usearch 2.15.3 → 2.16.0

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
Files changed (48) hide show
  1. package/README.md +1 -1
  2. package/cpp/test.cpp +16 -0
  3. package/include/usearch/index.hpp +21 -5
  4. package/include/usearch/index_dense.hpp +6 -1
  5. package/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp +345 -8
  6. package/javascript/lib.cpp +17 -5
  7. package/javascript/usearch.test.js +190 -21
  8. package/package.json +1 -1
  9. package/prebuilds/darwin-arm64+x64/usearch.node +0 -0
  10. package/prebuilds/linux-arm64/usearch.node +0 -0
  11. package/prebuilds/linux-x64/usearch.node +0 -0
  12. package/simsimd/.git-blame-ignore-revs +2 -0
  13. package/simsimd/CONTRIBUTING.md +71 -23
  14. package/simsimd/Cargo.lock +1 -1
  15. package/simsimd/Cargo.toml +4 -4
  16. package/simsimd/MANIFEST.in +2 -1
  17. package/simsimd/Package.swift +15 -3
  18. package/simsimd/README.md +104 -35
  19. package/simsimd/binding.gyp +6 -2
  20. package/simsimd/build.rs +2 -0
  21. package/simsimd/c/lib.c +180 -99
  22. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/binary.h +311 -102
  23. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/curved.h +134 -135
  24. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/dot.h +448 -274
  25. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/elementwise.h +1437 -0
  26. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/geospatial.h +2 -2
  27. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/mesh.h +2 -2
  28. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/probability.h +88 -88
  29. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/simsimd.h +1157 -772
  30. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/sparse.h +768 -147
  31. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/spatial.h +955 -376
  32. package/simsimd/include/simsimd/types.h +145 -71
  33. package/simsimd/javascript/lib.c +1 -2
  34. package/simsimd/package.json +4 -4
  35. package/simsimd/rust/lib.rs +14 -1
  36. package/simsimd/scripts/bench.cxx +1070 -0
  37. package/simsimd/scripts/bench.ipynb +187 -0
  38. package/simsimd/{javascript → scripts}/bench.js +1 -1
  39. package/simsimd/{rust/benches/sqeuclidean.rs → scripts/bench_sqeuclidean.rs} +6 -6
  40. package/simsimd/scripts/bench_vectors.py +700 -0
  41. package/simsimd/scripts/bench_vectors_live.py +213 -0
  42. package/simsimd/scripts/test.c +155 -0
  43. package/simsimd/{javascript → scripts}/test.mjs +2 -2
  44. package/simsimd/scripts/test.py +1410 -0
  45. package/simsimd/swift/{source/SimSIMD.swift → SimSIMD.swift} +6 -2
  46. package/simsimd/swift/{tests/SimSIMDTests.swift → Test.swift} +1 -1
  47. /package/simsimd/{rust/benches/cosine.rs → scripts/bench_cosine.rs} +0 -0
  48. /package/simsimd/{rust/benches/native.rs → scripts/bench_native.rs} +0 -0
@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@
13
13
  * - 32-bit IEEE floating point numbers
14
14
  * - 16-bit IEEE floating point numbers
15
15
  * - 16-bit brain floating point numbers
16
+ * - 8-bit unsigned integers
16
17
  * - 8-bit signed integers
17
18
  *
18
19
  * For hardware architectures:
19
- * - Arm (NEON, SVE)
20
- * - x86 (AVX2, AVX512)
20
+ * - Arm: NEON, SVE
21
+ * - x86: Haswell, Ice Lake, Skylake, Genoa, Sapphire
21
22
  *
22
23
  * x86 intrinsics: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/intrinsics-guide/
23
24
  * Arm intrinsics: https://developer.arm.com/architectures/instruction-sets/intrinsics/
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_serial(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf
54
55
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_serial(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
55
56
 
56
57
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_serial(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
58
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_u8_serial(simsimd_u8_t const* a, simsimd_u8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
57
59
 
58
60
  /* Double-precision serial backends for all numeric types.
59
61
  * For single-precision computation check out the "*_serial" counterparts of those "*_accurate" functions.
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t
83
85
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* results);
84
86
 
85
87
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_neon(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
88
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_u8_neon(simsimd_u8_t const* a, simsimd_u8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
86
89
 
87
90
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
88
91
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* results);
@@ -120,6 +123,7 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f1
120
123
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_haswell(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
121
124
 
122
125
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_haswell(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
126
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_u8_haswell(simsimd_u8_t const* a, simsimd_u8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
123
127
 
124
128
  /* SIMD-powered backends for various generations of AVX512 CPUs.
125
129
  * Skylake is handy, as it supports masked loads and other operations, avoiding the need for the tail loop.
@@ -136,6 +140,7 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32
136
140
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
137
141
 
138
142
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_ice(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
143
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_u8_ice(simsimd_u8_t const* a, simsimd_u8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
139
144
 
140
145
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
141
146
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
@@ -144,53 +149,55 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf
144
149
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
145
150
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
146
151
  SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
152
+
153
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_sierra(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, simsimd_distance_t* result);
147
154
  // clang-format on
148
155
 
149
- #define SIMSIMD_MAKE_DOT(name, input_type, accumulator_type, load_and_convert) \
150
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_##input_type##_##name(simsimd_##input_type##_t const* a, \
151
- simsimd_##input_type##_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, \
152
- simsimd_distance_t* result) { \
153
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ab = 0; \
154
- for (simsimd_size_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) { \
155
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ai = load_and_convert(a + i); \
156
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t bi = load_and_convert(b + i); \
157
- ab += ai * bi; \
158
- } \
159
- *result = ab; \
156
+ #define SIMSIMD_MAKE_DOT(name, input_type, accumulator_type, load_and_convert) \
157
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_##input_type##_##name(simsimd_##input_type##_t const *a, \
158
+ simsimd_##input_type##_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, \
159
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) { \
160
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ab = 0; \
161
+ for (simsimd_size_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) { \
162
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ai = load_and_convert(a + i); \
163
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t bi = load_and_convert(b + i); \
164
+ ab += ai * bi; \
165
+ } \
166
+ *result = ab; \
160
167
  }
161
168
 
162
- #define SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_DOT(name, input_type, accumulator_type, load_and_convert) \
163
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_##input_type##c_##name(simsimd_##input_type##_t const* a, \
164
- simsimd_##input_type##_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, \
165
- simsimd_distance_t* results) { \
166
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ab_real = 0, ab_imag = 0; \
167
- for (simsimd_size_t i = 0; i + 2 <= n; i += 2) { \
168
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ar = load_and_convert(a + i); \
169
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t br = load_and_convert(b + i); \
170
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ai = load_and_convert(a + i + 1); \
171
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t bi = load_and_convert(b + i + 1); \
172
- ab_real += ar * br - ai * bi; \
173
- ab_imag += ar * bi + ai * br; \
174
- } \
175
- results[0] = ab_real; \
176
- results[1] = ab_imag; \
169
+ #define SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_DOT(name, input_type, accumulator_type, load_and_convert) \
170
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_##input_type##c_##name(simsimd_##input_type##_t const *a, \
171
+ simsimd_##input_type##_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, \
172
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) { \
173
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ab_real = 0, ab_imag = 0; \
174
+ for (simsimd_size_t i = 0; i + 2 <= n; i += 2) { \
175
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ar = load_and_convert(a + i); \
176
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t br = load_and_convert(b + i); \
177
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ai = load_and_convert(a + i + 1); \
178
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t bi = load_and_convert(b + i + 1); \
179
+ ab_real += ar * br - ai * bi; \
180
+ ab_imag += ar * bi + ai * br; \
181
+ } \
182
+ results[0] = ab_real; \
183
+ results[1] = ab_imag; \
177
184
  }
178
185
 
179
- #define SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_VDOT(name, input_type, accumulator_type, load_and_convert) \
180
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_##input_type##c_##name(simsimd_##input_type##_t const* a, \
181
- simsimd_##input_type##_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, \
182
- simsimd_distance_t* results) { \
183
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ab_real = 0, ab_imag = 0; \
184
- for (simsimd_size_t i = 0; i + 2 <= n; i += 2) { \
185
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ar = load_and_convert(a + i); \
186
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t br = load_and_convert(b + i); \
187
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ai = load_and_convert(a + i + 1); \
188
- simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t bi = load_and_convert(b + i + 1); \
189
- ab_real += ar * br + ai * bi; \
190
- ab_imag += ar * bi - ai * br; \
191
- } \
192
- results[0] = ab_real; \
193
- results[1] = ab_imag; \
186
+ #define SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_VDOT(name, input_type, accumulator_type, load_and_convert) \
187
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_##input_type##c_##name(simsimd_##input_type##_t const *a, \
188
+ simsimd_##input_type##_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, \
189
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) { \
190
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ab_real = 0, ab_imag = 0; \
191
+ for (simsimd_size_t i = 0; i + 2 <= n; i += 2) { \
192
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ar = load_and_convert(a + i); \
193
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t br = load_and_convert(b + i); \
194
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t ai = load_and_convert(a + i + 1); \
195
+ simsimd_##accumulator_type##_t bi = load_and_convert(b + i + 1); \
196
+ ab_real += ar * br + ai * bi; \
197
+ ab_imag += ar * bi - ai * br; \
198
+ } \
199
+ results[0] = ab_real; \
200
+ results[1] = ab_imag; \
194
201
  }
195
202
 
196
203
  SIMSIMD_MAKE_DOT(serial, f64, f64, SIMSIMD_DEREFERENCE) // simsimd_dot_f64_serial
@@ -210,6 +217,7 @@ SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_DOT(serial, bf16, f32, SIMSIMD_BF16_TO_F32) // simsimd_dot
210
217
  SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_VDOT(serial, bf16, f32, SIMSIMD_BF16_TO_F32) // simsimd_vdot_bf16c_serial
211
218
 
212
219
  SIMSIMD_MAKE_DOT(serial, i8, i64, SIMSIMD_DEREFERENCE) // simsimd_dot_i8_serial
220
+ SIMSIMD_MAKE_DOT(serial, u8, i64, SIMSIMD_DEREFERENCE) // simsimd_dot_u8_serial
213
221
 
214
222
  SIMSIMD_MAKE_DOT(accurate, f32, f64, SIMSIMD_DEREFERENCE) // simsimd_dot_f32_accurate
215
223
  SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_DOT(accurate, f32, f64, SIMSIMD_DEREFERENCE) // simsimd_dot_f32c_accurate
@@ -223,27 +231,25 @@ SIMSIMD_MAKE_DOT(accurate, bf16, f64, SIMSIMD_BF16_TO_F32) // simsimd_d
223
231
  SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_DOT(accurate, bf16, f64, SIMSIMD_BF16_TO_F32) // simsimd_dot_bf16c_accurate
224
232
  SIMSIMD_MAKE_COMPLEX_VDOT(accurate, bf16, f64, SIMSIMD_BF16_TO_F32) // simsimd_vdot_bf16c_accurate
225
233
 
226
- #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_ARM
234
+ #if _SIMSIMD_TARGET_ARM
227
235
  #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_NEON
228
236
  #pragma GCC push_options
229
237
  #pragma GCC target("arch=armv8.2-a+simd")
230
238
  #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("arch=armv8.2-a+simd"))), apply_to = function)
231
239
 
232
- SIMSIMD_INTERNAL float32x4_t _simsimd_partial_load_f32x4_neon(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_size_t n) {
240
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL float32x4_t _simsimd_partial_load_f32x4_neon(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_size_t n) {
233
241
  union {
234
242
  float32x4_t vec;
235
243
  simsimd_f32_t scalars[4];
236
244
  } result;
237
245
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
238
- for (; i < n; ++i)
239
- result.scalars[i] = a[i];
240
- for (; i < 4; ++i)
241
- result.scalars[i] = 0;
246
+ for (; i < n; ++i) result.scalars[i] = a[i];
247
+ for (; i < 4; ++i) result.scalars[i] = 0;
242
248
  return result.vec;
243
249
  }
244
250
 
245
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_neon(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
246
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
251
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_neon(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
252
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
247
253
  float32x4_t ab_vec = vdupq_n_f32(0);
248
254
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
249
255
  for (; i + 4 <= n; i += 4) {
@@ -252,13 +258,12 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_neon(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t c
252
258
  ab_vec = vfmaq_f32(ab_vec, a_vec, b_vec);
253
259
  }
254
260
  simsimd_f32_t ab = vaddvq_f32(ab_vec);
255
- for (; i < n; ++i)
256
- ab += a[i] * b[i];
261
+ for (; i < n; ++i) ab += a[i] * b[i];
257
262
  *result = ab;
258
263
  }
259
264
 
260
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_neon(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, //
261
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
265
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_neon(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, //
266
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
262
267
  float32x4_t ab_real_vec = vdupq_n_f32(0);
263
268
  float32x4_t ab_imag_vec = vdupq_n_f32(0);
264
269
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
@@ -292,8 +297,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_neon(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t
292
297
  results[1] = ab_imag;
293
298
  }
294
299
 
295
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_neon(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, //
296
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
300
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_neon(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, //
301
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
297
302
  float32x4_t ab_real_vec = vdupq_n_f32(0);
298
303
  float32x4_t ab_imag_vec = vdupq_n_f32(0);
299
304
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
@@ -329,13 +334,15 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_neon(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t
329
334
 
330
335
  #pragma clang attribute pop
331
336
  #pragma GCC pop_options
337
+ #endif // SIMSIMD_TARGET_NEON
332
338
 
339
+ #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_NEON_I8
333
340
  #pragma GCC push_options
334
341
  #pragma GCC target("arch=armv8.2-a+dotprod")
335
342
  #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("arch=armv8.2-a+dotprod"))), apply_to = function)
336
343
 
337
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_neon(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
338
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
344
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_neon(simsimd_i8_t const *a, simsimd_i8_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
345
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
339
346
 
340
347
  int32x4_t ab_vec = vdupq_n_s32(0);
341
348
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
@@ -364,16 +371,37 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_neon(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t cons
364
371
  *result = ab;
365
372
  }
366
373
 
374
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_u8_neon(simsimd_u8_t const *a, simsimd_u8_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
375
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
376
+
377
+ uint32x4_t ab_vec = vdupq_n_u32(0);
378
+ simsimd_size_t i = 0;
379
+ for (; i + 16 <= n; i += 16) {
380
+ uint8x16_t a_vec = vld1q_u8(a + i);
381
+ uint8x16_t b_vec = vld1q_u8(b + i);
382
+ ab_vec = vdotq_u32(ab_vec, a_vec, b_vec);
383
+ }
384
+
385
+ // Take care of the tail:
386
+ uint32_t ab = vaddvq_u32(ab_vec);
387
+ for (; i < n; ++i) {
388
+ uint32_t ai = a[i], bi = b[i];
389
+ ab += ai * bi;
390
+ }
391
+
392
+ *result = ab;
393
+ }
394
+
367
395
  #pragma clang attribute pop
368
396
  #pragma GCC pop_options
369
- #endif
397
+ #endif // SIMSIMD_TARGET_NEON_I8
370
398
 
371
399
  #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_NEON_F16
372
400
  #pragma GCC push_options
373
401
  #pragma GCC target("arch=armv8.2-a+simd+fp16")
374
402
  #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("arch=armv8.2-a+simd+fp16"))), apply_to = function)
375
403
 
376
- SIMSIMD_INTERNAL float16x4_t _simsimd_partial_load_f16x4_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_size_t n) {
404
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL float16x4_t _simsimd_partial_load_f16x4_neon(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_size_t n) {
377
405
  // In case the software emulation for `f16` scalars is enabled, the `simsimd_f16_to_f32`
378
406
  // function will run. It is extremely slow, so even for the tail, let's combine serial
379
407
  // loads and stores with vectorized math.
@@ -382,15 +410,13 @@ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL float16x4_t _simsimd_partial_load_f16x4_neon(simsimd_f16_t cons
382
410
  simsimd_f16_t scalars[4];
383
411
  } result;
384
412
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
385
- for (; i < n; ++i)
386
- result.scalars[i] = a[i];
387
- for (; i < 4; ++i)
388
- result.scalars[i] = 0;
413
+ for (; i < n; ++i) result.scalars[i] = a[i];
414
+ for (; i < 4; ++i) result.scalars[i] = 0;
389
415
  return result.vec;
390
416
  }
391
417
 
392
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
393
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
418
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_neon(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
419
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
394
420
  float32x4_t ab_vec = vdupq_n_f32(0);
395
421
  float32x4_t a_vec, b_vec;
396
422
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
@@ -400,19 +426,19 @@ simsimd_dot_f16_neon_cycle:
400
426
  a_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(_simsimd_partial_load_f16x4_neon(a, n));
401
427
  b_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(_simsimd_partial_load_f16x4_neon(b, n));
402
428
  n = 0;
403
- } else {
404
- a_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vld1_f16((simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)a));
405
- b_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vld1_f16((simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)b));
429
+ }
430
+ else {
431
+ a_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vld1_f16((simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)a));
432
+ b_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vld1_f16((simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)b));
406
433
  a += 4, b += 4, n -= 4;
407
434
  }
408
435
  ab_vec = vfmaq_f32(ab_vec, a_vec, b_vec);
409
- if (n)
410
- goto simsimd_dot_f16_neon_cycle;
436
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f16_neon_cycle;
411
437
  *result = vaddvq_f32(ab_vec);
412
438
  }
413
439
 
414
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, //
415
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
440
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, //
441
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
416
442
 
417
443
  // A nicer approach is to use `f16` arithmetic for the dot product, but that requires
418
444
  // FMLA extensions available on Arm v8.3 and later. That we can also process 16 entries
@@ -424,8 +450,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t
424
450
  // Unpack the input arrays into real and imaginary parts.
425
451
  // MSVC sadly doesn't recognize the `vld2_f16`, so we load the data as signed
426
452
  // integers of the same size and reinterpret with `vreinterpret_f16_s16` afterwards.
427
- int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short*)a);
428
- int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short*)b);
453
+ int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short *)a);
454
+ int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short *)b);
429
455
  float32x4_t a_real_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vreinterpret_f16_s16(a_vec.val[0]));
430
456
  float32x4_t a_imag_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vreinterpret_f16_s16(a_vec.val[1]));
431
457
  float32x4_t b_real_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vreinterpret_f16_s16(b_vec.val[0]));
@@ -446,8 +472,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t
446
472
  results[1] += vaddvq_f32(ab_imag_vec);
447
473
  }
448
474
 
449
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, //
450
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
475
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, //
476
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
451
477
 
452
478
  // A nicer approach is to use `f16` arithmetic for the dot product, but that requires
453
479
  // FMLA extensions available on Arm v8.3 and later. That we can also process 16 entries
@@ -459,8 +485,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t
459
485
  // Unpack the input arrays into real and imaginary parts.
460
486
  // MSVC sadly doesn't recognize the `vld2_f16`, so we load the data as signed
461
487
  // integers of the same size and reinterpret with `vreinterpret_f16_s16` afterwards.
462
- int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short*)a);
463
- int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short*)b);
488
+ int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short *)a);
489
+ int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short *)b);
464
490
  float32x4_t a_real_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vreinterpret_f16_s16(a_vec.val[0]));
465
491
  float32x4_t a_imag_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vreinterpret_f16_s16(a_vec.val[1]));
466
492
  float32x4_t b_real_vec = vcvt_f32_f16(vreinterpret_f16_s16(b_vec.val[0]));
@@ -490,21 +516,19 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_neon(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t
490
516
  #pragma GCC target("arch=armv8.6-a+simd+bf16")
491
517
  #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("arch=armv8.6-a+simd+bf16"))), apply_to = function)
492
518
 
493
- SIMSIMD_INTERNAL bfloat16x8_t _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_size_t n) {
519
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL bfloat16x8_t _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_size_t n) {
494
520
  union {
495
521
  bfloat16x8_t vec;
496
522
  simsimd_bf16_t scalars[8];
497
523
  } result;
498
524
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
499
- for (; i < n; ++i)
500
- result.scalars[i] = a[i];
501
- for (; i < 8; ++i)
502
- result.scalars[i] = 0;
525
+ for (; i < n; ++i) result.scalars[i] = a[i];
526
+ for (; i < 8; ++i) result.scalars[i] = 0;
503
527
  return result.vec;
504
528
  }
505
529
 
506
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
507
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
530
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_bf16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
531
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
508
532
  float32x4_t ab_vec = vdupq_n_f32(0);
509
533
  bfloat16x8_t a_vec, b_vec;
510
534
 
@@ -513,20 +537,20 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16_neon_cycle:
513
537
  a_vec = _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_neon(a, n);
514
538
  b_vec = _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_neon(b, n);
515
539
  n = 0;
516
- } else {
517
- a_vec = vld1q_bf16((simsimd_bf16_for_arm_simd_t const*)a);
518
- b_vec = vld1q_bf16((simsimd_bf16_for_arm_simd_t const*)b);
540
+ }
541
+ else {
542
+ a_vec = vld1q_bf16((simsimd_bf16_for_arm_simd_t const *)a);
543
+ b_vec = vld1q_bf16((simsimd_bf16_for_arm_simd_t const *)b);
519
544
  a += 8, b += 8, n -= 8;
520
545
  }
521
546
  ab_vec = vbfdotq_f32(ab_vec, a_vec, b_vec);
522
- if (n)
523
- goto simsimd_dot_bf16_neon_cycle;
547
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_bf16_neon_cycle;
524
548
 
525
549
  *result = vaddvq_f32(ab_vec);
526
550
  }
527
551
 
528
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
529
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
552
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_bf16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
553
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
530
554
 
531
555
  // A nicer approach is to use `bf16` arithmetic for the dot product, but that requires
532
556
  // FMLA extensions available on Arm v8.3 and later. That we can also process 16 entries
@@ -538,8 +562,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16
538
562
  // Unpack the input arrays into real and imaginary parts.
539
563
  // MSVC sadly doesn't recognize the `vld2_bf16`, so we load the data as signed
540
564
  // integers of the same size and reinterpret with `vreinterpret_bf16_s16` afterwards.
541
- int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short*)a);
542
- int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short*)b);
565
+ int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short *)a);
566
+ int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short *)b);
543
567
  float32x4_t a_real_vec = vcvt_f32_bf16(vreinterpret_bf16_s16(a_vec.val[0]));
544
568
  float32x4_t a_imag_vec = vcvt_f32_bf16(vreinterpret_bf16_s16(a_vec.val[1]));
545
569
  float32x4_t b_real_vec = vcvt_f32_bf16(vreinterpret_bf16_s16(b_vec.val[0]));
@@ -560,8 +584,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16
560
584
  results[1] += vaddvq_f32(ab_imag_vec);
561
585
  }
562
586
 
563
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n, //
564
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
587
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_bf16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n, //
588
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
565
589
 
566
590
  // A nicer approach is to use `bf16` arithmetic for the dot product, but that requires
567
591
  // FMLA extensions available on Arm v8.3 and later. That we can also process 16 entries
@@ -573,8 +597,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf1
573
597
  // Unpack the input arrays into real and imaginary parts.
574
598
  // MSVC sadly doesn't recognize the `vld2_bf16`, so we load the data as signed
575
599
  // integers of the same size and reinterpret with `vreinterpret_bf16_s16` afterwards.
576
- int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short*)a);
577
- int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short*)b);
600
+ int16x4x2_t a_vec = vld2_s16((short *)a);
601
+ int16x4x2_t b_vec = vld2_s16((short *)b);
578
602
  float32x4_t a_real_vec = vcvt_f32_bf16(vreinterpret_bf16_s16(a_vec.val[0]));
579
603
  float32x4_t a_imag_vec = vcvt_f32_bf16(vreinterpret_bf16_s16(a_vec.val[1]));
580
604
  float32x4_t b_real_vec = vcvt_f32_bf16(vreinterpret_bf16_s16(b_vec.val[0]));
@@ -605,8 +629,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_neon(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf1
605
629
  #pragma GCC target("arch=armv8.2-a+sve")
606
630
  #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("arch=armv8.2-a+sve"))), apply_to = function)
607
631
 
608
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_sve(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
609
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
632
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_sve(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
633
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
610
634
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
611
635
  svfloat32_t ab_vec = svdup_f32(0.f);
612
636
  do {
@@ -619,8 +643,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_sve(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t co
619
643
  *result = svaddv_f32(svptrue_b32(), ab_vec);
620
644
  }
621
645
 
622
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_sve(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
623
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
646
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_sve(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
647
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
624
648
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
625
649
  svfloat32_t ab_real_vec = svdup_f32(0.f);
626
650
  svfloat32_t ab_imag_vec = svdup_f32(0.f);
@@ -642,8 +666,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_sve(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t c
642
666
  results[1] = svaddv_f32(svptrue_b32(), ab_imag_vec);
643
667
  }
644
668
 
645
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_sve(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
646
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
669
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_sve(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
670
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
647
671
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
648
672
  svfloat32_t ab_real_vec = svdup_f32(0.f);
649
673
  svfloat32_t ab_imag_vec = svdup_f32(0.f);
@@ -665,8 +689,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_sve(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t
665
689
  results[1] = svaddv_f32(svptrue_b32(), ab_imag_vec);
666
690
  }
667
691
 
668
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64_sve(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
669
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
692
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64_sve(simsimd_f64_t const *a, simsimd_f64_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
693
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
670
694
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
671
695
  svfloat64_t ab_vec = svdup_f64(0.);
672
696
  do {
@@ -679,8 +703,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64_sve(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t co
679
703
  *result = svaddv_f64(svptrue_b32(), ab_vec);
680
704
  }
681
705
 
682
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64c_sve(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
683
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
706
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64c_sve(simsimd_f64_t const *a, simsimd_f64_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
707
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
684
708
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
685
709
  svfloat64_t ab_real_vec = svdup_f64(0.);
686
710
  svfloat64_t ab_imag_vec = svdup_f64(0.);
@@ -702,8 +726,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64c_sve(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t c
702
726
  results[1] = svaddv_f64(svptrue_b64(), ab_imag_vec);
703
727
  }
704
728
 
705
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f64c_sve(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
706
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
729
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f64c_sve(simsimd_f64_t const *a, simsimd_f64_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
730
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
707
731
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
708
732
  svfloat64_t ab_real_vec = svdup_f64(0.);
709
733
  svfloat64_t ab_imag_vec = svdup_f64(0.);
@@ -732,12 +756,12 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f64c_sve(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t
732
756
  #pragma GCC target("arch=armv8.2-a+sve+fp16")
733
757
  #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("arch=armv8.2-a+sve+fp16"))), apply_to = function)
734
758
 
735
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_sve(simsimd_f16_t const* a_enum, simsimd_f16_t const* b_enum, simsimd_size_t n,
736
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
759
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_sve(simsimd_f16_t const *a_enum, simsimd_f16_t const *b_enum, simsimd_size_t n,
760
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
737
761
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
738
762
  svfloat16_t ab_vec = svdup_f16(0);
739
- simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const* a = (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)(a_enum);
740
- simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const* b = (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)(b_enum);
763
+ simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *a = (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)(a_enum);
764
+ simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *b = (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)(b_enum);
741
765
  do {
742
766
  svbool_t pg_vec = svwhilelt_b16((unsigned int)i, (unsigned int)n);
743
767
  svfloat16_t a_vec = svld1_f16(pg_vec, a + i);
@@ -749,15 +773,15 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_sve(simsimd_f16_t const* a_enum, simsimd_f16
749
773
  *result = ab;
750
774
  }
751
775
 
752
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_sve(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
753
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
776
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_sve(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
777
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
754
778
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
755
779
  svfloat16_t ab_real_vec = svdup_f16(0);
756
780
  svfloat16_t ab_imag_vec = svdup_f16(0);
757
781
  do {
758
782
  svbool_t pg_vec = svwhilelt_b16((unsigned int)i / 2, (unsigned int)n / 2);
759
- svfloat16x2_t a_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)a + i);
760
- svfloat16x2_t b_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)b + i);
783
+ svfloat16x2_t a_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)a + i);
784
+ svfloat16x2_t b_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)b + i);
761
785
  svfloat16_t a_real_vec = svget2_f16(a_vec, 0);
762
786
  svfloat16_t a_imag_vec = svget2_f16(a_vec, 1);
763
787
  svfloat16_t b_real_vec = svget2_f16(b_vec, 0);
@@ -772,15 +796,15 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_sve(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t c
772
796
  results[1] = svaddv_f16(svptrue_b16(), ab_imag_vec);
773
797
  }
774
798
 
775
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_sve(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
776
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
799
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_sve(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
800
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
777
801
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
778
802
  svfloat16_t ab_real_vec = svdup_f16(0);
779
803
  svfloat16_t ab_imag_vec = svdup_f16(0);
780
804
  do {
781
805
  svbool_t pg_vec = svwhilelt_b16((unsigned int)i / 2, (unsigned int)n / 2);
782
- svfloat16x2_t a_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)a + i);
783
- svfloat16x2_t b_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const*)b + i);
806
+ svfloat16x2_t a_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)a + i);
807
+ svfloat16x2_t b_vec = svld2_f16(pg_vec, (simsimd_f16_for_arm_simd_t const *)b + i);
784
808
  svfloat16_t a_real_vec = svget2_f16(a_vec, 0);
785
809
  svfloat16_t a_imag_vec = svget2_f16(a_vec, 1);
786
810
  svfloat16_t b_real_vec = svget2_f16(b_vec, 0);
@@ -798,14 +822,28 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_sve(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t
798
822
  #pragma clang attribute pop
799
823
  #pragma GCC pop_options
800
824
  #endif // SIMSIMD_TARGET_SVE
801
- #endif // SIMSIMD_TARGET_ARM
825
+ #endif // _SIMSIMD_TARGET_ARM
802
826
 
803
- #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_X86
827
+ #if _SIMSIMD_TARGET_X86
804
828
  #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_HASWELL
805
829
  #pragma GCC push_options
806
830
  #pragma GCC target("avx2", "f16c", "fma")
807
831
  #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,f16c,fma"))), apply_to = function)
808
832
 
833
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL simsimd_f64_t _simsimd_reduce_f64x4_haswell(__m256d vec) {
834
+ // Reduce the double-precision vector to a scalar
835
+ // Horizontal add the first and second double-precision values, and third and fourth
836
+ __m128d vec_low = _mm256_castpd256_pd128(vec);
837
+ __m128d vec_high = _mm256_extractf128_pd(vec, 1);
838
+ __m128d vec128 = _mm_add_pd(vec_low, vec_high);
839
+
840
+ // Horizontal add again to accumulate all four values into one
841
+ vec128 = _mm_hadd_pd(vec128, vec128);
842
+
843
+ // Convert the final sum to a scalar double-precision value and return
844
+ return _mm_cvtsd_f64(vec128);
845
+ }
846
+
809
847
  SIMSIMD_INTERNAL simsimd_f64_t _simsimd_reduce_f32x8_haswell(__m256 vec) {
810
848
  // Convert the lower and higher 128-bit lanes of the input vector to double precision
811
849
  __m128 low_f32 = _mm256_castps256_ps128(vec);
@@ -817,22 +855,20 @@ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL simsimd_f64_t _simsimd_reduce_f32x8_haswell(__m256 vec) {
817
855
 
818
856
  // Perform the addition in double-precision
819
857
  __m256d sum = _mm256_add_pd(low_f64, high_f64);
858
+ return _simsimd_reduce_f64x4_haswell(sum);
859
+ }
820
860
 
821
- // Reduce the double-precision vector to a scalar
822
- // Horizontal add the first and second double-precision values, and third and fourth
823
- __m128d sum_low = _mm256_castpd256_pd128(sum);
824
- __m128d sum_high = _mm256_extractf128_pd(sum, 1);
825
- __m128d sum128 = _mm_add_pd(sum_low, sum_high);
826
-
827
- // Horizontal add again to accumulate all four values into one
828
- sum128 = _mm_hadd_pd(sum128, sum128);
829
-
830
- // Convert the final sum to a scalar double-precision value and return
831
- return _mm_cvtsd_f64(sum128);
861
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL simsimd_i32_t _simsimd_reduce_i32x8_haswell(__m256i vec) {
862
+ __m128i low = _mm256_castsi256_si128(vec);
863
+ __m128i high = _mm256_extracti128_si256(vec, 1);
864
+ __m128i sum = _mm_add_epi32(low, high);
865
+ sum = _mm_hadd_epi32(sum, sum);
866
+ sum = _mm_hadd_epi32(sum, sum);
867
+ return _mm_cvtsi128_si32(sum);
832
868
  }
833
869
 
834
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
835
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
870
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
871
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
836
872
 
837
873
  __m256 ab_vec = _mm256_setzero_ps();
838
874
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
@@ -842,13 +878,12 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_
842
878
  ab_vec = _mm256_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_vec);
843
879
  }
844
880
  simsimd_f64_t ab = _simsimd_reduce_f32x8_haswell(ab_vec);
845
- for (; i < n; ++i)
846
- ab += a[i] * b[i];
881
+ for (; i < n; ++i) ab += a[i] * b[i];
847
882
  *results = ab;
848
883
  }
849
884
 
850
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
851
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
885
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
886
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
852
887
 
853
888
  // The naive approach would be to use FMA and FMS instructions on different parts of the vectors.
854
889
  // Prior to that we would need to shuffle the input vectors to separate real and imaginary parts.
@@ -917,8 +952,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32
917
952
  results[1] = ab_imag;
918
953
  }
919
954
 
920
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
921
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
955
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
956
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
922
957
 
923
958
  __m256 ab_real_vec = _mm256_setzero_ps();
924
959
  __m256 ab_imag_vec = _mm256_setzero_ps();
@@ -959,7 +994,7 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_haswell(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f3
959
994
  results[1] = ab_imag;
960
995
  }
961
996
 
962
- SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m256 _simsimd_partial_load_f16x8_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_size_t n) {
997
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m256 _simsimd_partial_load_f16x8_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_size_t n) {
963
998
  // In case the software emulation for `f16` scalars is enabled, the `simsimd_f16_to_f32`
964
999
  // function will run. It is extremely slow, so even for the tail, let's combine serial
965
1000
  // loads and stores with vectorized math.
@@ -968,15 +1003,13 @@ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m256 _simsimd_partial_load_f16x8_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const*
968
1003
  simsimd_f16_t scalars[8];
969
1004
  } result;
970
1005
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
971
- for (; i < n; ++i)
972
- result.scalars[i] = a[i];
973
- for (; i < 8; ++i)
974
- result.scalars[i] = 0;
1006
+ for (; i < n; ++i) result.scalars[i] = a[i];
1007
+ for (; i < 8; ++i) result.scalars[i] = 0;
975
1008
  return _mm256_cvtph_ps(result.vec);
976
1009
  }
977
1010
 
978
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
979
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1011
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1012
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
980
1013
  __m256 a_vec, b_vec;
981
1014
  __m256 ab_vec = _mm256_setzero_ps();
982
1015
 
@@ -985,20 +1018,26 @@ simsimd_dot_f16_haswell_cycle:
985
1018
  a_vec = _simsimd_partial_load_f16x8_haswell(a, n);
986
1019
  b_vec = _simsimd_partial_load_f16x8_haswell(b, n);
987
1020
  n = 0;
988
- } else {
989
- a_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)a));
990
- b_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)b));
1021
+ }
1022
+ else {
1023
+ a_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)a));
1024
+ b_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)b));
991
1025
  n -= 8, a += 8, b += 8;
992
1026
  }
1027
+ // We can silence the NaNs using blends:
1028
+ //
1029
+ // __m256 a_is_nan = _mm256_cmp_ps(a_vec, a_vec, _CMP_UNORD_Q);
1030
+ // __m256 b_is_nan = _mm256_cmp_ps(b_vec, b_vec, _CMP_UNORD_Q);
1031
+ // ab_vec = _mm256_blendv_ps(_mm256_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_vec), ab_vec, _mm256_or_ps(a_is_nan, b_is_nan));
1032
+ //
993
1033
  ab_vec = _mm256_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_vec);
994
- if (n)
995
- goto simsimd_dot_f16_haswell_cycle;
1034
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f16_haswell_cycle;
996
1035
 
997
1036
  *result = _simsimd_reduce_f32x8_haswell(ab_vec);
998
1037
  }
999
1038
 
1000
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1001
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1039
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1040
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1002
1041
  // Ideally the implementation would load 256 bits worth of vector data at a time,
1003
1042
  // shuffle those within a register, split in halfs, and only then upcast.
1004
1043
  // That way, we are stepping through 32x 16-bit vector components at a time, or 16 dimensions.
@@ -1021,8 +1060,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16
1021
1060
  );
1022
1061
 
1023
1062
  while (n >= 8) {
1024
- __m256 a_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)a));
1025
- __m256 b_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)b));
1063
+ __m256 a_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)a));
1064
+ __m256 b_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)b));
1026
1065
  __m256 b_swapped_vec = _mm256_castsi256_ps(_mm256_shuffle_epi8(_mm256_castps_si256(b_vec), swap_adjacent_vec));
1027
1066
  ab_real_vec = _mm256_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_real_vec);
1028
1067
  ab_imag_vec = _mm256_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_swapped_vec, ab_imag_vec);
@@ -1039,8 +1078,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16
1039
1078
  results[1] += _simsimd_reduce_f32x8_haswell(ab_imag_vec);
1040
1079
  }
1041
1080
 
1042
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1043
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1081
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1082
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1044
1083
 
1045
1084
  __m256 ab_real_vec = _mm256_setzero_ps();
1046
1085
  __m256 ab_imag_vec = _mm256_setzero_ps();
@@ -1057,8 +1096,8 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f1
1057
1096
  );
1058
1097
 
1059
1098
  while (n >= 8) {
1060
- __m256 a_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)a));
1061
- __m256 b_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)b));
1099
+ __m256 a_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)a));
1100
+ __m256 b_vec = _mm256_cvtph_ps(_mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)b));
1062
1101
  ab_real_vec = _mm256_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_real_vec);
1063
1102
  b_vec = _mm256_castsi256_ps(_mm256_shuffle_epi8(_mm256_castps_si256(b_vec), swap_adjacent_vec));
1064
1103
  ab_imag_vec = _mm256_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_imag_vec);
@@ -1075,38 +1114,79 @@ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_haswell(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f1
1075
1114
  results[1] += _simsimd_reduce_f32x8_haswell(ab_imag_vec);
1076
1115
  }
1077
1116
 
1078
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_haswell(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1079
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1117
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_haswell(simsimd_i8_t const *a, simsimd_i8_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1118
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1080
1119
 
1081
- __m256i ab_low_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1082
- __m256i ab_high_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1120
+ __m256i ab_i32_low_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1121
+ __m256i ab_i32_high_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1083
1122
 
1123
+ // AVX2 has no instructions for 8-bit signed integer dot-products,
1124
+ // but it has a weird instruction for mixed signed-unsigned 8-bit dot-product.
1125
+ // So we need to normalize the first vector to its absolute value,
1126
+ // and shift the product sign into the second vector.
1127
+ //
1128
+ // __m256i a_i8_abs_vec = _mm256_abs_epi8(a_i8_vec);
1129
+ // __m256i b_i8_flipped_vec = _mm256_sign_epi8(b_i8_vec, a_i8_vec);
1130
+ // __m256i ab_i16_vec = _mm256_maddubs_epi16(a_i8_abs_vec, b_i8_flipped_vec);
1131
+ //
1132
+ // The problem with this approach, however, is the `-128` value in the second vector.
1133
+ // Flipping it's sign will do nothing, and the result will be incorrect.
1134
+ // This can easily lead to noticeable numerical errors in the final result.
1084
1135
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
1085
1136
  for (; i + 32 <= n; i += 32) {
1086
- __m256i a_vec = _mm256_loadu_si256((__m256i const*)(a + i));
1087
- __m256i b_vec = _mm256_loadu_si256((__m256i const*)(b + i));
1137
+ __m256i a_i8_vec = _mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)(a + i));
1138
+ __m256i b_i8_vec = _mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)(b + i));
1139
+
1140
+ // Upcast `int8` to `int16`
1141
+ __m256i a_i16_low_vec = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(a_i8_vec, 0));
1142
+ __m256i a_i16_high_vec = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(a_i8_vec, 1));
1143
+ __m256i b_i16_low_vec = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(b_i8_vec, 0));
1144
+ __m256i b_i16_high_vec = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(b_i8_vec, 1));
1145
+
1146
+ // Multiply and accumulate at int16 level, accumulate at `int32` level
1147
+ ab_i32_low_vec = _mm256_add_epi32(ab_i32_low_vec, _mm256_madd_epi16(a_i16_low_vec, b_i16_low_vec));
1148
+ ab_i32_high_vec = _mm256_add_epi32(ab_i32_high_vec, _mm256_madd_epi16(a_i16_high_vec, b_i16_high_vec));
1149
+ }
1088
1150
 
1089
- // Unpack int8 to int16
1090
- __m256i a_low_16 = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(a_vec, 0));
1091
- __m256i a_high_16 = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(a_vec, 1));
1092
- __m256i b_low_16 = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(b_vec, 0));
1093
- __m256i b_high_16 = _mm256_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_extracti128_si256(b_vec, 1));
1151
+ // Horizontal sum across the 256-bit register
1152
+ int ab = _simsimd_reduce_i32x8_haswell(_mm256_add_epi32(ab_i32_low_vec, ab_i32_high_vec));
1153
+
1154
+ // Take care of the tail:
1155
+ for (; i < n; ++i) ab += (int)(a[i]) * b[i];
1156
+ *result = ab;
1157
+ }
1158
+
1159
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_u8_haswell(simsimd_u8_t const *a, simsimd_u8_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1160
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1161
+
1162
+ __m256i ab_i32_low_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1163
+ __m256i ab_i32_high_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1164
+ __m256i const zeros_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1165
+
1166
+ // AVX2 has no instructions for unsigned 8-bit integer dot-products,
1167
+ // but it has a weird instruction for mixed signed-unsigned 8-bit dot-product.
1168
+ simsimd_size_t i = 0;
1169
+ for (; i + 32 <= n; i += 32) {
1170
+ __m256i a_u8_vec = _mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)(a + i));
1171
+ __m256i b_u8_vec = _mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)(b + i));
1172
+
1173
+ // Upcast `uint8` to `int16`. Unlike the signed version, we can use the unpacking
1174
+ // instructions instead of extracts, as they are much faster and more efficient.
1175
+ __m256i a_i16_low_vec = _mm256_unpacklo_epi8(a_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1176
+ __m256i a_i16_high_vec = _mm256_unpackhi_epi8(a_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1177
+ __m256i b_i16_low_vec = _mm256_unpacklo_epi8(b_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1178
+ __m256i b_i16_high_vec = _mm256_unpackhi_epi8(b_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1094
1179
 
1095
1180
  // Multiply and accumulate at int16 level, accumulate at int32 level
1096
- ab_low_vec = _mm256_add_epi32(ab_low_vec, _mm256_madd_epi16(a_low_16, b_low_16));
1097
- ab_high_vec = _mm256_add_epi32(ab_high_vec, _mm256_madd_epi16(a_high_16, b_high_16));
1181
+ ab_i32_low_vec = _mm256_add_epi32(ab_i32_low_vec, _mm256_madd_epi16(a_i16_low_vec, b_i16_low_vec));
1182
+ ab_i32_high_vec = _mm256_add_epi32(ab_i32_high_vec, _mm256_madd_epi16(a_i16_high_vec, b_i16_high_vec));
1098
1183
  }
1099
1184
 
1100
1185
  // Horizontal sum across the 256-bit register
1101
- __m256i ab_vec = _mm256_add_epi32(ab_low_vec, ab_high_vec);
1102
- __m128i ab_sum = _mm_add_epi32(_mm256_extracti128_si256(ab_vec, 0), _mm256_extracti128_si256(ab_vec, 1));
1103
- ab_sum = _mm_hadd_epi32(ab_sum, ab_sum);
1104
- ab_sum = _mm_hadd_epi32(ab_sum, ab_sum);
1186
+ int ab = _simsimd_reduce_i32x8_haswell(_mm256_add_epi32(ab_i32_low_vec, ab_i32_high_vec));
1105
1187
 
1106
1188
  // Take care of the tail:
1107
- int ab = _mm_extract_epi32(ab_sum, 0);
1108
- for (; i < n; ++i)
1109
- ab += (int)(a[i]) * b[i];
1189
+ for (; i < n; ++i) ab += (int)(a[i]) * b[i];
1110
1190
  *result = ab;
1111
1191
  }
1112
1192
 
@@ -1115,7 +1195,23 @@ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m256 _simsimd_bf16x8_to_f32x8_haswell(__m128i a) {
1115
1195
  return _mm256_castsi256_ps(_mm256_slli_epi32(_mm256_cvtepu16_epi32(a), 16));
1116
1196
  }
1117
1197
 
1118
- SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m128i _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_haswell(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_size_t n) {
1198
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m128i _simsimd_f32x8_to_bf16x8_haswell(__m256 a) {
1199
+ // Pack the 32-bit integers into 16-bit integers.
1200
+ // This is less trivial than unpacking: https://stackoverflow.com/a/77781241/2766161
1201
+ // The best approach is to shuffle within lanes first: https://stackoverflow.com/a/49723746/2766161
1202
+ // Our shuffling mask will drop the low 2-bytes from every 4-byte word.
1203
+ __m256i trunc_elements = _mm256_shuffle_epi8( //
1204
+ _mm256_castps_si256(a), //
1205
+ _mm256_set_epi8( //
1206
+ -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 15, 14, 11, 10, 7, 6, 3, 2, //
1207
+ -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 15, 14, 11, 10, 7, 6, 3, 2 //
1208
+ ));
1209
+ __m256i ordered = _mm256_permute4x64_epi64(trunc_elements, 0x58);
1210
+ __m128i result = _mm256_castsi256_si128(ordered);
1211
+ return result;
1212
+ }
1213
+
1214
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m128i _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_haswell(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_size_t n) {
1119
1215
  // In case the software emulation for `bf16` scalars is enabled, the `simsimd_bf16_to_f32`
1120
1216
  // function will run. It is extremely slow, so even for the tail, let's combine serial
1121
1217
  // loads and stores with vectorized math.
@@ -1124,15 +1220,13 @@ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m128i _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_haswell(simsimd_bf16_t con
1124
1220
  simsimd_bf16_t scalars[8];
1125
1221
  } result;
1126
1222
  simsimd_size_t i = 0;
1127
- for (; i < n; ++i)
1128
- result.scalars[i] = a[i];
1129
- for (; i < 8; ++i)
1130
- result.scalars[i] = 0;
1223
+ for (; i < n; ++i) result.scalars[i] = a[i];
1224
+ for (; i < 8; ++i) result.scalars[i] = 0;
1131
1225
  return result.vec;
1132
1226
  }
1133
1227
 
1134
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_haswell(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1135
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1228
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_haswell(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_bf16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1229
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1136
1230
  __m128i a_vec, b_vec;
1137
1231
  __m256 ab_vec = _mm256_setzero_ps();
1138
1232
 
@@ -1141,14 +1235,14 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16_haswell_cycle:
1141
1235
  a_vec = _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_haswell(a, n);
1142
1236
  b_vec = _simsimd_partial_load_bf16x8_haswell(b, n);
1143
1237
  n = 0;
1144
- } else {
1145
- a_vec = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)a);
1146
- b_vec = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i const*)b);
1238
+ }
1239
+ else {
1240
+ a_vec = _mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)a);
1241
+ b_vec = _mm_lddqu_si128((__m128i const *)b);
1147
1242
  a += 8, b += 8, n -= 8;
1148
1243
  }
1149
1244
  ab_vec = _mm256_fmadd_ps(_simsimd_bf16x8_to_f32x8_haswell(a_vec), _simsimd_bf16x8_to_f32x8_haswell(b_vec), ab_vec);
1150
- if (n)
1151
- goto simsimd_dot_bf16_haswell_cycle;
1245
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_bf16_haswell_cycle;
1152
1246
 
1153
1247
  *result = _simsimd_reduce_f32x8_haswell(ab_vec);
1154
1248
  }
@@ -1169,8 +1263,19 @@ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL simsimd_f64_t _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(__m512 a) {
1169
1263
  return _mm_cvtss_f32(_mm_hadd_ps(r, r));
1170
1264
  }
1171
1265
 
1172
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1173
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1266
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m512 _simsimd_bf16x16_to_f32x16_skylake(__m256i a) {
1267
+ // Upcasting from `bf16` to `f32` is done by shifting the `bf16` values by 16 bits to the left, like:
1268
+ return _mm512_castsi512_ps(_mm512_slli_epi32(_mm512_cvtepu16_epi32(a), 16));
1269
+ }
1270
+
1271
+ SIMSIMD_INTERNAL __m256i _simsimd_f32x16_to_bf16x16_skylake(__m512 a) {
1272
+ // Add 2^15 and right shift 16 to do round-nearest
1273
+ __m512i x = _mm512_srli_epi32(_mm512_add_epi32(_mm512_castps_si512(a), _mm512_set1_epi32(1 << 15)), 16);
1274
+ return _mm512_cvtepi32_epi16(x);
1275
+ }
1276
+
1277
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1278
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1174
1279
  __m512 ab_vec = _mm512_setzero();
1175
1280
  __m512 a_vec, b_vec;
1176
1281
 
@@ -1180,20 +1285,20 @@ simsimd_dot_f32_skylake_cycle:
1180
1285
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_ps(mask, a);
1181
1286
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_ps(mask, b);
1182
1287
  n = 0;
1183
- } else {
1288
+ }
1289
+ else {
1184
1290
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_ps(a);
1185
1291
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_ps(b);
1186
1292
  a += 16, b += 16, n -= 16;
1187
1293
  }
1188
1294
  ab_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_vec);
1189
- if (n)
1190
- goto simsimd_dot_f32_skylake_cycle;
1295
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f32_skylake_cycle;
1191
1296
 
1192
1297
  *result = _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(ab_vec);
1193
1298
  }
1194
1299
 
1195
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64_skylake(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1196
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1300
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64_skylake(simsimd_f64_t const *a, simsimd_f64_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1301
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1197
1302
  __m512d ab_vec = _mm512_setzero_pd();
1198
1303
  __m512d a_vec, b_vec;
1199
1304
 
@@ -1203,20 +1308,20 @@ simsimd_dot_f64_skylake_cycle:
1203
1308
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_pd(mask, a);
1204
1309
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_pd(mask, b);
1205
1310
  n = 0;
1206
- } else {
1311
+ }
1312
+ else {
1207
1313
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_pd(a);
1208
1314
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_pd(b);
1209
1315
  a += 8, b += 8, n -= 8;
1210
1316
  }
1211
1317
  ab_vec = _mm512_fmadd_pd(a_vec, b_vec, ab_vec);
1212
- if (n)
1213
- goto simsimd_dot_f64_skylake_cycle;
1318
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f64_skylake_cycle;
1214
1319
 
1215
1320
  *result = _mm512_reduce_add_pd(ab_vec);
1216
1321
  }
1217
1322
 
1218
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1219
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1323
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1324
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1220
1325
  __m512 ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero();
1221
1326
  __m512 ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero();
1222
1327
  __m512 a_vec;
@@ -1240,7 +1345,8 @@ simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake_cycle:
1240
1345
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_ps(mask, a);
1241
1346
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_ps(mask, b);
1242
1347
  n = 0;
1243
- } else {
1348
+ }
1349
+ else {
1244
1350
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_ps(a);
1245
1351
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_ps(b);
1246
1352
  a += 16, b += 16, n -= 16;
@@ -1248,8 +1354,7 @@ simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake_cycle:
1248
1354
  ab_real_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ps(b_vec, a_vec, ab_real_vec);
1249
1355
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ps(
1250
1356
  _mm512_castsi512_ps(_mm512_shuffle_epi8(_mm512_castps_si512(b_vec), swap_adjacent_vec)), a_vec, ab_imag_vec);
1251
- if (n)
1252
- goto simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake_cycle;
1357
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake_cycle;
1253
1358
 
1254
1359
  // Flip the sign bit in every second scalar before accumulation:
1255
1360
  ab_real_vec = _mm512_castsi512_ps(_mm512_xor_si512(_mm512_castps_si512(ab_real_vec), sign_flip_vec));
@@ -1259,8 +1364,8 @@ simsimd_dot_f32c_skylake_cycle:
1259
1364
  results[1] = _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(ab_imag_vec);
1260
1365
  }
1261
1366
 
1262
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const* a, simsimd_f32_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1263
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1367
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake(simsimd_f32_t const *a, simsimd_f32_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1368
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1264
1369
  __m512 ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero();
1265
1370
  __m512 ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero();
1266
1371
  __m512 a_vec;
@@ -1284,7 +1389,8 @@ simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake_cycle:
1284
1389
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_ps(mask, a);
1285
1390
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_ps(mask, b);
1286
1391
  n = 0;
1287
- } else {
1392
+ }
1393
+ else {
1288
1394
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_ps(a);
1289
1395
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_ps(b);
1290
1396
  a += 16, b += 16, n -= 16;
@@ -1292,8 +1398,7 @@ simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake_cycle:
1292
1398
  ab_real_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_real_vec);
1293
1399
  b_vec = _mm512_castsi512_ps(_mm512_shuffle_epi8(_mm512_castps_si512(b_vec), swap_adjacent_vec));
1294
1400
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ps(a_vec, b_vec, ab_imag_vec);
1295
- if (n)
1296
- goto simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake_cycle;
1401
+ if (n) goto simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake_cycle;
1297
1402
 
1298
1403
  // Flip the sign bit in every second scalar before accumulation:
1299
1404
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_castsi512_ps(_mm512_xor_si512(_mm512_castps_si512(ab_imag_vec), sign_flip_vec));
@@ -1303,8 +1408,8 @@ simsimd_vdot_f32c_skylake_cycle:
1303
1408
  results[1] = _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(ab_imag_vec);
1304
1409
  }
1305
1410
 
1306
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64c_skylake(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1307
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1411
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f64c_skylake(simsimd_f64_t const *a, simsimd_f64_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1412
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1308
1413
  __m512d ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero_pd();
1309
1414
  __m512d ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero_pd();
1310
1415
  __m512d a_vec;
@@ -1331,7 +1436,8 @@ simsimd_dot_f64c_skylake_cycle:
1331
1436
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_pd(mask, a);
1332
1437
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_pd(mask, b);
1333
1438
  n = 0;
1334
- } else {
1439
+ }
1440
+ else {
1335
1441
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_pd(a);
1336
1442
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_pd(b);
1337
1443
  a += 8, b += 8, n -= 8;
@@ -1339,8 +1445,7 @@ simsimd_dot_f64c_skylake_cycle:
1339
1445
  ab_real_vec = _mm512_fmadd_pd(b_vec, a_vec, ab_real_vec);
1340
1446
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_fmadd_pd(
1341
1447
  _mm512_castsi512_pd(_mm512_shuffle_epi8(_mm512_castpd_si512(b_vec), swap_adjacent_vec)), a_vec, ab_imag_vec);
1342
- if (n)
1343
- goto simsimd_dot_f64c_skylake_cycle;
1448
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f64c_skylake_cycle;
1344
1449
 
1345
1450
  // Flip the sign bit in every second scalar before accumulation:
1346
1451
  ab_real_vec = _mm512_castsi512_pd(_mm512_xor_si512(_mm512_castpd_si512(ab_real_vec), sign_flip_vec));
@@ -1350,8 +1455,8 @@ simsimd_dot_f64c_skylake_cycle:
1350
1455
  results[1] = _mm512_reduce_add_pd(ab_imag_vec);
1351
1456
  }
1352
1457
 
1353
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f64c_skylake(simsimd_f64_t const* a, simsimd_f64_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1354
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1458
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f64c_skylake(simsimd_f64_t const *a, simsimd_f64_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1459
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1355
1460
  __m512d ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero_pd();
1356
1461
  __m512d ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero_pd();
1357
1462
  __m512d a_vec;
@@ -1378,7 +1483,8 @@ simsimd_vdot_f64c_skylake_cycle:
1378
1483
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_pd(mask, a);
1379
1484
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_pd(mask, b);
1380
1485
  n = 0;
1381
- } else {
1486
+ }
1487
+ else {
1382
1488
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_pd(a);
1383
1489
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_pd(b);
1384
1490
  a += 8, b += 8, n -= 8;
@@ -1386,8 +1492,7 @@ simsimd_vdot_f64c_skylake_cycle:
1386
1492
  ab_real_vec = _mm512_fmadd_pd(a_vec, b_vec, ab_real_vec);
1387
1493
  b_vec = _mm512_castsi512_pd(_mm512_shuffle_epi8(_mm512_castpd_si512(b_vec), swap_adjacent_vec));
1388
1494
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_fmadd_pd(a_vec, b_vec, ab_imag_vec);
1389
- if (n)
1390
- goto simsimd_vdot_f64c_skylake_cycle;
1495
+ if (n) goto simsimd_vdot_f64c_skylake_cycle;
1391
1496
 
1392
1497
  // Flip the sign bit in every second scalar before accumulation:
1393
1498
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_castsi512_pd(_mm512_xor_si512(_mm512_castpd_si512(ab_imag_vec), sign_flip_vec));
@@ -1404,11 +1509,11 @@ simsimd_vdot_f64c_skylake_cycle:
1404
1509
  #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_GENOA
1405
1510
  #pragma GCC push_options
1406
1511
  #pragma GCC target("avx2", "avx512f", "avx512vl", "bmi2", "avx512bw", "avx512bf16")
1407
- #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,avx512f,avx512vl,bmi2,avx512bw,avx512bf16"))), \
1512
+ #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,avx512f,avx512vl,bmi2,avx512bw,avx512bf16"))), \
1408
1513
  apply_to = function)
1409
1514
 
1410
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1411
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1515
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_bf16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1516
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1412
1517
  __m512 ab_vec = _mm512_setzero_ps();
1413
1518
  __m512i a_i16_vec, b_i16_vec;
1414
1519
 
@@ -1418,20 +1523,20 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16_genoa_cycle:
1418
1523
  a_i16_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, a);
1419
1524
  b_i16_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, b);
1420
1525
  n = 0;
1421
- } else {
1526
+ }
1527
+ else {
1422
1528
  a_i16_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(a);
1423
1529
  b_i16_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(b);
1424
1530
  a += 32, b += 32, n -= 32;
1425
1531
  }
1426
1532
  ab_vec = _mm512_dpbf16_ps(ab_vec, (__m512bh)(a_i16_vec), (__m512bh)(b_i16_vec));
1427
- if (n)
1428
- goto simsimd_dot_bf16_genoa_cycle;
1533
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_bf16_genoa_cycle;
1429
1534
 
1430
1535
  *result = _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(ab_vec);
1431
1536
  }
1432
1537
 
1433
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1434
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1538
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_bf16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1539
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1435
1540
  __m512 ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero_ps();
1436
1541
  __m512 ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero_ps();
1437
1542
  __m512i a_vec;
@@ -1456,7 +1561,8 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle:
1456
1561
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, a);
1457
1562
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, b);
1458
1563
  n = 0;
1459
- } else {
1564
+ }
1565
+ else {
1460
1566
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(a);
1461
1567
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(b);
1462
1568
  a += 32, b += 32, n -= 32;
@@ -1464,16 +1570,15 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle:
1464
1570
  ab_real_vec = _mm512_dpbf16_ps(ab_real_vec, (__m512bh)(_mm512_xor_si512(b_vec, sign_flip_vec)), (__m512bh)(a_vec));
1465
1571
  ab_imag_vec =
1466
1572
  _mm512_dpbf16_ps(ab_imag_vec, (__m512bh)(_mm512_shuffle_epi8(b_vec, swap_adjacent_vec)), (__m512bh)(a_vec));
1467
- if (n)
1468
- goto simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle;
1573
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle;
1469
1574
 
1470
1575
  // Reduce horizontal sums:
1471
1576
  results[0] = _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(ab_real_vec);
1472
1577
  results[1] = _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(ab_imag_vec);
1473
1578
  }
1474
1579
 
1475
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const* a, simsimd_bf16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1476
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1580
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_bf16c_genoa(simsimd_bf16_t const *a, simsimd_bf16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1581
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1477
1582
  __m512 ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero_ps();
1478
1583
  __m512 ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero_ps();
1479
1584
  __m512i a_vec;
@@ -1498,7 +1603,8 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle:
1498
1603
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, a);
1499
1604
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, b);
1500
1605
  n = 0;
1501
- } else {
1606
+ }
1607
+ else {
1502
1608
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(a);
1503
1609
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(b);
1504
1610
  a += 32, b += 32, n -= 32;
@@ -1507,8 +1613,7 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle:
1507
1613
  a_vec = _mm512_xor_si512(a_vec, sign_flip_vec);
1508
1614
  b_vec = _mm512_shuffle_epi8(b_vec, swap_adjacent_vec);
1509
1615
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_dpbf16_ps(ab_imag_vec, (__m512bh)(a_vec), (__m512bh)(b_vec));
1510
- if (n)
1511
- goto simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle;
1616
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle;
1512
1617
 
1513
1618
  // Reduce horizontal sums:
1514
1619
  results[0] = _simsimd_reduce_f32x16_skylake(ab_real_vec);
@@ -1522,11 +1627,11 @@ simsimd_dot_bf16c_genoa_cycle:
1522
1627
  #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_SAPPHIRE
1523
1628
  #pragma GCC push_options
1524
1629
  #pragma GCC target("avx2", "avx512f", "avx512vl", "bmi2", "avx512bw", "avx512fp16")
1525
- #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,avx512f,avx512vl,bmi2,avx512bw,avx512fp16"))), \
1630
+ #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,avx512f,avx512vl,bmi2,avx512bw,avx512fp16"))), \
1526
1631
  apply_to = function)
1527
1632
 
1528
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1529
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1633
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1634
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1530
1635
  __m512h ab_vec = _mm512_setzero_ph();
1531
1636
  __m512i a_i16_vec, b_i16_vec;
1532
1637
 
@@ -1536,20 +1641,20 @@ simsimd_dot_f16_sapphire_cycle:
1536
1641
  a_i16_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, a);
1537
1642
  b_i16_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, b);
1538
1643
  n = 0;
1539
- } else {
1644
+ }
1645
+ else {
1540
1646
  a_i16_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(a);
1541
1647
  b_i16_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(b);
1542
1648
  a += 32, b += 32, n -= 32;
1543
1649
  }
1544
1650
  ab_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ph(_mm512_castsi512_ph(a_i16_vec), _mm512_castsi512_ph(b_i16_vec), ab_vec);
1545
- if (n)
1546
- goto simsimd_dot_f16_sapphire_cycle;
1651
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f16_sapphire_cycle;
1547
1652
 
1548
1653
  *result = _mm512_reduce_add_ph(ab_vec);
1549
1654
  }
1550
1655
 
1551
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1552
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1656
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1657
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1553
1658
  __m512h ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero_ph();
1554
1659
  __m512h ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero_ph();
1555
1660
  __m512i a_vec;
@@ -1574,7 +1679,8 @@ simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle:
1574
1679
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, a);
1575
1680
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, b);
1576
1681
  n = 0;
1577
- } else {
1682
+ }
1683
+ else {
1578
1684
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(a);
1579
1685
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(b);
1580
1686
  a += 32, b += 32, n -= 32;
@@ -1584,8 +1690,7 @@ simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle:
1584
1690
  _mm512_castsi512_ph(a_vec), ab_real_vec);
1585
1691
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ph(_mm512_castsi512_ph(_mm512_shuffle_epi8(b_vec, swap_adjacent_vec)),
1586
1692
  _mm512_castsi512_ph(a_vec), ab_imag_vec);
1587
- if (n)
1588
- goto simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle;
1693
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle;
1589
1694
 
1590
1695
  // Reduce horizontal sums:
1591
1696
  // TODO: Optimize this with tree-like reductions
@@ -1593,8 +1698,8 @@ simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle:
1593
1698
  results[1] = _mm512_reduce_add_ph(ab_imag_vec);
1594
1699
  }
1595
1700
 
1596
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const* a, simsimd_f16_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1597
- simsimd_distance_t* results) {
1701
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_vdot_f16c_sapphire(simsimd_f16_t const *a, simsimd_f16_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1702
+ simsimd_distance_t *results) {
1598
1703
  __m512h ab_real_vec = _mm512_setzero_ph();
1599
1704
  __m512h ab_imag_vec = _mm512_setzero_ph();
1600
1705
  __m512i a_vec;
@@ -1619,7 +1724,8 @@ simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle:
1619
1724
  a_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, a);
1620
1725
  b_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi16(mask, b);
1621
1726
  n = 0;
1622
- } else {
1727
+ }
1728
+ else {
1623
1729
  a_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(a);
1624
1730
  b_vec = _mm512_loadu_epi16(b);
1625
1731
  a += 32, b += 32, n -= 32;
@@ -1628,8 +1734,7 @@ simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle:
1628
1734
  a_vec = _mm512_xor_si512(a_vec, sign_flip_vec);
1629
1735
  b_vec = _mm512_shuffle_epi8(b_vec, swap_adjacent_vec);
1630
1736
  ab_imag_vec = _mm512_fmadd_ph(_mm512_castsi512_ph(a_vec), _mm512_castsi512_ph(b_vec), ab_imag_vec);
1631
- if (n)
1632
- goto simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle;
1737
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle;
1633
1738
 
1634
1739
  // Reduce horizontal sums:
1635
1740
  results[0] = _mm512_reduce_add_ph(ab_real_vec);
@@ -1643,23 +1748,24 @@ simsimd_dot_f16c_sapphire_cycle:
1643
1748
  #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_ICE
1644
1749
  #pragma GCC push_options
1645
1750
  #pragma GCC target("avx2", "avx512f", "avx512vl", "bmi2", "avx512bw", "avx512vnni")
1646
- #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,avx512f,avx512vl,bmi2,avx512bw,avx512vnni"))), \
1751
+ #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,avx512f,avx512vl,bmi2,avx512bw,avx512vnni"))), \
1647
1752
  apply_to = function)
1648
1753
 
1649
- SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_ice(simsimd_i8_t const* a, simsimd_i8_t const* b, simsimd_size_t n,
1650
- simsimd_distance_t* result) {
1651
- __m512i ab_i32s_vec = _mm512_setzero_si512();
1652
- __m512i a_vec, b_vec;
1754
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_ice(simsimd_i8_t const *a, simsimd_i8_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1755
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1756
+ __m512i ab_i32_vec = _mm512_setzero_si512();
1757
+ __m512i a_i16_vec, b_i16_vec;
1653
1758
 
1654
1759
  simsimd_dot_i8_ice_cycle:
1655
1760
  if (n < 32) {
1656
1761
  __mmask32 mask = (__mmask32)_bzhi_u32(0xFFFFFFFF, n);
1657
- a_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, a));
1658
- b_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, b));
1762
+ a_i16_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, a));
1763
+ b_i16_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, b));
1659
1764
  n = 0;
1660
- } else {
1661
- a_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_loadu_epi8(a));
1662
- b_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_loadu_epi8(b));
1765
+ }
1766
+ else {
1767
+ a_i16_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)a));
1768
+ b_i16_vec = _mm512_cvtepi8_epi16(_mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)b));
1663
1769
  a += 32, b += 32, n -= 32;
1664
1770
  }
1665
1771
  // Unfortunately we can't use the `_mm512_dpbusd_epi32` intrinsics here either,
@@ -1667,17 +1773,85 @@ simsimd_dot_i8_ice_cycle:
1667
1773
  // Signed(ZeroExtend16(a.byte[4*j]) * SignExtend16(b.byte[4*j]))
1668
1774
  // So we have to use the `_mm512_dpwssd_epi32` intrinsics instead, upcasting
1669
1775
  // to 16-bit beforehand.
1670
- ab_i32s_vec = _mm512_dpwssd_epi32(ab_i32s_vec, a_vec, b_vec);
1671
- if (n)
1672
- goto simsimd_dot_i8_ice_cycle;
1776
+ ab_i32_vec = _mm512_dpwssd_epi32(ab_i32_vec, a_i16_vec, b_i16_vec);
1777
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_i8_ice_cycle;
1778
+
1779
+ *result = _mm512_reduce_add_epi32(ab_i32_vec);
1780
+ }
1781
+
1782
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_u8_ice(simsimd_u8_t const *a, simsimd_u8_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1783
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1784
+ __m512i ab_i32_low_vec = _mm512_setzero_si512();
1785
+ __m512i ab_i32_high_vec = _mm512_setzero_si512();
1786
+ __m512i const zeros_vec = _mm512_setzero_si512();
1787
+ __m512i a_i16_low_vec, a_i16_high_vec, b_i16_low_vec, b_i16_high_vec;
1788
+ __m512i a_u8_vec, b_u8_vec;
1789
+
1790
+ simsimd_dot_u8_ice_cycle:
1791
+ if (n < 64) {
1792
+ __mmask64 mask = (__mmask64)_bzhi_u64(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, n);
1793
+ a_u8_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, a);
1794
+ b_u8_vec = _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi8(mask, b);
1795
+ n = 0;
1796
+ }
1797
+ else {
1798
+ a_u8_vec = _mm512_loadu_si512(a);
1799
+ b_u8_vec = _mm512_loadu_si512(b);
1800
+ a += 64, b += 64, n -= 64;
1801
+ }
1802
+
1803
+ // Upcast `uint8` to `int16`. Unlike the signed version, we can use the unpacking
1804
+ // instructions instead of extracts, as they are much faster and more efficient.
1805
+ a_i16_low_vec = _mm512_unpacklo_epi8(a_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1806
+ a_i16_high_vec = _mm512_unpackhi_epi8(a_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1807
+ b_i16_low_vec = _mm512_unpacklo_epi8(b_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1808
+ b_i16_high_vec = _mm512_unpackhi_epi8(b_u8_vec, zeros_vec);
1809
+ // Unfortunately we can't use the `_mm512_dpbusd_epi32` intrinsics here either,
1810
+ // as it's asymmetric with respect to the sign of the input arguments:
1811
+ // Signed(ZeroExtend16(a.byte[4*j]) * SignExtend16(b.byte[4*j]))
1812
+ // So we have to use the `_mm512_dpwssd_epi32` intrinsics instead, upcasting
1813
+ // to 16-bit beforehand.
1814
+ ab_i32_low_vec = _mm512_dpwssd_epi32(ab_i32_low_vec, a_i16_low_vec, b_i16_low_vec);
1815
+ ab_i32_high_vec = _mm512_dpwssd_epi32(ab_i32_high_vec, a_i16_high_vec, b_i16_high_vec);
1816
+ if (n) goto simsimd_dot_u8_ice_cycle;
1673
1817
 
1674
- *result = _mm512_reduce_add_epi32(ab_i32s_vec);
1818
+ *result = _mm512_reduce_add_epi32(_mm512_add_epi32(ab_i32_low_vec, ab_i32_high_vec));
1675
1819
  }
1676
1820
 
1677
1821
  #pragma clang attribute pop
1678
1822
  #pragma GCC pop_options
1679
1823
  #endif // SIMSIMD_TARGET_ICE
1680
- #endif // SIMSIMD_TARGET_X86
1824
+
1825
+ #if SIMSIMD_TARGET_SIERRA
1826
+ #pragma GCC push_options
1827
+ #pragma GCC target("avx2", "bmi2", "avx2vnni")
1828
+ #pragma clang attribute push(__attribute__((target("avx2,bmi2,avx2vnni"))), apply_to = function)
1829
+
1830
+ SIMSIMD_PUBLIC void simsimd_dot_i8_sierra(simsimd_i8_t const *a, simsimd_i8_t const *b, simsimd_size_t n,
1831
+ simsimd_distance_t *result) {
1832
+
1833
+ __m256i ab_i32_vec = _mm256_setzero_si256();
1834
+
1835
+ simsimd_size_t i = 0;
1836
+ for (; i + 32 <= n; i += 32) {
1837
+ __m256i a_i8_vec = _mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)(a + i));
1838
+ __m256i b_i8_vec = _mm256_lddqu_si256((__m256i const *)(b + i));
1839
+ ab_i32_vec = _mm256_dpbssds_epi32(ab_i32_vec, a_i8_vec, b_i8_vec);
1840
+ }
1841
+
1842
+ // Further reduce to a single sum for each vector
1843
+ int ab = _simsimd_reduce_i32x8_haswell(ab_i32_vec);
1844
+
1845
+ // Take care of the tail:
1846
+ for (; i < n; ++i) ab += (int)(a[i]) * b[i];
1847
+
1848
+ *result = ab;
1849
+ }
1850
+
1851
+ #pragma clang attribute pop
1852
+ #pragma GCC pop_options
1853
+ #endif // SIMSIMD_TARGET_SIERRA
1854
+ #endif // _SIMSIMD_TARGET_X86
1681
1855
 
1682
1856
  #ifdef __cplusplus
1683
1857
  }