wao 0.41.3 → 0.41.5

package/app/public/blueprints/arns.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+local json = require('json')
+
+-- Constants
+-- Used to determine when to require name resolution
+ID_TTL_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000    -- 24 hours by default
+DATA_TTL_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000  -- 24 hours by default
+OWNER_TTL_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 -- 24 hours by default
+
+-- URL configurations
+SW_CACHE_URL = "https://api.arns.app/v1/contract/"
+
+-- Process IDs for interacting with other services or processes
+ARNS_PROCESS_ID = "TyduW6spZTr3gkdIsdktduJhgtilaR_ex5JukK8gI9o"
+_0RBIT_SEND_PROCESS_ID = "BaMK1dfayo75s3q1ow6AO64UDpD9SEFbeE8xYrY2fyQ"
+_0RBIT_RECEIVE_PROCESS_ID = "8aE3_6NJ_MU_q3fbhz2S6dA8PKQOSCe95Gt7suQ3j7U"
+
+-- Initialize the NAMES and ID_NAME_MAPPING tables
+NAMES = NAMES or {}
+ID_NAME_MAPPING = ID_NAME_MAPPING or {}
+Now = Now or 0
+
+--- Splits a string into two parts based on the last underscore character, intended to separate ARNS names into undername and rootname components.
+-- @param str The string to be split.
+-- @return Two strings: the rootname (before the last underscore) and the undername (after the last underscore).
+-- If no underscore is found, returns the original string and nil.
+function splitIntoTwoNames(str)
+    -- Pattern explanation:
+    -- (.-) captures any character as few times as possible up to the last underscore
+    -- _ captures the underscore itself
+    -- ([^_]+)$ captures one or more characters that are not underscores at the end of the string
+    local underName, rootName = str:match("(.-)_([^_]+)$")
+
+    if underName and rootName then
+        return tostring(rootName), tostring(underName)
+    else
+        -- If the pattern does not match (e.g., there's no underscore in the string),
+        -- return the original string as the first chunk and nil as the second
+        return str, nil
+    end
+end
+
+local arnsMeta = {
+    __index = function(t, key)
+        if key == "resolve" then
+            return function(name)
+                name = string.lower(name)
+                ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                return "Getting information for name: " .. name
+            end
+        elseif key == "data" then
+            return function(name)
+                name = string.lower(name)
+                local rootName, underName = splitIntoTwoNames(name)
+                if NAMES[rootName] == nil then
+                    ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = rootName })
+                    print(name .. ' has not been resolved yet.  Resolving now...')
+                    return nil
+                elseif rootName and underName == nil then
+                    if NAMES[rootName].process and NAMES[rootName].process.records['@'] then
+                        if Now - NAMES[rootName].process.lastUpdated >= DATA_TTL_MS then
+                            ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                            print(name .. ' is stale.  Refreshing name process now...')
+                            return nil
+                        else
+                            return NAMES[rootName].process.records['@'].transactionId
+                        end
+                    elseif NAMES[rootName].contract and NAMES[rootName].contract.records['@'] then
+                        if Now - NAMES[rootName].contract.lastUpdated >= DATA_TTL_MS then
+                            ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                            print(name .. ' is stale.  Refreshing name contract now...')
+                            return nil
+                        else
+                            return NAMES[rootName].contract.records['@'].transactionId or
+                                NAMES[rootName].contract.records['@'] or
+                                nil
+                            -- NAMES[rootName].contract.records['@'] is used to capture old ANT contracts
+                        end
+                    end
+                elseif rootName and underName then
+                    if NAMES[rootName].process and NAMES[rootName].process.records[underName] then
+                        if Now - NAMES[rootName].process.lastUpdated >= DATA_TTL_MS then
+                            ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                            print(name .. ' is stale.  Refreshing name process now...')
+                            return nil
+                        else
+                            return NAMES[rootName].process.records[underName].transactionId
+                        end
+                    elseif NAMES[rootName].contract and NAMES[rootName].contract.records[underName] then
+                        if Now - NAMES[rootName].contract.lastUpdated >= DATA_TTL_MS then
+                            ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                            print(name .. ' is stale.  Refreshing name contract now...')
+                            return nil
+                        else
+                            return NAMES[rootName].contract.records[underName].transactionId or
+                                NAMES[rootName].contract.records[underName]
+                            -- NAMES[rootName].contract.records[underName] is used to capture old ANT contracts
+                        end
+                    else
+                        return nil
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        elseif key == "owner" then
+            return function(name)
+                name = string.lower(name)
+                local rootName, underName = splitIntoTwoNames(name)
+                if NAMES[rootName] == nil then
+                    ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = rootName })
+                    print(name .. ' has not been resolved yet.  Cannot get owner.  Resolving now...')
+                    return nil
+                elseif NAMES[rootName].process and NAMES[rootName].process.owner then
+                    if Now - NAMES[rootName].process.lastUpdated >= OWNER_TTL_MS then
+                        ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                        print(name .. ' is stale.  Refreshing name process now...')
+                        return nil
+                    else
+                        return NAMES[rootName].process.owner
+                    end
+                elseif NAMES[rootName].contract and NAMES[rootName].contract.owner then
+                    if Now - NAMES[rootName].contract.lastUpdated >= OWNER_TTL_MS then
+                        ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                        print(name .. ' is stale.  Refreshing name contract now...')
+                        return nil
+                    else
+                        return NAMES[rootName].contract.owner
+                    end
+                else
+                    return nil
+                end
+            end
+        elseif key == "id" then
+            return function(name)
+                name = string.lower(name)
+                local rootName, underName = splitIntoTwoNames(name)
+                if NAMES[rootName] == nil then
+                    ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                    print(name .. ' has not been resolved yet.  Cannot get id.  Resolving now...')
+                    return nil
+                elseif Now - NAMES[rootName].lastUpdated >= ID_TTL_MS then
+                    ao.send({ Target = ARNS_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Record", Name = name })
+                    print(name .. ' is stale.  Refreshing name data now...')
+                    return nil
+                else
+                    return NAMES[rootName].processId or NAMES[rootName].contractTxId or nil
+                end
+            end
+        elseif key == "clear" then
+            NAMES = {}
+            return 'ArNS local name cache cleared.'
+        else
+            return nil
+        end
+    end
+}
+
+ARNS = setmetatable({}, arnsMeta)
+
+--- Requests JSON data from a specified URL via the Orbit process, an external service.
+-- @param url The URL from which JSON data is to be fetched.
+function fetchJsonDataFromOrbit(url)
+    -- Validate URL to prevent sending invalid requests
+    if type(url) ~= "string" or url == "" then
+        print("Invalid URL provided for fetching JSON data.")
+        return
+    end
+    -- Send a request to the Orbit process with the specified URL.
+    ao.send({ Target = _0RBIT_SEND_PROCESS_ID, Action = "Get-Real-Data", Url = url })
+end
+
+--- Determines if a given message is a record response from the ARNS process.
+-- @param msg The message to evaluate.
+-- @return boolean True if the message is from the ARNS process and action is 'Record-Resolved', otherwise false.
+function isArNSGetRecordMessage(msg)
+    if msg.From == ARNS_PROCESS_ID and msg.Action == "Record-Resolved" then
+        return true
+    else
+        return false
+    end
+end
+
+--- Determines if a message is an 'Info' message from an ANT or related process.
+-- Checks if the sender's ID exists within the ID_NAME_MAPPING.
+-- @param msg The message object to check.
+-- @return boolean True if the sender's ID is recognized, false otherwise.
+function isANTInfoMessage(msg)
+    if ID_NAME_MAPPING[msg.From] then
+        return true
+    else
+        return false
+    end
+end
+
+--- Determines if a message is from the 0RBIT process with a 'Receive-data-feed' action.
+-- @param msg The message object to check.
+-- @return boolean True if the message is from the 0RBIT process and has the specified action, false otherwise.
+function is0rbitMessage(msg)
+    if msg.From == _0RBIT_RECEIVE_PROCESS_ID and msg.Action == 'Receive-data-feed' then
+        return true
+    else
+        return false
+    end
+end
+
+Handlers.prepend(
+    "ArNS-Timers",
+    function(msg)
+        return "continue"
+    end,
+    function(msg)
+        Now = msg.Timestamp
+    end
+)
+
+--- Handles received ArNS "Record-Resolved" messages by updating the local NAMES table.
+-- Updates or initializes the record for the given name with the latest information.
+-- Fetches additional information from SmartWeave Cache or ANT-AO process if necessary.
+Handlers.add("ReceiveArNSGetRecordMessage", isArNSGetRecordMessage, function(msg)
+    local data, err = json.decode(msg.Data)
+    if not data or err then
+        print("Error decoding JSON data: ", err)
+        return
+    end
+
+    -- Update or initialize the record with the latest information.
+    NAMES[msg.Tags.Name] = NAMES[msg.Tags.Name] or {
+        lastUpdated = msg.Timestamp,
+        contractTxId = data.contractTxId,
+        -- Assuming these fields are placeholders for future updates.
+        contractOwner = nil,
+        contract = nil,
+        processOwner = nil,
+        process = nil
+    }
+    NAMES[msg.Tags.Name].processId = data.processId
+    NAMES[msg.Tags.Name].record = data
+    NAMES[msg.Tags.Name].lastUpdated = msg.Timestamp
+
+    print("Updated " .. msg.Tags.Name .. " with the latest ArNS-AO Registry info!")
+
+    -- Fetch additional information if contractTxId is provided.
+    if data.contractTxId then
+        local url = SW_CACHE_URL .. data.contractTxId
+        print("...fetching more info from SmartWeave Cache (via 0rbit): " .. url)
+        fetchJsonDataFromOrbit(url)
+        ID_NAME_MAPPING[data.contractTxId] = msg.Tags.Name
+    end
+
+    -- Request more information if processId is provided and not empty.
+    if data.processId then
+        print("...fetching more info from ANT-AO process: " .. data.processId)
+        ID_NAME_MAPPING[data.processId] = msg.Tags.Name
+        ao.send({ Target = data.processId, Action = "Info" })
+    end
+end)
+
+--- Updates stored information with the latest data from ANT-AO process "Info-Notice" messages.
+-- @param msg The received message object containing updated process info.
+Handlers.add("ReceiveANTProcessInfoMessage", isANTInfoMessage, function(msg)
+    if msg.Action == 'Info-Notice' and NAMES[ID_NAME_MAPPING[msg.From]] then
+        local nameKey = ID_NAME_MAPPING[msg.From]
+        local updatedInfo = NAMES[nameKey]
+
+        -- Attempt to decode the JSON data from the message.
+        local processInfo, err = json.decode(msg.Data)
+        if err then
+            print("Error decoding process info: ", err)
+            return
+        end
+
+        -- Ensure the decoded data is a valid table before updating.
+        if type(processInfo) == "table" then
+            updatedInfo.process = processInfo
+            updatedInfo.process.owner = msg.Tags.ProcessOwner
+            updatedInfo.process.lastUpdated = msg.Timestamp
+            NAMES[nameKey] = updatedInfo
+            print("Updated " .. nameKey .. " with the latest ANT-AO process info!")
+        else
+            print("Invalid process info format received from " .. nameKey)
+        end
+
+        -- Clear the mapping after updating to prevent redundant updates.
+        ID_NAME_MAPPING[msg.From] = nil
+    end
+end)
+
+--- Processes messages from the 0rbit process to update contract information stored in NAMES.
+-- @param msg The message object received from the 0rbit process.
+Handlers.add("Receive0rbitMessage", is0rbitMessage, function(msg)
+    -- Decode the JSON data from the message.
+    local data, err = json.decode(msg.Data)
+    if err then
+        print("Error decoding data from 0rbit message: ", err)
+        return
+    end
+
+    -- Validate that the decoded data contains a contractTxId that is currently being tracked.
+    local nameKey = ID_NAME_MAPPING[data.contractTxId]
+    if nameKey and NAMES[nameKey] then
+        local updatedInfo = NAMES[nameKey]
+
+        -- Ensure the data contains 'state' information for the contract before updating.
+        if type(data.state) == "table" then
+            updatedInfo.contract = data.state
+            updatedInfo.contract.owner = data.state.owner
+            updatedInfo.contract.lastUpdated = msg.Timestamp
+            NAMES[nameKey] = updatedInfo
+            print("Updated " .. nameKey .. " with the latest info from SmartWeave Cache (via 0rbit)!")
+        else
+            print("Received 0rbit message with invalid or missing 'state' information for contractTxId: " ..
+                tostring(data.contractTxId))
+        end
+
+        -- Clear the mapping to prevent repeated updates for the same contractTxId.
+        ID_NAME_MAPPING[data.contractTxId] = nil
+    else
+        print("Received 0rbit message for an untracked or invalid contractTxId: " .. tostring(data.contractTxId))
+    end
+end)

package/app/public/blueprints/chat.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+DevChat = {}
+
+DevChat.Router = "8MGp9kOU4JYxAlPT1AyL7O3cedd97y-w8X4ciBsf_Xo"
+DevChat.InitRoom = "6I1JBBc9SOMtqFxlX7OoYgsMh7QeZk2fFwUCHTUqshg"
+DevChat.LastSend = DevChat.LastSend or DevChat.InitRoom
+
+DevChat.LastReceive = {
+    Room = DevChat.InitRoom,
+    Sender = nil
+}
+
+DevChat.InitRooms = { [DevChat.InitRoom] = "Getting-Started" }
+DevChat.Rooms = DevChat.Rooms or DevChat.InitRooms
+
+DevChat.Confirmations = DevChat.Confirmations or true
+
+-- Helper function to go from roomName => address
+DevChat.findRoom =
+    function(target)
+        for address, name in pairs(DevChat.Rooms) do
+            if target == name then
+                return address
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+DevChat.add =
+    function(...)
+        local arg = {...}
+        ao.send({
+            Target = DevChat.Router,
+            Action = "Register",
+            Name = arg[1] or Name,
+            Address = arg[2] or ao.id
+        })
+    end
+
+List =
+    function()
+        ao.send({ Target = DevChat.Router, Action = "Get-List" })
+        return(Colors.gray .. "Getting the room list from the DevChat index..." .. Colors.reset)
+    end
+
+Join =
+    function(id, ...)
+        local arg = {...}
+        local addr = DevChat.findRoom(id) or id
+        local nick = arg[1] or ao.id
+        ao.send({ Target = addr, Action = "Register", Nickname = nick or Name })
+        return(
+            Colors.gray ..
+             "Registering with room " ..
+            Colors.blue .. id .. 
+            Colors.gray .. "..." .. Colors.reset)
+    end
+
+Say =
+    function(text, ...)
+        local arg = {...}
+        local id = arg[1]
+        if id ~= nil then
+            -- Remember the new room for next time.
+            DevChat.LastSend = DevChat.findRoom(id) or id
+        end
+        local name = DevChat.Rooms[DevChat.LastSend] or id
+        ao.send({ Target = DevChat.LastSend, Action = "Broadcast", Data = text })
+        if DevChat.Confirmations then
+            return(Colors.gray .. "Broadcasting to " .. Colors.blue ..
+                name .. Colors.gray .. "..." .. Colors.reset)
+        else
+            return ""
+        end
+    end
+
+Tip =
+    function(...) -- Recipient, Target, Qty
+        local arg = {...}
+        local room = arg[2] or DevChat.LastReceive.Room
+        local roomName = DevChat.Rooms[room] or room
+        local qty = tostring(arg[3] or 1)
+        local recipient = arg[1] or DevChat.LastReceive.Sender
+        ao.send({
+            Action = "Transfer",
+            Target = room,
+            Recipient = recipient,
+            Quantity = qty
+        })
+        return(Colors.gray .. "Sent tip of " ..
+            Colors.green .. qty .. Colors.gray ..
+            " to " .. Colors.red .. recipient .. Colors.gray ..
+            " in room " .. Colors.blue .. roomName .. Colors.gray ..
+            "."
+        )
+    end
+
+Replay =
+    function(...) -- depth, room
+        local arg = {...}
+        local room = nil
+        if arg[1] then
+            room = DevChat.findRoom(arg[2]) or arg[2]
+        else
+            room = DevChat.LastReceive.Room
+        end
+        local roomName = DevChat.Rooms[room] or room
+        local depth = arg[1] or 3
+
+        ao.send({
+            Target = room,
+            Action = "Replay",
+            Depth = tostring(depth)
+        })
+        return(
+            Colors.gray ..
+             "Requested replay of the last " ..
+            Colors.green .. depth .. 
+            Colors.gray .. " messages from " .. Colors.blue ..
+            roomName .. Colors.reset .. ".")
+    end
+
+Leave =
+    function(id)
+        local addr = DevChat.findRoom(id) or id
+        ao.send({ Target = addr, Action = "Unregister" })
+        return(
+            Colors.gray ..
+             "Leaving room " ..
+            Colors.blue .. id ..
+            Colors.gray .. "..." .. Colors.reset)
+    end
+
+
+Handlers.add(
+    "DevChat-Broadcasted",
+    Handlers.utils.hasMatchingTag("Action", "Broadcasted"),
+    function (m)
+        local shortRoom = DevChat.Rooms[m.From] or string.sub(m.From, 1, 6)
+        if m.Broadcaster == ao.id then
+            if DevChat.Confirmations == true then
+                print(
+                    Colors.gray .. "[Received confirmation of your broadcast in "
+                    .. Colors.blue .. shortRoom .. Colors.gray .. ".]"
+                    .. Colors.reset)
+            end
+        end
+        local nick = string.sub(m.Nickname, 1, 10)
+        if m.Broadcaster ~= m.Nickname then
+            nick = nick .. Colors.gray .. "#" .. string.sub(m.Broadcaster, 1, 3)
+        end
+        print(
+            "[" .. Colors.red .. nick .. Colors.reset
+            .. "@" .. Colors.blue .. shortRoom .. Colors.reset
+            .. "]> " .. Colors.green .. m.Data .. Colors.reset)
+
+        DevChat.LastReceive.Room = m.From
+        DevChat.LastReceive.Sender = m.Broadcaster
+    end
+)
+
+Handlers.add(
+    "DevChat-List",
+    function(m)
+        if m.Action == "Room-List" and m.From == DevChat.Router then
+            return true
+        end
+        return false
+    end,
+    function(m)
+        local intro = "👋 The following rooms are currently available on DevChat:\n\n"
+        local rows = ""
+        DevChat.Rooms = DevChat.InitRooms
+
+        for i = 1, #m.TagArray do
+            local filterPrefix = "Room-" -- All of our room tags start with this
+            local tagPrefix = string.sub(m.TagArray[i].name, 1, #filterPrefix)
+            local name = string.sub(m.TagArray[i].name, #filterPrefix + 1, #m.TagArray[i].name)
+            local address = m.TagArray[i].value
+
+            if tagPrefix == filterPrefix then
+                rows = rows .. Colors.blue .. "        " .. name .. Colors.reset .. "\n"
+                DevChat.Rooms[address] = name
+            end
+        end
+
+        print(
+            intro .. rows .. "\nJoin a chat by running `Join(\"chatName\"[, \"yourNickname\"])`! You can leave chats with `Leave(\"name\")`.")
+    end
+)
+
+if DevChatRegistered == nil then
+    DevChatRegistered = true
+    Join(DevChat.InitRoom)
+end
+
+function help()
+    return(
+        Colors.blue .. "\n\nWelcome to ao DevChat v0.1!\n\n" .. Colors.reset ..
+        "DevChat is a simple service that helps the ao community communicate as we build our new computer.\n" ..
+        "The interface is simple. Run...\n\n" ..
+        Colors.green .. "\t\t`List()`" .. Colors.reset .. " to see which rooms are available.\n" .. 
+        Colors.green .. "\t\t`Join(\"RoomName\")`" .. Colors.reset .. " to join a room.\n" .. 
+        Colors.green .. "\t\t`Say(\"Msg\", \"RoomName\") or Say(\"Msg\", \"RoomName1\", \"RoomName2\")`" .. Colors.reset .. " to post to a room (remembering your last choice for next time).\n" ..
+        Colors.green .. "\t\t`Replay(Count, \"RoomName\") e.g. Replay(1, \"Getting-Started\")`" .. Colors.reset .. " to reprint the most recent messages from a chat.\n" ..
+        Colors.green .. "\t\t`Leave(\"RoomName\")`" .. Colors.reset .. " at any time to unsubscribe from a chat.\n" ..
+        Colors.green .. "\t\t`Tip([\"Recipient\"])`" .. Colors.reset .. " to send a token from the chatroom to the sender of the last message.\n\n" ..
+        "You have already been registered to the " .. Colors.blue .. DevChat.Rooms[DevChat.InitRoom] .. Colors.reset .. ".\n" ..
+        "Have fun, be respectful, and remember: Cypherpunks ship code! 🫡")
+end
+
+return help()

package/app/public/blueprints/chatroom.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Members = Members or {}
+
+Handlers.add(
+  "register",
+  "Register",
+  function (msg)
+    local found = false
+    for _, member in ipairs(Members) do
+      if member == msg.From then
+        found = true
+        break
+      end
+    end
+    
+    if not found then
+      table.insert(Members, msg.From)
+      Handlers.utils.reply("Registered.")(msg)
+    else
+      Handlers.utils.reply("Already registered.")(msg)
+    end
+  end
+)
+
+Handlers.add(
+  "unregister",
+  "Unregister",
+  function (msg)
+    local found = false
+    for i, v in ipairs(Members) do
+        if v == msg.From then
+            table.remove(Members, i)
+            Handlers.utils.reply("Unregistered")(msg)
+            found = true
+            break
+        end
+    end
+    if not found then
+        Handlers.utils.reply("Not registered")(msg)
+    end
+  end
+)
+
+Handlers.add(
+  "broadcast",
+  "Broadcast",
+  function (msg)
+    local haveSentRecords = {}
+    for _, recipient in ipairs(Members) do
+      if not haveSentRecords[recipient] then
+        ao.send({Target = recipient, Action = "Broadcast-Notice", Data = msg.Data})
+        haveSentRecords[recipient] = true
+      end
+    end
+    Handlers.utils.reply("Broadcasted.")(msg)
+  end
+)

package/app/public/blueprints/patch-legacy-reply.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+local function patchReply(msg)
+  if not msg.reply then
+    msg.reply = function (replyMsg) 
+      replyMsg.Target = msg["Reply-To"] or (replyMsg.Target or msg.From)
+      replyMsg["X-Reference"] = msg["X-Reference"] or msg.Reference or ""
+      replyMsg["X-Origin"] = msg["X-Origin"] or ""
+
+      return ao.send(replyMsg)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Handlers.prepend("_patch_reply", function (msg) return "continue" end, patchReply)

package/app/public/blueprints/staking.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+Variant = "0.0.4"
+Stakers = Stakers or {}
+Unstaking = Unstaking or {}
+UnstakeDelay = UnstakeDelay or 670
+local bint = require('.bint')(256)
+
+--[[
+  utils helper functions to remove the bint complexity.
+]]
+--
+
+
+local utils = {
+  add = function (a,b) 
+    return tostring(bint(a) + bint(b))
+  end,
+  subtract = function (a,b)
+    return tostring(bint(a) - bint(b))
+  end
+}
+
+-- Stake Action Handler
+Handlers.stake = function(msg)
+  local quantity = bint(msg.Tags.Quantity)
+  local height = tonumber(msg['Block-Height'])
+  assert(Balances[msg.From] and bint(Balances[msg.From]) >= quantity, "Insufficient balance to stake")
+  Balances[msg.From] = utils.subtract(Balances[msg.From], msg.Tags.Quantity) 
+  Stakers[msg.From] = Stakers[msg.From] or { amount = "0" }
+  Stakers[msg.From].amount = utils.add(Stakers[msg.From].amount, msg.Tags.Quantity)  
+  Stakers[msg.From].unstake_at = height + UnstakeDelay
+  print("Successfully Staked " .. msg.Tags.Quantity)
+  if msg.reply then
+    msg.reply({ Data = "Successfully Staked " .. msg.Tags.Quantity})
+  else
+    Send({Target = msg.From, Data = "Successfully Staked " .. msg.Tags.Quantity })
+  end
+end
+
+-- Unstake Action Handler
+Handlers.unstake = function(msg)
+  local stakerInfo = Stakers[msg.From]
+  assert(stakerInfo and bint(stakerInfo.amount) >= bint(msg.Tags.Quantity), "Insufficient staked amount")
+  stakerInfo.amount = utils.subtract(stakerInfo.amount, msg.Tags.Quantity)
+  Unstaking[msg.From] = {
+      amount = msg.Tags.Quantity,
+      release_at = stakerInfo.unstake_at
+  }
+  if msg.reply then
+    msg.reply({ Data = "Successfully unstaked " .. msg.Tags.Quantity})
+  else
+    Send({Target = msg.From, Data = "Successfully unstaked " .. msg.Tags.Quantity })
+  end
+end
+
+-- Finalization Handler
+local finalizationHandler = function(msg)
+  local currentHeight = tonumber(msg['Block-Height'])
+  -- Process unstaking
+  for address, unstakeInfo in pairs(Unstaking) do
+      if unstakeInfo.release_at == nil or currentHeight >= unstakeInfo.release_at then
+          Balances[address] = utils.add(Balances[address] or "0", unstakeInfo.amount)
+          Unstaking[address] = nil
+      end
+  end
+end
+
+-- wrap function to continue handler flow
+local function continue(fn)
+  return function (msg)
+    local result = fn(msg)
+    if (result) == -1 then
+      return "continue"
+    end
+    return result
+  end
+end
+
+Handlers.add('staking.balances', Handlers.utils.hasMatchingTag("Action", 'Stakers'),
+  function(msg) 
+    if msg.reply then
+      msg.reply({ Data = require('json').encode(Stakers) })
+    else
+      Send({Target = msg.From, Data = require('json').encode(Stakers) }) 
+    end
+  end)
+-- Registering Handlers
+Handlers.add("staking.stake",
+  continue(Handlers.utils.hasMatchingTag("Action", "Stake")), Handlers.stake)
+Handlers.add("staking.unstake",
+  continue(Handlers.utils.hasMatchingTag("Action", "Unstake")), Handlers.unstake)
+-- Finalization handler should be called for every message
+-- changed to continue to let messages pass-through
+Handlers.prepend("staking.finalize", function (msg) return "continue" end, finalizationHandler)