velocious 1.0.431 → 1.0.433

package/build/frontend-models/query.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2245 @@
+// @ts-check
+
+import {resolveFrontendModelClass} from "./model-registry.js"
+import {normalizeRansackGroup, parseRansackSort} from "../utils/ransack.js"
+import {isModelScopeDescriptor} from "../utils/model-scope.js"
+import isPlainObject from "../utils/plain-object.js"
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelSearch type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelSearch
+ * @property {string} column - Attribute name to search.
+ * @property {"eq" | "like" | "notEq" | "gt" | "gteq" | "lt" | "lteq"} operator - Search operator.
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path from root model.
+ * @property {?} value - Search value.
+ */
+/**
+ * FrontendModelTransportValue type.
+ * @typedef {null | boolean | number | string | object} FrontendModelTransportValue
+ */
+/**
+ * Defines this typedef.
+ * @typedef {{attributeName: string, relationshipName: string, where?: Record<string, FrontendModelTransportValue>}} FrontendModelWithCountPayloadEntry
+ */
+/**
+ * Defines this typedef.
+ * @typedef {{modelName: string, actions: string[]}} FrontendModelAbilitiesPayloadEntry
+ */
+/**
+ * FrontendModelProjectionOptions type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelProjectionOptions
+ * @property {Record<string, string[] | string> | string | string[]} [select] - Model-aware attribute select map or root-model shorthand.
+ * @property {Record<string, string[] | string> | string | string[]} [selectsExtra] - Extra attributes to load in addition to the defaults, keyed by model name or root-model shorthand.
+ * @property {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord | string | Array<string | import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord>} [preload] - Relationship preload tree.
+ * @property {string | string[] | Record<string, boolean | {relationship?: string, where?: Record<string, FrontendModelTransportValue>}>} [withCount] - Association count spec.
+ * @property {string[] | Record<string, string[]>} [abilities] - Ability actions to compute per record.
+ * @property {string | Array<string | Record<string, FrontendModelTransportValue>> | Record<string, FrontendModelTransportValue>} [queryData] - Backend query data names/spec.
+ */
+/**
+ * Defines this typedef.
+ * @typedef {FrontendModelProjectionOptions & {query?: FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>}} FrontendModelEventOptionsObject
+ */
+/**
+ * FrontendModelEventOptions type.
+ * @typedef {FrontendModelEventOptionsObject | FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>} FrontendModelEventOptions
+ */
+/**
+ * FrontendModelProjectionPayload type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelProjectionPayload
+ * @property {Record<string, string[]>} [select] - Normalized select map.
+ * @property {Record<string, string[]>} [selectsExtra] - Normalized extra select map.
+ * @property {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} [preload] - Normalized preload tree.
+ * @property {FrontendModelWithCountPayloadEntry[]} [withCount] - Normalized count specs.
+ * @property {FrontendModelAbilitiesPayloadEntry[]} [abilities] - Normalized ability specs.
+ * @property {FrontendModelTransportValue} [queryData] - Normalized queryData spec.
+ */
+/**
+ * FrontendModelEventFilterPayload type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelEventFilterPayload
+ * @property {Record<string, FrontendModelTransportValue>} [joins] - Relationship joins needed for matching.
+ * @property {FrontendModelSearch[]} [searches] - Search predicates needed for matching.
+ * @property {Record<string, FrontendModelTransportValue>} [where] - Structured where predicates needed for matching.
+ */
+/**
+ * Defines this typedef.
+ * @typedef {FrontendModelEventFilterPayload & {key: string}} FrontendModelEventFilterPayloadEntry
+ */
+/**
+ * FrontendModelEventOptionsPayload type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelEventOptionsPayload
+ * @property {string | null} eventFilterKey - Stable event filter key, or null when no filter is present.
+ * @property {FrontendModelEventFilterPayload | null} eventFilterPayload - Normalized event filter payload, or null when unfiltered.
+ * @property {FrontendModelProjectionPayload} projectionPayload - Normalized event serialization projection payload.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Runs the normalizePreload helper.
+ * @param {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord | string | Array<string | import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord> | boolean | undefined | null} preload - Preload shorthand.
+ * @returns {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} - Normalized preload.
+ */
+export function normalizePreload(preload) {
+  if (!preload) return {}
+
+  if (preload === true) return {}
+
+  if (typeof preload === "string") {
+    return {[preload]: true}
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(preload)) {
+    /**
+     * Normalized.
+      @type {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} */
+    const normalized = {}
+
+    for (const entry of preload) {
+      if (typeof entry === "string") {
+        normalized[entry] = true
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (isPlainObject(entry)) {
+        mergePreloadRecord(normalized, normalizePreload(entry))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`Invalid preload entry type: ${typeof entry}`)
+    }
+
+    return normalized
+  }
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(preload)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid preload type: ${typeof preload}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalized.
+    @type {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} */
+  const normalized = {}
+
+  for (const [relationshipName, relationshipPreload] of Object.entries(preload)) {
+    if (relationshipPreload === true || relationshipPreload === false) {
+      normalized[relationshipName] = relationshipPreload
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (typeof relationshipPreload === "string" || Array.isArray(relationshipPreload) || isPlainObject(relationshipPreload)) {
+      normalized[relationshipName] = normalizePreload(relationshipPreload)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`Invalid preload value for ${relationshipName}: ${typeof relationshipPreload}`)
+  }
+
+  return normalized
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize the shorthand `withCount` argument from the frontend-model
+ * query API into the strict internal entries used in the transport
+ * payload. Shares the shape semantics with the backend normalizer in
+ * `database/query/with-count.js`.
+ * @param {string | string[] | Record<string, boolean | {relationship?: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}>} spec
+ * @returns {Array<{attributeName: string, relationshipName: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}>}
+ */
+function normalizeWithCountFrontend(spec) {
+  if (spec == null) return []
+
+  if (typeof spec === "string") {
+    return [{attributeName: `${spec}Count`, relationshipName: spec}]
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(spec)) {
+    return spec.flatMap((item) => {
+      if (typeof item !== "string") {
+        throw new Error(`withCount array entries must be strings; got ${typeof item}`)
+      }
+
+      return [{attributeName: `${item}Count`, relationshipName: item}]
+    })
+  }
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(spec)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid withCount spec: ${typeof spec}`)
+  }
+
+  const entries = []
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(spec)) {
+    if (value === true) {
+      entries.push({attributeName: `${key}Count`, relationshipName: key})
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (value === false) continue
+
+    if (isPlainObject(value)) {
+      const options = /**
+                       * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                        @type {{relationship?: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}} */ (value)
+      entries.push({
+        attributeName: key,
+        relationshipName: options.relationship || key,
+        where: options.where
+      })
+      continue
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`Invalid withCount value for ${key}: ${typeof value}`)
+  }
+
+  return entries
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize a frontend `.abilities(...)` spec into a flat list of
+ * `{modelName, actions}` entries. Accepts the flat actions-array
+ * shorthand (applies to the query's own model class) and the keyed
+ * `{ModelName: [action, ...]}` form (applies to records of that model
+ * class, useful for preloaded children).
+ * @param {string[] | Record<string, string[]>} spec
+ * @param {{getModelName: () => string}} rootModelClass
+ * @returns {Array<{modelName: string, actions: string[]}>}
+ */
+function normalizeAbilitiesSpec(spec, rootModelClass) {
+  if (spec == null) return []
+
+  if (Array.isArray(spec)) {
+    for (const action of spec) {
+      if (typeof action !== "string" || action.length < 1) {
+        throw new Error(`abilities flat-form actions must be non-empty strings; got ${typeof action}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const rootModelName = typeof rootModelClass?.getModelName === "function"
+      ? rootModelClass.getModelName()
+      : undefined
+    if (!rootModelName) {
+      throw new Error("abilities flat-form requires a root model class with getModelName()")
+    }
+
+    return [{actions: [...spec], modelName: rootModelName}]
+  }
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(spec)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid abilities spec: ${typeof spec}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Entries.
+    @type {Array<{modelName: string, actions: string[]}>} */
+  const entries = []
+
+  for (const [modelName, actions] of Object.entries(spec)) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(actions)) {
+      throw new Error(`abilities[${modelName}] must be an array of action names; got ${typeof actions}`)
+    }
+
+    const sanitized = actions.map((action) => {
+      if (typeof action !== "string" || action.length < 1) {
+        throw new Error(`abilities[${modelName}] entries must be non-empty strings; got ${typeof action}`)
+      }
+
+      return action
+    })
+
+    entries.push({actions: sanitized, modelName})
+  }
+
+  return entries
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs merge preload record.
+ * @param {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} targetPreload - Existing preload data.
+ * @param {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} incomingPreload - New preload data.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function mergePreloadRecord(targetPreload, incomingPreload) {
+  for (const [relationshipName, incomingValue] of Object.entries(incomingPreload)) {
+    const existingValue = targetPreload[relationshipName]
+
+    if (incomingValue === false) {
+      targetPreload[relationshipName] = false
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (incomingValue === true) {
+      if (existingValue === undefined) {
+        targetPreload[relationshipName] = true
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!isPlainObject(incomingValue)) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid preload value for ${relationshipName}: ${typeof incomingValue}`)
+    }
+
+    if (isPlainObject(existingValue)) {
+      mergePreloadRecord(
+        /**
+         * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+          @type {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} */ (existingValue),
+        /**
+         * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+          @type {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} */ (incomingValue)
+      )
+      continue
+    }
+
+    targetPreload[relationshipName] = normalizePreload(incomingValue)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize select.
+ * @param {?} select - Select payload.
+ * @param {string | null} [rootModelName] - Optional root model name for shorthand select payloads.
+ * @returns {Record<string, string[]>} - Normalized model-name keyed select record.
+ */
+function normalizeSelect(select, rootModelName = null) {
+  if (!select) return {}
+
+  if (typeof select === "string") {
+    if (!rootModelName) throw new Error("Invalid select shorthand without root model name")
+
+    return {[rootModelName]: [select]}
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(select)) {
+    if (!rootModelName) throw new Error("Invalid select shorthand without root model name")
+
+    for (const attributeName of select) {
+      if (typeof attributeName !== "string") {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid select attribute for ${rootModelName}: ${typeof attributeName}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {[rootModelName]: Array.from(new Set(select))}
+  }
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(select)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid select type: ${typeof select}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalized.
+    @type {Record<string, string[]>} */
+  const normalized = {}
+
+  for (const [modelName, selection] of Object.entries(select)) {
+    if (typeof selection === "string") {
+      normalized[modelName] = [selection]
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(selection)) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid select value for ${modelName}: ${typeof selection}`)
+    }
+
+    for (const attributeName of selection) {
+      if (typeof attributeName !== "string") {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid select attribute for ${modelName}: ${typeof attributeName}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    normalized[modelName] = Array.from(new Set(selection))
+  }
+
+  return normalized
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs merge select record.
+ * @param {Record<string, string[]>} targetSelect - Existing select record.
+ * @param {Record<string, string[]>} incomingSelect - Incoming select record.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function mergeSelectRecord(targetSelect, incomingSelect) {
+  for (const [modelName, incomingAttributes] of Object.entries(incomingSelect)) {
+    const existingAttributes = targetSelect[modelName] || []
+
+    targetSelect[modelName] = Array.from(new Set([...existingAttributes, ...incomingAttributes]))
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs the normalizeSearchOperator helper.
+ * @param {string} operator - Raw search operator.
+ * @returns {"eq" | "like" | "notEq" | "gt" | "gteq" | "lt" | "lteq"} - Normalized operator.
+ */
+export function normalizeSearchOperator(operator) {
+  const operatorAliases = {
+    "<": "lt",
+    "<=": "lteq",
+    ">": "gt",
+    ">=": "gteq"
+  }
+  const normalizedOperator = operatorAliases[/**
+                                              * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                                               @type {"<" | "<=" | ">" | ">="} */ (operator)] || operator
+  const supportedOperators = new Set(["eq", "like", "notEq", "gt", "gteq", "lt", "lteq"])
+
+  if (!supportedOperators.has(normalizedOperator)) {
+    throw new Error(`search operator must be one of: eq, like, notEq, gt, gteq, lt, lteq, >, >=, <, <= (got: ${operator})`)
+  }
+
+  return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {"eq" | "like" | "notEq" | "gt" | "gteq" | "lt" | "lteq"} */ (normalizedOperator)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs merge join record.
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} targetJoins - Existing join record.
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} incomingJoins - Incoming join record.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function mergeJoinRecord(targetJoins, incomingJoins) {
+  for (const [relationshipName, incomingValue] of Object.entries(incomingJoins)) {
+    const existingValue = targetJoins[relationshipName]
+
+    if (incomingValue === true) {
+      if (existingValue === undefined) {
+        targetJoins[relationshipName] = true
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (!isPlainObject(incomingValue)) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid join value for ${relationshipName}: ${typeof incomingValue}`)
+    }
+
+    if (isPlainObject(existingValue)) {
+      mergeJoinRecord(existingValue, incomingValue)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (existingValue === true) {
+      targetJoins[relationshipName] = normalizeJoins(incomingValue)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    targetJoins[relationshipName] = normalizeJoins(incomingValue)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs the normalizeJoins helper.
+ * @param {?} joins - Join payload.
+ * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Normalized relationship descriptor joins.
+ */
+export function normalizeJoins(joins) {
+  if (!joins) return {}
+
+  if (Array.isArray(joins)) {
+    /**
+     * Normalized.
+      @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+    const normalized = {}
+
+    for (const joinEntry of joins) {
+      if (!isPlainObject(joinEntry)) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid joins entry type: ${typeof joinEntry}`)
+      }
+
+      mergeJoinRecord(normalized, normalizeJoins(joinEntry))
+    }
+
+    return normalized
+  }
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(joins)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid joins type: ${typeof joins}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalized.
+    @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+  const normalized = {}
+
+  for (const [relationshipName, relationshipJoin] of Object.entries(joins)) {
+    if (relationshipJoin === true) {
+      normalized[relationshipName] = true
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (isPlainObject(relationshipJoin)) {
+      normalized[relationshipName] = normalizeJoins(relationshipJoin)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`Invalid join definition for "${relationshipName}": ${typeof relationshipJoin}`)
+  }
+
+  return normalized
+}
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelSort type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelSort
+ * @property {string} column - Attribute name to sort by.
+ * @property {"asc" | "desc"} direction - Sort direction.
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path from root model.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelGroup type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelGroup
+ * @property {string} column - Attribute name to group by.
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path from root model.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * FrontendModelPluck type.
+ * @typedef {object} FrontendModelPluck
+ * @property {string} column - Attribute name to pluck.
+ * @property {string[]} path - Relationship path from root model.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize sort direction.
+ * @param {?} direction - Direction value.
+ * @returns {"asc" | "desc"} - Normalized direction.
+ */
+function normalizeSortDirection(direction) {
+  if (typeof direction !== "string") {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid sort direction type: ${typeof direction}`)
+  }
+
+  const normalizedDirection = direction.trim().toLowerCase()
+
+  if (normalizedDirection !== "asc" && normalizedDirection !== "desc") {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid sort direction: ${direction}`)
+  }
+
+  return normalizedDirection
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check whether a value is a two-item `[column, direction]` sort tuple.
+ * @param {?} value - Candidate tuple.
+ * @returns {value is [string, string]} - Whether value is a sort tuple.
+ */
+function sortTuple(value) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return false
+  if (value.length !== 2) return false
+  if (typeof value[0] !== "string") return false
+  if (typeof value[1] !== "string") return false
+  if (value[0].trim().length < 1) return false
+
+  const direction = value[1].trim().toLowerCase()
+
+  return direction === "asc" || direction === "desc"
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check whether a value is a structured sort descriptor with a relationship path.
+ * @param {?} value - Candidate descriptor.
+ * @returns {value is {column: string, direction: string, path: string[]}} - Whether value is an explicit sort descriptor object.
+ */
+function sortDescriptor(value) {
+  if (!isPlainObject(value)) return false
+  if (!("column" in value) || !("direction" in value) || !("path" in value)) return false
+  if (typeof value.column !== "string") return false
+  if (typeof value.direction !== "string") return false
+  if (!Array.isArray(value.path)) return false
+
+  return value.path.every((pathEntry) => typeof pathEntry === "string")
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a string shorthand into a sort descriptor.
+ * @param {string} sortValue - Sort string.
+ * @param {string[]} [path] - Relationship path.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelSort} - Normalized sort descriptor.
+ */
+function parseSortString(sortValue, path = []) {
+  const trimmed = sortValue.trim()
+
+  if (trimmed.length < 1) {
+    throw new Error("sort value must be a non-empty string")
+  }
+
+  if (trimmed.startsWith("-")) {
+    const column = trimmed.slice(1).trim()
+
+    if (column.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid sort definition: ${sortValue}`)
+    }
+
+    return {
+      column,
+      direction: "desc",
+      path: [...path]
+    }
+  }
+
+  const sortParts = trimmed.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean)
+
+  if (sortParts.length > 2) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid sort definition: ${sortValue}`)
+  }
+
+  const column = sortParts[0]
+
+  if (column.length < 1) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid sort definition: ${sortValue}`)
+  }
+
+  const direction = sortParts.length === 2
+    ? normalizeSortDirection(sortParts[1])
+    : "asc"
+
+  return {
+    column,
+    direction,
+    path: [...path]
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a tuple shorthand into a sort descriptor.
+ * @param {[string, string]} sortValue - Sort tuple.
+ * @param {string[]} [path] - Relationship path.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelSort} - Normalized sort descriptor.
+ */
+function parseSortTuple(sortValue, path = []) {
+  const [columnValue, directionValue] = sortValue
+  const column = columnValue.trim()
+
+  if (column.length < 1) {
+    throw new Error("sort tuple column must be a non-empty string")
+  }
+
+  return {
+    column,
+    direction: normalizeSortDirection(directionValue),
+    path: [...path]
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize a nested object sort payload into flat sort descriptors.
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} sortValue - Nested sort object.
+ * @param {string[]} path - Relationship path.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelSort[]} - Normalized sort descriptors.
+ */
+function normalizeSortObject(sortValue, path) {
+  /**
+   * Normalized sorts.
+    @type {FrontendModelSort[]} */
+  const normalizedSorts = []
+
+  for (const [sortKey, sortEntry] of Object.entries(sortValue)) {
+    if (typeof sortEntry === "string") {
+      normalizedSorts.push({
+        column: sortKey,
+        direction: normalizeSortDirection(sortEntry),
+        path: [...path]
+      })
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (sortTuple(sortEntry)) {
+      normalizedSorts.push(parseSortTuple(sortEntry, [...path, sortKey]))
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (Array.isArray(sortEntry)) {
+      if (sortEntry.length < 1) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid sort definition for "${sortKey}": empty array`)
+      }
+
+      for (const nestedSortEntry of sortEntry) {
+        if (!sortTuple(nestedSortEntry)) {
+          throw new Error(`Invalid sort definition for "${sortKey}": expected [column, direction] tuples`)
+        }
+
+        normalizedSorts.push(parseSortTuple(nestedSortEntry, [...path, sortKey]))
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (isPlainObject(sortEntry)) {
+      normalizedSorts.push(...normalizeSortObject(sortEntry, [...path, sortKey]))
+      continue
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`Invalid sort definition for "${sortKey}": ${typeof sortEntry}`)
+  }
+
+  return normalizedSorts
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize any supported sort payload into flat sort descriptors.
+ * @param {?} sort - Sort payload.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelSort[]} - Normalized sort definitions.
+ */
+export function normalizeSort(sort) {
+  if (!sort) return []
+
+  if (typeof sort === "string") {
+    return [parseSortString(sort)]
+  }
+
+  if (sortTuple(sort)) {
+    return [parseSortTuple(sort)]
+  }
+
+  if (sortDescriptor(sort)) {
+    return [{
+      column: sort.column.trim(),
+      direction: normalizeSortDirection(sort.direction),
+      path: [...sort.path]
+    }]
+  }
+
+  if (isPlainObject(sort)) {
+    return normalizeSortObject(sort, [])
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(sort)) {
+    /**
+     * Normalized.
+      @type {FrontendModelSort[]} */
+    const normalized = []
+
+    for (const sortEntry of sort) {
+      if (typeof sortEntry === "string") {
+        normalized.push(parseSortString(sortEntry))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (sortTuple(sortEntry)) {
+        normalized.push(parseSortTuple(sortEntry))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (sortDescriptor(sortEntry)) {
+        normalized.push({
+          column: sortEntry.column.trim(),
+          direction: normalizeSortDirection(sortEntry.direction),
+          path: [...sortEntry.path]
+        })
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (isPlainObject(sortEntry)) {
+        normalized.push(...normalizeSortObject(sortEntry, []))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`Invalid sort entry type: ${typeof sortEntry}`)
+    }
+
+    return normalized
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(`Invalid sort type: ${typeof sort}`)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a string shorthand into a group descriptor.
+ * @param {string} groupValue - Group string.
+ * @param {string[]} [path] - Relationship path.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelGroup} - Normalized group descriptor.
+ */
+function parseGroupString(groupValue, path = []) {
+  const trimmed = groupValue.trim()
+
+  if (!/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(trimmed)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid group column: ${groupValue}`)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    column: trimmed,
+    path: [...path]
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check whether a value is a structured column/path descriptor.
+ * @param {?} value - Candidate descriptor.
+ * @returns {value is {column: string, path: string[]}} - Whether candidate is an explicit column descriptor object.
+ */
+function columnPathDescriptor(value) {
+  if (!isPlainObject(value)) return false
+  if (!("column" in value) || !("path" in value)) return false
+  if (typeof value.column !== "string") return false
+  if (!Array.isArray(value.path)) return false
+
+  return value.path.every((pathEntry) => typeof pathEntry === "string")
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize a nested object column projection payload into flat descriptors.
+ * @template {{column: string, path: string[]}} T
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} value - Nested projection object.
+ * @param {string[]} path - Relationship path.
+ * @param {(columnValue: string, path?: string[]) => T} parseString - String projection parser.
+ * @param {string} label - Projection label for errors.
+ * @returns {T[]} - Normalized projection descriptors.
+ */
+function normalizeColumnProjectionObject(value, path, parseString, label) {
+  /**
+   * Normalized.
+    @type {T[]} */
+  const normalized = []
+
+  for (const [projectionKey, projectionEntry] of Object.entries(value)) {
+    if (typeof projectionEntry === "string") {
+      normalized.push(parseString(projectionEntry, [...path, projectionKey]))
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (Array.isArray(projectionEntry)) {
+      if (projectionEntry.length < 1) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid ${label} definition for "${projectionKey}": empty array`)
+      }
+
+      for (const nestedProjectionEntry of projectionEntry) {
+        if (typeof nestedProjectionEntry !== "string") {
+          throw new Error(`Invalid ${label} definition for "${projectionKey}": expected string columns`)
+        }
+
+        normalized.push(parseString(nestedProjectionEntry, [...path, projectionKey]))
+      }
+
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (isPlainObject(projectionEntry)) {
+      normalized.push(...normalizeColumnProjectionObject(projectionEntry, [...path, projectionKey], parseString, label))
+      continue
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`Invalid ${label} definition for "${projectionKey}": ${typeof projectionEntry}`)
+  }
+
+  return normalized
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize any supported group payload into flat group descriptors.
+ * @param {?} group - Group payload.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelGroup[]} - Normalized group definitions.
+ */
+export function normalizeGroup(group) {
+  if (!group) return []
+
+  if (typeof group === "string") {
+    return [parseGroupString(group)]
+  }
+
+  if (columnPathDescriptor(group)) {
+    return [{
+      column: parseGroupString(group.column).column,
+      path: [...group.path]
+    }]
+  }
+
+  if (isPlainObject(group)) {
+    return normalizeColumnProjectionObject(group, [], parseGroupString, "group")
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(group)) {
+    /**
+     * Normalized.
+      @type {FrontendModelGroup[]} */
+    const normalized = []
+
+    for (const groupEntry of group) {
+      if (typeof groupEntry === "string") {
+        normalized.push(parseGroupString(groupEntry))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (columnPathDescriptor(groupEntry)) {
+        normalized.push({
+          column: parseGroupString(groupEntry.column).column,
+          path: [...groupEntry.path]
+        })
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (isPlainObject(groupEntry)) {
+        normalized.push(...normalizeColumnProjectionObject(groupEntry, [], parseGroupString, "group"))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`Invalid group entry type: ${typeof groupEntry}`)
+    }
+
+    return normalized
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(`Invalid group type: ${typeof group}`)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a string shorthand into a pluck descriptor.
+ * @param {string} pluckValue - Pluck string.
+ * @param {string[]} [path] - Relationship path.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelPluck} - Normalized pluck descriptor.
+ */
+function parsePluckString(pluckValue, path = []) {
+  const trimmed = pluckValue.trim()
+
+  if (!/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(trimmed)) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid pluck column: ${pluckValue}`)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    column: trimmed,
+    path: [...path]
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize any supported pluck payload into flat pluck descriptors.
+ * @param {?} pluck - Pluck payload.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelPluck[]} - Normalized pluck definitions.
+ */
+export function normalizePluck(pluck) {
+  if (!pluck) return []
+
+  if (typeof pluck === "string") {
+    return [parsePluckString(pluck)]
+  }
+
+  if (columnPathDescriptor(pluck)) {
+    return [{
+      column: parsePluckString(pluck.column).column,
+      path: [...pluck.path]
+    }]
+  }
+
+  if (isPlainObject(pluck)) {
+    return normalizeColumnProjectionObject(pluck, [], parsePluckString, "pluck")
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(pluck)) {
+    /**
+     * Normalized.
+      @type {FrontendModelPluck[]} */
+    const normalized = []
+
+    for (const pluckEntry of pluck) {
+      if (typeof pluckEntry === "string") {
+        normalized.push(parsePluckString(pluckEntry))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (columnPathDescriptor(pluckEntry)) {
+        normalized.push({
+          column: parsePluckString(pluckEntry.column).column,
+          path: [...pluckEntry.path]
+        })
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (isPlainObject(pluckEntry)) {
+        normalized.push(...normalizeColumnProjectionObject(pluckEntry, [], parsePluckString, "pluck"))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`Invalid pluck entry type: ${typeof pluckEntry}`)
+    }
+
+    return normalized
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(`Invalid pluck type: ${typeof pluck}`)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model resource attributes.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} modelClass - Model class.
+ * @returns {Set<string>} - Resource attribute names.
+ */
+function frontendModelResourceAttributes(modelClass) {
+  const resourceConfig = /**
+                          * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                           @type {Record<string, ?>} */ (modelClass.resourceConfig())
+  const attributes = resourceConfig.attributes
+
+  if (Array.isArray(attributes)) {
+    return new Set(attributes)
+  }
+
+  if (isPlainObject(attributes)) {
+    return new Set(Object.keys(attributes))
+  }
+
+  return new Set()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model pluck target model class.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} modelClass - Root model class.
+ * @param {string[]} path - Relationship path.
+ * @returns {typeof import("./base.js").default} - Target model class for path.
+ */
+function frontendModelPluckTargetModelClass(modelClass, path) {
+  let targetModelClass = modelClass
+
+  for (const relationshipName of path) {
+    const relationshipDefinitions = typeof targetModelClass.relationshipDefinitions === "function"
+      ? targetModelClass.relationshipDefinitions()
+      : {}
+    const relationshipModelClasses = typeof targetModelClass.relationshipModelClasses === "function"
+      ? targetModelClass.relationshipModelClasses()
+      : {}
+    const relationshipDefinition = relationshipDefinitions[relationshipName]
+    const relationshipTargetModelClass = resolveFrontendModelClass(relationshipModelClasses[relationshipName])
+
+    if (!relationshipDefinition) {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown pluck relationship "${relationshipName}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+    }
+
+    if (!relationshipTargetModelClass) {
+      throw new Error(`No relationship model class configured for ${targetModelClass.name}#${relationshipName}`)
+    }
+
+    targetModelClass = relationshipTargetModelClass
+  }
+
+  return targetModelClass
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs validate pluck definitions.
+ * @param {object} args - Pluck validation args.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} args.modelClass - Root model class.
+ * @param {FrontendModelPluck[]} args.pluck - Pluck descriptors.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelPluck[]} - Validated pluck descriptors.
+ */
+function validatePluckDefinitions({modelClass, pluck}) {
+  return pluck.map((pluckEntry) => {
+    const targetModelClass = frontendModelPluckTargetModelClass(modelClass, pluckEntry.path)
+    const targetAttributes = frontendModelResourceAttributes(targetModelClass)
+
+    if (!targetAttributes.has(pluckEntry.column)) {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown pluck column "${pluckEntry.column}" for ${targetModelClass.name}`)
+    }
+
+    return {
+      column: pluckEntry.column,
+      path: [...pluckEntry.path]
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs serialize find conditions.
+ * @param {Record<string, ?>} conditions - findBy conditions.
+ * @returns {string} - Serialized conditions for error messages.
+ */
+function serializeFindConditions(conditions) {
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(conditions)
+  } catch {
+    return "[unserializable conditions]"
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs normalize integer argument.
+ * @param {?} value - Candidate integer value.
+ * @param {string} argumentName - Argument name for errors.
+ * @param {object} options - Validation options.
+ * @param {number} options.min - Minimum allowed value.
+ * @returns {number} - Normalized integer value.
+ */
+function normalizeIntegerArgument(value, argumentName, {min}) {
+  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isInteger(value)) {
+    throw new Error(`${argumentName} must be an integer number`)
+  }
+
+  if (value < min) {
+    throw new Error(`${argumentName} must be greater than or equal to ${min}`)
+  }
+
+  return value
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs reverse sort direction.
+ * @param {"asc" | "desc"} direction - Current sort direction.
+ * @returns {"asc" | "desc"} - Reversed direction.
+ */
+function reverseSortDirection(direction) {
+  return direction === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc"
+}
+
+/**
+ * Query wrapper for frontend model commands.
+ * @template {typeof import("./base.js").default} T
+ */
+export default class FrontendModelQuery {
+  /**
+   * Ransack.
+    @type {Record<string, ?>[]} */
+  _ransack = []
+  /**
+   * Searches.
+    @type {FrontendModelSearch[]} */
+  _searches = []
+  /**
+   * Sort.
+    @type {FrontendModelSort[]} */
+  _sort = []
+  /**
+   * Group.
+    @type {FrontendModelGroup[]} */
+  _group = []
+
+  /**
+   * Runs constructor.
+   * @param {object} args - Constructor args.
+   * @param {T} args.modelClass - Frontend model class.
+   * @param {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord} [args.preload] - Preload map.
+   */
+  constructor({modelClass, preload = {}}) {
+    this.modelClass = modelClass
+    this._preload = normalizePreload(preload)
+    this._joins = {}
+    this._where = {}
+    this._searches = []
+    /**
+     * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+      @type {Record<string, string[]>} */
+    this._select = {}
+    /**
+     * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+      @type {Record<string, string[]>} */
+    this._selectsExtra = {}
+    this._sort = []
+    this._group = []
+    this._distinct = false
+    this._limit = null
+    this._offset = null
+    this._page = null
+    this._perPage = null
+    /**
+     * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+      @type {Array<{attributeName: string, relationshipName: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}>} */
+    this._withCount = []
+    /**
+     * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+      @type {Array<string | Record<string, ?>>} */
+    this._queryData = []
+    /**
+     * Per-record ability spec. Normalized to a list of
+     * `{modelName, actions}` entries — one entry per model that should
+     * have ability results attached. The root query's model class
+     * name is implicit via `"__root__"` when the caller used the flat
+     * array form.
+     * @type {Array<{modelName: string, actions: string[]}>}
+     */
+    this._abilities = []
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tell the backend to evaluate one or more ability actions against
+   * each returned record (and its preloaded relations, when keyed by
+   * model name) and ship the results back so the frontend can read
+   * them via `record.can(action)`.
+   *
+   * Flat form — applies to the query's own model class:
+   *   ```
+   *   const timelogs = await Timelog.where({taskId})
+   *     .abilities(["update", "destroy"])
+   *     .toArray()
+   *   timelogs[0].can("update") // → boolean
+   *   ```
+   *
+   * Keyed form — targets records by model name, useful for preloaded
+   * children:
+   *   ```
+   *   const project = await Project
+   *     .preload("timelogs")
+   *     .abilities({Timelog: ["update", "destroy"]})
+   *     .first()
+   *   project.timelogs().loaded()[0].can("update") // → boolean
+   *   ```
+   *
+   * Keys in the keyed form are the backend model names (as returned by
+   * `ModelClass.getModelName()` / the `modelName` field of the
+   * frontend-model resource config). Values are the ability-action
+   * strings — typically `"update"` / `"destroy"` / `"create"` /
+   * `"read"`, but any custom action registered on the resource's
+   * authorization ability is accepted.
+   * @param {string[] | Record<string, string[]>} spec
+   * @returns {this}
+   */
+  abilities(spec) {
+    for (const entry of normalizeAbilitiesSpec(spec, this.modelClass)) {
+      this._mergeAbilityEntry(entry)
+    }
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs merge ability entry.
+   * @param {{modelName: string, actions: string[]}} entry
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  _mergeAbilityEntry(entry) {
+    const existing = this._abilities.find((candidate) => candidate.modelName === entry.modelName)
+
+    if (!existing) {
+      this._abilities.push({actions: [...entry.actions], modelName: entry.modelName})
+      return
+    }
+
+    for (const action of entry.actions) {
+      if (!existing.actions.includes(action)) existing.actions.push(action)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tell the backend index query to attach one or more association
+   * counts to each returned record. Parses the same shapes as the
+   * backend `ModelClassQuery#withCount`, then ships the normalized
+   * entries as part of the `index` command payload.
+   * @param {string | string[] | Record<string, boolean | {relationship?: string, where?: Record<string, ?>}>} spec
+   * @returns {this}
+   */
+  withCount(spec) {
+    for (const entry of normalizeWithCountFrontend(spec)) {
+      this._withCount.push(entry)
+    }
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Request one or more backend queryData entries for each returned
+   * record. The spec is a name or nested-record shape matching the
+   * `Model.queryData(name, fn)` registrations on the backend — the
+   * frontend ships only these names; the SQL fragments stay server-
+   * side. All resulting aliases are attached to the root record and
+   * read back with `record.queryData(aliasName)`.
+   * @param {string | Array<string | Record<string, ?>> | Record<string, ?>} spec
+   * @returns {this}
+   */
+  queryData(spec) {
+    if (spec == null) return this
+
+    this._queryData.push(/**
+                          * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                           @type {?} */ (spec))
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs where.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} conditions - Root-model where conditions.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with merged where conditions.
+   */
+  where(conditions) {
+    this.modelClass.assertFindByConditions(conditions)
+
+    this._where = {
+      ...this._where,
+      ...conditions
+    }
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs scope.
+   * @param {import("../utils/model-scope.js").ModelScopeDescriptor} scopeDescriptor - Scope descriptor.
+   * @returns {this} - Scoped query.
+   */
+  scope(scopeDescriptor) {
+    if (!isModelScopeDescriptor(scopeDescriptor)) {
+      throw new Error("scope() expects a descriptor returned by defineScope(...).scope(...)")
+    }
+
+    if (scopeDescriptor.modelClass !== this.modelClass) {
+      throw new Error(`Cannot apply ${scopeDescriptor.modelClass.name} scope to ${this.modelClass.name} query`)
+    }
+
+    const scopedQuery = /**
+                         * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                          @type {this | void} */ (scopeDescriptor.callback({
+      driver: null,
+      modelClass: this.modelClass,
+      query: this,
+      table: null
+    }, ...scopeDescriptor.scopeArgs))
+
+    return scopedQuery || this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ransack.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} params - Ransack-style params hash. Supports `s` key for sorting (e.g., `{s: "name asc"}`).
+   * @returns {this} - Query with Ransack filters and sort applied.
+   */
+  ransack(params) {
+    const {s, ...filterParams} = params
+    const hasFilters = Object.keys(filterParams).length > 0
+
+    if (hasFilters) {
+      normalizeRansackGroup(this.modelClass, filterParams)
+      this._ransack.push(filterParams)
+    }
+
+    if (typeof s === "string" && s.trim().length > 0) {
+      const sorts = parseRansackSort(this.modelClass, s)
+
+      for (const sortDef of sorts) {
+        this.sort([[sortDef.attribute, sortDef.direction]])
+      }
+    }
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs select with required root attributes.
+   * @param {string[]} [requiredAttributes] - Extra required attributes for the root model.
+   * @returns {Record<string, string[]>} - Select map with required root attributes merged when root select exists.
+   */
+  selectWithRequiredRootAttributes(requiredAttributes = []) {
+    const rootModelName = this.modelClass.getModelName()
+    const selectMap = /**
+                       * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                        @type {Record<string, string[]>} */ (this._select)
+    const existingRootAttributes = selectMap[rootModelName]
+
+    if (!existingRootAttributes) {
+      return selectMap
+    }
+
+    const rootPrimaryKey = this.modelClass.primaryKey()
+
+    return {
+      ...selectMap,
+      [rootModelName]: Array.from(new Set([rootPrimaryKey, ...existingRootAttributes, ...requiredAttributes]))
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs preload.
+   * @param {import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord | string | Array<string | import("../database/query/index.js").NestedPreloadRecord>} preload - Preload to merge.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with merged preloads.
+   */
+  preload(preload) {
+    mergePreloadRecord(this._preload, normalizePreload(preload))
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs select.
+   * @param {Record<string, string[] | string> | string | string[]} select - Model-aware attribute select map or root-model shorthand.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with merged selected attributes.
+   */
+  select(select) {
+    mergeSelectRecord(this._select, normalizeSelect(select, this.modelClass.getModelName()))
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Like `select(...)`, but keeps the default serialized attributes and loads
+   * the given extras in addition (for example attributes declared
+   * `selectedByDefault: false`). Keyed by model name, with root-model shorthand.
+   * @param {Record<string, string[] | string> | string | string[]} select - Extra attributes to load, keyed by model name or root-model shorthand.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with merged extra selected attributes.
+   */
+  selectsExtra(select) {
+    mergeSelectRecord(this._selectsExtra, normalizeSelect(select, this.modelClass.getModelName()))
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs joins.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?> | Array<Record<string, ?>>} joins - Relationship descriptor joins.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with merged joins.
+   */
+  joins(joins) {
+    mergeJoinRecord(this._joins, normalizeJoins(joins))
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the search result.
+   * @param {string[]} path - Relationship path.
+   * @param {string} column - Column or attribute name.
+   * @param {"eq" | "like" | "notEq" | "gt" | "gteq" | "lt" | "lteq" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<="} operator - Search operator.
+   * @param {?} value - Search value.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with appended search.
+   */
+  search(path, column, operator, value) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(path)) {
+      throw new Error(`search path must be an array, got: ${typeof path}`)
+    }
+
+    for (const pathEntry of path) {
+      if (typeof pathEntry !== "string" || pathEntry.length < 1) {
+        throw new Error("search path entries must be non-empty strings")
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (typeof column !== "string" || column.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error("search column must be a non-empty string")
+    }
+
+    if (typeof operator !== "string" || operator.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error("search operator must be a non-empty string")
+    }
+
+    const normalizedOperator = normalizeSearchOperator(operator)
+
+    this._searches.push({
+      column,
+      operator: normalizedOperator,
+      path: [...path],
+      value
+    })
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs sort.
+   * @param {string | string[] | [string, string] | Array<[string, string]> | Record<string, ?> | Array<Record<string, ?>>} sort - Sort definition(s).
+   * @returns {this} - Query with appended sort definitions.
+   */
+  sort(sort) {
+    this._sort.push(...normalizeSort(sort))
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs order.
+   * @param {string | string[] | [string, string] | Array<[string, string]> | Record<string, ?> | Array<Record<string, ?>>} order - Order definition(s).
+   * @returns {this} - Query with appended sort definitions.
+   */
+  order(order) {
+    return this.sort(order)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs group.
+   * @param {string | string[] | Record<string, ?> | Array<Record<string, ?>>} group - Group definition(s).
+   * @returns {this} - Query with appended group definitions.
+   */
+  group(group) {
+    this._group.push(...normalizeGroup(group))
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs distinct.
+   * @param {boolean} [value] - Whether to request distinct rows.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with distinct flag.
+   */
+  distinct(value = true) {
+    if (typeof value !== "boolean") {
+      throw new Error(`distinct must be a boolean, got: ${typeof value}`)
+    }
+
+    this._distinct = value
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the limit result.
+   * @param {number} value - Maximum number of records.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with limit.
+   */
+  limit(value) {
+    this._limit = normalizeIntegerArgument(value, "limit", {min: 0})
+    this._page = null
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs offset.
+   * @param {number} value - Number of records to skip.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with offset.
+   */
+  offset(value) {
+    this._offset = normalizeIntegerArgument(value, "offset", {min: 0})
+    this._page = null
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs page.
+   * @param {number} pageNumber - 1-based page number.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with page applied.
+   */
+  page(pageNumber) {
+    this._page = normalizeIntegerArgument(pageNumber, "page", {min: 1})
+    const pageSize = this._perPage || 30
+
+    this._limit = pageSize
+    this._offset = (this._page - 1) * pageSize
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs per page.
+   * @param {number} perPage - Page size.
+   * @returns {this} - Query with per-page applied.
+   */
+  perPage(perPage) {
+    this._perPage = normalizeIntegerArgument(perPage, "perPage", {min: 1})
+
+    if (this._page !== null) {
+      this._limit = this._perPage
+      this._offset = (this._page - 1) * this._perPage
+    }
+
+    return this
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs clone.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelQuery<T>} - Cloned query instance.
+   */
+  clone() {
+    const newQuery = /**
+                      * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                       @type {FrontendModelQuery<T>} */ (new FrontendModelQuery({
+      modelClass: this.modelClass,
+      preload: normalizePreload(this._preload)
+    }))
+
+    newQuery._joins = normalizeJoins(this._joins)
+    newQuery._where = {...this._where}
+    newQuery._ransack = this._ransack.map((ransackParams) => ({...ransackParams}))
+    newQuery._searches = this._searches.map((search) => ({
+      column: search.column,
+      operator: search.operator,
+      path: [...search.path],
+      value: search.value
+    }))
+    newQuery._select = normalizeSelect(this._select)
+    newQuery._selectsExtra = normalizeSelect(this._selectsExtra)
+    newQuery._sort = this._sort.map((sortEntry) => ({
+      column: sortEntry.column,
+      direction: sortEntry.direction,
+      path: [...sortEntry.path]
+    }))
+    newQuery._group = this._group.map((groupEntry) => ({
+      column: groupEntry.column,
+      path: [...groupEntry.path]
+    }))
+    newQuery._distinct = this._distinct
+    newQuery._limit = this._limit
+    newQuery._offset = this._offset
+    newQuery._page = this._page
+    newQuery._perPage = this._perPage
+    newQuery._withCount = this._withCount.map((entry) => ({
+      attributeName: entry.attributeName,
+      relationshipName: entry.relationshipName,
+      where: entry.where ? {...entry.where} : undefined
+    }))
+    newQuery._queryData = this._queryData.map((entry) => (
+      typeof entry === "string" ? entry : {...entry}
+    ))
+    newQuery._abilities = this._abilities.map((entry) => ({
+      actions: [...entry.actions],
+      modelName: entry.modelName
+    }))
+
+    return newQuery
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs get model class.
+   * @returns {T} - Root model class.
+   */
+  getModelClass() {
+    return this.modelClass
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs preload payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload preload hash when present.
+   */
+  preloadPayload() {
+    if (Object.keys(this._preload).length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {preload: this._preload}
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs with count payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload withCount array when present.
+   */
+  withCountPayload() {
+    if (this._withCount.length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {
+      withCount: this._withCount.map((entry) => ({
+        attributeName: entry.attributeName,
+        relationshipName: entry.relationshipName,
+        where: entry.where || undefined
+      }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs abilities payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload abilities array when present.
+   */
+  abilitiesPayload() {
+    if (this._abilities.length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {
+      abilities: this._abilities.map((entry) => ({
+        actions: [...entry.actions],
+        modelName: entry.modelName
+      }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs query data payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload queryData spec when present.
+   */
+  queryDataPayload() {
+    if (this._queryData.length === 0) return {}
+
+    // Single accumulated spec goes on the wire verbatim. The backend
+    // normalizer accepts string/array/object at each level, so we can
+    // ship multiple `.queryData(...)` calls as an array.
+    return {
+      queryData: this._queryData.length === 1 ? this._queryData[0] : this._queryData
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs select payload.
+   * @param {string[]} [requiredAttributes] - Extra required attributes for root model selection.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload select hash when present.
+   */
+  selectPayload(requiredAttributes = []) {
+    const select = this.selectWithRequiredRootAttributes(requiredAttributes)
+
+    if (Object.keys(select).length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {select}
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs selects extra payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload selectsExtra hash when present.
+   */
+  selectsExtraPayload() {
+    if (Object.keys(this._selectsExtra).length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {selectsExtra: this._selectsExtra}
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs search payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload searches array when present.
+   */
+  searchPayload() {
+    if (this._searches.length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {
+      searches: this._searches.map((search) => ({
+        column: search.column,
+        operator: search.operator,
+        path: [...search.path],
+        value: search.value
+      }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs ransack payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload ransack hash when present.
+   */
+  ransackPayload() {
+    if (this._ransack.length === 0) return {}
+
+    if (this._ransack.length === 1) {
+      return {ransack: this._ransack[0]}
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ransack: {
+        g: this._ransack,
+        m: "and"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs joins payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload joins hash when present.
+   */
+  joinsPayload() {
+    if (Object.keys(this._joins).length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {
+      joins: normalizeJoins(this._joins)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs sort payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload sort array when present.
+   */
+  sortPayload() {
+    if (this._sort.length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {
+      sort: this._sort.map((sortEntry) => ({
+        column: sortEntry.column,
+        direction: sortEntry.direction,
+        path: [...sortEntry.path]
+      }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs group payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload group array when present.
+   */
+  groupPayload() {
+    if (this._group.length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {
+      group: this._group.map((groupEntry) => ({
+        column: groupEntry.column,
+        path: [...groupEntry.path]
+      }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs distinct payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload distinct flag when enabled.
+   */
+  distinctPayload() {
+    if (!this._distinct) return {}
+
+    return {
+      distinct: true
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs where payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload where hash when present.
+   */
+  wherePayload() {
+    if (Object.keys(this._where).length === 0) return {}
+
+    return {
+      where: this._where
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs pagination payload.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Payload pagination params when present.
+   */
+  paginationPayload() {
+    /**
+     * Payload.
+      @type {Record<string, ?>} */
+    const payload = {}
+
+    if (this._limit !== null) payload.limit = this._limit
+    if (this._offset !== null) payload.offset = this._offset
+    if (this._page !== null) payload.page = this._page
+    if (this._perPage !== null) payload.perPage = this._perPage
+
+    return payload
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs assert event query supported.
+   * @returns {void}
+   * @throws {Error} When the query contains list-only options that cannot filter a single lifecycle event.
+   */
+  assertEventQuerySupported() {
+    /**
+     * Unsupported options.
+      @type {string[]} */
+    const unsupportedOptions = []
+
+    if (this._sort.length > 0) unsupportedOptions.push("sort")
+    if (this._group.length > 0) unsupportedOptions.push("group")
+    if (this._distinct) unsupportedOptions.push("distinct")
+    if (this._ransack.length > 0) unsupportedOptions.push("ransack")
+    if (this._limit !== null || this._offset !== null || this._page !== null || this._perPage !== null) unsupportedOptions.push("pagination")
+
+    if (unsupportedOptions.length === 0) return
+
+    throw new Error(`Frontend model event queries do not support ${unsupportedOptions.join(", ")}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs event projection payload.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelProjectionPayload} - Projection payload used when serializing lifecycle events.
+   */
+  eventProjectionPayload() {
+    this.assertEventQuerySupported()
+
+    return {
+      ...this.preloadPayload(),
+      ...this.selectPayload(),
+      ...this.selectsExtraPayload(),
+      ...this.withCountPayload(),
+      ...this.abilitiesPayload(),
+      ...this.queryDataPayload()
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs event filter payload.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelEventFilterPayload | null} - Query pieces used to match lifecycle events.
+   */
+  eventFilterPayload() {
+    this.assertEventQuerySupported()
+
+    const payload = {
+      ...this.joinsPayload(),
+      ...this.searchPayload(),
+      ...this.wherePayload()
+    }
+
+    return Object.keys(payload).length === 0 ? null : payload
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the eventOptionsPayload result.
+   * @returns {FrontendModelEventOptionsPayload} - Combined event filter and projection payload.
+   */
+  eventOptionsPayload() {
+    const eventFilterPayload = this.eventFilterPayload()
+
+    return {
+      eventFilterKey: eventFilterPayload ? frontendModelEventFilterKey(eventFilterPayload) : null,
+      eventFilterPayload,
+      projectionPayload: this.eventProjectionPayload()
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs load.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T>[]>} - Loaded model instances.
+   */
+  async load() {
+    const response = await this.modelClass.executeCommand("index", {
+      ...this.preloadPayload(),
+      ...this.joinsPayload(),
+      ...this.ransackPayload(),
+      ...this.searchPayload(),
+      ...this.selectPayload(),
+      ...this.selectsExtraPayload(),
+      ...this.groupPayload(),
+      ...this.distinctPayload(),
+      ...this.sortPayload(),
+      ...this.wherePayload(),
+      ...this.withCountPayload(),
+      ...this.abilitiesPayload(),
+      ...this.queryDataPayload(),
+      ...this.paginationPayload()
+    })
+
+    if (!response || typeof response !== "object") {
+      throw new Error(`Expected object response but got: ${response}`)
+    }
+
+    const modelsData = Array.isArray(response.models) ? response.models : []
+    /**
+     * Models.
+      @type {InstanceType<T>[]} */
+    const models = modelsData.map((model) => this.modelClass.instantiateFromResponse(model))
+
+    // Share a single cohort reference across every sibling so auto-batch-preload
+    // can batch lazy relationship access later. Single-record lookups still flow
+    // through here (with a cohort of one) and degrade cleanly to per-record load.
+    for (const model of models) {
+      /**
+       * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+        @type {?} */ (model)._loadCohort = models
+    }
+
+    return models
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs to array.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T>[]>} - Loaded model instances.
+   */
+  async toArray() {
+    return await this.load()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs count.
+   * @returns {Promise<number>} - Number of loaded model instances.
+   */
+  async count() {
+    const response = await this.modelClass.executeCommand("index", {
+      ...this.joinsPayload(),
+      ...this.ransackPayload(),
+      ...this.searchPayload(),
+      ...this.groupPayload(),
+      ...this.distinctPayload(),
+      ...this.wherePayload(),
+      ...this.paginationPayload(),
+      count: true
+    })
+
+    if (!response || typeof response !== "object") {
+      throw new Error(`Expected object response but got: ${response}`)
+    }
+
+    if (!Number.isFinite(response.count)) {
+      throw new Error(`Expected numeric count response but got: ${response.count}`)
+    }
+
+    return response.count
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs first.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T> | null>} - First model matching query.
+   */
+  async first() {
+    const query = this.clone()
+
+    if (query._sort.length < 1) {
+      query.sort([[this.modelClass.primaryKey(), "asc"]])
+    }
+
+    query.limit(1)
+
+    const models = await query.toArray()
+
+    return models[0] || null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs last.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T> | null>} - Last model matching query.
+   */
+  async last() {
+    // When pagination is already applied, fetch that scoped window and return its last item.
+    if (this._offset !== null || this._page !== null || this._perPage !== null) {
+      const models = await this.toArray()
+
+      if (models.length < 1) return null
+
+      return models[models.length - 1]
+    }
+
+    const query = this.clone()
+
+    if (query._sort.length < 1) {
+      query.sort([[this.modelClass.primaryKey(), "desc"]])
+    } else {
+      query._sort = query._sort.map((sortEntry) => ({
+        ...sortEntry,
+        direction: reverseSortDirection(sortEntry.direction)
+      }))
+    }
+
+    query.limit(1)
+
+    const models = await query.toArray()
+
+    return models[0] || null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs pluck.
+   * @param {...(string | string[] | Record<string, ?> | Array<Record<string, ?>>)} columns - Pluck definition(s).
+   * @returns {Promise<Array<?>>} - Plucked values.
+   */
+  async pluck(...columns) {
+    if (columns.length < 1) {
+      throw new Error("No columns given to pluck")
+    }
+
+    const normalizedPluck = normalizePluck(columns.length === 1 ? columns[0] : columns)
+    const validatedPluck = validatePluckDefinitions({
+      modelClass: this.modelClass,
+      pluck: normalizedPluck
+    })
+    const response = await this.modelClass.executeCommand("index", {
+      ...this.joinsPayload(),
+      ...this.searchPayload(),
+      ...this.groupPayload(),
+      ...this.distinctPayload(),
+      ...this.sortPayload(),
+      ...this.wherePayload(),
+      ...this.paginationPayload(),
+      pluck: validatedPluck
+    })
+
+    if (!response || typeof response !== "object") {
+      throw new Error(`Expected object response but got: ${response}`)
+    }
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(response.values)) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return response.values
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs find.
+   * @param {number | string} id - Record id.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T>>} - Found model.
+   */
+  async find(id) {
+    const pk = this.modelClass.primaryKey()
+    const model = await this.findBy({[pk]: id})
+
+    if (!model) {
+      throw new Error(`${this.modelClass.getModelName()} not found with ${pk}=${id}`)
+    }
+
+    return model
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs find by.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} conditions - Conditions.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T> | null>} - Found model or null.
+   */
+  async findBy(conditions) {
+    const normalizedConditions = this.validatedStructuredConditions(conditions)
+    const mergedWhere = {
+      ...this._where,
+      ...normalizedConditions
+    }
+
+    const response = await this.modelClass.executeCommand("index", {
+      ...this.preloadPayload(),
+      ...this.joinsPayload(),
+      ...this.searchPayload(),
+      ...this.selectPayload(Object.keys(mergedWhere)),
+      ...this.selectsExtraPayload(),
+      ...this.groupPayload(),
+      ...this.distinctPayload(),
+      ...this.sortPayload(),
+      ...this.abilitiesPayload(),
+      ...this.paginationPayload(),
+      where: mergedWhere
+    })
+
+    if (!response || typeof response !== "object") {
+      throw new Error(`Expected object response but got: ${response}`)
+    }
+
+    const models = Array.isArray(response.models) ? response.models : []
+
+    for (const modelData of models) {
+      const model = this.modelClass.instantiateFromResponse(modelData)
+
+      if (this.modelClass.matchesFindByConditions(model, mergedWhere)) {
+        return model
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs find by or fail.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} conditions - Conditions.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T>>} - Found model.
+   */
+  async findByOrFail(conditions) {
+    const model = await this.findBy(conditions)
+
+    if (!model) {
+      throw new Error(`${this.modelClass.name} not found for conditions: ${serializeFindConditions(conditions)}`)
+    }
+
+    return model
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs find or initialize by.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} conditions - Conditions.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T>>} - Existing or initialized model.
+   */
+  async findOrInitializeBy(conditions) {
+    const normalizedConditions = this.validatedStructuredConditions(conditions)
+    const model = await this.findBy(conditions)
+
+    if (model) return model
+
+    return /** Narrows the runtime value to the documented type. @type {InstanceType<T>} */ (new this.modelClass(normalizedConditions))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs find or create by.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} conditions - Conditions.
+   * @param {(model: InstanceType<T>) => Promise<void> | void} [callback] - Optional callback before save.
+   * @returns {Promise<InstanceType<T>>} - Existing or newly created model.
+   */
+  async findOrCreateBy(conditions, callback) {
+    const normalizedConditions = this.validatedStructuredConditions(conditions)
+    const model = await this.findBy(conditions)
+
+    if (model) return model
+
+    const newModel = /**
+                      * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                       @type {InstanceType<T>} */ (new this.modelClass(normalizedConditions))
+
+    if (callback) {
+      await callback(newModel)
+    }
+
+    await newModel.save()
+
+    return newModel
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs validated structured conditions.
+   * @param {Record<string, ?>} conditions - Candidate structured conditions.
+   * @returns {Record<string, ?>} - Validated conditions.
+   */
+  validatedStructuredConditions(conditions) {
+    this.modelClass.assertFindByConditions(conditions)
+
+    return conditions
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model event filter key.
+ * @param {FrontendModelEventFilterPayload} payload - Event filter payload.
+ * @returns {string} - Stable key for event filter matching.
+ */
+function frontendModelEventFilterKey(payload) {
+  return JSON.stringify(payload)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs apply frontend model projection options.
+ * @param {FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>} query - Query receiving projection options.
+ * @param {FrontendModelProjectionOptions} options - Projection options.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function applyFrontendModelProjectionOptions(query, options) {
+  if (options.select !== undefined) query.select(options.select)
+  if (options.selectsExtra !== undefined) query.selectsExtra(options.selectsExtra)
+  if (options.preload !== undefined) query.preload(options.preload)
+  if (options.withCount !== undefined) query.withCount(options.withCount)
+  if (options.abilities !== undefined) query.abilities(options.abilities)
+  if (options.queryData !== undefined) query.queryData(options.queryData)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs assert frontend model event query class.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} modelClass - Expected frontend model class.
+ * @param {FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>} query - Event query.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function assertFrontendModelEventQueryClass(modelClass, query) {
+  if (query.modelClass === modelClass) return
+
+  throw new Error(`Cannot subscribe ${modelClass.name} events with a ${query.modelClass.name} query`)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs assert frontend model event options object.
+ * @param {FrontendModelEventOptions} options - Candidate event options.
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+function assertFrontendModelEventOptionsObject(options) {
+  if (options && typeof options === "object" && !Array.isArray(options)) return
+
+  throw new Error(`Frontend model event options must be a query or an options object, got: ${options}`)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs cloned frontend model event query.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} modelClass - Frontend model class.
+ * @param {FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>} query - Event query.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>} - Cloned query used by event subscriptions.
+ */
+function clonedFrontendModelEventQuery(modelClass, query) {
+  assertFrontendModelEventQueryClass(modelClass, query)
+
+  return query.clone()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model event query from options object.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} modelClass - Frontend model class.
+ * @param {FrontendModelEventOptionsObject} options - Event options object.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>} - Query used by event subscriptions.
+ */
+function frontendModelEventQueryFromOptionsObject(modelClass, options) {
+  if (options.query !== undefined && !(options.query instanceof FrontendModelQuery)) {
+    throw new Error("Frontend model event option query must be a FrontendModelQuery")
+  }
+
+  const query = options.query
+    ? options.query.clone()
+    : new FrontendModelQuery({modelClass})
+
+  assertFrontendModelEventQueryClass(modelClass, query)
+
+  return query
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs frontend model event query.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} modelClass - Frontend model class.
+ * @param {FrontendModelEventOptions} [options] - Event query or projection options.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelQuery<typeof import("./base.js").default>} - Normalized query used by event subscriptions.
+ */
+function frontendModelEventQuery(modelClass, options = {}) {
+  if (options instanceof FrontendModelQuery) return clonedFrontendModelEventQuery(modelClass, options)
+
+  assertFrontendModelEventOptionsObject(options)
+
+  const optionsObject = /**
+                         * Narrows the runtime value to the documented type.
+                          @type {FrontendModelEventOptionsObject} */ (options)
+  const query = frontendModelEventQueryFromOptionsObject(modelClass, optionsObject)
+
+  applyFrontendModelProjectionOptions(query, optionsObject)
+
+  return query
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runs the frontendModelEventOptionsPayload helper.
+ * @param {typeof import("./base.js").default} modelClass - Frontend model class.
+ * @param {FrontendModelEventOptions} [options] - Event query or projection options.
+ * @returns {FrontendModelEventOptionsPayload} - Normalized event subscription payload.
+ */
+export function frontendModelEventOptionsPayload(modelClass, options = {}) {
+  return frontendModelEventQuery(modelClass, options).eventOptionsPayload()
+}