >>> 0
-      );
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  checkFramebufferStatus(target) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  blitFramebuffer(srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcY1, dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blit_framebuffer !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blit_framebuffer not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blit_framebuffer(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      srcX0 | 0, srcY0 | 0, srcX1 | 0, srcY1 | 0,
-      dstX0 | 0, dstY0 | 0, dstX1 | 0, dstY1 | 0,
-      mask >>> 0, filter >>> 0
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  readBuffer(src) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  pixelStorei(pname, param) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  getExtension(name) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  getSupportedExtensions() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  getUniformLocation(program, name) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_uniform_location !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_uniform_location not found');
-    }
-    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
-    const nameStr = String(name);
-    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(nameStr);
-    const len = bytes.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getUniformLocation');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
-      const loc = ex.wasm_ctx_get_uniform_location(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, ptr, len);
-      return loc === -1 ? null : loc;
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  uniform1f(loc, x) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform1f not found');
-    }
-    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  uniform2f(loc, x, y) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform2f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform2f not found');
-    }
-    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform2f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x, +y);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  uniform3f(loc, x, y, z) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform3f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform3f not found');
-    }
-    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform3f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x, +y, +z);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  uniform4f(loc, x, y, z, w) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform4f !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform4f not found');
-    }
-    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform4f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x, +y, +z, +w);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  uniform1i(loc, x) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1i !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform1i not found');
-    }
-    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1i(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, x | 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  uniformMatrix4fv(loc, transpose, value) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform_matrix_4fv !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform_matrix_4fv not found');
-    }
-    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
-
-    let bytes;
-    if (value instanceof Float32Array) {
-      bytes = new Uint8Array(value.buffer, value.byteOffset, value.byteLength);
-    } else {
-      bytes = new Uint8Array(new Float32Array(value).buffer);
-    }
-
-    const len = bytes.length;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for uniformMatrix4fv');
-
-    try {
-      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
-      const count = len / 4;
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform_matrix_4fv(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, transpose ? 1 : 0, ptr, count);
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  getVertexAttrib(index, pname) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_vertex_attrib !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_vertex_attrib not found');
-    }
-
-    // Allocate memory for result.
-    // Most params return 1 int (4 bytes).
-    // CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB returns 4 values (16 bytes) + type (4 bytes) = 20 bytes.
-    const len = 20;
-    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
-    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getVertexAttrib');
-
-    try {
-      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_vertex_attrib(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, pname >>> 0, ptr, len);
-      if (code === 5) { // ERR_GL
-        return undefined;
-      }
-      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-
-      const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 5);
-      const memU = new Uint32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 5);
-      const memF = new Float32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 5);
-
-      if (pname === 0x8626 /* CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB */) {
-        // Check type at index 4
-        const type = memU[4];
-        if (type === 0x1404 /* INT */) {
-          return new Int32Array([mem[0], mem[1], mem[2], mem[3]]);
-        } else if (type === 0x1405 /* UNSIGNED_INT */) {
-          return new Uint32Array([memU[0], memU[1], memU[2], memU[3]]);
-        } else {
-          // Default to float
-          return new Float32Array([memF[0], memF[1], memF[2], memF[3]]);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Other params
-      if (pname === 0x8622 /* ENABLED */ ||
-        pname === 0x886A /* NORMALIZED */ ||
-        pname === 0x88FD /* INTEGER */) {
-        return mem[0] !== 0;
-      }
-
-      if (pname === 0x889F /* BUFFER_BINDING */) {
-        const handle = memU[0];
-        if (handle === 0) return null;
-        return new WasmWebGLBuffer(this, handle);
-      }
-
-      return mem[0];
-    } finally {
-      ex.wasm_free(ptr, len);
-    }
-  }
-
-
-  getParameter(pname) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v not found');
-    }
-
-    if (pname === 0x0BA2 /* VIEWPORT */) {
-      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(16);
-      try {
-        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 16);
-        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-        const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 4);
-        return new Int32Array(mem);
-      } finally {
-        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 16);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (pname === 0x0C22 /* COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE */) {
-      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(16);
-      try {
-        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 16);
-        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-        const mem = new Float32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 4);
-        return new Float32Array(mem);
-      } finally {
-        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 16);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (pname === 0x0C23 /* COLOR_WRITEMASK */) {
-      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-      try {
-        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
-        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-        const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 4);
-        return [mem[0] !== 0, mem[1] !== 0, mem[2] !== 0, mem[3] !== 0];
-      } finally {
-        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (pname === 0x0B72 /* DEPTH_WRITEMASK */) {
-      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-      try {
-        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
-        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-        const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 1);
-        return mem[0] !== 0;
-      } finally {
-        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (pname === 0x0B98 /* STENCIL_WRITEMASK */ || pname === 0x8CA5 /* STENCIL_BACK_WRITEMASK */) {
-      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-      try {
-        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
-        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-        const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 1);
-        return mem[0];
-      } finally {
-        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
-      }
-    }
-
-    const singleIntParams = [
-      0x0B74, // DEPTH_FUNC
-      0x0B92, // STENCIL_FUNC
-      0x0B93, // STENCIL_VALUE_MASK
-      0x0B97, // STENCIL_REF
-      0x8800, // STENCIL_BACK_FUNC
-      0x8CA4, // STENCIL_BACK_VALUE_MASK
-      0x8CA3, // STENCIL_BACK_REF
-      0x0B94, // STENCIL_FAIL
-      0x0B95, // STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL
-      0x0B96, // STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_PASS
-      0x8801, // STENCIL_BACK_FAIL
-      0x8802, // STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL
-      0x8803, // STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_PASS
-    ];
-
-    if (singleIntParams.includes(pname)) {
-      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
-      try {
-        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
-        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-        const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 1);
-        return mem[0];
-      } finally {
-        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (pname === 0x8869 /* MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS */) {
-      return 16;
-    }
-
-    throw new Error(`getParameter for ${pname} not implemented`);
-  }
-  getError() {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_error !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_error not found');
-    }
-    return ex.wasm_ctx_get_error(this._ctxHandle);
-  }
-
-  _setError(error) {
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (ex && typeof ex.wasm_ctx_set_gl_error === 'function') {
-      ex.wasm_ctx_set_gl_error(this._ctxHandle, error);
-    }
-  }
-
-  finish() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  flush() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  isTexture(tex) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    if (!tex || typeof tex !== 'object' || !(tex instanceof WasmWebGLTexture)) return false;
-    if (tex._ctx !== this) return false;
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_texture(this._ctxHandle, tex._handle) !== 0;
-  }
-  isFramebuffer(fb) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    // Framebuffer is currently implemented as a number handle
-    if (typeof fb !== 'number') return false;
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle, fb) !== 0;
-  }
-  isProgram(p) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    if (!p || typeof p !== 'object' || !(p instanceof WasmWebGLProgram)) return false;
-    if (p._ctx !== this) return false;
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_program(this._ctxHandle, p._handle) !== 0;
-  }
-  isShader(s) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    if (!s || typeof s !== 'object' || !(s instanceof WasmWebGLShader)) return false;
-    if (s._ctx !== this) return false;
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_shader(this._ctxHandle, s._handle) !== 0;
-  }
-  enable(cap) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_enable !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_enable not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_enable(this._ctxHandle, cap >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  disable(cap) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_disable !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_disable not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_disable(this._ctxHandle, cap >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  blendFunc(sfactor, dfactor) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_func not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func(this._ctxHandle, sfactor >>> 0, dfactor >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  blendFuncSeparate(srcRGB, dstRGB, srcAlpha, dstAlpha) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func_separate !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_func_separate not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func_separate(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      srcRGB >>> 0,
-      dstRGB >>> 0,
-      srcAlpha >>> 0,
-      dstAlpha >>> 0
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  blendEquation(mode) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_equation not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  blendEquationSeparate(modeRGB, modeAlpha) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation_separate !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_equation_separate not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation_separate(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      modeRGB >>> 0,
-      modeAlpha >>> 0
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  blendColor(red, green, blue, alpha) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_color !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_color not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_color(
-      this._ctxHandle,
-      +red,
-      +green,
-      +blue,
-      +alpha
-    );
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-
-  isEnabled(cap) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-
-  viewport(x, y, width, height) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_viewport !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_viewport not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_viewport(this._ctxHandle, x >>> 0, y >>> 0, width >>> 0, height >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  scissor(x, y, width, height) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_scissor !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_scissor not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_scissor(this._ctxHandle, x | 0, y | 0, width >>> 0, height >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  clear(mask) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_clear !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_clear not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_clear(this._ctxHandle, mask >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  clearColor(r, g, b, a) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_clear_color !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_clear_color not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_clear_color(this._ctxHandle, +r, +g, +b, +a);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  clearDepth(depth) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  depthFunc(func) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_depth_func !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_depth_func not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_depth_func(this._ctxHandle, func >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  depthMask(flag) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_depth_mask !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_depth_mask not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_depth_mask(this._ctxHandle, flag ? 1 : 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  colorMask(r, g, b, a) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_color_mask !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_color_mask not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_color_mask(this._ctxHandle, r ? 1 : 0, g ? 1 : 0, b ? 1 : 0, a ? 1 : 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  polygonOffset(factor, units) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  sampleCoverage(value, invert) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
-  stencilFunc(func, ref, mask) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_func not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func(this._ctxHandle, func >>> 0, ref | 0, mask >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  stencilFuncSeparate(face, func, ref, mask) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func_separate !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_func_separate not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func_separate(this._ctxHandle, face >>> 0, func >>> 0, ref | 0, mask >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  stencilOp(fail, zfail, zpass) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_op not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op(this._ctxHandle, fail >>> 0, zfail >>> 0, zpass >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  stencilOpSeparate(face, fail, zfail, zpass) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op_separate !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_op_separate not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op_separate(this._ctxHandle, face >>> 0, fail >>> 0, zfail >>> 0, zpass >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  stencilMask(mask) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_mask not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask(this._ctxHandle, mask >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-  stencilMaskSeparate(face, mask) {
-    this._assertNotDestroyed();
-    const ex = this._instance.exports;
-    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask_separate !== 'function') {
-      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_mask_separate not found');
-    }
-    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask_separate(this._ctxHandle, face >>> 0, mask >>> 0);
-    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Thin wrapper for a WebGLTexture handle returned from WASM.
- * Holds a reference to the originating WasmWebGL2RenderingContext and the numeric handle.
- */
-// WebGLTexture wrapper moved to `src/webgl2_texture.js`.
-
-/**
- * Read an error message from WASM memory and return it as string.
- * Exported so callers outside this module can report errors.
- * @param {WebAssembly.Instance} instance
- * @returns {string}
- */
-export function readErrorMessage(instance) {
-  const ex = instance.exports;
-  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_last_error_ptr !== 'function' || typeof ex.wasm_last_error_len !== 'function') {
-    return '(no error message available)';
-  }
-  const ptr = ex.wasm_last_error_ptr();
-  const len = ex.wasm_last_error_len();
-  if (ptr === 0 || len === 0) {
-    return '';
-  }
-  const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-  const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
-  return new TextDecoder('utf-8').decode(bytes);
-}
-
-function _checkErr(code, instance) {
-  if (code === ERR_OK) return;
-  const msg = readErrorMessage(instance);
-  throw new Error(`WASM error ${code}: ${msg}`);
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// WAT Testing Support (docs/1.9-wat-testing.md)
-// ============================================================================
-
-/**
- * Get the compiled WASM bytes for a shader in a program.
- * 
- * @param {number} ctxHandle - Context handle
- * @param {number} programHandle - Program handle
- * @param {number} shaderType - Shader type (VERTEX_SHADER or FRAGMENT_SHADER)
- * @returns {Uint8Array | null} WASM bytes or null if not available
- */
-export function getShaderModule(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType) {
-  const ctx = WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.get(ctxHandle);
-  if (!ctx) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid context handle');
-  }
-
-  const ex = ctx._instance.exports;
-  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_ref !== 'function') {
-    throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_ref not found');
-  }
-
-  // Call the WASM function - it returns a packed u64 (BigInt or Number)
-  const result = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_ref(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
-
-  // Unpack: low 32 bits = ptr, high 32 bits = len
-  let ptr, len;
-  if (typeof result === 'bigint') {
-    ptr = Number(result & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
-    len = Number((result >> 32n) & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
-  } else {
-    // Fallback for number (may lose precision for very large values)
-    ptr = result >>> 0;  // Low 32 bits
-    len = Math.floor(result / 0x100000000);  // High 32 bits
-  }
-
-  // Check for failure (0, 0)
-  if (ptr === 0 || len === 0) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  // Copy bytes from WASM memory into a new Uint8Array
-  const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(len);
-  bytes.set(mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len));
-
-  return bytes;
-}
-
-/**
- * Get the WAT (WebAssembly Text) representation for a shader in a program.
- * 
- * @param {number} ctxHandle - Context handle
- * @param {number} programHandle - Program handle
- * @param {number} shaderType - Shader type (VERTEX_SHADER or FRAGMENT_SHADER)
- * @returns {string | null} WAT text or null if not available
- */
-export function getShaderWat(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType) {
-  const ctx = WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.get(ctxHandle);
-  if (!ctx) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid context handle');
-  }
-
-  const ex = ctx._instance.exports;
-  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wat_ref !== 'function') {
-    throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_wat_ref not found');
-  }
-
-  // Call the WASM function - it returns a packed u64 (BigInt or Number)
-  const result = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wat_ref(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
-
-  // Unpack: low 32 bits = ptr, high 32 bits = len
-  let ptr, len;
-  if (typeof result === 'bigint') {
-    ptr = Number(result & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
-    len = Number((result >> 32n) & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
-  } else {
-    // Fallback for number (may lose precision for very large values)
-    ptr = result >>> 0;  // Low 32 bits
-    len = Math.floor(result / 0x100000000);  // High 32 bits
-  }
-
-  // Check for failure (0, 0)
-  if (ptr === 0 || len === 0) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  // Copy bytes from WASM memory and decode as UTF-8
-  const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-  const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
-  const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
-  const watText = decoder.decode(bytes);
-
-  return watText;
-}
-
-/**
- * Decompile WASM bytes to GLSL source code.
- * 
- * This uses the WASM-to-GLSL decompiler to convert compiled shader WASM
- * back into readable GLSL-like code.
- * 
- * @param {number} ctxHandle - Context handle
- * @param {number} programHandle - Program handle
- * @param {number} shaderType - Shader type (VERTEX_SHADER or FRAGMENT_SHADER)
- * @returns {string | null} GLSL source code or null if not available
- */
-export function getShaderGlsl(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType) {
-  const ctx = WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.get(ctxHandle);
-  if (!ctx) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid context handle');
-  }
-
-  // First get the WASM bytes for the shader
-  const wasmBytes = getShaderModule(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
-  if (!wasmBytes) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  const ex = ctx._instance.exports;
-  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl !== 'function') {
-    throw new Error('wasm_decompile_to_glsl not found');
-  }
-
-  // Allocate memory in WASM for the input bytes
-  const wasmBytesLen = wasmBytes.length;
-  const wasmBytesPtr = ex.wasm_alloc(wasmBytesLen);
-  if (wasmBytesPtr === 0) {
-    throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for WASM bytes');
-  }
-
-  try {
-    // Copy WASM bytes to linear memory
-    const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-    mem.set(wasmBytes, wasmBytesPtr);
-
-    // Call the decompiler
-    const resultLen = ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl(wasmBytesPtr, wasmBytesLen);
-
-    if (resultLen === 0) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    // Get the decompiled GLSL
-    const glslPtr = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_ptr();
-    const glslLen = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_len();
-
-    if (glslPtr === 0 || glslLen === 0) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    // Read the GLSL string
-    const glslBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer).subarray(glslPtr, glslPtr + glslLen);
-    const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
-    return decoder.decode(glslBytes);
-  } finally {
-    // Free the allocated memory
-    ex.wasm_free(wasmBytesPtr);
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Decompile raw WASM bytes to GLSL source code.
- * 
- * This is a lower-level API that takes raw WASM bytes directly.
- * 
- * @param {WasmWebGL2RenderingContext} gl - WebGL2 context
- * @param {Uint8Array} wasmBytes - Raw WASM bytecode to decompile
- * @returns {string | null} GLSL source code or null on error
- */
-export function decompileWasmToGlsl(gl, wasmBytes) {
-  if (!gl || !gl._instance) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid WebGL2 context');
-  }
-
-  const ex = gl._instance.exports;
-  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl !== 'function') {
-    throw new Error('wasm_decompile_to_glsl not found');
-  }
-
-  // Allocate memory in WASM for the input bytes
-  const wasmBytesLen = wasmBytes.length;
-  const wasmBytesPtr = ex.wasm_alloc(wasmBytesLen);
-  if (wasmBytesPtr === 0) {
-    throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for WASM bytes');
-  }
-
-  try {
-    // Copy WASM bytes to linear memory
-    const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
-    mem.set(wasmBytes, wasmBytesPtr);
-
-    // Call the decompiler
-    const resultLen = ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl(wasmBytesPtr, wasmBytesLen);
-
-    if (resultLen === 0) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    // Get the decompiled GLSL
-    const glslPtr = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_ptr();
-    const glslLen = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_len();
-
-    if (glslPtr === 0 || glslLen === 0) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    // Read the GLSL string
-    const glslBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer).subarray(glslPtr, glslPtr + glslLen);
-    const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
-    return decoder.decode(glslBytes);
-  } finally {
-    // Free the allocated memory
-    ex.wasm_free(wasmBytesPtr);
-  }
-}
+// Thin forwarding WasmWebGL2RenderingContext and helpers
+// This module contains the class and small helpers that operate on the
+// WebAssembly instance. It is intentionally minimal: JS forwards calls to
+// WASM and reads last-error strings when needed.
+
+/** @typedef {number} u32 */
+
+// Errno constants (must match src/webgl2_context.rs)
+export const ERR_OK = 0;
+export const ERR_INVALID_HANDLE = 1;
+export const ERR_OOM = 2;
+export const ERR_INVALID_ARGS = 3;
+export const ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 4;
+export const ERR_GL = 5;
+export const ERR_INTERNAL = 6;
+
+import { WasmWebGLTexture } from './webgl2_texture.js';
+import {
+  WasmWebGLShader,
+  WasmWebGLProgram,
+  WasmWebGLBuffer,
+  WasmWebGLRenderbuffer,
+  WasmWebGLFramebuffer,
+  WasmWebGLVertexArrayObject,
+  WasmWebGLQuery,
+  WasmWebGLSampler,
+  WasmWebGLSync,
+  WasmWebGLTransformFeedback,
+  WasmWebGLUniformLocation
+} from './webgl2_resources.js';
+
+/**
+ * @implements {WebGL2RenderingContext}
+ */
+export class WasmWebGL2RenderingContext {
+  // Constants
+  FRAGMENT_SHADER = 0x8B30;
+  VERTEX_SHADER = 0x8B31;
+  TRIANGLES = 0x0004;
+  TRIANGLE_STRIP = 0x0005;
+  COLOR_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00004000;
+  DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000100;
+  DEPTH_TEST = 0x0B71;
+  STENCIL_TEST = 0x0B90;
+  SCISSOR_TEST = 0x0C11;
+  STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT = 0x00000400;
+  COMPILE_STATUS = 0x8B81;
+  LINK_STATUS = 0x8B82;
+  DELETE_STATUS = 0x8B80;
+  VALIDATE_STATUS = 0x8B83;
+  ARRAY_BUFFER = 0x8892;
+  ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER = 0x8893;
+  COPY_READ_BUFFER = 0x8F36;
+  COPY_WRITE_BUFFER = 0x8F37;
+  PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER = 0x88EB;
+  PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER = 0x88EC;
+  UNIFORM_BUFFER = 0x8A11;
+  TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER = 0x8C8E;
+  STATIC_DRAW = 0x88E4;
+  BYTE = 0x1400;
+  UNSIGNED_BYTE = 0x1401;
+  SHORT = 0x1402;
+  UNSIGNED_SHORT = 0x1403;
+  INT = 0x1404;
+  UNSIGNED_INT = 0x1405;
+  FLOAT = 0x1406;
+  FLOAT_VEC2 = 0x8B50;
+  FLOAT_VEC3 = 0x8B51;
+  FLOAT_VEC4 = 0x8B52;
+  INT_VEC2 = 0x8B53;
+  INT_VEC3 = 0x8B54;
+  INT_VEC4 = 0x8B55;
+  BOOL = 0x8B56;
+  BOOL_VEC2 = 0x8B57;
+  BOOL_VEC3 = 0x8B58;
+  BOOL_VEC4 = 0x8B59;
+  FLOAT_MAT2 = 0x8B5A;
+  FLOAT_MAT3 = 0x8B5B;
+  FLOAT_MAT4 = 0x8B5C;
+  SAMPLER_2D = 0x8B5E;
+  SAMPLER_3D = 0x8B5F;
+  SAMPLER_CUBE = 0x8B60;
+  ACTIVE_UNIFORMS = 0x8B86;
+  ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES = 0x8B89;
+  VIEWPORT = 0x0BA2;
+  COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE = 0x0C22;
+  COLOR_WRITEMASK = 0x0C23;
+  DEPTH_WRITEMASK = 0x0B72;
+  STENCIL_WRITEMASK = 0x0B98;
+  STENCIL_BACK_WRITEMASK = 0x8CA5;
+
+  DEPTH_FUNC = 0x0B74;
+  STENCIL_FUNC = 0x0B92;
+  STENCIL_VALUE_MASK = 0x0B93;
+  STENCIL_REF = 0x0B97;
+  STENCIL_BACK_FUNC = 0x8800;
+  STENCIL_BACK_VALUE_MASK = 0x8CA4;
+  STENCIL_BACK_REF = 0x8CA3;
+  STENCIL_FAIL = 0x0B94;
+  STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL = 0x0B95;
+  STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_PASS = 0x0B96;
+  STENCIL_BACK_FAIL = 0x8801;
+  STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL = 0x8802;
+  STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_PASS = 0x8803;
+
+  BUFFER_SIZE = 0x8764;
+  MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS = 0x8869;
+  NO_ERROR = 0;
+  INVALID_ENUM = 0x0500;
+  INVALID_VALUE = 0x0501;
+  INVALID_OPERATION = 0x0502;
+  OUT_OF_MEMORY = 0x0505;
+
+  ZERO = 0;
+  ONE = 1;
+
+  CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB = 0x8626;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_ENABLED = 0x8622;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_SIZE = 0x8623;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE = 0x8624;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_TYPE = 0x8625;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_NORMALIZED = 0x886A;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_POINTER = 0x8645;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING = 0x889F;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_DIVISOR = 0x88FE;
+  VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_INTEGER = 0x88FD;
+
+  RENDERBUFFER = 0x8D41;
+  FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8D40;
+  READ_FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8CA8;
+  DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8CA9;
+  FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE = 0x8CD5;
+  FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT = 0x8CD6;
+  FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT = 0x8CD7;
+  FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS = 0x8CD9;
+  FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED = 0x8CDD;
+  FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MULTISAMPLE = 0x8D56;
+  RENDERBUFFER_SAMPLES = 0x8CAB;
+  FRAMEBUFFER_UNDEFINED = 0x8219;
+  DEPTH_COMPONENT16 = 0x81A5;
+  DEPTH_STENCIL = 0x84F9;
+  RGBA4 = 0x8056;
+  RGB565 = 0x8D62;
+  RGB5_A1 = 0x8057;
+  RGBA8 = 0x8058;
+  RGBA32F = 0x8814;
+  RGB32F = 0x8815;
+  RGBA16F = 0x881A;
+  RGB16F = 0x881B;
+  R8UI = 0x8232;
+  RG8UI = 0x8238;
+  RGB8UI = 0x8D7D;
+  RGBA8UI = 0x8D7C;
+  R16UI = 0x8234;
+  RG16UI = 0x823A;
+  RGB16UI = 0x8D77;
+  RGBA16UI = 0x8D76;
+  R32UI = 0x8236;
+  RG32UI = 0x823C;
+  RGB32UI = 0x8D71;
+  RGBA32UI = 0x8D70;
+  R8I = 0x8231;
+  RG8I = 0x8237;
+  RGB8I = 0x8D8F;
+  RGBA8I = 0x8D8E;
+  R16I = 0x8233;
+  RG16I = 0x8239;
+  RGB16I = 0x8D89;
+  RGBA16I = 0x8D88;
+  R32I = 0x8235;
+  RG32I = 0x823B;
+  RGB32I = 0x8D83;
+  RGBA32I = 0x8D82;
+  RED_INTEGER = 0x8D94;
+  RG_INTEGER = 0x8D95;
+  RGB_INTEGER = 0x8D96;
+  RGBA_INTEGER = 0x8D99;
+  R32F = 0x822E;
+  RG32F = 0x8230;
+  R16F = 0x822D;
+  RG16F = 0x822F;
+  STENCIL_INDEX8 = 0x8D48;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 = 0x8CE0;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT1 = 0x8CE1;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT2 = 0x8CE2;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT3 = 0x8CE3;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT4 = 0x8CE4;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT5 = 0x8CE5;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT6 = 0x8CE6;
+  COLOR_ATTACHMENT7 = 0x8CE7;
+  DEPTH_ATTACHMENT = 0x8D00;
+  STENCIL_ATTACHMENT = 0x8D20;
+  DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT = 0x821A;
+
+  LESS = 0x0201;
+  EQUAL = 0x0202;
+  LEQUAL = 0x0203;
+  GREATER = 0x0204;
+  NOTEQUAL = 0x0205;
+  GEQUAL = 0x0206;
+  ALWAYS = 0x0207;
+  NEVER = 0x0200;
+
+  KEEP = 0x1E00;
+  REPLACE = 0x1E01;
+  INCR = 0x1E02;
+  DECR = 0x1E03;
+  INVERT = 0x150A;
+  INCR_WRAP = 0x8507;
+  DECR_WRAP = 0x8508;
+
+  FRONT = 0x0404;
+  BACK = 0x0405;
+  FRONT_AND_BACK = 0x0408;
+
+  TEXTURE_2D = 0x0DE1;
+  TEXTURE_3D = 0x806F;
+  TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY = 0x8C1A;
+  TEXTURE_WRAP_S = 0x2802;
+  TEXTURE_WRAP_T = 0x2803;
+  TEXTURE_WRAP_R = 0x8072;
+  TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER = 0x2800;
+  TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER = 0x2801;
+  RGBA = 0x1908;
+  RED = 0x1903;
+  RG = 0x8227;
+  UNSIGNED_BYTE = 0x1401;
+  FLOAT = 0x1406;
+  NEAREST = 0x2600;
+  LINEAR = 0x2601;
+  NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST = 0x2700;
+  LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST = 0x2701;
+  NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR = 0x2702;
+  LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR = 0x2703;
+  REPEAT = 0x2901;
+  CLAMP_TO_EDGE = 0x812F;
+  MIRRORED_REPEAT = 0x8370;
+
+  /**
+   * @param {{
+   *  instance: WebAssembly.Instance,
+   *  ctxHandle: number,
+   *  width: number,
+   *  height: number,
+   *  debugShaders: boolean,
+   *  sharedTable: any,
+   *  tableAllocator: any
+   * }} options
+   */
+  constructor({ instance, ctxHandle, width, height, debugShaders = false, sharedTable = null, tableAllocator = null, turboGlobals = null }) {
+    this._instance = instance;
+    this._ctxHandle = ctxHandle;
+    this._destroyed = false;
+    /** @type {import('./webgl2_resources.js').WasmWebGLProgram | null} */
+    this._currentProgram = null;
+    // Explicit booleans for clarity
+    this._debugShaders = !!debugShaders;
+    this._drawingBufferWidth = width;
+    this._drawingBufferHeight = height;
+    this._sharedTable = sharedTable;
+    this._tableAllocator = tableAllocator;
+
+    // TODO: potentially retrieve those one demand from the main WASM module when shader WASM modules are initialised
+    this._turboGlobals = turboGlobals;
+
+    WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.set(this._ctxHandle, this);
+  }
+
+  get drawingBufferWidth() {
+    return this._drawingBufferWidth;
+  }
+
+  get drawingBufferHeight() {
+    return this._drawingBufferHeight;
+  }
+
+  resize(width, height) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_resize !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_resize not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_resize(this._ctxHandle, width, height);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    this._drawingBufferWidth = width;
+    this._drawingBufferHeight = height;
+  }
+
+  // Set the viewport for rendering
+  viewport(x, y, width, height) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_viewport !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_viewport not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_viewport(this._ctxHandle, x | 0, y | 0, width >>> 0, height >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  /** @type {Map<number, WasmWebGL2RenderingContext>} */
+  static _contexts = new Map();
+
+  destroy() {
+    if (this._destroyed) return;
+    WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.delete(this._ctxHandle);
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (ex && typeof ex.wasm_destroy_context === 'function') {
+      const code = ex.wasm_destroy_context(this._ctxHandle);
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    }
+    this._destroyed = true;
+  }
+
+  _assertNotDestroyed() {
+    if (this._destroyed) throw new Error('context has been destroyed');
+  }
+
+  createTexture() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_texture !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_texture not found');
+    }
+    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_texture(this._ctxHandle);
+    if (handle === 0) {
+      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
+      throw new Error(`Failed to create texture: ${msg}`);
+    }
+    // Return a thin wrapper object representing the texture.
+    return new WasmWebGLTexture(this, handle);
+  }
+
+  deleteTexture(tex) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_texture !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_texture not found');
+    }
+    const handle = tex && typeof tex === 'object' && typeof tex._handle === 'number' ? tex._handle : (tex >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_texture(this._ctxHandle, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    // If a wrapper object was passed, mark it as deleted.
+    if (tex && typeof tex === 'object') {
+      try { tex._handle = 0; tex._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bindTexture(target, tex) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_texture !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_texture not found');
+    }
+    const handle = tex && typeof tex === 'object' && typeof tex._handle === 'number' ? tex._handle : (tex >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_texture(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    // Record bound texture in JS so we can map units to texture data for texel fetch
+    this._boundTexture = handle;
+    this._textureUnits = this._textureUnits || [];
+    const unit = this._activeTextureUnit || 0;
+    this._textureUnits[unit] = handle;
+  }
+
+  texImage2D(target, level, internalFormat, width, height, border, format, type_, pixels) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_2d !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_image_2d not found');
+    }
+
+    let data = pixels;
+    if (!data) {
+      data = new Uint8Array(width * height * 4);
+    } else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
+      data = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+    } else if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      data = new Uint8Array(data);
+    }
+
+    const len = data.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for pixel data');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(data, ptr);
+
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_2d(
+        this._ctxHandle,
+        target >>> 0,
+        level >>> 0,
+        internalFormat >>> 0,
+        width >>> 0,
+        height >>> 0,
+        border >>> 0,
+        format >>> 0,
+        type_ >>> 0,
+        ptr >>> 0,
+        len >>> 0
+      );
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  texImage3D(target, level, internalFormat, width, height, depth, border, format, type_, pixels) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_3d !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_image_3d not found');
+    }
+
+    let data = pixels;
+    if (!data) {
+      data = new Uint8Array(width * height * depth * 4);
+    } else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
+      data = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+    } else if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      data = new Uint8Array(data);
+    }
+
+    const len = data.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for pixel data');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(data, ptr);
+
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_image_3d(
+        this._ctxHandle,
+        target >>> 0,
+        level >>> 0,
+        internalFormat >>> 0,
+        width >>> 0,
+        height >>> 0,
+        depth >>> 0,
+        border >>> 0,
+        format >>> 0,
+        type_ >>> 0,
+        ptr >>> 0,
+        len >>> 0
+      );
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  copyTexImage2D(target, level, internalFormat, x, y, width, height, border) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      target >>> 0,
+      level >>> 0,
+      internalFormat >>> 0,
+      x | 0,
+      y | 0,
+      width >>> 0,
+      height >>> 0,
+      border >>> 0
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  createFramebuffer() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_framebuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_framebuffer not found');
+    }
+    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle);
+    if (handle === 0) {
+      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
+      throw new Error(`Failed to create framebuffer: ${msg}`);
+    }
+    return new WasmWebGLFramebuffer(this, handle);
+  }
+
+  deleteFramebuffer(fb) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_framebuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_framebuffer not found');
+    }
+    const handle = fb && typeof fb === 'object' && typeof fb._handle === 'number' ? fb._handle : (fb >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    if (fb && typeof fb === 'object') {
+      try { fb._handle = 0; fb._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bindFramebuffer(target, fb) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_framebuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_framebuffer not found');
+    }
+    const handle = fb && typeof fb === 'object' && typeof fb._handle === 'number' ? fb._handle : (fb >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  framebufferTexture2D(target, attachment, textarget, texture, level) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_texture2d !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_framebuffer_texture2d not found');
+    }
+    const texHandle = texture && typeof texture === 'object' && typeof texture._handle === 'number' ? texture._handle : (texture >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_texture2d(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      target >>> 0,
+      attachment >>> 0,
+      textarget >>> 0,
+      texHandle,
+      level >>> 0
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  createRenderbuffer() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_renderbuffer not found');
+    }
+    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle);
+    if (handle === 0) {
+      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
+      throw new Error(`Failed to create renderbuffer: ${msg}`);
+    }
+    return new WasmWebGLRenderbuffer(this, handle);
+  }
+
+  bindRenderbuffer(target, renderbuffer) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_renderbuffer not found');
+    }
+    const rbHandle = renderbuffer && typeof renderbuffer === 'object' && typeof renderbuffer._handle === 'number' ? renderbuffer._handle : (renderbuffer >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, rbHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  deleteRenderbuffer(renderbuffer) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_renderbuffer not found');
+    }
+    const rbHandle = renderbuffer && typeof renderbuffer === 'object' && typeof renderbuffer._handle === 'number' ? renderbuffer._handle : (renderbuffer >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle, rbHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  isRenderbuffer(rb) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    if (!rb || typeof rb !== 'object' || !(rb instanceof WasmWebGLRenderbuffer)) return false;
+    if (rb._ctx !== this) return false;
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_renderbuffer(this._ctxHandle, rb._handle) !== 0;
+  }
+
+  renderbufferStorage(target, internalFormat, width, height) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_renderbuffer_storage !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_renderbuffer_storage not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_renderbuffer_storage(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, internalFormat >>> 0, width | 0, height | 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  framebufferRenderbuffer(target, attachment, renderbuffertarget, renderbuffer) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_renderbuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_framebuffer_renderbuffer not found');
+    }
+    const rbHandle = renderbuffer && typeof renderbuffer === 'object' && typeof renderbuffer._handle === 'number' ? renderbuffer._handle : (renderbuffer >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_framebuffer_renderbuffer(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      target >>> 0,
+      attachment >>> 0,
+      renderbuffertarget >>> 0,
+      rbHandle
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  readPixels(x, y, width, height, format, type_, out) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_read_pixels !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_read_pixels not found');
+    }
+
+    let bpp = 4;
+    if (type_ === 0x1406) { // GL_FLOAT
+      if (format === 0x1908) bpp = 16;      // GL_RGBA
+      else if (format === 0x8227) bpp = 8;  // GL_RG
+      else if (format === 0x1903) bpp = 4;  // GL_RED
+    } else if (type_ === 0x1401) { // GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
+      if (format === 0x1908) bpp = 4;
+    }
+
+    const len = width * height * bpp;
+    if (!out || out.byteLength < len) {
+      throw new Error(`output buffer too small (need ${len} bytes, have ${out ? out.byteLength : 0})`);
+    }
+
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for readPixels output');
+
+    try {
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_read_pixels(
+        this._ctxHandle,
+        x | 0,
+        y | 0,
+        width >>> 0,
+        height >>> 0,
+        format >>> 0,
+        type_ >>> 0,
+        ptr >>> 0,
+        len >>> 0
+      );
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      const src = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
+      const out_bytes = new Uint8Array(out.buffer, out.byteOffset, len);
+      out_bytes.set(src);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // --- Stubs for unimplemented WebGL2 methods (forwarding API surface) ---
+  // These are intentionally not implemented in the prototype. They allow
+  // callers to detect missing functionality early with a uniform error.
+
+  createShader(type) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_shader !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_shader not found');
+    }
+    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_shader(this._ctxHandle, type >>> 0);
+    if (handle === 0) {
+      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
+      throw new Error(`Failed to create shader: ${msg}`);
+    }
+    return new WasmWebGLShader(this, handle);
+  }
+
+  shaderSource(shader, source) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_shader_source !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_shader_source not found');
+    }
+
+    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
+    const sourceStr = String(source);
+    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(sourceStr);
+    const len = bytes.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for shaderSource');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_shader_source(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle, ptr, len);
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  compileShader(shader) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_compile_shader !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_compile_shader not found');
+    }
+    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_compile_shader(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  deleteShader(shader) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_shader !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_shader not found');
+    }
+    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_shader(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    if (shader && typeof shader === 'object') {
+      try { shader._handle = 0; shader._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+  }
+
+  createProgram() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_program !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_program not found');
+    }
+    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_program(this._ctxHandle);
+    if (handle === 0) {
+      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
+      throw new Error(`Failed to create program: ${msg}`);
+    }
+    return new WasmWebGLProgram(this, handle);
+  }
+
+  attachShader(program, shader) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_attach_shader !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_attach_shader not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_attach_shader(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  detachShader(program, shader) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+
+  getActiveUniform(program, index) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_uniform !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_active_uniform not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+
+    // Allocate buffers: size(4) + type(4) + name(256)
+    const sizePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+    const typePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+    const nameMaxLen = 256;
+    const namePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(nameMaxLen);
+
+    try {
+      const nameLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_uniform(
+        this._ctxHandle,
+        programHandle,
+        index >>> 0,
+        sizePtr,
+        typePtr,
+        namePtr,
+        nameMaxLen
+      );
+
+      if (nameLen === 0) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      const mem32SizeIdx = sizePtr >>> 2;
+      const mem32TypeIdx = typePtr >>> 2;
+
+      const size = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32SizeIdx];
+      const type_ = new Uint32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32TypeIdx];
+
+      const nameBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, namePtr, nameLen);
+      const name = new TextDecoder().decode(nameBytes);
+
+      return { name, size, type: type_ };
+
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(sizePtr);
+      ex.wasm_free(typePtr);
+      ex.wasm_free(namePtr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  getActiveAttrib(program, index) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_attrib !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_active_attrib not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+
+    // Allocate buffers: size(4) + type(4) + name(256)
+    const sizePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+    const typePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+    const nameMaxLen = 256;
+    const namePtr = ex.wasm_alloc(nameMaxLen);
+
+    try {
+      const nameLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_active_attrib(
+        this._ctxHandle,
+        programHandle,
+        index >>> 0,
+        sizePtr,
+        typePtr,
+        namePtr,
+        nameMaxLen
+      );
+
+      if (nameLen === 0) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      const mem32SizeIdx = sizePtr >>> 2;
+      const mem32TypeIdx = typePtr >>> 2;
+
+      const size = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32SizeIdx];
+      const type_ = new Uint32Array(ex.memory.buffer)[mem32TypeIdx];
+
+      const nameBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, namePtr, nameLen);
+      const name = new TextDecoder().decode(nameBytes);
+
+      return { name, size, type: type_ };
+
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(sizePtr);
+      ex.wasm_free(typePtr);
+      ex.wasm_free(namePtr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  linkProgram(program) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_link_program !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_link_program not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_link_program(this._ctxHandle, programHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+
+    // After linking, we need to instantiate the WASM modules on the host.
+    if (program && typeof program === 'object') {
+      const linkStatus = this.getProgramParameter(program, this.LINK_STATUS);
+      if (linkStatus) {
+        this._instantiateProgramShaders(program);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _instantiateProgramShaders(program) {
+    const vsWasm = this.getProgramWasm(program, this.VERTEX_SHADER);
+    const fsWasm = this.getProgramWasm(program, this.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+
+    if (!vsWasm || !fsWasm) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Allocate table slots for both shaders
+    const vsIdx = this._tableAllocator ? this._tableAllocator.allocate() : null;
+    const fsIdx = this._tableAllocator ? this._tableAllocator.allocate() : null;
+
+    const createDebugEnv = (type, instanceRef) => {
+      if (!this._debugShaders) return {};
+
+      const stubCode = this.getProgramDebugStub(program, type);
+      if (!stubCode) return {};
+
+      // // Add sourceURL for debugging
+      // const debugName = `shader_stub_program_${program._handle}_${type === this.VERTEX_SHADER ? 'vs' : 'fs'}.js`;
+      // const codeWithUrl = stubCode + `\n//# sourceURL=${debugName}`;
+
+      let stubFuncs;
+      try {
+        // Eval the stub array
+        stubFuncs = (0, eval)(stubCode);
+      } catch (e) {
+        console.error("Failed to eval debug stub:", e);
+        return {};
+      }
+
+      return {
+        debug_step: (line, funcIdx, resultPtr) => {
+          if (line === 999999) {
+            return;
+          }
+          const func = stubFuncs[line - 1];
+          if (func) {
+            const ctx = {
+              go: () => {
+                // Trampoline logic would go here
+                // For now we rely on WASM calling the function after debug_step returns
+              }
+            };
+            try {
+              func.call(ctx);
+            } catch (e) {
+              console.error("Error in debug stub:", e);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      };
+    };
+
+    let vsModule;
+    vsModule = new WebAssembly.Module(vsWasm);
+    const vsInstanceRef = { current: null };
+    const vsDebugEnv = createDebugEnv(this.VERTEX_SHADER, vsInstanceRef);
+
+    const env = {
+      memory: this._instance.exports.memory,
+      __indirect_function_table: this._sharedTable,
+      ACTIVE_ATTR_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_ATTR_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_UNIFORM_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_UNIFORM_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_VARYING_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_VARYING_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_PRIVATE_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_PRIVATE_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_TEXTURE_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_TEXTURE_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_FRAME_SP: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_FRAME_SP,
+      ...vsDebugEnv
+    };
+
+    // Add math builtins from renderer (skipping host)
+    const mathFuncs = [
+      'gl_sin', 'gl_cos', 'gl_tan', 'gl_asin', 'gl_acos', 'gl_atan', 'gl_atan2',
+      'gl_exp', 'gl_exp2', 'gl_log', 'gl_log2', 'gl_pow',
+      'gl_sinh', 'gl_cosh', 'gl_tanh', 'gl_asinh', 'gl_acosh', 'gl_atanh'
+    ];
+    for (const name of mathFuncs) {
+      if (this._instance.exports[name]) {
+        env[name] = this._instance.exports[name];
+      }
+    }
+
+    program._vsInstance = new WebAssembly.Instance(vsModule, {
+      env
+    });
+    vsInstanceRef.current = program._vsInstance;
+
+    // Register in table
+    if (this._sharedTable && vsIdx !== null && program._vsInstance.exports.main) {
+      this._sharedTable.set(vsIdx, program._vsInstance.exports.main);
+      program._vsTableIndex = vsIdx;
+    }
+
+    let fsModule;
+    fsModule = new WebAssembly.Module(fsWasm);
+    const fsInstanceRef = { current: null };
+    const fsDebugEnv = createDebugEnv(this.FRAGMENT_SHADER, fsInstanceRef);
+
+    const fsEnv = {
+      memory: this._instance.exports.memory,
+      __indirect_function_table: this._sharedTable,
+      ACTIVE_ATTR_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_ATTR_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_UNIFORM_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_UNIFORM_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_VARYING_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_VARYING_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_PRIVATE_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_PRIVATE_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_TEXTURE_PTR: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_TEXTURE_PTR,
+      ACTIVE_FRAME_SP: this._turboGlobals.ACTIVE_FRAME_SP,
+      ...fsDebugEnv
+    };
+
+    for (const name of mathFuncs) {
+      if (this._instance.exports[name]) {
+        fsEnv[name] = this._instance.exports[name];
+      }
+    }
+
+    program._fsInstance = new WebAssembly.Instance(fsModule, {
+      env: fsEnv
+    });
+    fsInstanceRef.current = program._fsInstance;
+
+    // Register in table
+    if (this._sharedTable && fsIdx !== null && program._fsInstance.exports.main) {
+      this._sharedTable.set(fsIdx, program._fsInstance.exports.main);
+      program._fsTableIndex = fsIdx;
+    }
+
+    // Notify Rust of table indices (requires Phase 4)
+    if (vsIdx !== null && fsIdx !== null) {
+      const ex = this._instance.exports;
+      if (ex.wasm_ctx_register_shader_indices) {
+        ex.wasm_ctx_register_shader_indices(
+          this._ctxHandle,
+          program._handle,
+          vsIdx,
+          fsIdx
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  getProgramDebugStub(program, shaderType) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub !== 'function') {
+      return null;
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, 0, 0);
+    if (len === 0) return null;
+
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) return null;
+
+    try {
+      const actualLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_debug_stub(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, ptr, len);
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + actualLen);
+      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  deleteProgram(program) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_program !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_program not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+
+    // Table indices are now freed by Rust when the Program's refcount reaches zero.
+    // This allows bound programs to remain valid even if deleted by the user,
+    // as required by the WebGL specification.
+
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_program(this._ctxHandle, programHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    if (program && typeof program === 'object') {
+      try { program._handle = 0; program._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+  }
+
+  useProgram(program) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_use_program !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_use_program not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_use_program(this._ctxHandle, programHandle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    this._currentProgram = program;
+  }
+
+  getShaderParameter(shader, pname) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_parameter !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_shader_parameter not found');
+    }
+    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
+    const val = ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_parameter(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle, pname >>> 0);
+
+    // WebGL returns boolean for status parameters
+    if (pname === 0x8B81 /* COMPILE_STATUS */ || pname === 0x8B80 /* DELETE_STATUS */) {
+      return !!val;
+    }
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  getProgramParameter(program, pname) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_parameter !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_parameter not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const val = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_parameter(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, pname >>> 0);
+
+    // WebGL returns boolean for status parameters
+    if (pname === 0x8B82 /* LINK_STATUS */ || pname === 0x8B80 /* DELETE_STATUS */ || pname === 0x8B83 /* VALIDATE_STATUS */) {
+      return !!val;
+    }
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  getShaderInfoLog(shader) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_info_log !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_shader_info_log not found');
+    }
+    const shaderHandle = shader && typeof shader === 'object' && typeof shader._handle === 'number' ? shader._handle : (shader >>> 0);
+
+    const maxLen = 1024;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(maxLen);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getShaderInfoLog');
+
+    try {
+      const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_shader_info_log(this._ctxHandle, shaderHandle, ptr, maxLen);
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
+      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  getProgramInfoLog(program) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_info_log !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_info_log not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+
+    const maxLen = 1024;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(maxLen);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getProgramInfoLog');
+
+    try {
+      const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_info_log(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, ptr, maxLen);
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
+      return new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  getProgramWasm(program, shaderType) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_len !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_len not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const len = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_len(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
+    if (len === 0) return null;
+
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getProgramWasm');
+
+    try {
+      const actualLen = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType, ptr, len);
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      return new Uint8Array(mem.buffer, ptr, actualLen).slice();
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  getAttribLocation(program, name) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_attrib_location !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_attrib_location not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const nameStr = String(name);
+    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(nameStr);
+    const len = bytes.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getAttribLocation');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
+      return ex.wasm_ctx_get_attrib_location(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, ptr, len);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  bindAttribLocation(program, index, name) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_attrib_location !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_attrib_location not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const nameStr = String(name);
+    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(nameStr);
+    const len = bytes.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for bindAttribLocation');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_attrib_location(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, index >>> 0, ptr, len);
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  enableVertexAttribArray(index) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_enable_vertex_attrib_array !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_enable_vertex_attrib_array not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_enable_vertex_attrib_array(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  disableVertexAttribArray(index) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_disable_vertex_attrib_array !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_disable_vertex_attrib_array not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_disable_vertex_attrib_array(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  vertexAttribPointer(index, size, type, normalized, stride, offset) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_pointer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_pointer not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_pointer(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      index >>> 0,
+      size >>> 0,
+      type >>> 0,
+      normalized ? 1 : 0,
+      stride >>> 0,
+      offset >>> 0
+    );
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  vertexAttribIPointer(index, size, type, stride, offset) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_ipointer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_ipointer not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_ipointer(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      index >>> 0,
+      size >>> 0,
+      type >>> 0,
+      stride >>> 0,
+      offset >>> 0
+    );
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  vertexAttrib1f(index, v0) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib1f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib1f not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib1f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0);
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  vertexAttrib2f(index, v0, v1) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib2f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib2f not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib2f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0, +v1);
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  vertexAttrib3f(index, v0, v1, v2) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib3f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib3f not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib3f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0, +v1, +v2);
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  vertexAttrib4f(index, v0, v1, v2, v3) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib4f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib4f not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib4f(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, +v0, +v1, +v2, +v3);
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  vertexAttrib1fv(index, v) {
+    if (v && v.length >= 1) {
+      this.vertexAttrib1f(index, v[0]);
+    } else {
+      this._setError(0x0501);
+    }
+  }
+  vertexAttrib2fv(index, v) {
+    if (v && v.length >= 2) {
+      this.vertexAttrib2f(index, v[0], v[1]);
+    } else {
+      this._setError(0x0501);
+    }
+  }
+  vertexAttrib3fv(index, v) {
+    if (v && v.length >= 3) {
+      this.vertexAttrib3f(index, v[0], v[1], v[2]);
+    } else {
+      this._setError(0x0501);
+    }
+  }
+  vertexAttrib4fv(index, v) {
+    if (v && v.length >= 4) {
+      this.vertexAttrib4f(index, v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
+    } else {
+      this._setError(0x0501);
+    }
+  }
+
+  vertexAttribI4i(index, v0, v1, v2, v3) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4i !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4i not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4i(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, v0 | 0, v1 | 0, v2 | 0, v3 | 0);
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  vertexAttribI4ui(index, v0, v1, v2, v3) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4ui !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4ui not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_i4ui(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, v0 >>> 0, v1 >>> 0, v2 >>> 0, v3 >>> 0);
+    if (code === 5) return; // ERR_GL
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  vertexAttribI4iv(index, v) {
+    if (v && v.length >= 4) {
+      this.vertexAttribI4i(index, v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
+    } else {
+      this._setError(0x0501);
+    }
+  }
+
+  vertexAttribI4uiv(index, v) {
+    if (v && v.length >= 4) {
+      this.vertexAttribI4ui(index, v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
+    } else {
+      this._setError(0x0501);
+    }
+  }
+
+  vertexAttribDivisor(index, divisor) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_divisor !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_divisor not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_vertex_attrib_divisor(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, divisor >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  createBuffer() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_buffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_buffer not found');
+    }
+    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_buffer(this._ctxHandle);
+    if (handle === 0) {
+      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
+      throw new Error(`Failed to create buffer: ${msg}`);
+    }
+    return new WasmWebGLBuffer(this, handle);
+  }
+
+  bindBuffer(target, buffer) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_buffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_buffer not found');
+    }
+    const handle = buffer && typeof buffer === 'object' && typeof buffer._handle === 'number' ? buffer._handle : (buffer >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_buffer(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  deleteBuffer(buffer) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_buffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_buffer not found');
+    }
+    const handle = buffer && typeof buffer === 'object' && typeof buffer._handle === 'number' ? buffer._handle : (buffer >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_buffer(this._ctxHandle, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance); if (buffer && typeof buffer === 'object') {
+      try { buffer._handle = 0; buffer._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bufferData(target, data, usage) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_data !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_buffer_data not found');
+    }
+
+    let bytes;
+    if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      bytes = new Uint8Array(data);
+    } else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
+      bytes = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+    } else if (typeof data === 'number') {
+      bytes = new Uint8Array(data);
+    } else {
+      throw new Error('Invalid data type for bufferData');
+    }
+
+    const len = bytes.length;
+    if (len === 0) {
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_data(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, 0, 0, usage >>> 0);
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for bufferData');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_data(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, ptr, len, usage >>> 0);
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  bufferSubData(target, offset, data) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_sub_data !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_buffer_sub_data not found');
+    }
+
+    let bytes;
+    if (data instanceof Uint8Array) bytes = data;
+    else if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) bytes = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+    else if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) bytes = new Uint8Array(data);
+    else bytes = new Uint8Array(data); // Fallback for arrays
+
+    const len = bytes.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for bufferSubData');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_buffer_sub_data(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, offset >>> 0, ptr, len);
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+  copyBufferSubData(readTarget, writeTarget, readOffset, writeOffset, size) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_copy_buffer_sub_data !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_copy_buffer_sub_data not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_copy_buffer_sub_data(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      readTarget >>> 0,
+      writeTarget >>> 0,
+      readOffset >>> 0,
+      writeOffset >>> 0,
+      size >>> 0
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  getBufferParameter(target, pname) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_buffer_parameter !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_buffer_parameter not found');
+    }
+    const val = ex.wasm_ctx_get_buffer_parameter(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, pname >>> 0);
+    if (val < 0) {
+      const msg = readErrorMessage(this._instance);
+      throw new Error(`getBufferParameter failed: ${msg}`);
+    }
+    return val;
+  }
+  isBuffer(buffer) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    if (!buffer || typeof buffer !== 'object' || !(buffer instanceof WasmWebGLBuffer)) return false;
+    if (buffer._ctx !== this) return false;
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_buffer(this._ctxHandle, buffer._handle) !== 0;
+  }
+
+  drawArrays(mode, first, count) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_arrays not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, first >>> 0, count >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  drawElements(mode, count, type, offset) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_elements not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, count >>> 0, type >>> 0, offset >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  drawArraysInstanced(mode, first, count, instanceCount) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays_instanced !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_arrays_instanced not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_arrays_instanced(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, first | 0, count | 0, instanceCount | 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  drawElementsInstanced(mode, count, type, offset, instanceCount) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements_instanced !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_elements_instanced not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_elements_instanced(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0, count | 0, type >>> 0, offset >>> 0, instanceCount | 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  drawRangeElements(mode, start, end, count, type, offset) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  drawBuffers(buffers) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_draw_buffers !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_draw_buffers not found');
+    }
+
+    const count = buffers.length;
+    const bufs = new Uint32Array(count);
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        bufs[i] = buffers[i];
+    }
+
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(count * 4);
+    const view = new Uint32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, count);
+    view.set(bufs);
+
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_draw_buffers(this._ctxHandle, ptr, count);
+    ex.wasm_free(ptr, count * 4);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  readBuffer(mode) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_read_buffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_read_buffer not found');
+    }
+
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_read_buffer(this._ctxHandle, mode);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  createVertexArray() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_create_vertex_array !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_create_vertex_array not found');
+    }
+    const handle = ex.wasm_ctx_create_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle);
+    if (handle === 0) return null;
+    return new WasmWebGLVertexArrayObject(this, handle);
+  }
+
+  bindVertexArray(vao) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_bind_vertex_array !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_bind_vertex_array not found');
+    }
+    const handle = vao && typeof vao === 'object' && typeof vao._handle === 'number' ? vao._handle : (vao ? (vao >>> 0) : 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_bind_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  deleteVertexArray(vao) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_delete_vertex_array !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_delete_vertex_array not found');
+    }
+    const handle = vao && typeof vao === 'object' && typeof vao._handle === 'number' ? vao._handle : (vao >>> 0);
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_delete_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle, handle);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    if (vao && typeof vao === 'object') {
+      try { vao._handle = 0; vao._deleted = true; } catch (e) { /* ignore */ }
+    }
+  }
+
+  isVertexArray(vao) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_is_vertex_array !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_is_vertex_array not found');
+    }
+    const handle = vao && typeof vao === 'object' && typeof vao._handle === 'number' ? vao._handle : (vao >>> 0);
+    const res = ex.wasm_ctx_is_vertex_array(this._ctxHandle, handle);
+    return res !== 0;
+  }
+
+  createTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  bindTransformFeedback(target, tf) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  beginTransformFeedback(primitiveMode) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  pauseTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  resumeTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  endTransformFeedback() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  transformFeedbackVaryings(program, varyings, bufferMode) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  getTransformFeedbackVarying(program, index) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+
+  createQuery() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  deleteQuery(q) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  beginQuery(target, id) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  endQuery(target) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  getQueryParameter(query, pname) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+
+  fenceSync(condition, flags) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  clientWaitSync(sync, flags, timeout) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  waitSync(sync, flags, timeout) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  deleteSync(sync) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  getSyncParameter(sync, pname) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+
+  createSampler() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  deleteSampler(s) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  bindSampler(unit, sampler) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  samplerParameteri(sampler, pname, param) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  samplerParameterf(sampler, pname, param) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+
+  activeTexture(texture) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_active_texture !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_active_texture not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_active_texture(this._ctxHandle, texture >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    // Track active texture unit in JS wrapper (GL_TEXTURE0 = 0x84C0)
+    this._activeTextureUnit = (texture >>> 0) - 0x84C0;
+    this._textureUnits = this._textureUnits || [];
+  }
+  texParameteri(target, pname, param) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_parameter_i !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_parameter_i not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_parameter_i(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0, pname >>> 0, param | 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  generateMipmap(target) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_generate_mipmap !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_generate_mipmap not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_generate_mipmap(this._ctxHandle, target >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  copyTexImage2D(target, level, internalformat, x, y, width, height, border) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_copy_tex_image_2d(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      target >>> 0,
+      level | 0,
+      internalformat >>> 0,
+      x | 0,
+      y | 0,
+      width | 0,
+      height | 0,
+      border | 0
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  copyTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, x, y, width, height) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  texSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type_, pixels) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_tex_sub_image_2d !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_tex_sub_image_2d not found');
+    }
+
+    let data = pixels;
+    if (!data) return; // No-op if no data provided
+    if (!(data instanceof Uint8Array)) {
+      if (ArrayBuffer.isView(data)) {
+        data = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+      } else {
+        data = new Uint8Array(data);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const len = data.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for sub-pixel data');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(data, ptr);
+
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_tex_sub_image_2d(
+        this._ctxHandle,
+        target >>> 0,
+        level >>> 0,
+        xoffset | 0,
+        yoffset | 0,
+        width >>> 0,
+        height >>> 0,
+        format >>> 0,
+        type_ >>> 0,
+        ptr >>> 0,
+        len >>> 0
+      );
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  checkFramebufferStatus(target) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_check_framebuffer_status !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_check_framebuffer_status not found');
+    }
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_check_framebuffer_status(this._ctxHandle, target);
+  }
+  blitFramebuffer(srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcY1, dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blit_framebuffer !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blit_framebuffer not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blit_framebuffer(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      srcX0 | 0, srcY0 | 0, srcX1 | 0, srcY1 | 0,
+      dstX0 | 0, dstY0 | 0, dstX1 | 0, dstY1 | 0,
+      mask >>> 0, filter >>> 0
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  pixelStorei(pname, param) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  getExtension(name) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    if (name === 'EXT_color_buffer_float') {
+      return {};
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+  getSupportedExtensions() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    return ['EXT_color_buffer_float'];
+  }
+
+  getUniformLocation(program, name) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_uniform_location !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_uniform_location not found');
+    }
+    const programHandle = program && typeof program === 'object' && typeof program._handle === 'number' ? program._handle : (program >>> 0);
+    const nameStr = String(name);
+    const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(nameStr);
+    const len = bytes.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getUniformLocation');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
+      const loc = ex.wasm_ctx_get_uniform_location(this._ctxHandle, programHandle, ptr, len);
+      return loc === -1 ? null : new WasmWebGLUniformLocation(this, loc);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  uniform1f(loc, x) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform1f not found');
+    }
+    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  uniform2f(loc, x, y) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform2f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform2f not found');
+    }
+    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform2f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x, +y);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  uniform3f(loc, x, y, z) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform3f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform3f not found');
+    }
+    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform3f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x, +y, +z);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  uniform4f(loc, x, y, z, w) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform4f !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform4f not found');
+    }
+    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform4f(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, +x, +y, +z, +w);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  uniform1i(loc, x) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1i !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform1i not found');
+    }
+    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform1i(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, x | 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  uniformMatrix4fv(loc, transpose, value) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_uniform_matrix_4fv !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_uniform_matrix_4fv not found');
+    }
+    const locHandle = loc === null ? -1 : (typeof loc === 'number' ? loc : (loc._handle >>> 0));
+
+    let bytes;
+    if (value instanceof Float32Array) {
+      bytes = new Uint8Array(value.buffer, value.byteOffset, value.byteLength);
+    } else {
+      bytes = new Uint8Array(new Float32Array(value).buffer);
+    }
+
+    const len = bytes.length;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for uniformMatrix4fv');
+
+    try {
+      const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+      mem.set(bytes, ptr);
+      const count = len / 4;
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_uniform_matrix_4fv(this._ctxHandle, locHandle, transpose ? 1 : 0, ptr, count);
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  getVertexAttrib(index, pname) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_vertex_attrib !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_vertex_attrib not found');
+    }
+
+    // Allocate memory for result.
+    // Most params return 1 int (4 bytes).
+    // CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB returns 4 values (16 bytes) + type (4 bytes) = 20 bytes.
+    const len = 20;
+    const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(len);
+    if (ptr === 0) throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for getVertexAttrib');
+
+    try {
+      const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_vertex_attrib(this._ctxHandle, index >>> 0, pname >>> 0, ptr, len);
+      if (code === 5) { // ERR_GL
+        return undefined;
+      }
+      _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+
+      const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 5);
+      const memU = new Uint32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 5);
+      const memF = new Float32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 5);
+
+      if (pname === 0x8626 /* CURRENT_VERTEX_ATTRIB */) {
+        // Check type at index 4
+        const type = memU[4];
+        if (type === 0x1404 /* INT */) {
+          return new Int32Array([mem[0], mem[1], mem[2], mem[3]]);
+        } else if (type === 0x1405 /* UNSIGNED_INT */) {
+          return new Uint32Array([memU[0], memU[1], memU[2], memU[3]]);
+        } else {
+          // Default to float
+          return new Float32Array([memF[0], memF[1], memF[2], memF[3]]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Other params
+      if (pname === 0x8622 /* ENABLED */ ||
+        pname === 0x886A /* NORMALIZED */ ||
+        pname === 0x88FD /* INTEGER */) {
+        return mem[0] !== 0;
+      }
+
+      if (pname === 0x889F /* BUFFER_BINDING */) {
+        const handle = memU[0];
+        if (handle === 0) return null;
+        return new WasmWebGLBuffer(this, handle);
+      }
+
+      return mem[0];
+    } finally {
+      ex.wasm_free(ptr, len);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  getParameter(pname) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v not found');
+    }
+
+    if (pname === 0x0BA2 /* VIEWPORT */) {
+      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(16);
+      try {
+        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 16);
+        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+        const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 4);
+        return new Int32Array(mem);
+      } finally {
+        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 16);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (pname === 0x0C22 /* COLOR_CLEAR_VALUE */) {
+      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(16);
+      try {
+        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 16);
+        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+        const mem = new Float32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 4);
+        return new Float32Array(mem);
+      } finally {
+        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 16);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (pname === 0x0C23 /* COLOR_WRITEMASK */) {
+      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+      try {
+        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
+        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+        const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 4);
+        return [mem[0] !== 0, mem[1] !== 0, mem[2] !== 0, mem[3] !== 0];
+      } finally {
+        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (pname === 0x0B72 /* DEPTH_WRITEMASK */) {
+      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+      try {
+        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
+        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+        const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 1);
+        return mem[0] !== 0;
+      } finally {
+        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (pname === 0x0B98 /* STENCIL_WRITEMASK */ || pname === 0x8CA5 /* STENCIL_BACK_WRITEMASK */) {
+      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+      try {
+        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
+        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+        const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 1);
+        return mem[0];
+      } finally {
+        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const singleIntParams = [
+      0x0B74, // DEPTH_FUNC
+      0x0B92, // STENCIL_FUNC
+      0x0B93, // STENCIL_VALUE_MASK
+      0x0B97, // STENCIL_REF
+      0x8800, // STENCIL_BACK_FUNC
+      0x8CA4, // STENCIL_BACK_VALUE_MASK
+      0x8CA3, // STENCIL_BACK_REF
+      0x0B94, // STENCIL_FAIL
+      0x0B95, // STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL
+      0x0B96, // STENCIL_PASS_DEPTH_PASS
+      0x8801, // STENCIL_BACK_FAIL
+      0x8802, // STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_FAIL
+      0x8803, // STENCIL_BACK_PASS_DEPTH_PASS
+    ];
+
+    if (singleIntParams.includes(pname)) {
+      const ptr = ex.wasm_alloc(4);
+      try {
+        const code = ex.wasm_ctx_get_parameter_v(this._ctxHandle, pname, ptr, 4);
+        _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+        const mem = new Int32Array(ex.memory.buffer, ptr, 1);
+        return mem[0];
+      } finally {
+        ex.wasm_free(ptr, 4);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (pname === 0x8869 /* MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS */) {
+      return 16;
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`getParameter for ${pname} not implemented`);
+  }
+  getError() {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_error !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_error not found');
+    }
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_get_error(this._ctxHandle);
+  }
+
+  _setError(error) {
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (ex && typeof ex.wasm_ctx_set_gl_error === 'function') {
+      ex.wasm_ctx_set_gl_error(this._ctxHandle, error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  finish() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  flush() { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+
+  isTexture(tex) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    if (!tex || typeof tex !== 'object' || !(tex instanceof WasmWebGLTexture)) return false;
+    if (tex._ctx !== this) return false;
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_texture(this._ctxHandle, tex._handle) !== 0;
+  }
+  isFramebuffer(fb) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    if (!fb || typeof fb !== 'object' || !(fb instanceof WasmWebGLFramebuffer)) return false;
+    if (fb._ctx !== this) return false;
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_framebuffer(this._ctxHandle, fb._handle) !== 0;
+  }
+  isProgram(p) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    if (!p || typeof p !== 'object' || !(p instanceof WasmWebGLProgram)) return false;
+    if (p._ctx !== this) return false;
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_program(this._ctxHandle, p._handle) !== 0;
+  }
+  isShader(s) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    if (!s || typeof s !== 'object' || !(s instanceof WasmWebGLShader)) return false;
+    if (s._ctx !== this) return false;
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    return ex.wasm_ctx_is_shader(this._ctxHandle, s._handle) !== 0;
+  }
+  enable(cap) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_enable !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_enable not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_enable(this._ctxHandle, cap >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  disable(cap) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_disable !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_disable not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_disable(this._ctxHandle, cap >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  blendFunc(sfactor, dfactor) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_func not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func(this._ctxHandle, sfactor >>> 0, dfactor >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  blendFuncSeparate(srcRGB, dstRGB, srcAlpha, dstAlpha) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func_separate !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_func_separate not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_func_separate(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      srcRGB >>> 0,
+      dstRGB >>> 0,
+      srcAlpha >>> 0,
+      dstAlpha >>> 0
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  blendEquation(mode) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_equation not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation(this._ctxHandle, mode >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  blendEquationSeparate(modeRGB, modeAlpha) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation_separate !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_equation_separate not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_equation_separate(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      modeRGB >>> 0,
+      modeAlpha >>> 0
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  blendColor(red, green, blue, alpha) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_blend_color !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_blend_color not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_blend_color(
+      this._ctxHandle,
+      +red,
+      +green,
+      +blue,
+      +alpha
+    );
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+
+  isEnabled(cap) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+
+  viewport(x, y, width, height) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_viewport !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_viewport not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_viewport(this._ctxHandle, x >>> 0, y >>> 0, width >>> 0, height >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  scissor(x, y, width, height) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_scissor !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_scissor not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_scissor(this._ctxHandle, x | 0, y | 0, width >>> 0, height >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  clear(mask) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_clear !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_clear not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_clear(this._ctxHandle, mask >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  clearColor(r, g, b, a) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_clear_color !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_clear_color not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_clear_color(this._ctxHandle, +r, +g, +b, +a);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  clearDepth(depth) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  depthFunc(func) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_depth_func !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_depth_func not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_depth_func(this._ctxHandle, func >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  depthMask(flag) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_depth_mask !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_depth_mask not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_depth_mask(this._ctxHandle, flag ? 1 : 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  colorMask(r, g, b, a) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_color_mask !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_color_mask not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_color_mask(this._ctxHandle, r ? 1 : 0, g ? 1 : 0, b ? 1 : 0, a ? 1 : 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  polygonOffset(factor, units) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  sampleCoverage(value, invert) { this._assertNotDestroyed(); throw new Error('not implemented'); }
+  stencilFunc(func, ref, mask) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_func not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func(this._ctxHandle, func >>> 0, ref | 0, mask >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  stencilFuncSeparate(face, func, ref, mask) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func_separate !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_func_separate not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_func_separate(this._ctxHandle, face >>> 0, func >>> 0, ref | 0, mask >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  stencilOp(fail, zfail, zpass) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_op not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op(this._ctxHandle, fail >>> 0, zfail >>> 0, zpass >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  stencilOpSeparate(face, fail, zfail, zpass) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op_separate !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_op_separate not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_op_separate(this._ctxHandle, face >>> 0, fail >>> 0, zfail >>> 0, zpass >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  stencilMask(mask) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_mask not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask(this._ctxHandle, mask >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+  stencilMaskSeparate(face, mask) {
+    this._assertNotDestroyed();
+    const ex = this._instance.exports;
+    if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask_separate !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('wasm_ctx_stencil_mask_separate not found');
+    }
+    const code = ex.wasm_ctx_stencil_mask_separate(this._ctxHandle, face >>> 0, mask >>> 0);
+    _checkErr(code, this._instance);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thin wrapper for a WebGLTexture handle returned from WASM.
+ * Holds a reference to the originating WasmWebGL2RenderingContext and the numeric handle.
+ */
+// WebGLTexture wrapper moved to `src/webgl2_texture.js`.
+
+/**
+ * Read an error message from WASM memory and return it as string.
+ * Exported so callers outside this module can report errors.
+ * @param {WebAssembly.Instance} instance
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function readErrorMessage(instance) {
+  const ex = instance.exports;
+  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_last_error_ptr !== 'function' || typeof ex.wasm_last_error_len !== 'function') {
+    return '(no error message available)';
+  }
+  const ptr = ex.wasm_last_error_ptr();
+  const len = ex.wasm_last_error_len();
+  if (ptr === 0 || len === 0) {
+    return '';
+  }
+  const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+  const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
+  return new TextDecoder('utf-8').decode(bytes);
+}
+
+function _checkErr(code, instance) {
+  if (code === ERR_OK) return;
+  const msg = readErrorMessage(instance);
+  throw new Error(`WASM error ${code}: ${msg}`);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// WAT Testing Support (docs/1.9-wat-testing.md)
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Get the compiled WASM bytes for a shader in a program.
+ * 
+ * @param {number} ctxHandle - Context handle
+ * @param {number} programHandle - Program handle
+ * @param {number} shaderType - Shader type (VERTEX_SHADER or FRAGMENT_SHADER)
+ * @returns {Uint8Array | null} WASM bytes or null if not available
+ */
+export function getShaderModule(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType) {
+  const ctx = WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.get(ctxHandle);
+  if (!ctx) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid context handle');
+  }
+
+  const ex = ctx._instance.exports;
+  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_ref !== 'function') {
+    throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_ref not found');
+  }
+
+  // Call the WASM function - it returns a packed u64 (BigInt or Number)
+  const result = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wasm_ref(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
+
+  // Unpack: low 32 bits = ptr, high 32 bits = len
+  let ptr, len;
+  if (typeof result === 'bigint') {
+    ptr = Number(result & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
+    len = Number((result >> 32n) & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
+  } else {
+    // Fallback for number (may lose precision for very large values)
+    ptr = result >>> 0;  // Low 32 bits
+    len = Math.floor(result / 0x100000000);  // High 32 bits
+  }
+
+  // Check for failure (0, 0)
+  if (ptr === 0 || len === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // Copy bytes from WASM memory into a new Uint8Array
+  const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(len);
+  bytes.set(mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len));
+
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the WAT (WebAssembly Text) representation for a shader in a program.
+ * 
+ * @param {number} ctxHandle - Context handle
+ * @param {number} programHandle - Program handle
+ * @param {number} shaderType - Shader type (VERTEX_SHADER or FRAGMENT_SHADER)
+ * @returns {string | null} WAT text or null if not available
+ */
+export function getShaderWat(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType) {
+  const ctx = WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.get(ctxHandle);
+  if (!ctx) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid context handle');
+  }
+
+  const ex = ctx._instance.exports;
+  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wat_ref !== 'function') {
+    throw new Error('wasm_ctx_get_program_wat_ref not found');
+  }
+
+  // Call the WASM function - it returns a packed u64 (BigInt or Number)
+  const result = ex.wasm_ctx_get_program_wat_ref(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
+
+  // Unpack: low 32 bits = ptr, high 32 bits = len
+  let ptr, len;
+  if (typeof result === 'bigint') {
+    ptr = Number(result & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
+    len = Number((result >> 32n) & 0xFFFFFFFFn);
+  } else {
+    // Fallback for number (may lose precision for very large values)
+    ptr = result >>> 0;  // Low 32 bits
+    len = Math.floor(result / 0x100000000);  // High 32 bits
+  }
+
+  // Check for failure (0, 0)
+  if (ptr === 0 || len === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // Copy bytes from WASM memory and decode as UTF-8
+  const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+  const bytes = mem.subarray(ptr, ptr + len);
+  const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
+  const watText = decoder.decode(bytes);
+
+  return watText;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decompile WASM bytes to GLSL source code.
+ * 
+ * This uses the WASM-to-GLSL decompiler to convert compiled shader WASM
+ * back into readable GLSL-like code.
+ * 
+ * @param {number} ctxHandle - Context handle
+ * @param {number} programHandle - Program handle
+ * @param {number} shaderType - Shader type (VERTEX_SHADER or FRAGMENT_SHADER)
+ * @returns {string | null} GLSL source code or null if not available
+ */
+export function getShaderGlsl(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType) {
+  const ctx = WasmWebGL2RenderingContext._contexts.get(ctxHandle);
+  if (!ctx) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid context handle');
+  }
+
+  // First get the WASM bytes for the shader
+  const wasmBytes = getShaderModule(ctxHandle, programHandle, shaderType);
+  if (!wasmBytes) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const ex = ctx._instance.exports;
+  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl !== 'function') {
+    throw new Error('wasm_decompile_to_glsl not found');
+  }
+
+  // Allocate memory in WASM for the input bytes
+  const wasmBytesLen = wasmBytes.length;
+  const wasmBytesPtr = ex.wasm_alloc(wasmBytesLen);
+  if (wasmBytesPtr === 0) {
+    throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for WASM bytes');
+  }
+
+  try {
+    // Copy WASM bytes to linear memory
+    const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+    mem.set(wasmBytes, wasmBytesPtr);
+
+    // Call the decompiler
+    const resultLen = ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl(wasmBytesPtr, wasmBytesLen);
+
+    if (resultLen === 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // Get the decompiled GLSL
+    const glslPtr = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_ptr();
+    const glslLen = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_len();
+
+    if (glslPtr === 0 || glslLen === 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // Read the GLSL string
+    const glslBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer).subarray(glslPtr, glslPtr + glslLen);
+    const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
+    return decoder.decode(glslBytes);
+  } finally {
+    // Free the allocated memory
+    ex.wasm_free(wasmBytesPtr);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decompile raw WASM bytes to GLSL source code.
+ * 
+ * This is a lower-level API that takes raw WASM bytes directly.
+ * 
+ * @param {WasmWebGL2RenderingContext} gl - WebGL2 context
+ * @param {Uint8Array} wasmBytes - Raw WASM bytecode to decompile
+ * @returns {string | null} GLSL source code or null on error
+ */
+export function decompileWasmToGlsl(gl, wasmBytes) {
+  if (!gl || !gl._instance) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid WebGL2 context');
+  }
+
+  const ex = gl._instance.exports;
+  if (!ex || typeof ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl !== 'function') {
+    throw new Error('wasm_decompile_to_glsl not found');
+  }
+
+  // Allocate memory in WASM for the input bytes
+  const wasmBytesLen = wasmBytes.length;
+  const wasmBytesPtr = ex.wasm_alloc(wasmBytesLen);
+  if (wasmBytesPtr === 0) {
+    throw new Error('Failed to allocate memory for WASM bytes');
+  }
+
+  try {
+    // Copy WASM bytes to linear memory
+    const mem = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer);
+    mem.set(wasmBytes, wasmBytesPtr);
+
+    // Call the decompiler
+    const resultLen = ex.wasm_decompile_to_glsl(wasmBytesPtr, wasmBytesLen);
+
+    if (resultLen === 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // Get the decompiled GLSL
+    const glslPtr = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_ptr();
+    const glslLen = ex.wasm_get_decompiled_glsl_len();
+
+    if (glslPtr === 0 || glslLen === 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // Read the GLSL string
+    const glslBytes = new Uint8Array(ex.memory.buffer).subarray(glslPtr, glslPtr + glslLen);
+    const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
+    return decoder.decode(glslBytes);
+  } finally {
+    // Free the allocated memory
+    ex.wasm_free(wasmBytesPtr);
+  }
+}