watr 4.3.4 → 4.4.0

package/src/optimize.js

@@ -18,11 +18,40 @@ const OPTS = {
   branch: true,       // simplify constant branches
   propagate: true,    // constant propagation through locals
   inline: true,       // inline tiny functions
+  vacuum: true,       // remove nops, drop-of-pure, empty branches
+  peephole: true,     // x-x→0, x&0→0, etc.
+  globals: true,      // propagate immutable global constants
+  offset: true,       // fold add+const into load/store offset
+  unbranch: true,     // remove redundant br at end of own block
+  stripmut: true,     // strip mut from never-written globals
+  brif: true,         // if-then-br → br_if
+  foldarms: true,     // merge identical trailing if arms
+  // minify: true,    // NOTE: disabled — renaming $ids has no binary-size effect
+                       // without a names section, and risks local-name collisions.
+  dedupe: true,       // eliminate duplicate functions
+  reorder: true,      // put hot functions first for smaller LEBs
+  dedupTypes: true,   // merge identical type definitions
+  packData: true,     // trim trailing zeros, merge adjacent data segments
+  minifyImports: false, // shorten import names — enable only when you control the host
 }
 
 /** All optimization names */
 const ALL = Object.keys(OPTS)
 
+/**
+ * Fast structural equality of two AST nodes.
+ * Stops at first difference. Handles BigInt without stringification.
+ */
+const equal = (a, b) => {
+  if (a === b) return true
+  if (typeof a !== typeof b) return false
+  if (typeof a === 'bigint') return a === b
+  if (!Array.isArray(a) || !Array.isArray(b)) return false
+  if (a.length !== b.length) return false
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) if (!equal(a[i], b[i])) return false
+  return true
+}
+
 /**
  * Normalize options to { opt: bool } map.
  * @param {boolean|string|Object} opts
@@ -33,7 +62,8 @@ const normalize = (opts) => {
   if (opts === false) return {}
   if (typeof opts === 'string') {
     const set = new Set(opts.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean))
-    // If single optimization name, enable just that one
+    // Special case: a single explicit pass name (e.g. 'fold') enables only that pass,
+    // rather than treating it as a sparse map where everything else is disabled.
     if (set.size === 1 && ALL.includes([...set][0])) {
       return Object.fromEntries(ALL.map(f => [f, set.has(f)]))
     }
@@ -83,6 +113,34 @@ const walkPost = (node, fn, parent, idx) => {
   return result !== undefined ? result : node
 }
 
+/**
+ * Locate the parts of an `(if ...)` node:
+ *   condIdx → index of the condition expression
+ *   cond    → the condition expression itself
+ *   thenBranch / elseBranch → the (then ...) / (else ...) sub-arrays, or null
+ * The condition sits after any leading `param`/`result` annotations and before
+ * the `then`/`else` arms.
+ */
+const parseIf = (node) => {
+  let condIdx = 1
+  while (condIdx < node.length) {
+    const c = node[condIdx]
+    if (Array.isArray(c) && (c[0] === 'then' || c[0] === 'else' || c[0] === 'result' || c[0] === 'param')) {
+      condIdx++
+      continue
+    }
+    break
+  }
+  let thenBranch = null, elseBranch = null
+  for (let i = condIdx + 1; i < node.length; i++) {
+    const c = node[i]
+    if (!Array.isArray(c)) continue
+    if (c[0] === 'then') thenBranch = c
+    else if (c[0] === 'else') elseBranch = c
+  }
+  return { condIdx, cond: node[condIdx], thenBranch, elseBranch }
+}
+
 // ==================== TREESHAKE ====================
 
 /**
@@ -94,192 +152,136 @@ const walkPost = (node, fn, parent, idx) => {
 const treeshake = (ast) => {
   if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
 
-  // Collect all definitions
-  const funcs = new Map()    // $name|idx → node
-  const globals = new Map()
-  const types = new Map()
-  const tables = new Map()
-  const memories = new Map()
-  const exports = []
-  const starts = []
+  // Index spaces. Each entry is shared between its $name key and its numeric idx
+  // key, so name/index lookups hit the same record. nodeMap covers reverse lookup
+  // (used during the filtering pass for unnamed definitions).
+  const funcs = new Map(), globals = new Map(), types = new Map()
+  const tables = new Map(), memories = new Map()
+  const nodeMap = new Map() // node → entry
+
+  const register = (map, node, idx, isImport = false) => {
+    const named = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$'
+    const name = named ? node[1] : idx
+    const inlineExported = !isImport && node.some(s => Array.isArray(s) && s[0] === 'export')
+    const entry = { node, idx, used: inlineExported, isImport }
+    map.set(name, entry)
+    if (named) map.set(idx, entry)
+    nodeMap.set(node, entry)
+    return entry
+  }
 
-  let funcIdx = 0, globalIdx = 0, typeIdx = 0, tableIdx = 0, memIdx = 0, importFuncIdx = 0
+  let funcIdx = 0, globalIdx = 0, typeIdx = 0, tableIdx = 0, memIdx = 0
+  const elems = [], exports = [], starts = []
 
   for (const node of ast.slice(1)) {
     if (!Array.isArray(node)) continue
     const kind = node[0]
-
-    if (kind === 'type') {
-      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : typeIdx
-      types.set(name, { node, idx: typeIdx, used: false })
-      if (typeof name === 'string') types.set(typeIdx, types.get(name))
-      typeIdx++
-    }
-    else if (kind === 'func') {
-      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : funcIdx
-      // Check for inline export: (func $name (export "...") ...)
-      const hasInlineExport = node.some(sub => Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'export')
-      funcs.set(name, { node, idx: funcIdx, used: hasInlineExport })
-      if (typeof name === 'string') funcs.set(funcIdx, funcs.get(name))
-      funcIdx++
-    }
-    else if (kind === 'global') {
-      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : globalIdx
-      const hasInlineExport = node.some(sub => Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'export')
-      globals.set(name, { node, idx: globalIdx, used: hasInlineExport })
-      if (typeof name === 'string') globals.set(globalIdx, globals.get(name))
-      globalIdx++
-    }
-    else if (kind === 'table') {
-      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : tableIdx
-      const hasInlineExport = node.some(sub => Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'export')
-      tables.set(name, { node, idx: tableIdx, used: hasInlineExport })
-      if (typeof name === 'string') tables.set(tableIdx, tables.get(name))
-      tableIdx++
-    }
-    else if (kind === 'memory') {
-      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : memIdx
-      const hasInlineExport = node.some(sub => Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'export')
-      memories.set(name, { node, idx: memIdx, used: hasInlineExport })
-      if (typeof name === 'string') memories.set(memIdx, memories.get(name))
-      memIdx++
-    }
+    if (kind === 'type')   register(types,   node, typeIdx++)
+    else if (kind === 'func')   register(funcs,   node, funcIdx++)
+    else if (kind === 'global') register(globals, node, globalIdx++)
+    else if (kind === 'table')  register(tables,  node, tableIdx++)
+    else if (kind === 'memory') register(memories, node, memIdx++)
     else if (kind === 'import') {
-      // Imports are always kept; mark as used
+      // Each import sub-item occupies its own slot in the relevant index space.
       for (const sub of node) {
-        if (Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'func') {
-          const name = typeof sub[1] === 'string' && sub[1][0] === '$' ? sub[1] : importFuncIdx
-          funcs.set(name, { node, idx: importFuncIdx, used: true, isImport: true })
-          if (typeof name === 'string') funcs.set(importFuncIdx, funcs.get(name))
-          importFuncIdx++
-          funcIdx++
-        }
+        if (!Array.isArray(sub)) continue
+        if (sub[0] === 'func')        register(funcs,    sub, funcIdx++,   true)
+        else if (sub[0] === 'global') register(globals,  sub, globalIdx++, true)
+        else if (sub[0] === 'table')  register(tables,   sub, tableIdx++,  true)
+        else if (sub[0] === 'memory') register(memories, sub, memIdx++,    true)
       }
     }
-    else if (kind === 'export') {
-      exports.push(node)
-    }
-    else if (kind === 'start') {
-      starts.push(node)
-    }
+    else if (kind === 'export') exports.push(node)
+    else if (kind === 'start') starts.push(node)
+    else if (kind === 'elem') elems.push(node)
+  }
+
+  // Worklist: function entries whose body still needs to be scanned for refs.
+  const work = []
+  const enqueue = (entry) => { if (entry && !entry.scanned) work.push(entry) }
+  const markFunc = (ref) => {
+    const e = funcs.get(ref); if (!e) return
+    if (!e.used) e.used = true
+    enqueue(e)
   }
+  const markGlobal = (ref) => { const e = globals.get(ref); if (e) e.used = true }
+  const markTable  = (ref) => { const e = tables.get(ref);  if (e) e.used = true }
+  const markMemory = (ref) => { const e = memories.get(ref); if (e) e.used = true }
+  const markType   = (ref) => { const e = types.get(ref);   if (e) e.used = true }
 
-  // Mark exports as used
+  // Roots: explicit exports, start funcs, elem-referenced funcs, inline-exported items.
   for (const exp of exports) {
     for (const sub of exp) {
       if (!Array.isArray(sub)) continue
       const [kind, ref] = sub
-      if (kind === 'func' && funcs.has(ref)) funcs.get(ref).used = true
-      else if (kind === 'global' && globals.has(ref)) globals.get(ref).used = true
-      else if (kind === 'table' && tables.has(ref)) tables.get(ref).used = true
-      else if (kind === 'memory' && memories.has(ref)) memories.get(ref).used = true
+      if (kind === 'func') markFunc(ref)
+      else if (kind === 'global') markGlobal(ref)
+      else if (kind === 'table') markTable(ref)
+      else if (kind === 'memory') markMemory(ref)
     }
   }
-
-  // Mark start function as used
   for (const start of starts) {
     let ref = start[1]
-    // Convert numeric string refs to numbers
     if (typeof ref === 'string' && ref[0] !== '$') ref = +ref
-    if (funcs.has(ref)) funcs.get(ref).used = true
+    markFunc(ref)
   }
-
-  // Count items with inline exports
-  let hasExports = exports.length > 0 || starts.length > 0
-  if (!hasExports) {
-    for (const [, entry] of funcs) if (entry.used) { hasExports = true; break }
-    if (!hasExports) for (const [, entry] of globals) if (entry.used) { hasExports = true; break }
-    if (!hasExports) for (const [, entry] of tables) if (entry.used) { hasExports = true; break }
-    if (!hasExports) for (const [, entry] of memories) if (entry.used) { hasExports = true; break }
+  for (const elem of elems) {
+    walk(elem, n => {
+      if (Array.isArray(n) && n[0] === 'ref.func') markFunc(n[1])
+      else if (typeof n === 'string' && n[0] === '$') markFunc(n)
+    })
   }
-
-  // If no exports/start at all, keep everything (module may be used differently)
-  if (!hasExports) {
-    for (const [, entry] of funcs) entry.used = true
-    for (const [, entry] of globals) entry.used = true
-    for (const [, entry] of tables) entry.used = true
-    for (const [, entry] of memories) entry.used = true
+  for (const m of [funcs, globals, tables, memories]) for (const e of m.values()) if (e.used) enqueue(e)
+
+  // If nothing anchors the module (no exports, start, elem, or inline exports),
+  // assume the module is consumed elsewhere and keep everything.
+  const hasAnchor = exports.length > 0 || starts.length > 0 || elems.length > 0 || work.length > 0
+  if (!hasAnchor) {
+    for (const m of [funcs, globals, tables, memories]) for (const e of m.values()) e.used = true
+    return ast
   }
 
-  // Mark elem-referenced functions as used
-  for (const node of ast.slice(1)) {
-    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'elem') continue
-    walk(node, n => {
-      if (Array.isArray(n) && n[0] === 'ref.func') {
-        const ref = n[1]
-        if (funcs.has(ref)) funcs.get(ref).used = true
+  // Drain worklist: each function body gets walked exactly once.
+  while (work.length) {
+    const entry = work.pop()
+    if (entry.scanned) continue
+    entry.scanned = true
+    if (entry.isImport) continue
+    walk(entry.node, n => {
+      if (!Array.isArray(n)) {
+        if (typeof n === 'string' && n[0] === '$') markFunc(n)
+        return
+      }
+      const [op, ref] = n
+      if (op === 'call' || op === 'return_call' || op === 'ref.func') markFunc(ref)
+      else if (op === 'global.get' || op === 'global.set') markGlobal(ref)
+      else if (op === 'type') markType(ref)
+      else if (op === 'call_indirect' || op === 'return_call_indirect') {
+        for (const sub of n) if (typeof sub === 'string' && sub[0] === '$') markTable(sub)
       }
-      // Also plain func refs in elem
-      if (typeof n === 'string' && n[0] === '$' && funcs.has(n)) funcs.get(n).used = true
     })
   }
 
-  // Propagate: find dependencies of used functions
-  let changed = true
-  while (changed) {
-    changed = false
-    for (const [, entry] of funcs) {
-      if (!entry.used || entry.isImport) continue
-      walk(entry.node, n => {
-        if (!Array.isArray(n)) {
-          // Direct func reference
-          if (typeof n === 'string' && n[0] === '$' && funcs.has(n) && !funcs.get(n).used) {
-            funcs.get(n).used = true
-            changed = true
-          }
-          return
-        }
-        const [op, ref] = n
-        if ((op === 'call' || op === 'return_call' || op === 'ref.func') && funcs.has(ref) && !funcs.get(ref).used) {
-          funcs.get(ref).used = true
-          changed = true
-        }
-        if ((op === 'global.get' || op === 'global.set') && globals.has(ref) && !globals.get(ref).used) {
-          globals.get(ref).used = true
-          changed = true
-        }
-        if (op === 'call_indirect' || op === 'return_call_indirect') {
-          // Tables used by call_indirect
-          for (const sub of n) {
-            if (typeof sub === 'string' && sub[0] === '$' && tables.has(sub) && !tables.get(sub).used) {
-              tables.get(sub).used = true
-              changed = true
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        if (op === 'type' && types.has(ref) && !types.get(ref).used) {
-          types.get(ref).used = true
-          changed = true
-        }
-      })
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Filter AST keeping only used items
+  // Filter: keep used definitions. nodeMap handles unnamed entries directly.
   const result = ['module']
   for (const node of ast.slice(1)) {
     if (!Array.isArray(node)) { result.push(node); continue }
     const kind = node[0]
-
-    if (kind === 'func') {
-      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : null
-      const entry = name ? funcs.get(name) : [...funcs.values()].find(e => e.node === node)
-      if (entry?.used) result.push(node)
-    }
-    else if (kind === 'global') {
-      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : null
-      const entry = name ? globals.get(name) : [...globals.values()].find(e => e.node === node)
-      if (entry?.used) result.push(node)
-    }
-    else if (kind === 'type') {
-      // Keep all types for now (complex to treeshake due to inline types)
-      result.push(node)
-    }
-    else {
+    if (kind === 'func' || kind === 'global' || kind === 'type') {
+      if (nodeMap.get(node)?.used) result.push(node)
+    } else if (kind === 'import') {
+      // Keep import only if any of its sub-items is used.
+      let used = false
+      for (const sub of node) {
+        if (!Array.isArray(sub)) continue
+        const e = nodeMap.get(sub)
+        if (e?.used) { used = true; break }
+      }
+      if (used) result.push(node)
+    } else {
       result.push(node)
     }
   }
-
   return result
 }
 
@@ -288,92 +290,109 @@ const treeshake = (ast) => {
 /** IEEE 754 roundTiesToEven (bankers' rounding) */
 const roundEven = (x) => x - Math.floor(x) !== 0.5 ? Math.round(x) : 2 * Math.round(x / 2)
 
-/** Operators that can be constant-folded */
+/** Build i32 comparison folder: returns 1/0 */
+const i32c = (fn) => (a, b) => fn(a, b) ? 1 : 0
+/** Build unsigned i32 comparison folder */
+const u32c = (fn) => (a, b) => fn(a >>> 0, b >>> 0) ? 1 : 0
+/** Build i64 comparison folder */
+const i64c = (fn) => (a, b) => fn(a, b) ? 1 : 0
+/** Build unsigned i64 comparison folder */
+const u64c = (fn) => (a, b) => fn(BigInt.asUintN(64, a), BigInt.asUintN(64, b)) ? 1 : 0
+
+/**
+ * Constant folders, keyed by op. Each entry is [fn, resultType].
+ * Comparisons return i32, conversions return their named output type.
+ */
 const FOLDABLE = {
-  // i32
-  'i32.add': (a, b) => (a + b) | 0,
-  'i32.sub': (a, b) => (a - b) | 0,
-  'i32.mul': (a, b) => Math.imul(a, b),
-  'i32.div_s': (a, b) => b !== 0 ? (a / b) | 0 : null,
-  'i32.div_u': (a, b) => b !== 0 ? ((a >>> 0) / (b >>> 0)) | 0 : null,
-  'i32.rem_s': (a, b) => b !== 0 ? (a % b) | 0 : null,
-  'i32.rem_u': (a, b) => b !== 0 ? ((a >>> 0) % (b >>> 0)) | 0 : null,
-  'i32.and': (a, b) => a & b,
-  'i32.or': (a, b) => a | b,
-  'i32.xor': (a, b) => a ^ b,
-  'i32.shl': (a, b) => a << (b & 31),
-  'i32.shr_s': (a, b) => a >> (b & 31),
-  'i32.shr_u': (a, b) => a >>> (b & 31),
-  'i32.rotl': (a, b) => { b &= 31; return ((a << b) | (a >>> (32 - b))) | 0 },
-  'i32.rotr': (a, b) => { b &= 31; return ((a >>> b) | (a << (32 - b))) | 0 },
-  'i32.eq': (a, b) => a === b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.ne': (a, b) => a !== b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.lt_s': (a, b) => a < b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.lt_u': (a, b) => (a >>> 0) < (b >>> 0) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.gt_s': (a, b) => a > b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.gt_u': (a, b) => (a >>> 0) > (b >>> 0) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.le_s': (a, b) => a <= b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.le_u': (a, b) => (a >>> 0) <= (b >>> 0) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.ge_s': (a, b) => a >= b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.ge_u': (a, b) => (a >>> 0) >= (b >>> 0) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.eqz': (a) => a === 0 ? 1 : 0,
-  'i32.clz': (a) => Math.clz32(a),
-  'i32.ctz': (a) => a === 0 ? 32 : 31 - Math.clz32(a & -a),
-  'i32.popcnt': (a) => { let c = 0; while (a) { c += a & 1; a >>>= 1 } return c },
-  'i32.wrap_i64': (a) => Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, a)),
+  // i32 arithmetic
+  'i32.add': [(a, b) => (a + b) | 0, 'i32'],
+  'i32.sub': [(a, b) => (a - b) | 0, 'i32'],
+  'i32.mul': [(a, b) => Math.imul(a, b), 'i32'],
+  'i32.div_s': [(a, b) => b !== 0 ? (a / b) | 0 : null, 'i32'],
+  'i32.div_u': [(a, b) => b !== 0 ? ((a >>> 0) / (b >>> 0)) | 0 : null, 'i32'],
+  'i32.rem_s': [(a, b) => b !== 0 ? (a % b) | 0 : null, 'i32'],
+  'i32.rem_u': [(a, b) => b !== 0 ? ((a >>> 0) % (b >>> 0)) | 0 : null, 'i32'],
+  'i32.and': [(a, b) => a & b, 'i32'],
+  'i32.or':  [(a, b) => a | b, 'i32'],
+  'i32.xor': [(a, b) => a ^ b, 'i32'],
+  'i32.shl':   [(a, b) => a << (b & 31), 'i32'],
+  'i32.shr_s': [(a, b) => a >> (b & 31), 'i32'],
+  'i32.shr_u': [(a, b) => a >>> (b & 31), 'i32'],
+  'i32.rotl': [(a, b) => { b &= 31; return ((a << b) | (a >>> (32 - b))) | 0 }, 'i32'],
+  'i32.rotr': [(a, b) => { b &= 31; return ((a >>> b) | (a << (32 - b))) | 0 }, 'i32'],
+  'i32.eq':   [i32c((a, b) => a === b), 'i32'],
+  'i32.ne':   [i32c((a, b) => a !== b), 'i32'],
+  'i32.lt_s': [i32c((a, b) => a < b),  'i32'],
+  'i32.lt_u': [u32c((a, b) => a < b),  'i32'],
+  'i32.gt_s': [i32c((a, b) => a > b),  'i32'],
+  'i32.gt_u': [u32c((a, b) => a > b),  'i32'],
+  'i32.le_s': [i32c((a, b) => a <= b), 'i32'],
+  'i32.le_u': [u32c((a, b) => a <= b), 'i32'],
+  'i32.ge_s': [i32c((a, b) => a >= b), 'i32'],
+  'i32.ge_u': [u32c((a, b) => a >= b), 'i32'],
+  'i32.eqz':   [(a) => a === 0 ? 1 : 0, 'i32'],
+  'i32.clz':   [(a) => Math.clz32(a), 'i32'],
+  'i32.ctz':   [(a) => a === 0 ? 32 : 31 - Math.clz32(a & -a), 'i32'],
+  'i32.popcnt': [(a) => { let c = 0; while (a) { c += a & 1; a >>>= 1 } return c }, 'i32'],
+  'i32.wrap_i64':   [(a) => Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, a)), 'i32'],
+  'i32.extend8_s':  [(a) => (a << 24) >> 24, 'i32'],
+  'i32.extend16_s': [(a) => (a << 16) >> 16, 'i32'],
 
   // i64 (using BigInt)
-  'i64.add': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a + b),
-  'i64.sub': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a - b),
-  'i64.mul': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a * b),
-  'i64.div_s': (a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asIntN(64, a / b) : null,
-  'i64.div_u': (a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt.asUintN(64, a) / BigInt.asUintN(64, b)) : null,
-  'i64.rem_s': (a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asIntN(64, a % b) : null,
-  'i64.rem_u': (a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt.asUintN(64, a) % BigInt.asUintN(64, b)) : null,
-  'i64.and': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a & b),
-  'i64.or': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a | b),
-  'i64.xor': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a ^ b),
-  'i64.shl': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a << (b & 63n)),
-  'i64.shr_s': (a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a >> (b & 63n)),
-  'i64.shr_u': (a, b) => BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt.asUintN(64, a) >> (b & 63n)),
-  'i64.eq': (a, b) => a === b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.ne': (a, b) => a !== b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.lt_s': (a, b) => a < b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.lt_u': (a, b) => BigInt.asUintN(64, a) < BigInt.asUintN(64, b) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.gt_s': (a, b) => a > b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.gt_u': (a, b) => BigInt.asUintN(64, a) > BigInt.asUintN(64, b) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.le_s': (a, b) => a <= b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.le_u': (a, b) => BigInt.asUintN(64, a) <= BigInt.asUintN(64, b) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.ge_s': (a, b) => a >= b ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.ge_u': (a, b) => BigInt.asUintN(64, a) >= BigInt.asUintN(64, b) ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.eqz': (a) => a === 0n ? 1 : 0,
-  'i64.extend_i32_s': (a) => BigInt(a),
-  'i64.extend_i32_u': (a) => BigInt(a >>> 0),
-
-  // f32/f64 - be careful with NaN/precision
-  'f32.add': (a, b) => Math.fround(a + b),
-  'f32.sub': (a, b) => Math.fround(a - b),
-  'f32.mul': (a, b) => Math.fround(a * b),
-  'f32.div': (a, b) => Math.fround(a / b),
-  'f32.neg': (a) => Math.fround(-a),
-  'f32.abs': (a) => Math.fround(Math.abs(a)),
-  'f32.sqrt': (a) => Math.fround(Math.sqrt(a)),
-  'f32.ceil': (a) => Math.fround(Math.ceil(a)),
-  'f32.floor': (a) => Math.fround(Math.floor(a)),
-  'f32.trunc': (a) => Math.fround(Math.trunc(a)),
-  'f32.nearest': (a) => Math.fround(roundEven(a)),
-
-  'f64.add': (a, b) => a + b,
-  'f64.sub': (a, b) => a - b,
-  'f64.mul': (a, b) => a * b,
-  'f64.div': (a, b) => a / b,
-  'f64.neg': (a) => -a,
-  'f64.abs': (a) => Math.abs(a),
-  'f64.sqrt': (a) => Math.sqrt(a),
-  'f64.ceil': (a) => Math.ceil(a),
-  'f64.floor': (a) => Math.floor(a),
-  'f64.trunc': (a) => Math.trunc(a),
-  'f64.nearest': roundEven,
+  'i64.add': [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a + b), 'i64'],
+  'i64.sub': [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a - b), 'i64'],
+  'i64.mul': [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a * b), 'i64'],
+  'i64.div_s': [(a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asIntN(64, a / b) : null, 'i64'],
+  'i64.div_u': [(a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt.asUintN(64, a) / BigInt.asUintN(64, b)) : null, 'i64'],
+  'i64.rem_s': [(a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asIntN(64, a % b) : null, 'i64'],
+  'i64.rem_u': [(a, b) => b !== 0n ? BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt.asUintN(64, a) % BigInt.asUintN(64, b)) : null, 'i64'],
+  'i64.and': [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a & b), 'i64'],
+  'i64.or':  [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a | b), 'i64'],
+  'i64.xor': [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a ^ b), 'i64'],
+  'i64.shl':   [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a << (b & 63n)), 'i64'],
+  'i64.shr_s': [(a, b) => BigInt.asIntN(64, a >> (b & 63n)), 'i64'],
+  'i64.shr_u': [(a, b) => BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt.asUintN(64, a) >> (b & 63n)), 'i64'],
+  'i64.eq':   [i64c((a, b) => a === b), 'i32'],
+  'i64.ne':   [i64c((a, b) => a !== b), 'i32'],
+  'i64.lt_s': [i64c((a, b) => a < b),   'i32'],
+  'i64.lt_u': [u64c((a, b) => a < b),   'i32'],
+  'i64.gt_s': [i64c((a, b) => a > b),   'i32'],
+  'i64.gt_u': [u64c((a, b) => a > b),   'i32'],
+  'i64.le_s': [i64c((a, b) => a <= b),  'i32'],
+  'i64.le_u': [u64c((a, b) => a <= b),  'i32'],
+  'i64.ge_s': [i64c((a, b) => a >= b),  'i32'],
+  'i64.ge_u': [u64c((a, b) => a >= b),  'i32'],
+  'i64.eqz': [(a) => a === 0n ? 1 : 0, 'i32'],
+  'i64.extend_i32_s': [(a) => BigInt(a), 'i64'],
+  'i64.extend_i32_u': [(a) => BigInt(a >>> 0), 'i64'],
+  'i64.extend8_s':    [(a) => BigInt.asIntN(64, BigInt.asIntN(8, a)),  'i64'],
+  'i64.extend16_s':   [(a) => BigInt.asIntN(64, BigInt.asIntN(16, a)), 'i64'],
+  'i64.extend32_s':   [(a) => BigInt.asIntN(64, BigInt.asIntN(32, a)), 'i64'],
+
+  // f32/f64 (NaN/precision-aware via Math.fround)
+  'f32.add': [(a, b) => Math.fround(a + b), 'f32'],
+  'f32.sub': [(a, b) => Math.fround(a - b), 'f32'],
+  'f32.mul': [(a, b) => Math.fround(a * b), 'f32'],
+  'f32.div': [(a, b) => Math.fround(a / b), 'f32'],
+  'f32.neg':   [(a) => Math.fround(-a), 'f32'],
+  'f32.abs':   [(a) => Math.fround(Math.abs(a)), 'f32'],
+  'f32.sqrt':  [(a) => Math.fround(Math.sqrt(a)), 'f32'],
+  'f32.ceil':  [(a) => Math.fround(Math.ceil(a)), 'f32'],
+  'f32.floor': [(a) => Math.fround(Math.floor(a)), 'f32'],
+  'f32.trunc': [(a) => Math.fround(Math.trunc(a)), 'f32'],
+  'f32.nearest': [(a) => Math.fround(roundEven(a)), 'f32'],
+
+  'f64.add': [(a, b) => a + b, 'f64'],
+  'f64.sub': [(a, b) => a - b, 'f64'],
+  'f64.mul': [(a, b) => a * b, 'f64'],
+  'f64.div': [(a, b) => a / b, 'f64'],
+  'f64.neg':   [(a) => -a, 'f64'],
+  'f64.abs':   [Math.abs, 'f64'],
+  'f64.sqrt':  [Math.sqrt, 'f64'],
+  'f64.ceil':  [Math.ceil, 'f64'],
+  'f64.floor': [Math.floor, 'f64'],
+  'f64.trunc': [Math.trunc, 'f64'],
+  'f64.nearest': [roundEven, 'f64'],
 }
 
 /**
@@ -413,124 +432,80 @@ const makeConst = (type, value) => {
 const fold = (ast) => {
   return walkPost(clone(ast), (node) => {
     if (!Array.isArray(node)) return
-    const op = node[0]
-    const fn = FOLDABLE[op]
-    if (!fn) return
+    const entry = FOLDABLE[node[0]]
+    if (!entry) return
+    const [fn, t] = entry
 
-    // Unary ops
+    // Unary
     if (fn.length === 1 && node.length === 2) {
       const a = getConst(node[1])
       if (!a) return
-      const result = fn(a.value)
-      if (result === null) return
-      const resultType = op.startsWith('i64.') && !op.includes('eqz') ? 'i64' :
-                         op.startsWith('f32.') ? 'f32' :
-                         op.startsWith('f64.') ? 'f64' : 'i32'
-      return makeConst(resultType, result)
+      const r = fn(a.value)
+      if (r === null) return
+      return makeConst(t, r)
     }
-
-    // Binary ops
+    // Binary
     if (fn.length === 2 && node.length === 3) {
-      const a = getConst(node[1])
-      const b = getConst(node[2])
+      const a = getConst(node[1]), b = getConst(node[2])
       if (!a || !b) return
-      const result = fn(a.value, b.value)
-      if (result === null) return
-      // Comparisons return i32
-      const isCompare = /\.(eq|ne|[lg][te])/.test(op)
-      const resultType = isCompare ? 'i32' :
-                         op.startsWith('i64.') ? 'i64' :
-                         op.startsWith('f32.') ? 'f32' :
-                         op.startsWith('f64.') ? 'f64' : 'i32'
-      return makeConst(resultType, result)
+      const r = fn(a.value, b.value)
+      if (r === null) return
+      return makeConst(t, r)
     }
   })
 }
 
 // ==================== IDENTITY REMOVAL ====================
 
+/**
+ * Create identity checker for commutative binary ops:
+ *   neutral op x → x  and  x op neutral → x
+ */
+const commutativeIdentity = (neutral) => (a, b) => {
+  const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+  if (ca?.value === neutral) return b
+  if (cb?.value === neutral) return a
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create identity checker for right-neutral binary ops:
+ *   x op neutral → x
+ */
+const rightIdentity = (neutral) => (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === neutral ? a : null
+
 /** Identity operations that can be simplified */
 const IDENTITIES = {
   // x + 0 → x, 0 + x → x
-  'i32.add': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 0) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 0) return a
-    return null
-  },
-  'i64.add': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 0n) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 0n) return a
-    return null
-  },
+  'i32.add': commutativeIdentity(0),
+  'i64.add': commutativeIdentity(0n),
   // x - 0 → x
-  'i32.sub': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0 ? a : null,
-  'i64.sub': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0n ? a : null,
+  'i32.sub': rightIdentity(0),
+  'i64.sub': rightIdentity(0n),
   // x * 1 → x, 1 * x → x
-  'i32.mul': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 1) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 1) return a
-    return null
-  },
-  'i64.mul': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 1n) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 1n) return a
-    return null
-  },
+  'i32.mul': commutativeIdentity(1),
+  'i64.mul': commutativeIdentity(1n),
   // x / 1 → x
-  'i32.div_s': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 1 ? a : null,
-  'i32.div_u': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 1 ? a : null,
-  'i64.div_s': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 1n ? a : null,
-  'i64.div_u': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 1n ? a : null,
+  'i32.div_s': rightIdentity(1),
+  'i32.div_u': rightIdentity(1),
+  'i64.div_s': rightIdentity(1n),
+  'i64.div_u': rightIdentity(1n),
   // x & -1 → x, -1 & x → x (all bits set)
-  'i32.and': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === -1) return b
-    if (cb?.value === -1) return a
-    return null
-  },
-  'i64.and': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === -1n) return b
-    if (cb?.value === -1n) return a
-    return null
-  },
+  'i32.and': commutativeIdentity(-1),
+  'i64.and': commutativeIdentity(-1n),
   // x | 0 → x, 0 | x → x
-  'i32.or': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 0) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 0) return a
-    return null
-  },
-  'i64.or': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 0n) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 0n) return a
-    return null
-  },
+  'i32.or': commutativeIdentity(0),
+  'i64.or': commutativeIdentity(0n),
   // x ^ 0 → x, 0 ^ x → x
-  'i32.xor': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 0) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 0) return a
-    return null
-  },
-  'i64.xor': (a, b) => {
-    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
-    if (ca?.value === 0n) return b
-    if (cb?.value === 0n) return a
-    return null
-  },
+  'i32.xor': commutativeIdentity(0),
+  'i64.xor': commutativeIdentity(0n),
   // x << 0 → x, x >> 0 → x
-  'i32.shl': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0 ? a : null,
-  'i32.shr_s': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0 ? a : null,
-  'i32.shr_u': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0 ? a : null,
-  'i64.shl': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0n ? a : null,
-  'i64.shr_s': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0n ? a : null,
-  'i64.shr_u': (a, b) => getConst(b)?.value === 0n ? a : null,
+  'i32.shl': rightIdentity(0),
+  'i32.shr_s': rightIdentity(0),
+  'i32.shr_u': rightIdentity(0),
+  'i64.shl': rightIdentity(0n),
+  'i64.shr_s': rightIdentity(0n),
+  'i64.shr_u': rightIdentity(0n),
   // f + 0 → x (careful with -0.0, skip for floats)
   // f * 1 → x (careful with NaN, skip for floats)
 }
@@ -636,50 +611,15 @@ const branch = (ast) => {
     // (if (i32.const 0) then else) → else
     // (if (i32.const N) then else) → then (N != 0)
     if (op === 'if') {
-      // Find condition - first non-annotation child that's an expression
-      let condIdx = 1
-      while (condIdx < node.length) {
-        const child = node[condIdx]
-        if (Array.isArray(child) && (child[0] === 'then' || child[0] === 'else' || child[0] === 'result' || child[0] === 'param')) {
-          condIdx++
-          continue
-        }
-        break
-      }
-
-      const cond = node[condIdx]
+      const { cond, thenBranch, elseBranch } = parseIf(node)
       const c = getConst(cond)
       if (!c) return
-
-      // Find then/else branches
-      let thenBranch = null, elseBranch = null
-      for (let i = condIdx + 1; i < node.length; i++) {
-        const child = node[i]
-        if (Array.isArray(child)) {
-          if (child[0] === 'then') thenBranch = child
-          else if (child[0] === 'else') elseBranch = child
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Condition is truthy → replace with then contents
-      if (c.value !== 0 && c.value !== 0n) {
-        if (thenBranch && thenBranch.length > 1) {
-          // Return block with then contents (or just contents if single)
-          const contents = thenBranch.slice(1)
-          if (contents.length === 1) return contents[0]
-          return ['block', ...contents]
-        }
-        return ['nop']
-      }
-      // Condition is falsy → replace with else contents
-      else {
-        if (elseBranch && elseBranch.length > 1) {
-          const contents = elseBranch.slice(1)
-          if (contents.length === 1) return contents[0]
-          return ['block', ...contents]
-        }
-        return ['nop']
+      const taken = c.value !== 0 && c.value !== 0n ? thenBranch : elseBranch
+      if (taken && taken.length > 1) {
+        const contents = taken.slice(1)
+        return contents.length === 1 ? contents[0] : ['block', ...contents]
       }
+      return ['nop']
     }
 
     // (br_if $label (i32.const 0)) → nop
@@ -847,14 +787,33 @@ const localReuse = (ast) => {
 
 // ==================== PROPAGATION & LOCAL ELIMINATION ====================
 
-/** Check if expression is pure (no side effects, no memory ops) */
+/** Operators with side effects: calls, mutators, control flow, exceptions, drops. */
+const IMPURE_OPS = new Set([
+  'call', 'call_indirect', 'return_call', 'return_call_indirect',
+  'table.set', 'table.grow', 'table.fill', 'table.copy', 'table.init',
+  'struct.set', 'struct.new',
+  'array.set', 'array.new', 'array.new_fixed', 'array.new_data', 'array.new_elem',
+  'array.init_data', 'array.init_elem', 'ref.i31',
+  'global.set', 'local.set', 'local.tee',
+  'unreachable', 'return',
+  'br', 'br_if', 'br_table', 'br_on_null', 'br_on_non_null', 'br_on_cast', 'br_on_cast_fail',
+  'throw', 'rethrow', 'throw_ref', 'try_table',
+  'data.drop', 'elem.drop',
+])
+
+/** Substrings that flag an op as side-effecting (loads can trap, stores/atomics/memory ops mutate). */
+const IMPURE_SUBSTRINGS = ['.store', 'memory.', '.atomic.']
+
+/**
+ * Pure means: no side effects, no traps we care about, no control flow.
+ * Conservative — returns false for anything that might trap, mutate state, or branch.
+ */
 const isPure = (node) => {
   if (!Array.isArray(node)) return true
   const op = node[0]
   if (typeof op !== 'string') return false
-  if (op === 'call' || op === 'call_indirect' || op === 'return_call' || op === 'return_call_indirect') return false
-  if (op.includes('.store') || op.includes('.load') || op.includes('memory.')) return false
-  if (op === 'global.set') return false
+  if (IMPURE_OPS.has(op)) return false
+  for (const sub of IMPURE_SUBSTRINGS) if (op.includes(sub)) return false
   for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) if (Array.isArray(node[i]) && !isPure(node[i])) return false
   return true
 }
@@ -882,6 +841,151 @@ const substGets = (node, known) => walkPost(node, n => {
   if (k && canSubst(k)) return clone(k.val)
 })
 
+/**
+ * Forward propagation pass: track local.set values and substitute local.gets.
+ * Returns true if any substitution was made.
+ * @param {Array} funcNode
+ * @param {Set<string>} params
+ * @param {Map<string,{gets:number,sets:number,tees:number}>} useCounts
+ */
+const forwardPropagate = (funcNode, params, useCounts) => {
+  let changed = false
+  const getUseCount = name => useCounts.get(name) || { gets: 0, sets: 0, tees: 0 }
+  const known = new Map()
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < funcNode.length; i++) {
+    const instr = funcNode[i]
+    if (!Array.isArray(instr)) continue
+    const op = instr[0]
+
+    if (op === 'param' || op === 'result' || op === 'local' || op === 'type' || op === 'export') continue
+
+    // Track local.set values
+    if (op === 'local.set' && instr.length === 3 && typeof instr[1] === 'string') {
+      substGets(instr[2], known) // substitute known values in RHS
+      const uses = getUseCount(instr[1])
+      known.set(instr[1], {
+        val: instr[2], pure: isPure(instr[2]),
+        singleUse: uses.gets <= 1 && uses.sets <= 1 && uses.tees === 0
+      })
+      continue
+    }
+
+    // Invalidate at control-flow boundaries
+    if (op === 'block' || op === 'loop' || op === 'if') known.clear()
+    // Calls only invalidate non-constant tracked values
+    if (op === 'call' || op === 'call_indirect' || op === 'return_call' || op === 'return_call_indirect')
+      for (const [key, tracked] of known) if (!getConst(tracked.val)) known.delete(key)
+
+    // Substitute: standalone local.get (walkPost can't replace root)
+    if (op === 'local.get' && instr.length === 2 && typeof instr[1] === 'string') {
+      const tracked = known.get(instr[1])
+      if (tracked && canSubst(tracked)) {
+        const replacement = clone(tracked.val)
+        instr.length = 0; instr.push(...(Array.isArray(replacement) ? replacement : [replacement]))
+        changed = true; continue
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Substitute nested local.gets (skip control-flow nodes — locals may be reassigned inside)
+    if (op !== 'block' && op !== 'loop' && op !== 'if') {
+      const prev = clone(instr)
+      substGets(instr, known)
+      if (!equal(prev, instr)) changed = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return changed
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove adjacent (local.set $x expr) (local.get $x) pairs when $x has no other uses.
+ * Returns true if any pair was removed.
+ * @param {Array} funcNode
+ * @param {Set<string>} params
+ * @param {Map<string,{gets:number,sets:number,tees:number}>} useCounts
+ */
+const eliminateSetGetPairs = (funcNode, params, useCounts) => {
+  let changed = false
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < funcNode.length - 1; i++) {
+    const setNode = funcNode[i]
+    const getNode = funcNode[i + 1]
+    if (!Array.isArray(setNode) || setNode[0] !== 'local.set' || setNode.length !== 3) continue
+    if (!Array.isArray(getNode) || getNode[0] !== 'local.get' || getNode.length !== 2) continue
+    const name = setNode[1]
+    if (getNode[1] !== name || params.has(name)) continue
+    const uses = useCounts.get(name) || { gets: 0, sets: 0, tees: 0 }
+    // Must be exactly 1 set and 1 get (the pair), no tees
+    if (uses.sets !== 1 || uses.gets !== 1 || uses.tees !== 0) continue
+    // Replace the pair with just the expression
+    const expr = clone(setNode[2])
+    funcNode.splice(i, 2, ...(Array.isArray(expr) ? [expr] : [expr]))
+    changed = true
+    i-- // adjust index because we removed 2 and inserted 1
+  }
+
+  return changed
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert (local.set $x expr) (local.get $x) to (local.tee $x expr)
+ * when $x has additional uses beyond this pair.
+ * @param {Array} funcNode
+ * @param {Set<string>} params
+ * @param {Map<string,{gets:number,sets:number,tees:number}>} useCounts
+ */
+const createLocalTees = (funcNode, params, useCounts) => {
+  let changed = false
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < funcNode.length - 1; i++) {
+    const setNode = funcNode[i]
+    const getNode = funcNode[i + 1]
+    if (!Array.isArray(setNode) || setNode[0] !== 'local.set' || setNode.length !== 3) continue
+    if (!Array.isArray(getNode) || getNode[0] !== 'local.get' || getNode.length !== 2) continue
+    const name = setNode[1]
+    if (getNode[1] !== name || params.has(name)) continue
+    const uses = useCounts.get(name) || { gets: 0, sets: 0, tees: 0 }
+    // Only if there's more than just this set+get pair
+    if (uses.sets + uses.gets + uses.tees <= 2) continue
+    // Replace with local.tee (set+get combined)
+    funcNode.splice(i, 2, ['local.tee', name, clone(setNode[2])])
+    changed = true
+  }
+
+  return changed
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove dead stores and unused local declarations in a reverse pass.
+ * Returns true if anything was removed.
+ * @param {Array} funcNode
+ * @param {Set<string>} params
+ * @param {Map<string,{gets:number,sets:number,tees:number}>} useCounts
+ */
+const eliminateDeadStores = (funcNode, params, useCounts) => {
+  let changed = false
+  const getPostUseCount = name => useCounts.get(name) || { gets: 0, sets: 0, tees: 0 }
+
+  for (let i = funcNode.length - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
+    const sub = funcNode[i]
+    if (!Array.isArray(sub)) continue
+    const name = typeof sub[1] === 'string' ? sub[1] : null
+    if (!name || params.has(name)) continue
+    const uses = getPostUseCount(name)
+    // Dead store: set but never read, pure RHS
+    if (sub[0] === 'local.set' && uses.gets === 0 && uses.tees === 0 && isPure(sub[2])) {
+      funcNode.splice(i, 1); changed = true
+    }
+    // Unused local declaration
+    else if (sub[0] === 'local' && name[0] === '$' && uses.gets === 0 && uses.sets === 0 && uses.tees === 0) {
+      funcNode.splice(i, 1); changed = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  return changed
+}
+
 /**
  * Propagate values through locals and eliminate single-use/dead locals.
  * Constants propagate to all uses; pure single-use exprs inline into get site.
@@ -897,73 +1001,15 @@ const propagate = (ast) => {
     for (const sub of funcNode)
       if (Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'param' && typeof sub[1] === 'string') params.add(sub[1])
 
+    // useCounts must be refreshed before every sub-pass: each mutation
+    // (substitution, set/get pair removal, tee creation, dead-store removal)
+    // changes the gets/sets/tees totals that downstream sub-passes rely on.
     for (let pass = 0; pass < 4; pass++) {
       let changed = false
-      const uses = countLocalUses(funcNode)
-      const getUses = name => uses.get(name) || { gets: 0, sets: 0, tees: 0 }
-      const known = new Map()
-
-      for (let i = 1; i < funcNode.length; i++) {
-        const instr = funcNode[i]
-        if (!Array.isArray(instr)) continue
-        const op = instr[0]
-
-        if (op === 'param' || op === 'result' || op === 'local' || op === 'type' || op === 'export') continue
-
-        // Track local.set values
-        if (op === 'local.set' && instr.length === 3 && typeof instr[1] === 'string') {
-          substGets(instr[2], known) // substitute known values in RHS
-          const u = getUses(instr[1])
-          known.set(instr[1], {
-            val: instr[2], pure: isPure(instr[2]),
-            singleUse: u.gets <= 1 && u.sets <= 1 && u.tees === 0
-          })
-          continue
-        }
-
-        // Invalidate at control-flow boundaries
-        if (op === 'block' || op === 'loop' || op === 'if') known.clear()
-        // Calls only invalidate non-constant tracked values
-        if (op === 'call' || op === 'call_indirect' || op === 'return_call' || op === 'return_call_indirect')
-          for (const [k, v] of known) if (!getConst(v.val)) known.delete(k)
-
-        // Substitute: standalone local.get (walkPost can't replace root)
-        if (op === 'local.get' && instr.length === 2 && typeof instr[1] === 'string') {
-          const k = known.get(instr[1])
-          if (k && canSubst(k)) {
-            const r = clone(k.val)
-            instr.length = 0; instr.push(...(Array.isArray(r) ? r : [r]))
-            changed = true; continue
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Substitute nested local.gets (skip control-flow nodes — locals may be reassigned inside)
-        if (op !== 'block' && op !== 'loop' && op !== 'if') {
-          const prev = JSON.stringify(instr)
-          substGets(instr, known)
-          if (JSON.stringify(instr) !== prev) changed = true
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Remove dead stores + unused local decls in one reverse pass
-      const postUses = countLocalUses(funcNode)
-      const pu = name => postUses.get(name) || { gets: 0, sets: 0, tees: 0 }
-      for (let i = funcNode.length - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
-        const sub = funcNode[i]
-        if (!Array.isArray(sub)) continue
-        const name = typeof sub[1] === 'string' ? sub[1] : null
-        if (!name || params.has(name)) continue
-        const u = pu(name)
-        // Dead store: set but never read, pure RHS
-        if (sub[0] === 'local.set' && u.gets === 0 && u.tees === 0 && isPure(sub[2])) {
-          funcNode.splice(i, 1); changed = true
-        }
-        // Unused local declaration
-        else if (sub[0] === 'local' && name[0] === '$' && u.gets === 0 && u.sets === 0 && u.tees === 0) {
-          funcNode.splice(i, 1); changed = true
-        }
-      }
-
+      if (forwardPropagate(funcNode, params, countLocalUses(funcNode))) changed = true
+      if (eliminateSetGetPairs(funcNode, params, countLocalUses(funcNode))) changed = true
+      if (createLocalTees(funcNode, params, countLocalUses(funcNode))) changed = true
+      if (eliminateDeadStores(funcNode, params, countLocalUses(funcNode))) changed = true
       if (!changed) break
     }
   })
@@ -1018,8 +1064,8 @@ const inline = (ast) => {
       }
     }
 
-    // Only inline: no locals, <= 2 params, single expression body, not exported
-    if (params && !hasLocals && !hasExport && params.length <= 2 && body.length === 1) {
+    // Inline: no locals, <= 4 params, single expression body, not exported
+    if (params && !hasLocals && !hasExport && params.length <= 4 && body.length === 1) {
       // Check if function mutates any of its params (local.set/tee on param)
       const paramNames = new Set(params.map(p => p.name))
       let mutatesParam = false
@@ -1068,135 +1114,915 @@ const inline = (ast) => {
   return result
 }
 
-// ==================== COMMON SUBEXPRESSION ELIMINATION ====================
+// ==================== VACUUM ====================
 
 /**
- * Hash an expression for comparison.
- * @param {any} node
- * @returns {string}
+ * Remove no-op code: nops, drop of pure expressions, empty branches,
+ * and select with identical arms.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
  */
-const exprHash = (node) => JSON.stringify(node)
+const vacuum = (ast) => {
+  return walkPost(clone(ast), (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node)) return
+    const op = node[0]
+
+    // Remove nop entirely (return array marker; parent or post-pass cleans it)
+    if (op === 'nop') return ['nop']
+
+    // (drop PURE) → nop
+    if (op === 'drop' && node.length === 2 && isPure(node[1])) {
+      return ['nop']
+    }
+
+    // (select x x cond) → x
+    if (op === 'select' && node.length >= 4 && equal(node[1], node[2])) return node[1]
+
+    if (op === 'if') {
+      const { cond, thenBranch, elseBranch } = parseIf(node)
+      const thenEmpty = !thenBranch || thenBranch.length <= 1
+      const elseEmpty = !elseBranch || elseBranch.length <= 1
+
+      // (if cond () ()) → nop or (drop cond)
+      if (thenEmpty && elseEmpty) return isPure(cond) ? ['nop'] : ['drop', cond]
+
+      // (if cond (then X) (else)) → drop the empty else
+      if (elseBranch && elseEmpty && !thenEmpty) {
+        return node.filter(c => c !== elseBranch)
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Clean out nops, drop-of-pure sequences, and empty annotations from blocks
+    if (op === 'func' || op === 'block' || op === 'loop' || op === 'then' || op === 'else') {
+      const cleaned = [op]
+      for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) {
+        const child = node[i]
+        if (child === 'nop' || (Array.isArray(child) && child[0] === 'nop')) continue
+        // Pure expression followed by standalone drop → remove both
+        const next = node[i + 1]
+        const isDrop = next === 'drop' || (Array.isArray(next) && next[0] === 'drop' && next.length === 1)
+        if (Array.isArray(child) && isPure(child) && isDrop) {
+          i++ // skip the drop too
+          continue
+        }
+        cleaned.push(child)
+      }
+      if (cleaned.length !== node.length) return cleaned
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+// ==================== PEEPHOLE ====================
+
+/** Peephole optimizations: simple algebraic identities */
+const PEEPHOLE = {
+  // Self-cancelling / tautological binary ops
+  'i32.sub': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i64.sub': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i64.const', 0n] : null,
+  'i32.xor': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i64.xor': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i64.const', 0n] : null,
+  'i32.and': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? a : null,
+  'i64.and': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? a : null,
+  'i32.or':  (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? a : null,
+  'i64.or':  (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? a : null,
+  'i32.eq':  (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i64.eq':  (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i32.ne':  (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i64.ne':  (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i32.lt_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i32.lt_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i32.gt_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i32.gt_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i32.le_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i32.le_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i32.ge_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i32.ge_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i64.lt_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i64.lt_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i64.gt_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i64.gt_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 0] : null,
+  'i64.le_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i64.le_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i64.ge_s': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+  'i64.ge_u': (a, b) => equal(a, b) ? ['i32.const', 1] : null,
+
+  // Zero/all-bits absorption
+  'i32.mul': (a, b) => {
+    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+    if (ca?.value === 0 || cb?.value === 0) return ['i32.const', 0]
+    return null
+  },
+  'i64.mul': (a, b) => {
+    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+    if (ca?.value === 0n || cb?.value === 0n) return ['i64.const', 0n]
+    return null
+  },
+  'i32.and': (a, b) => {
+    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+    if (ca?.value === 0 || cb?.value === 0) return ['i32.const', 0]
+    // x & x → x handled above in self-operands, but null here lets that win
+    return null
+  },
+  'i64.and': (a, b) => {
+    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+    if (ca?.value === 0n || cb?.value === 0n) return ['i64.const', 0n]
+    return null
+  },
+  'i32.or': (a, b) => {
+    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+    if (ca?.value === -1 || cb?.value === -1) return ['i32.const', -1]
+    return null
+  },
+  'i64.or': (a, b) => {
+    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+    if (ca?.value === -1n || cb?.value === -1n) return ['i64.const', -1n]
+    return null
+  },
+
+  // (local.set $x (local.get $x)) → nop
+  'local.set': (a, b) => Array.isArray(b) && b[0] === 'local.get' && b[1] === a ? ['nop'] : null,
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply peephole optimizations.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const peephole = (ast) => {
+  return walkPost(clone(ast), (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node.length !== 3) return
+    const fn = PEEPHOLE[node[0]]
+    if (!fn) return
+    const result = fn(node[1], node[2])
+    if (result !== null) return result
+  })
+}
+
+// ==================== GLOBAL CONSTANT PROPAGATION ====================
 
 /**
- * Eliminate common subexpressions by caching repeated computations.
- * Limited to pure expressions within a function.
+ * Replace global.get of immutable globals with their constant init values.
  * @param {Array} ast
  * @returns {Array}
  */
-const cse = (ast) => {
-  // CSE is complex and can increase code size (extra locals)
-  // Simple version: detect and report, but actual elimination needs careful analysis
-  // For now, implement a basic version that works on adjacent identical expressions
+const globals = (ast) => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
+  const result = clone(ast)
+
+  // Find immutable globals with const init
+  const constGlobals = new Map() // name → const node
+  const mutableGlobals = new Set()
+
+  for (const node of result.slice(1)) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'global') continue
+    const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : null
+    if (!name) continue
+
+    // Check mutability: (global $g (mut i32) init) vs (global $g i32 init)
+    const hasName = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$'
+    const initIdx = hasName ? 3 : 2
+
+    // Skip mutable globals
+    const typeSlot = hasName ? node[2] : node[1]
+    if (Array.isArray(typeSlot) && typeSlot[0] === 'mut') continue
+
+    const init = node[initIdx]
+    if (getConst(init)) constGlobals.set(name, init)
+  }
+
+  // Also mark any global that is ever written as mutable
+  walk(result, (n) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(n) || n[0] !== 'global.set') return
+    const ref = n[1]
+    if (typeof ref === 'string' && ref[0] === '$') mutableGlobals.add(ref)
+  })
+
+  // Remove mutable ones from propagation set
+  for (const name of mutableGlobals) constGlobals.delete(name)
+  if (constGlobals.size === 0) return result
 
+  // Substitute global.get with const
+  return walkPost(result, (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'global.get' || node.length !== 2) return
+    const ref = node[1]
+    if (constGlobals.has(ref)) return clone(constGlobals.get(ref))
+  })
+}
+
+// ==================== LOAD/STORE OFFSET FOLDING ====================
+
+/** Match (type.load/store (i32.add ptr (type.const N))) and fold offset */
+const offset = (ast) => {
+  return walkPost(clone(ast), (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node)) return
+    const op = node[0]
+    if (typeof op !== 'string' || (!op.endsWith('load') && !op.endsWith('store'))) return
+
+    // Memory ops have memarg as first immediate after optional memoryidx, then operands
+    // In AST form from parse: (i32.load offset=4 align=8 ptr) or (i32.load ptr)
+    // Store: (i32.store offset=4 ptr val) — ptr is second-to-last, val is last
+    // Load:  (i32.load offset=4 ptr)      — ptr is last
+    const isStore = op.endsWith('store')
+
+    // Find current offset from memparams
+    let currentOffset = 0
+    let memIdx = null
+    let argStart = 1
+
+    // Check for memory index
+    if (typeof node[1] === 'string' && (node[1][0] === '$' || !isNaN(node[1]))) {
+      memIdx = node[1]
+      argStart = 2
+    }
+
+    // Check for memparams (offset=, align=)
+    while (argStart < node.length && typeof node[argStart] === 'string' &&
+           (node[argStart].startsWith('offset=') || node[argStart].startsWith('align='))) {
+      if (node[argStart].startsWith('offset=')) {
+        currentOffset = +node[argStart].slice(7)
+      }
+      argStart++
+    }
+
+    // Determine pointer index
+    const ptrIdx = isStore ? node.length - 2 : node.length - 1
+    const valIdx = isStore ? node.length - 1 : -1
+    if (ptrIdx < argStart) return
+
+    const ptr = node[ptrIdx]
+    if (!Array.isArray(ptr) || ptr[0] !== 'i32.add' || ptr.length !== 3) return
+
+    const a = ptr[1], b = ptr[2]
+    const ca = getConst(a), cb = getConst(b)
+
+    let base = null, addend = null
+    if (ca && ca.type === 'i32') { addend = ca.value; base = b }
+    else if (cb && cb.type === 'i32') { addend = cb.value; base = a }
+    if (base === null || addend === null) return
+
+    const newOffset = currentOffset + addend
+    const newNode = [op]
+    if (memIdx !== null) newNode.push(memIdx)
+    newNode.push(`offset=${newOffset}`)
+    // Preserve align if present
+    let alignParam = null
+    for (let i = argStart; i < ptrIdx; i++) {
+      if (typeof node[i] === 'string' && node[i].startsWith('align=')) {
+        alignParam = node[i]
+      }
+    }
+    if (alignParam) newNode.push(alignParam)
+    newNode.push(base)
+    if (isStore) newNode.push(node[valIdx])
+    return newNode
+  })
+}
+
+// ==================== REDUNDANT BR REMOVAL ====================
+
+/**
+ * Remove br to a block's own label when it is the last instruction.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const unbranch = (ast) => {
   const result = clone(ast)
 
   walk(result, (node) => {
-    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'func') return
+    if (!Array.isArray(node)) return
+    const op = node[0]
+    if (op !== 'block' && op !== 'loop') return
+
+    // Get the block's label
+    let labelIdx = 1
+    let label = null
+    if (typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$') {
+      label = node[1]
+      labelIdx = 2
+    }
+    if (!label) return
+
+    // Find the last executable instruction (skip result/type annotations)
+    let lastIdx = -1
+    for (let i = node.length - 1; i >= labelIdx; i--) {
+      const child = node[i]
+      if (!Array.isArray(child)) {
+        if (child !== 'nop' && child !== 'end') lastIdx = i
+        continue
+      }
+      const cop = child[0]
+      if (cop === 'param' || cop === 'result' || cop === 'local' || cop === 'type' || cop === 'export') continue
+      lastIdx = i
+      break
+    }
+    if (lastIdx < 0) return
+
+    const last = node[lastIdx]
+    if (Array.isArray(last) && last[0] === 'br' && last[1] === label) {
+      node.splice(lastIdx, 1)
+    }
+  })
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// ==================== STRIP MUT FROM GLOBALS ====================
+
+/**
+ * Strip mutability from globals that are never written.
+ * Enables globals constant-propagation for more globals.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const stripmut = (ast) => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
+  const result = clone(ast)
 
-    // Find sequences of identical pure expressions
-    const seen = new Map() // hash → { node, count }
+  const written = new Set()
+  walk(result, (n) => {
+    if (Array.isArray(n) && n[0] === 'global.set' && typeof n[1] === 'string') written.add(n[1])
+  })
+
+  return walkPost(result, (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'global') return
+    const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : null
+    if (!name || written.has(name)) return
+
+    const hasName = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$'
+    const typeSlot = hasName ? node[2] : node[1]
+    if (Array.isArray(typeSlot) && typeSlot[0] === 'mut') {
+      const newNode = [...node]
+      newNode[hasName ? 2 : 1] = typeSlot[1] // replace (mut T) with T
+      return newNode
+    }
+  })
+}
 
+// ==================== IF-THEN-BR → BR_IF ====================
+
+/**
+ * Simplify (if cond (then (br $label))) → (br_if $label cond)
+ * and (if cond (then) (else (br $label))) → (br_if $label (i32.eqz cond))
+ * Only when the br is the sole instruction in the arm.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const brif = (ast) => {
+  return walkPost(clone(ast), (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'if') return
+    const { cond, thenBranch, elseBranch } = parseIf(node)
+    const thenEmpty = !thenBranch || thenBranch.length <= 1
+    const elseEmpty = !elseBranch || elseBranch.length <= 1
+
+    // (if cond (then (br $l))) → (br_if $l cond)
+    if (!thenEmpty && elseEmpty && thenBranch.length === 2) {
+      const t = thenBranch[1]
+      if (Array.isArray(t) && t[0] === 'br' && t.length === 2) return ['br_if', t[1], cond]
+    }
+
+    // (if cond (then) (else (br $l))) → (br_if $l (i32.eqz cond))
+    if (thenEmpty && !elseEmpty && elseBranch.length === 2) {
+      const e = elseBranch[1]
+      if (Array.isArray(e) && e[0] === 'br' && e.length === 2) return ['br_if', e[1], ['i32.eqz', cond]]
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+// ==================== MERGE IDENTICAL IF ARMS ====================
+
+/**
+ * Fold identical trailing code out of if/else arms.
+ * (if cond (then A X) (else B X)) → (if cond (then A) (else B)) X
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const foldarms = (ast) => {
+  return walkPost(clone(ast), (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'if') return
+    const { thenBranch, elseBranch } = parseIf(node)
+    if (!thenBranch || !elseBranch) return
+    if (thenBranch.length <= 1 || elseBranch.length <= 1) return
+
+    let common = 0
+    const minLen = Math.min(thenBranch.length, elseBranch.length)
+    for (let i = 1; i < minLen; i++) {
+      if (!equal(thenBranch[thenBranch.length - i], elseBranch[elseBranch.length - i])) break
+      common++
+    }
+    if (common === 0) return
+
+    const hoisted = thenBranch.slice(thenBranch.length - common)
+    const newThen = thenBranch.slice(0, thenBranch.length - common)
+    const newElse = elseBranch.slice(0, elseBranch.length - common)
+
+    const block = ['block']
+    for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) {
+      const c = node[i]
+      if (Array.isArray(c) && (c[0] === 'then' || c[0] === 'else')) break
+      if (Array.isArray(c) && (c[0] === 'result' || c[0] === 'type')) block.push(c)
+    }
+
+    const newIf = ['if']
+    for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) {
+      const c = node[i]
+      if (Array.isArray(c) && (c[0] === 'then' || c[0] === 'else')) break
+      newIf.push(c)
+    }
+    newIf.push(newThen.length > 1 ? newThen : ['then'])
+    newIf.push(newElse.length > 1 ? newElse : ['else'])
+
+    block.push(newIf, ...hoisted)
+    return block
+  })
+}
+
+// ==================== DUPLICATE FUNCTION ELIMINATION ====================
+
+/**
+ * Fast structural hash for a function node, normalizing local names.
+ * Uses a stack-based walk to avoid expensive JSON.stringify.
+ */
+const hashFunc = (node, localNames) => {
+  const parts = []
+  const stack = [node]
+  while (stack.length) {
+    const v = stack.pop()
+    if (Array.isArray(v)) {
+      stack.push('|')
+      for (let i = v.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) stack.push(v[i])
+      stack.push('[')
+    } else if (typeof v === 'string') {
+      parts.push(localNames.has(v) ? '$__L' : v)
+    } else if (typeof v === 'bigint') {
+      parts.push(v.toString() + 'n')
+    } else if (typeof v === 'number') {
+      parts.push(v.toString())
+    } else if (v === null) {
+      parts.push('null')
+    } else if (v === true) {
+      parts.push('t')
+    } else if (v === false) {
+      parts.push('f')
+    } else {
+      parts.push(String(v))
+    }
+  }
+  return parts.join(',')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Eliminate duplicate functions by hashing bodies.
+ * Keeps the first occurrence and redirects all references to it.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const dedupe = (ast) => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
+  const result = clone(ast)
+
+  // Hash function bodies (normalize local/param names to avoid false negatives)
+  const signatures = new Map() // hash → canonical $name
+  const redirects = new Map()  // duplicate $name → canonical $name
+
+  for (const node of result.slice(1)) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'func') continue
+    const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : null
+    if (!name) continue
+
+    // Collect names that are internal to this function: the func name itself,
+    // its params, locals, and any block/loop labels nested in the body. All of
+    // these get normalized to a single token in the hash so that two funcs
+    // differing only in identifier choices still dedupe.
+    const localNames = new Set()
+    if (typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$') localNames.add(node[1])
     walk(node, (n) => {
-      if (!Array.isArray(n)) return
+      if (!Array.isArray(n) || typeof n[1] !== 'string' || n[1][0] !== '$') return
       const op = n[0]
-      // Only consider pure operations
-      if (!op || typeof op !== 'string') return
-      if (op.startsWith('i32.') || op.startsWith('i64.') || op.startsWith('f32.') || op.startsWith('f64.')) {
-        // Skip simple consts
-        if (op.endsWith('.const')) return
-        // Skip if has side effects (calls, memory ops)
-        let hasSideEffects = false
-        walk(n, (sub) => {
-          if (Array.isArray(sub) && (sub[0] === 'call' || sub[0]?.includes('load') || sub[0]?.includes('store'))) {
-            hasSideEffects = true
-          }
-        })
-        if (hasSideEffects) return
-
-        const hash = exprHash(n)
-        if (seen.has(hash)) {
-          seen.get(hash).count++
-        } else {
-          seen.set(hash, { node: n, count: 1 })
-        }
+      if (op === 'param' || op === 'local' || op === 'block' || op === 'loop' || op === 'if') {
+        localNames.add(n[1])
       }
     })
 
-    // For now, just report - full CSE would require inserting locals
-    // which changes the function structure significantly
+    const hash = hashFunc(node, localNames)
+
+    if (signatures.has(hash)) {
+      redirects.set(name, signatures.get(hash))
+    } else {
+      signatures.set(hash, name)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (redirects.size === 0) return result
+
+  // Rewrite all references: calls, ref.func, elem segments, call_indirect type
+  walkPost(result, (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node)) return
+    const op = node[0]
+    if ((op === 'call' || op === 'return_call') && redirects.has(node[1])) {
+      return [op, redirects.get(node[1]), ...node.slice(2)]
+    }
+    if (op === 'ref.func' && redirects.has(node[1])) {
+      return ['ref.func', redirects.get(node[1])]
+    }
+    if (op === 'elem') {
+      const funcs = node[node.length - 1]
+      if (Array.isArray(funcs)) {
+        return [...node.slice(0, -1), funcs.map(f => redirects.get(f) || f)]
+      }
+    }
+    if (op === 'call_indirect' && node.length >= 3) {
+      const typeRef = node[1]
+      if (typeof typeRef === 'string' && redirects.has(typeRef)) {
+        return ['call_indirect', redirects.get(typeRef), ...node.slice(2)]
+      }
+    }
   })
 
   return result
 }
 
-// ==================== LOOP INVARIANT HOISTING ====================
+// ==================== TYPE DEDUPLICATION ====================
 
 /**
- * Hoist loop-invariant computations out of loops.
+ * Merge structurally identical (type ...) definitions.
+ * Keeps the first occurrence and redirects all references.
  * @param {Array} ast
  * @returns {Array}
  */
-const hoist = (ast) => {
+const dedupTypes = (ast) => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
   const result = clone(ast)
 
-  walk(result, (node) => {
-    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'func') return
+  const signatures = new Map() // hash → canonical $name
+  const redirects = new Map()  // duplicate $name → canonical $name
 
-    // Find loops
-    walk(node, (loopNode, parent, idx) => {
-      if (!Array.isArray(loopNode) || loopNode[0] !== 'loop') return
+  for (const node of result.slice(1)) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'type') continue
+    const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : null
+    if (!name) continue
 
-      // Collect all locals modified in loop
-      const modifiedLocals = new Set()
-      walk(loopNode, (n) => {
-        if (!Array.isArray(n)) return
-        if (n[0] === 'local.set' || n[0] === 'local.tee') {
-          if (typeof n[1] === 'string') modifiedLocals.add(n[1])
-        }
-      })
+    // Hash the type body, normalizing only the type's own name
+    const hash = hashFunc(node, new Set([name]))
 
-      // Find invariant expressions (don't depend on modified locals or memory)
-      const invariants = []
+    if (signatures.has(hash)) {
+      redirects.set(name, signatures.get(hash))
+    } else {
+      signatures.set(hash, name)
+    }
+  }
 
-      for (let i = 1; i < loopNode.length; i++) {
-        const instr = loopNode[i]
-        if (!Array.isArray(instr)) continue
+  if (redirects.size === 0) return result
 
-        const op = instr[0]
-        // Skip control flow
-        if (op === 'block' || op === 'loop' || op === 'if' || op === 'br' || op === 'br_if') continue
+  // Remove duplicate type nodes
+  for (let i = result.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    const node = result[i]
+    if (Array.isArray(node) && node[0] === 'type') {
+      const name = typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$' ? node[1] : null
+      if (name && redirects.has(name)) result.splice(i, 1)
+    }
+  }
 
-        // Check if pure and invariant
-        let isInvariant = true
-        let isPure = true
+  walkPost(result, (node) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node)) return
+    const op = node[0]
 
-        walk(instr, (n) => {
-          if (!Array.isArray(n)) return
-          const subOp = n[0]
-          // Side effects
-          if (subOp === 'call' || subOp === 'call_indirect' || subOp?.includes('store') || subOp?.includes('load')) {
-            isPure = false
-          }
-          // Depends on modified local
-          if (subOp === 'local.get' && typeof n[1] === 'string' && modifiedLocals.has(n[1])) {
-            isInvariant = false
-          }
-        })
+    // (func $f (type $t) ...)
+    if (op === 'func') {
+      for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) {
+        const sub = node[i]
+        if (Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'type' && typeof sub[1] === 'string' && redirects.has(sub[1])) {
+          node[i] = ['type', redirects.get(sub[1])]
+        }
+      }
+    }
 
-        // Only hoist simple const expressions for safety
-        if (isPure && isInvariant && op?.endsWith('.const')) {
-          // Actually, consts are already cheap - skip
+    // (import "m" "n" (func (type $t)))
+    if (op === 'import') {
+      for (let i = 1; i < node.length; i++) {
+        const sub = node[i]
+        if (Array.isArray(sub)) {
+          for (let j = 1; j < sub.length; j++) {
+            const inner = sub[j]
+            if (Array.isArray(inner) && inner[0] === 'type' && typeof inner[1] === 'string' && redirects.has(inner[1])) {
+              sub[j] = ['type', redirects.get(inner[1])]
+            }
+          }
         }
       }
+    }
 
-      // Full hoisting would require inserting code before the loop
-      // This is complex and risky, so we keep it minimal
-    })
+    // call_indirect $t  or  (call_indirect (type $t) ...)
+    if (op === 'call_indirect' || op === 'return_call_indirect') {
+      if (typeof node[1] === 'string' && redirects.has(node[1])) {
+        return [op, redirects.get(node[1]), ...node.slice(2)]
+      }
+      if (Array.isArray(node[1]) && node[1][0] === 'type' && typeof node[1][1] === 'string' && redirects.has(node[1][1])) {
+        return [op, ['type', redirects.get(node[1][1])], ...node.slice(2)]
+      }
+    }
   })
 
   return result
 }
 
+// ==================== DATA SEGMENT PACKING ====================
+
+/** Parse a WAT data string literal into Uint8Array */
+const parseDataString = (str) => {
+  if (typeof str !== 'string' || str.length < 2 || str[0] !== '"') return new Uint8Array()
+  const inner = str.slice(1, -1)
+  const bytes = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < inner.length; i++) {
+    if (inner[i] === '\\') {
+      const next = inner[++i]
+      if (next === 'x' || next === 'X') {
+        bytes.push(parseInt(inner.slice(i + 1, i + 3), 16))
+        i += 2
+      } else if (/[0-9a-fA-F]/.test(next) && /[0-9a-fA-F]/.test(inner[i + 1])) {
+        bytes.push(parseInt(inner.slice(i, i + 2), 16))
+        i++
+      } else if (next === 'n') bytes.push(10)
+      else if (next === 't') bytes.push(9)
+      else if (next === 'r') bytes.push(13)
+      else if (next === '\\') bytes.push(92)
+      else if (next === '"') bytes.push(34)
+      else bytes.push(next.charCodeAt(0))
+    } else {
+      bytes.push(inner.charCodeAt(i))
+    }
+  }
+  return new Uint8Array(bytes)
+}
+
+/** Encode Uint8Array as WAT data string literal */
+const encodeDataString = (bytes) => {
+  let str = '"'
+  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
+    const b = bytes[i]
+    if (b >= 32 && b < 127 && b !== 34 && b !== 92) {
+      str += String.fromCharCode(b)
+    } else {
+      str += '\\' + b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')
+    }
+  }
+  return str + '"'
+}
+
+/** Trim trailing zeros from data content items */
+const trimTrailingZeros = (items) => {
+  const bytes = []
+  for (const item of items) {
+    if (typeof item === 'string') {
+      bytes.push(...parseDataString(item))
+    } else if (Array.isArray(item) && item[0] === 'i8') {
+      for (let i = 1; i < item.length; i++) bytes.push(Number(item[i]) & 0xff)
+    } else {
+      return items // non-trimmable item
+    }
+  }
+  let end = bytes.length
+  while (end > 0 && bytes[end - 1] === 0) end--
+  if (end === bytes.length) return items
+  if (end === 0) return []
+  return [encodeDataString(new Uint8Array(bytes.slice(0, end)))]
+}
+
+/** Extract { memidx, offset } from an active data segment with constant offset */
+const getDataOffset = (node) => {
+  let idx = 1
+  if (typeof node[idx] === 'string' && node[idx][0] === '$') idx++
+  if (Array.isArray(node[idx]) && node[idx][0] === 'memory') {
+    const mem = node[idx][1]
+    idx++
+    const off = node[idx]
+    if (Array.isArray(off) && (off[0] === 'i32.const' || off[0] === 'i64.const')) {
+      return { memidx: mem, offset: Number(off[1]) }
+    }
+    return null
+  }
+  const off = node[idx]
+  if (Array.isArray(off) && (off[0] === 'i32.const' || off[0] === 'i64.const')) {
+    return { memidx: 0, offset: Number(off[1]) }
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+/** Get byte length of data segment content */
+const getDataLength = (node) => {
+  let idx = 1
+  if (typeof node[idx] === 'string' && node[idx][0] === '$') idx++
+  if (Array.isArray(node[idx]) && node[idx][0] === 'memory') idx++
+  if (Array.isArray(node[idx]) && typeof node[idx][0] === 'string' && !node[idx][0].startsWith('"')) idx++
+  let len = 0
+  for (let i = idx; i < node.length; i++) {
+    const item = node[i]
+    if (typeof item === 'string') len += parseDataString(item).length
+    else if (Array.isArray(item) && item[0] === 'i8') len += item.length - 1
+    else return null
+  }
+  return len
+}
+
+/** Merge segment b into a (consecutive offsets, same memory) */
+const mergeDataSegments = (a, b) => {
+  let aIdx = 1
+  if (typeof a[aIdx] === 'string' && a[aIdx][0] === '$') aIdx++
+  if (Array.isArray(a[aIdx]) && a[aIdx][0] === 'memory') aIdx++
+  if (Array.isArray(a[aIdx]) && typeof a[aIdx][0] === 'string' && !a[aIdx][0].startsWith('"')) aIdx++
+
+  let bIdx = 1
+  if (typeof b[bIdx] === 'string' && b[bIdx][0] === '$') bIdx++
+  if (Array.isArray(b[bIdx]) && b[bIdx][0] === 'memory') bIdx++
+  if (Array.isArray(b[bIdx]) && typeof b[bIdx][0] === 'string' && !b[bIdx][0].startsWith('"')) bIdx++
+
+  const aContent = a.slice(aIdx)
+  const bContent = b.slice(bIdx)
+
+  if (aContent.length === 1 && bContent.length === 1 &&
+      typeof aContent[0] === 'string' && typeof bContent[0] === 'string') {
+    const aBytes = parseDataString(aContent[0])
+    const bBytes = parseDataString(bContent[0])
+    const merged = new Uint8Array(aBytes.length + bBytes.length)
+    merged.set(aBytes)
+    merged.set(bBytes, aBytes.length)
+    a.length = aIdx
+    a.push(encodeDataString(merged))
+    return true
+  }
+
+  a.length = aIdx
+  a.push(...aContent, ...bContent)
+  return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pack data segments: trim trailing zeros and merge adjacent constant-offset segments.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const packData = (ast) => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
+  let result = clone(ast)
+
+  // Trim trailing zeros
+  for (const node of result) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'data') continue
+    let contentStart = 1
+    if (typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '$') contentStart = 2
+    if (contentStart < node.length && Array.isArray(node[contentStart]) &&
+        typeof node[contentStart][0] === 'string' && !node[contentStart][0].startsWith('"')) {
+      contentStart++
+    }
+    const content = node.slice(contentStart)
+    if (content.length === 0) continue
+    const trimmed = trimTrailingZeros(content)
+    if (trimmed.length !== content.length || (trimmed.length > 0 && trimmed[0] !== content[0])) {
+      node.length = contentStart
+      node.push(...trimmed)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Merge adjacent active segments with same memory and consecutive offsets
+  const dataNodes = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
+    const node = result[i]
+    if (Array.isArray(node) && node[0] === 'data') {
+      const info = getDataOffset(node)
+      if (info) {
+        const len = getDataLength(node)
+        if (len !== null) dataNodes.push({ ...info, node, index: i, len })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  dataNodes.sort((a, b) => {
+    const ma = String(a.memidx), mb = String(b.memidx)
+    if (ma !== mb) return ma.localeCompare(mb)
+    return a.offset - b.offset
+  })
+
+  const toRemove = new Set()
+  for (let i = 0; i < dataNodes.length - 1; i++) {
+    const a = dataNodes[i]
+    const b = dataNodes[i + 1]
+    if (toRemove.has(a.index) || String(a.memidx) !== String(b.memidx)) continue
+    if (a.offset + a.len !== b.offset) continue
+    if (mergeDataSegments(a.node, b.node)) {
+      toRemove.add(b.index)
+      a.len = getDataLength(a.node)
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (toRemove.size > 0) {
+    result = result.filter((_, i) => !toRemove.has(i))
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// ==================== IMPORT FIELD MINIFICATION ====================
+
+/** Create a shortener that maps names to a, b, ..., z, aa, ab, ... */
+const makeShortener = () => {
+  const map = new Map()
+  let n = 0
+  return (name) => {
+    if (!map.has(name)) {
+      let id = '', x = n++
+      do {
+        id = String.fromCharCode(97 + (x % 26)) + id
+        x = Math.floor(x / 26) - 1
+      } while (x >= 0)
+      map.set(name, id || 'a')
+    }
+    return map.get(name)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Minify import module and field names for smaller binaries.
+ * Only safe when you control the host environment.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+const minifyImports = (ast) => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
+  const result = clone(ast)
+  const shortMod = makeShortener()
+  const shortField = makeShortener()
+
+  for (const node of result) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node) || node[0] !== 'import') continue
+    if (typeof node[1] === 'string' && node[1][0] === '"') {
+      node[1] = '"' + shortMod(node[1].slice(1, -1)) + '"'
+    }
+    if (typeof node[2] === 'string' && node[2][0] === '"') {
+      node[2] = '"' + shortField(node[2].slice(1, -1)) + '"'
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+// ==================== REORDER FUNCTIONS ====================
+
+/**
+ * Count direct calls and sort functions so hot ones come first.
+ * Smaller LEB128 indices for frequent calls reduce binary size.
+ * Imports must stay before defined functions to preserve the index space.
+ * @param {Array} ast
+ * @returns {Array}
+ */
+/** True iff every defined func has a $name and every func reference is by $name */
+const reorderSafe = (ast) => {
+  let safe = true
+  walk(ast, (n) => {
+    if (!safe || !Array.isArray(n)) return
+    const op = n[0]
+    if (op === 'func' && (typeof n[1] !== 'string' || n[1][0] !== '$')) safe = false
+    else if ((op === 'call' || op === 'return_call' || op === 'ref.func') &&
+             (typeof n[1] !== 'string' || n[1][0] !== '$')) safe = false
+    else if (op === 'start' && (typeof n[1] !== 'string' || n[1][0] !== '$')) safe = false
+    else if (op === 'elem') {
+      // Numeric func indices in elem segments would break too
+      for (const sub of n) {
+        if (typeof sub === 'string' && sub[0] !== '$' && /^\d/.test(sub)) { safe = false; break }
+        if (Array.isArray(sub) && sub[0] === 'ref.func' &&
+            (typeof sub[1] !== 'string' || sub[1][0] !== '$')) { safe = false; break }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+  return safe
+}
+
+const reorder = (ast) => {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ast) || ast[0] !== 'module') return ast
+  // Sorting changes the function index space. Skip if any reference is numeric,
+  // since we'd silently retarget unnamed callers/start/elem entries.
+  if (!reorderSafe(ast)) return ast
+  const result = clone(ast)
+
+  const callCounts = new Map()
+  walk(result, (n) => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(n)) return
+    if (n[0] === 'call' || n[0] === 'return_call') {
+      callCounts.set(n[1], (callCounts.get(n[1]) || 0) + 1)
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Imports must precede defined funcs (compile.js assigns indices in AST order).
+  const imports = [], funcs = [], others = []
+  for (const node of result.slice(1)) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node)) { others.push(node); continue }
+    if (node[0] === 'import') imports.push(node)
+    else if (node[0] === 'func') funcs.push(node)
+    else others.push(node)
+  }
+
+  funcs.sort((a, b) => (callCounts.get(b[1]) || 0) - (callCounts.get(a[1]) || 0))
+  return ['module', ...imports, ...funcs, ...others]
+}
+
 // ==================== MAIN ====================
 
 /**
@@ -1216,17 +2042,38 @@ export default function optimize(ast, opts = true) {
   ast = clone(ast)
   opts = normalize(opts)
 
-  if (opts.fold) ast = fold(ast)
-  if (opts.identity) ast = identity(ast)
-  if (opts.strength) ast = strength(ast)
-  if (opts.branch) ast = branch(ast)
-  if (opts.propagate) ast = propagate(ast)
-  if (opts.inline) ast = inline(ast)
-  if (opts.deadcode) ast = deadcode(ast)
-  if (opts.locals) ast = localReuse(ast)
-  if (opts.treeshake) ast = treeshake(ast)
+  // Each pass clones its input before mutating, so the original `before`
+  // reference stays untouched and can be used for the convergence check
+  // without an extra deep clone.
+  for (let round = 0; round < 6; round++) {
+    const before = ast
+
+    if (opts.stripmut) ast = stripmut(ast)
+    if (opts.globals) ast = globals(ast)
+    if (opts.fold) ast = fold(ast)
+    if (opts.identity) ast = identity(ast)
+    if (opts.peephole) ast = peephole(ast)
+    if (opts.strength) ast = strength(ast)
+    if (opts.branch) ast = branch(ast)
+    if (opts.propagate) ast = propagate(ast)
+    if (opts.inline) ast = inline(ast)
+    if (opts.offset) ast = offset(ast)
+    if (opts.unbranch) ast = unbranch(ast)
+    if (opts.brif) ast = brif(ast)
+    if (opts.foldarms) ast = foldarms(ast)
+    if (opts.deadcode) ast = deadcode(ast)
+    if (opts.vacuum) ast = vacuum(ast)
+    if (opts.locals) ast = localReuse(ast)
+    if (opts.dedupe) ast = dedupe(ast)
+    if (opts.dedupTypes) ast = dedupTypes(ast)
+    if (opts.packData) ast = packData(ast)
+    if (opts.reorder) ast = reorder(ast)
+    if (opts.treeshake) ast = treeshake(ast)
+    if (opts.minifyImports) ast = minifyImports(ast)
+    if (equal(before, ast)) break
+  }
 
   return ast
 }
 
-export { optimize, treeshake, fold, deadcode, localReuse, identity, strength, branch, propagate, inline, normalize, OPTS }
+export { optimize, treeshake, fold, deadcode, localReuse, identity, strength, branch, propagate, inline, normalize, OPTS, vacuum, peephole, globals, offset, unbranch, stripmut, brif, foldarms, dedupe, reorder, dedupTypes, packData, minifyImports }