universal-physics-tensor 9.0.0 → 11.0.0

package/dist/cases/lumped-cooling.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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* Applied case: a solid sphere cooling (or warming) in a fluid — its\n * temperature after a time t by Newton's law of cooling, with the Biot-number\n * check that makes one uniform temperature a fair stand-in for the field\n * inside it.\n *\n * The parent is the heat equation in the sphere (`model-heat` in radial\n * form, diffusivity `CE-thermal-diffusivity`) with a convective boundary. The\n * lumped-capacitance simplification T(t) = T∞ + (T0 − T∞) e^{−t/τ},\n * τ = ρcV/(hA), holds for Bi = h L_c/k ≤ 0.1 with L_c = V/A (Incropera,\n * DeWitt, Bergman & Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed.,\n * §5.1–5.2). The parent's exact series (Carslaw & Jaeger, Conduction of Heat\n * in Solids, 2nd ed., §9.4; Incropera §5.6.2) is summed here for the volume\n * mean, the centre and the surface. A second check keeps radiation, which is\n * not linear in T − T∞, small beside convection. Where it is not small, the\n * lumped equation is also integrated with the T⁴ loss kept (Incropera §5.3,\n * general lumped capacitance analysis), provided the Biot number with the\n * radiative conductance added still allows one temperature.\n *\n * @module cases/lumped-cooling\n */\nimport { findRoot } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';\nimport { SIGMA_SB_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { integrateRK4 } from '../numerical/null-ray-integrator.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-lumped-cooling';\n\n/** The Stefan–Boltzmann constant (W m⁻² K⁻⁴) is `core/constants`'s; re-exported so the record's module-export table keeps its row. @internal */\nexport { SIGMA_SB_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\n\n/** Bi = h L_c/k ceiling, L_c = V/A (Incropera §5.2, eq. 5.10). @internal */\nexport const MAX_BIOT = 0.1;\n\n/** h_rad,max/h ceiling for a loss linear in T − T∞. @internal */\nexport const MAX_RADIATION_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/** Parameters of the lumped equation with the radiative loss kept, in SI units. @internal */\nexport interface LumpedRadiating {\n  readonly a: number;\n  readonly rho: number;\n  readonly c: number;\n  /** ≥ 0; 0 is pure radiation. */\n  readonly h: number;\n  readonly eps: number;\n  readonly T0: number;\n  readonly Tinf: number;\n  readonly t: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * T(t) of ρcV dT/dt = −A[h(T − T∞) + εσ_SB(T⁴ − T∞⁴)] for a sphere (V/A =\n * a/3), by classical RK4 (`integrateRK4`, MathTS `solveODESystem` with `dt`,\n * one call per step) with each step 1/100 of the local relaxation time\n * ρca/(3(h + 4εσ_SB T³)). Stops early once |T − T∞| is below 1e-15 |T0 − T∞|.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function lumpedRadiatingTemperature(p: LumpedRadiating): number {\n  const k = 3 / (p.rho * p.c * p.a);\n  const f = (_t: number, y: readonly number[]): number[] => {\n    const T = y[0]!;\n    return [-k * (p.h * (T - p.Tinf) + p.eps * SIGMA_SB_SI * (T ** 4 - p.Tinf ** 4))];\n  };\n  const floor = 1e-15 * Math.abs(p.T0 - p.Tinf);\n  let T = p.T0;\n  let s = 0;\n  while (s < p.t && Math.abs(T - p.Tinf) > floor) {\n    const rate = k * (p.h + 4 * p.eps * SIGMA_SB_SI * Math.max(T, p.Tinf) ** 3);\n    const dt = Math.min(p.t - s, 0.01 / rate);\n    T = integrateRK4(f, [T], s, s + dt, 1)[0] ?? Number.NaN;\n    s += dt;\n  }\n  return T;\n}\n\n/**\n * The first n roots of 1 − ζ cot ζ = Bi (Bi = h a/k, radius-based): the n-th\n * lies in ((n−1)π, nπ), where the left side runs from −∞ (0 for n = 1) to +∞.\n * Each is MathTS `findRoot` (Brent) on that interval, pulled in from the\n * poles by a few ulps of kπ, since the solver evaluates both ends: at 0 the\n * function is 0/0, and at an exact multiple of π `Math.tan` has no sign to\n * trust. The tolerance is the bracket's own floating-point resolution.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function sphereEigenvalues(biRadius: number, n: number): number[] {\n  const f = (z: number) => 1 - z / Math.tan(z) - biRadius;\n  const roots: number[] = [];\n  for (let k = 1; k <= n; k++) {\n    const hi = k * Math.PI;\n    const inset = 8 * Number.EPSILON * hi;\n    const lo = k === 1 ? Number.MIN_VALUE : (k - 1) * Math.PI + inset;\n    roots.push(findRoot(f, lo, hi - inset, { tol: 4 * Number.EPSILON * hi, maxIter: 200 }));\n  }\n  return roots;\n}\n\n/**\n * θ/θ0 = (T − T∞)/(T0 − T∞) from the series solution of the sphere with a\n * convective surface, at Fourier number Fo = αt/a², for the volume mean, the\n * centre and the surface. Terms are summed until e^{−ζ²Fo} < 1e-18.\n * @throws Error when Fo is so small that the series would need over 1e5 terms.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function sphereSeries(biRadius: number, fo: number): { mean: number; centre: number; surface: number } {\n  if (fo === 0) return { mean: 1, centre: 1, surface: 1 };\n  const terms = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(42 / fo) / Math.PI) + 2;\n  if (terms > 1e5) throw new Error(`${ID}: Fo = ${fo} is too small for the series (needs ${terms} terms)`);\n  let mean = 0;\n  let centre = 0;\n  let surface = 0;\n  for (const z of sphereEigenvalues(biRadius, terms)) {\n    const s = Math.sin(z);\n    const c = Math.cos(z);\n    const cn = (4 * (s - z * c)) / (2 * z - Math.sin(2 * z));\n    const decay = Math.exp(-z * z * fo);\n    centre += cn * decay;\n    surface += (cn * decay * s) / z;\n    mean += (cn * decay * 3 * (s - z * c)) / z ** 3;\n  }\n  return { mean, centre, surface };\n}\n\nexport const LUMPED_COOLING_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Lumped-capacitance cooling of a sphere (Biot number, radiation linearity)',\n  parameters: [\n    {\n      key: 'a_m',\n      quantity: 'sphere radius',\n      symbol: 'a',\n      unit: 'm',\n      meaning: 'radius of the solid sphere, > 0',\n      geometry: 'radius',\n      alternates: [{ key: 'diameter_m', meaning: 'the diameter 2a of the sphere', toKey: 0.5 }],\n    },\n    { key: 'rho_kg_per_m3', quantity: 'density', symbol: 'ρ', unit: 'kg/m^3', meaning: 'mass density of the solid (copper ≈ 8933), > 0' },\n    { key: 'c_J_per_kg_K', quantity: 'specific heat', symbol: 'c', unit: 'J/(kg*K)', meaning: 'specific heat capacity of the solid (copper ≈ 385), > 0' },\n    { key: 'k_W_per_m_K', quantity: 'thermal conductivity', symbol: 'k', unit: 'W/(m*K)', meaning: 'thermal conductivity of the solid (copper ≈ 401), > 0' },\n    { key: 'h_W_per_m2_K', quantity: 'heat-transfer coefficient', symbol: 'h', unit: 'W/(m^2*K)', meaning: 'convective coefficient at the surface, uniform and constant (still air ≈ 5–25, stirred water ≈ 500–10000), > 0' },\n    { key: 'emissivity', quantity: 'surface emissivity', symbol: 'ε', unit: '', meaning: 'total hemispherical emissivity of the surface, 0 ≤ ε ≤ 1 (polished copper ≈ 0.03–0.05)' },\n    { key: 'T0_K', quantity: 'initial temperature', symbol: 'T0', unit: 'K', meaning: 'uniform temperature of the sphere at t = 0, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },\n    { key: 'T_inf_K', quantity: 'fluid temperature', symbol: 'T∞', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature of the fluid far from the sphere, and of the radiating surroundings, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },\n    { key: 't_s', quantity: 'elapsed time', symbol: 't', unit: 's', meaning: 'time since immersion, ≥ 0' },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'ρc ∂T/∂t = k (1/r²) ∂/∂r (r² ∂T/∂r),  0 ≤ r < a   (the heat equation of model-heat, radially symmetric)',\n      '−k ∂T/∂r = h (T − T∞) + εσ_SB (T⁴ − T∞⁴) at r = a;  T(r, 0) = T0',\n      'without the radiation term: θ/θ0 = Σ C_n e^{−ζ_n² Fo} sin(ζ_n r/a)/(ζ_n r/a),  1 − ζ_n cot ζ_n = h a/k,  C_n = 4(sin ζ_n − ζ_n cos ζ_n)/(2ζ_n − sin 2ζ_n),  Fo = αt/a²',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'ρcV dT/dt = −hA (T − T∞)   (lumped capacitance: one temperature for the whole sphere)',\n      'T(t) = T∞ + (T0 − T∞) e^{−t/τ},  τ = ρcV/(hA) = ρca/(3h)   (Newton\\'s law of cooling)',\n      'Bi = h L_c/k,  L_c = V/A = a/3',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parent is a temperature field T(r, t) with a boundary condition that is nonlinear once radiation is kept; the ' +\n      'scalar replaces the field by one number and the surface loss by a linear conductance hA. Dropped: the internal ' +\n      'gradient (of relative size ~Bi), every eigenmode but the slowest (and that one\\'s rate shifted by O(Bi)), and the ' +\n      'T⁴ dependence of radiation.',\n  },\n  observable: 'T_K',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'tau_s', symbol: 'τ', unit: 's', meaning: 'lumped time constant ρcV/(hA) = ρca/(3h)' },\n    { key: 'Bi', symbol: 'Bi', unit: '', meaning: 'Biot number h L_c/k with L_c = V/A = a/3 (the lumped criterion\\'s form)' },\n    { key: 'Bi_radius', symbol: 'Bi_a', unit: '', meaning: 'h a/k: the radius-based Biot number of the series solution (3 Bi)' },\n    { key: 'alpha_m2_per_s', symbol: 'α', unit: 'm^2/s', meaning: 'thermal diffusivity k/(ρc)' },\n    { key: 'Fo', symbol: 'Fo', unit: '', meaning: 'Fourier number αt/a²' },\n    { key: 'theta', symbol: 'θ/θ0', unit: '', meaning: 'lumped excess-temperature ratio e^{−t/τ}' },\n    { key: 'T_K', symbol: 'T(t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'the lumped temperature at t: what a thermometer in or on the sphere reads' },\n    { key: 'Q_J', symbol: 'Q', unit: 'J', meaning: 'heat released to the fluid by t, ρcV(T0 − T(t)) (negative when the sphere warms)' },\n    { key: 'theta_parent_mean', symbol: 'θ̄/θ0', unit: '', meaning: 'volume-mean excess-temperature ratio of the series solution (convection only)' },\n    { key: 'parent_deviation', symbol: 'θ/θ̄ − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('lumped ratio', \"parent's volume mean\") },\n    { key: 'T_centre_K', symbol: 'T(0, t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature at the centre from the series solution' },\n    { key: 'T_surface_K', symbol: 'T(a, t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature at the surface from the series solution' },\n    { key: 'h_rad_max_W_per_m2_K', symbol: 'h_rad', unit: 'W/(m^2*K)', meaning: 'εσ_SB(T_s + T∞)(T_s² + T∞²) at the hotter of T0 and T∞: the largest linearized radiative coefficient over the run' },\n    { key: 'Bi_radiating', symbol: 'Bi_r', unit: '', meaning: '(h + h_rad)(a/3)/k: the Biot number with the largest radiative conductance added' },\n    { key: 'T_radiating_K', symbol: 'T_r(t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'the lumped temperature with the T⁴ loss kept (RK4). The linear-loss check does not apply to it; its premise is Bi_radiating ≤ 0.1, and it is not defined otherwise' },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'initial condition: the sphere is at the uniform temperature T0 when it is immersed at t = 0',\n    'boundary: a uniform, constant coefficient h over the whole surface into fluid at T∞; the surroundings it radiates to are also at T∞',\n    'constant ρ, c and k over the temperature range; no internal heat source; the sphere is solid and homogeneous',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the parent: the series solution of the sphere\\'s heat equation with the convective boundary, volume mean',\n    valueKey: 'theta',\n    referenceKey: 'theta_parent_mean',\n    deviationKey: 'parent_deviation',\n    method: 'eigenfunction series, roots of 1 − ζ cot ζ = Bi_a by MathTS findRoot (Brent) on each interval ((n−1)π, nπ), summed until e^{−ζ²Fo} < 1e-18',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    'radiation in T_K and in the series: the linear-loss check bounds it; T_radiating_K keeps it, in the lumped model only',\n    'the temperature dependence of h (natural convection has h ∝ ΔT^{1/4}) and of ρ, c, k',\n    'the thermometer\\'s own heat capacity and contact resistance, and conduction along its leads',\n    'phase change at the surface (boiling in a quench), which makes h neither uniform nor constant',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'record T(t) with a thermocouple embedded at the centre; plot ln((T − T∞)/(T0 − T∞)) against t — a straight line of slope ' +\n      '−1/τ tests the lumped premise directly, and T_centre_K is the parent\\'s prediction for that sensor',\n    'compare the measured τ with tau_s; the difference between T_centre_K and T_surface_K is the internal gradient the lumped model drops',\n    'to use this as a calorimetric measurement of h, invert τ = ρca/(3h), valid only where both checks hold',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'model-heat', role: 'ρc_p ∂T/∂t = κ ∂²T/∂x², the heat equation; here in its radial form for a sphere' },\n    { id: 'CE-thermal-diffusivity', role: 'α = k/(ρc_p), the diffusivity in the Fourier number' },\n    { id: 'CE-heat-capacity', role: 'Q = mcΔT, the heat released as the sphere cools' },\n    { id: 'CE-stefan-boltzmann', role: 'j = σT⁴, the radiative loss the linear-loss check bounds' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['a_m=5mm', 'rho_kg_per_m3=8933', 'c_J_per_kg_K=385', 'k_W_per_m_K=401', 'h_W_per_m2_K=20', 'emissivity=0.05', 'T0_K=100degC', 'T_inf_K=20degC', 't_s=300'],\n      note: 'a 1 cm polished copper ball cooling from 100 °C in still air at 20 °C, read after 5 minutes',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['a_m=5cm', 'rho_kg_per_m3=7854', 'c_J_per_kg_K=434', 'k_W_per_m_K=60.5', 'h_W_per_m2_K=1000', 'emissivity=0', 'T0_K=90degC', 'T_inf_K=20degC', 't_s=600'],\n        note: 'a 10 cm steel ball from 90 °C into stirred water: Bi ≈ 0.28, the centre lags the surface and one temperature does not describe it',\n        fails: ['lumped'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['a_m=5mm', 'rho_kg_per_m3=7854', 'c_J_per_kg_K=434', 'k_W_per_m_K=60.5', 'h_W_per_m2_K=10', 'emissivity=0.8', 'T0_K=1000', 'T_inf_K=300', 't_s=60'],\n        note: 'a 1 cm oxidized steel ball at 1000 K in still air: radiation (h_rad ≈ 64 W/m²K) outweighs convection and the loss is not linear',\n        fails: ['linear-loss'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the lumped sphere temperature, parent-series comparison and heat-transfer checks for the supplied inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['a_m', 'rho_kg_per_m3', 'c_J_per_kg_K', 'k_W_per_m_K', 'h_W_per_m2_K', 'T0_K', 'T_inf_K']);\n    const {\n      a_m: a, rho_kg_per_m3: rho, c_J_per_kg_K: c, k_W_per_m_K: k, h_W_per_m2_K: h,\n      emissivity: eps, T0_K: T0, T_inf_K: Tinf, t_s: t,\n    } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(eps) || eps < 0 || eps > 1) throw new Error(`${ID}: emissivity must be in [0, 1] (got ${eps})`);\n    if (!Number.isFinite(t) || t < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: t_s must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${t})`);\n    const tau = (rho * c * a) / (3 * h);\n    const bi = (h * (a / 3)) / k;\n    const biRadius = (h * a) / k;\n    const alpha = k / (rho * c);\n    const fo = (alpha * t) / (a * a);\n    const theta = Math.exp(-t / tau);\n    const series = sphereSeries(biRadius, fo);\n    const dT0 = T0 - Tinf;\n    const Tmax = Math.max(T0, Tinf);\n    const hRad = eps * SIGMA_SB_SI * (Tmax + Tinf) * (Tmax * Tmax + Tinf * Tinf);\n    const volume = (4 / 3) * Math.PI * a ** 3;\n    const biRadiating = ((h + hRad) * (a / 3)) / k;\n    const tRadiating = biRadiating <= MAX_BIOT ? lumpedRadiatingTemperature({ a, rho, c, h, eps, T0, Tinf, t }) : null;\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        tau_s: tau,\n        Bi: bi,\n        Bi_radius: biRadius,\n        alpha_m2_per_s: alpha,\n        Fo: fo,\n        theta,\n        T_K: Tinf + dT0 * theta,\n        Q_J: rho * c * volume * dT0 * -Math.expm1(-t / tau),\n        theta_parent_mean: series.mean,\n        parent_deviation: theta / series.mean - 1,\n        T_centre_K: Tinf + dT0 * series.centre,\n        T_surface_K: Tinf + dT0 * series.surface,\n        h_rad_max_W_per_m2_K: hRad,\n        Bi_radiating: biRadiating,\n        T_radiating_K: tRadiating,\n      },\n      checks: [\n        check('lumped', 'one temperature for the sphere: internal conduction fast beside surface loss, Bi ≪ 1', 'h (a/3)/k', bi, '<=', MAX_BIOT,\n          'the conventional criterion Bi ≤ 0.1 with L_c = V/A (Incropera §5.2); parent_deviation shows the error it leaves at t'),\n        check('linear-loss', 'the loss is linear in T − T∞: radiation small beside convection', 'εσ_SB(T_max + T∞)(T_max² + T∞²)/h', hRad / h, '<=', MAX_RADIATION_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold: the neglected radiative conductance is ≤ 10% of h at the hottest point of the run (Incropera eq. 1.9 linearization)'),\n      ],\n      unchecked: [\n        'h is uniform over the sphere and constant in time; for natural convection it falls as the sphere approaches T∞',\n        'ρ, c and k are constant over [min(T0, T∞), max(T0, T∞)]',\n      ],\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/quadrature.d.ts

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 /**
- * Adaptive Simpson quadrature for the parent-model comparisons of the applied
- * cases. The integrands there are smooth and monotone over bands that can span
- * many decades, which a fixed grid resolves badly at the low end.
+ * ∫ₐᵇ f by MathTS `quad`, to `relTol` of the integral, for a one-signed `f`.
  *
- * @module cases/quadrature
- */
-/**
- * ∫ₐᵇ f by adaptive Simpson with Richardson correction.
- * @throws Error if the recursion hits `maxDepth` without meeting `relTol`.
+ * Each panel is accepted at an error estimate below `relTol` of its own value,
+ * so for a one-signed integrand the summed estimate is below `relTol` of the
+ * integral; a sign-changing integrand can exceed that and is refused.
+ * @throws Error when the result is not finite, or the summed error estimate is above twice
+ *   `relTol` of the integral (the quadrature ran out of depth), with the interval in the message.
  * @internal
  */
-export declare function adaptiveSimpson(f: (x: number) => number, a: number, b: number, relTol?: number, maxDepth?: number): number;
+export declare function adaptiveQuadrature(f: (x: number) => number, a: number, b: number, relTol?: number, maxDepth?: number): number;
 //# sourceMappingURL=quadrature.d.ts.map

package/dist/cases/quadrature.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"quadrature.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/quadrature.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAkBA;;;;;;;;;GASG;AACH,wBAAgB,kBAAkB,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,KAAK,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,SAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,SAAK,GAAG,MAAM,CAOxH"}

package/dist/cases/quadrature.js

@@ -1,41 +1,37 @@
 /**
- * Adaptive Simpson quadrature for the parent-model comparisons of the applied
- * cases. The integrands there are smooth and monotone over bands that can span
- * many decades, which a fixed grid resolves badly at the low end.
+ * Adaptive quadrature for the parent-model comparisons of the applied cases:
+ * MathTS `quad`, adaptive Gauss–Kronrod (G7–K15), whose embedded error
+ * estimate refines each panel until it is below the relative tolerance. The
+ * integrands here are smooth, one-signed and monotone over bands that can
+ * span many decades, which a fixed grid resolves badly at the low end.
+ *
+ * `quad` is called with `atol: 0` (`@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions` ≥
+ * 0.68.3): its default accepts a panel whose error estimate is below an
+ * ABSOLUTE 1e-14, which would accept an SI-scaled integral (a noise power of
+ * 1e-13 V²) at a relative error of order one. `quad` also does not throw when
+ * the depth cap is reached; its error estimate is read here, so a
+ * non-convergence is still an error rather than a number.
  *
  * @module cases/quadrature
  */
+import { quad } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';
 /**
- * ∫ₐᵇ f by adaptive Simpson with Richardson correction.
- * @throws Error if the recursion hits `maxDepth` without meeting `relTol`.
+ * ∫ₐᵇ f by MathTS `quad`, to `relTol` of the integral, for a one-signed `f`.
+ *
+ * Each panel is accepted at an error estimate below `relTol` of its own value,
+ * so for a one-signed integrand the summed estimate is below `relTol` of the
+ * integral; a sign-changing integrand can exceed that and is refused.
+ * @throws Error when the result is not finite, or the summed error estimate is above twice
+ *   `relTol` of the integral (the quadrature ran out of depth), with the interval in the message.
  * @internal
  */
-export function adaptiveSimpson(f, a, b, relTol = 1e-10, maxDepth = 60) {
-    const fa = f(a);
-    const fb = f(b);
-    const m = (a + b) / 2;
-    const fm = f(m);
-    const whole = ((b - a) / 6) * (fa + 4 * fm + fb);
-    // The tolerance is relative to the whole integral, estimated from a coarse pass.
-    let scale = Math.abs(whole);
-    for (let i = 1; i < 64; i++)
-        scale = Math.max(scale, Math.abs(f(a + ((b - a) * i) / 64)) * (b - a));
-    const eps = relTol * (scale > 0 ? scale : 1);
-    const step = (lo, hi, flo, fmid, fhi, s, tol, depth) => {
-        const mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
-        const lm = (lo + mid) / 2;
-        const rm = (mid + hi) / 2;
-        const flm = f(lm);
-        const frm = f(rm);
-        const left = ((mid - lo) / 6) * (flo + 4 * flm + fmid);
-        const right = ((hi - mid) / 6) * (fmid + 4 * frm + fhi);
-        const diff = left + right - s;
-        if (Math.abs(diff) <= 15 * tol)
-            return left + right + diff / 15;
-        if (depth >= maxDepth)
-            throw new Error(`adaptiveSimpson: no convergence on [${lo}, ${hi}] at depth ${depth}`);
-        return step(lo, mid, flo, flm, fmid, left, tol / 2, depth + 1) + step(mid, hi, fmid, frm, fhi, right, tol / 2, depth + 1);
-    };
-    return step(a, b, fa, fm, fb, whole, eps, 0);
+export function adaptiveQuadrature(f, a, b, relTol = 1e-10, maxDepth = 60) {
+    const { value, error } = quad(f, a, b, { tol: relTol, atol: 0, maxDepth });
+    if (!Number.isFinite(value))
+        throw new Error(`adaptiveQuadrature: non-finite integral ${value} on [${a}, ${b}]`);
+    if (error > 2 * relTol * Math.abs(value)) {
+        throw new Error(`adaptiveQuadrature: no convergence on [${a}, ${b}] (error estimate ${error} at relTol ${relTol})`);
+    }
+    return value;
 }
 //# sourceMappingURL=quadrature.js.map

package/dist/cases/quadrature.js.map

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+{"version":3,"file":"quadrature.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/quadrature.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAeG;AACH,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,iCAAiC,CAAC;AAEvD;;;;;;;;;GASG;AACH,MAAM,UAAU,kBAAkB,CAAC,CAAwB,EAAE,CAAS,EAAE,CAAS,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,GAAG,EAAE;IAC9G,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;IAC3E,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC;QAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,2CAA2C,KAAK,QAAQ,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACjH,IAAI,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC;QACzC,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,0CAA0C,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,qBAAqB,KAAK,cAAc,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACtH,CAAC;IACD,OAAO,KAAK,CAAC;AACf,CAAC","sourcesContent":["/**\n * Adaptive quadrature for the parent-model comparisons of the applied cases:\n * MathTS `quad`, adaptive Gauss–Kronrod (G7–K15), whose embedded error\n * estimate refines each panel until it is below the relative tolerance. The\n * integrands here are smooth, one-signed and monotone over bands that can\n * span many decades, which a fixed grid resolves badly at the low end.\n *\n * `quad` is called with `atol: 0` (`@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions` ≥\n * 0.68.3): its default accepts a panel whose error estimate is below an\n * ABSOLUTE 1e-14, which would accept an SI-scaled integral (a noise power of\n * 1e-13 V²) at a relative error of order one. `quad` also does not throw when\n * the depth cap is reached; its error estimate is read here, so a\n * non-convergence is still an error rather than a number.\n *\n * @module cases/quadrature\n */\nimport { quad } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';\n\n/**\n * ∫ₐᵇ f by MathTS `quad`, to `relTol` of the integral, for a one-signed `f`.\n *\n * Each panel is accepted at an error estimate below `relTol` of its own value,\n * so for a one-signed integrand the summed estimate is below `relTol` of the\n * integral; a sign-changing integrand can exceed that and is refused.\n * @throws Error when the result is not finite, or the summed error estimate is above twice\n *   `relTol` of the integral (the quadrature ran out of depth), with the interval in the message.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function adaptiveQuadrature(f: (x: number) => number, a: number, b: number, relTol = 1e-10, maxDepth = 60): number {\n  const { value, error } = quad(f, a, b, { tol: relTol, atol: 0, maxDepth });\n  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) throw new Error(`adaptiveQuadrature: non-finite integral ${value} on [${a}, ${b}]`);\n  if (error > 2 * relTol * Math.abs(value)) {\n    throw new Error(`adaptiveQuadrature: no convergence on [${a}, ${b}] (error estimate ${error} at relTol ${relTol})`);\n  }\n  return value;\n}\n"]}

package/dist/cases/resistor-noise.js

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import { H_SI, K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
 import { catalogRelations } from '../bridges/catalog-load.js';
 import { evaluateCatalogRelation } from '../bridges/relation-eval.js';
-import { adaptiveSimpson } from './quadrature.js';
+import { adaptiveQuadrature } from './quadrature.js';
 import { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference } from './types.js';
 const ID = 'case-resistor-noise';
 /** h f_hi/(k_B T) ceiling: the Planck factor x/(eˣ−1) is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1. @internal */
@@ -88,12 +88,12 @@ export const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE = {
         { key: 'V_rms_unloaded_V', symbol: 'V_rms,0', unit: 'V', meaning: 'open-circuit value √(4k_BTRB), with no instrument attached' },
         { key: 'V_rms_V', symbol: 'V_rms', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the RMS noise voltage the instrument reads (scalar model)' },
         { key: 'loading_ratio', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,0', unit: '', meaning: '√(R_in/(R + R_in)): what the input resistance removes' },
-        { key: 'V_rms_parent_V', symbol: 'V_rms,parent', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the parent spectrum integrated over the band (adaptive Simpson)' },
+        { key: 'V_rms_parent_V', symbol: 'V_rms,parent', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the parent spectrum integrated over the band (MathTS quad, adaptive Gauss–Kronrod)' },
         { key: 'parent_deviation', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,parent − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('scalar result', 'parent') },
         { key: 'V_rms_rel_sigma', symbol: 'σ(V_rms)/V_rms', unit: '', meaning: 'statistical scatter of an RMS averaged over t_avg: 1/(2√(B t_avg)) (Dicke radiometer relation)' },
-        { key: 'V_rms_total_V', symbol: 'V_rms,total', unit: 'V', meaning: 'what the instrument reads with its amplifier noise added in quadrature; null without e_n2/i_n2' },
-        { key: 'resistor_fraction', symbol: 'φ', unit: '', meaning: "the thermal share of the read noise power, 4k_BTR_eff/(4k_BTR_eff + e_n² + i_n²R_eff²); null without e_n2/i_n2" },
-        { key: 'T_n_K', symbol: 'T_n', unit: 'K', meaning: "the amplifier's noise temperature for the source R_eff, (e_n² + i_n²R_eff²)/(4k_B R_eff); null without e_n2/i_n2" },
+        { key: 'V_rms_total_V', symbol: 'V_rms,total', unit: 'V', meaning: 'what the instrument reads with its amplifier noise added in quadrature; not defined without e_n2/i_n2' },
+        { key: 'resistor_fraction', symbol: 'φ', unit: '', meaning: "the thermal share of the read noise power, 4k_BTR_eff/(4k_BTR_eff + e_n² + i_n²R_eff²); not defined without e_n2/i_n2" },
+        { key: 'T_n_K', symbol: 'T_n', unit: 'K', meaning: "the amplifier's noise temperature for the source R_eff, (e_n² + i_n²R_eff²)/(4k_B R_eff); not defined without e_n2/i_n2" },
     ],
     conditions: [
         'thermal equilibrium: R and the instrument input at one temperature T, no DC current through R',
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ export const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE = {
         valueKey: 'V_rms_V',
         referenceKey: 'V_rms_parent_V',
         deviationKey: 'parent_deviation',
-        method: 'adaptive Simpson quadrature, relative tolerance 1e-10',
+        method: 'MathTS quad, adaptive Gauss–Kronrod (G7–K15) quadrature, relative tolerance 1e-10',
     },
     notIncluded: [
         "the amplifier's noise when e_n2 and i_n2 are left out; when given, their 1/f corners and their correlation (taken white and uncorrelated)",
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ export const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE = {
         const S = spectral(T, rEff);
         const S0 = spectral(T, R);
         const vRms = Math.sqrt(S * B);
-        const vParent = Math.sqrt(adaptiveSimpson((f) => parentDensity(f, T, rEff, C), fLo, fHi));
+        const vParent = Math.sqrt(adaptiveQuadrature((f) => parentDensity(f, T, rEff, C), fLo, fHi));
         const x = (H_SI * fHi) / (K_B_SI * T);
         const wrc = 2 * Math.PI * fHi * rEff * C;
         const checks = [

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* Applied case: the thermal (Johnson–Nyquist) noise voltage of a resistor as an\n * instrument reads it — over a finite band, loaded by the instrument's input\n * resistance and capacitance.\n *\n * The catalog's BE-58 gives the flat spectral density S_V = 4 k_B T R. A\n * measurement reads an RMS voltage over a band, through an input network, so\n * this case adds the band, the loading, and the two premises that make the\n * spectrum flat (hf ≪ k_BT, and the input RC pole above the band), and checks\n * both. The parent spectrum is integrated numerically for comparison. Given\n * the amplifier's e_n and i_n, it adds them to the reading and checks that the\n * resistor's share can still be resolved in the averaging time.\n *\n * @module cases/resistor-noise\n */\nimport { H_SI, K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { catalogRelations } from '../bridges/catalog-load.js';\nimport { evaluateCatalogRelation } from '../bridges/relation-eval.js';\nimport { adaptiveQuadrature } from './quadrature.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-resistor-noise';\n\n/** h f_hi/(k_B T) ceiling: the Planck factor x/(eˣ−1) is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1. @internal */\nexport const CLASSICAL_MAX_X = 0.01;\n\n/** 2π f_hi R_eff C_in ceiling: the input RC pole then passes 1/(1+w²) ≥ 99% at f_hi. @internal */\nexport const FLAT_BAND_MAX_WRC = 0.1;\n\n/**\n * Ceiling on σ(S_R)/S_R = 1/(φ√(B t_avg)): the resistor's noise power, left after\n * subtracting an exactly known amplifier power, scatters by ≤ 1%. The total\n * power scatters by 1/√(B t_avg) (Dicke 1946); φ is the resistor's share of it.\n * @internal\n */\nexport const AMPLIFIER_MAX_REL_SIGMA = 0.01;\n\n/** Nyquist's thermal spectral density at f, shaped by the input RC; `x/expm1(x)` → 1 as x → 0. */\nfunction parentDensity(f: number, T: number, rEff: number, c: number): number {\n  const x = (H_SI * f) / (K_B_SI * T);\n  const planck = x === 0 ? 1 : x / Math.expm1(x);\n  const w = 2 * Math.PI * f * rEff * c;\n  return (4 * K_B_SI * T * rEff * planck) / (1 + w * w);\n}\n\nexport const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Resistor thermal-noise measurement (bandwidth, instrument loading)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'T_K', quantity: 'temperature', symbol: 'T', unit: 'K', meaning: 'absolute temperature of the resistor and of the instrument input, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },\n    { key: 'R_ohm', quantity: 'resistance under test', symbol: 'R', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'the resistor whose noise is measured, > 0' },\n    { key: 'R_in_ohm', quantity: 'instrument input resistance', symbol: 'R_in', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'the input resistance in parallel with R, > 0 (a physical resistor at T)' },\n    { key: 'C_in_F', quantity: 'input capacitance', symbol: 'C_in', unit: 'F', meaning: 'instrument input plus cable capacitance in parallel with R, ≥ 0' },\n    { key: 'f_lo_Hz', quantity: 'lower band edge', symbol: 'f_lo', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'lower edge of the ideal (brick-wall) measurement band, ≥ 0' },\n    { key: 'f_hi_Hz', quantity: 'upper band edge', symbol: 'f_hi', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'upper edge of the band, > f_lo; B = f_hi − f_lo is the noise-equivalent bandwidth' },\n    { key: 't_avg_s', quantity: 'averaging time', symbol: 't_avg', unit: 's', meaning: 'how long the RMS is averaged, > 0' },\n    {\n      key: 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz',\n      quantity: 'amplifier voltage-noise power density',\n      symbol: 'e_n²',\n      unit: 'V^2/Hz',\n      meaning: \"the square of the amplifier's input voltage noise e_n, white over the band (4 nV/√Hz → 1.6e-17), ≥ 0\",\n      optional: true,\n    },\n    {\n      key: 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz',\n      quantity: 'amplifier current-noise power density',\n      symbol: 'i_n²',\n      unit: 'A^2/Hz',\n      meaning: \"the square of the amplifier's input current noise i_n, white over the band (1 pA/√Hz → 1e-24), ≥ 0\",\n      optional: true,\n    },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'S_V(f) = 4 R_eff · hf/(e^{hf/k_BT} − 1) · 1/(1 + (2πf R_eff C_in)²)   (Nyquist 1928, thermal part; seen through the input RC)',\n      'V_rms² = ∫_{f_lo}^{f_hi} S_V(f) df',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'S_V = 4 k_B T R_eff,  R_eff = R R_in/(R + R_in)   (BE-58 with the loaded resistance)',\n      'V_rms = √(4 k_B T R_eff B),  B = f_hi − f_lo',\n      'through an amplifier: V_rms,total² = (4 k_B T R_eff + e_n² + i_n² R_eff²) B, e_n and i_n uncorrelated (the e_n–i_n model; Motchenbacher & Connelly 1993)',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'S_V(f) is a spectral density — a function of frequency fixed by the fluctuation–dissipation theorem and shaped by ' +\n      'the input network; 4k_BTR_eff is its flat, classical value, and √(4k_BT R_eff B) integrates that constant over an ' +\n      'ideal band. Nyquist derived it from the thermal modes of a transmission line (a 1-D field); the lumped circuit keeps ' +\n      'only the port voltage.',\n  },\n  observable: 'V_rms_V',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'B_Hz', symbol: 'B', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'noise-equivalent bandwidth f_hi − f_lo' },\n    { key: 'R_eff_ohm', symbol: 'R_eff', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'R in parallel with R_in: the resistance the instrument sees' },\n    { key: 'S_V_V2_per_Hz', symbol: 'S_V', unit: 'V^2/Hz', meaning: 'flat one-sided spectral density 4k_BT R_eff' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_unloaded_V', symbol: 'V_rms,0', unit: 'V', meaning: 'open-circuit value √(4k_BTRB), with no instrument attached' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_V', symbol: 'V_rms', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the RMS noise voltage the instrument reads (scalar model)' },\n    { key: 'loading_ratio', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,0', unit: '', meaning: '√(R_in/(R + R_in)): what the input resistance removes' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_parent_V', symbol: 'V_rms,parent', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the parent spectrum integrated over the band (MathTS quad, adaptive Gauss–Kronrod)' },\n    { key: 'parent_deviation', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,parent − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('scalar result', 'parent') },\n    { key: 'V_rms_rel_sigma', symbol: 'σ(V_rms)/V_rms', unit: '', meaning: 'statistical scatter of an RMS averaged over t_avg: 1/(2√(B t_avg)) (Dicke radiometer relation)' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_total_V', symbol: 'V_rms,total', unit: 'V', meaning: 'what the instrument reads with its amplifier noise added in quadrature; not defined without e_n2/i_n2' },\n    { key: 'resistor_fraction', symbol: 'φ', unit: '', meaning: \"the thermal share of the read noise power, 4k_BTR_eff/(4k_BTR_eff + e_n² + i_n²R_eff²); not defined without e_n2/i_n2\" },\n    { key: 'T_n_K', symbol: 'T_n', unit: 'K', meaning: \"the amplifier's noise temperature for the source R_eff, (e_n² + i_n²R_eff²)/(4k_B R_eff); not defined without e_n2/i_n2\" },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'thermal equilibrium: R and the instrument input at one temperature T, no DC current through R',\n    'the instrument reads the voltage across R ∥ R_in ∥ C_in (open-circuit source, no other load)',\n    'stationary Gaussian noise; the band is an ideal brick wall of width B (the real filter enters only through its noise-equivalent bandwidth)',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: \"the parent: Nyquist's thermal spectrum through the input RC, integrated over [f_lo, f_hi]\",\n    valueKey: 'V_rms_V',\n    referenceKey: 'V_rms_parent_V',\n    deviationKey: 'parent_deviation',\n    method: 'MathTS quad, adaptive Gauss–Kronrod (G7–K15) quadrature, relative tolerance 1e-10',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    \"the amplifier's noise when e_n2 and i_n2 are left out; when given, their 1/f corners and their correlation (taken white and uncorrelated)\",\n    '1/f (excess) noise, which needs a current through R',\n    'the zero-point term hf/2 of the quantum fluctuation–dissipation theorem (the parent here is the thermal part)',\n    'frequency dependence of R and R_in over the band',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'digitize the voltage across R through a band-pass of noise-equivalent bandwidth B and average the RMS over t_avg; ' +\n      'compare with V_rms_V ± V_rms_rel_sigma·V_rms_V (statistical scatter only)',\n    \"measure the amplifier's own noise with its input shorted and subtract it in quadrature before comparing\",\n    '`upt confront --bridge=be-58`: the NIST Johnson-noise-thermometry k_B, which tests S_V = 4k_BTR with R traceable to the quantum Hall effect',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: `be-${58}`, role: 'the flat spectral density S_V = 4k_BTR (catalog evaluator: `upt evaluate be-58`)' },\n    { id: `be-${55}`, role: 'quantum Hall resistance standard to which R is traceable in the JNT comparison' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=1kohm', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=20pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=10kHz', 't_avg_s=10', 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz=1e-18', 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz=1e-24'],\n      note: 'a 1 kΩ resistor at 300 K, a 1 MΩ ∥ 20 pF input with 1 nV/√Hz and 1 pA/√Hz of amplifier noise, a 10 kHz band, 10 s of averaging',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=20mK', 'R_ohm=50', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=0', 'f_lo_Hz=1GHz', 'f_hi_Hz=2GHz', 't_avg_s=1'],\n        note: 'a 50 Ω load at 20 mK read at 1–2 GHz: hf/k_BT ≈ 4.8, the spectrum is not flat and 4k_BTR overstates it',\n        fails: ['classical'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=1Mohm', 'R_in_ohm=10Mohm', 'C_in_F=100pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=100kHz', 't_avg_s=1'],\n        note: 'a 1 MΩ resistor through 100 pF: the RC pole sits near 1.7 Hz, far below the 100 kHz band edge',\n        fails: ['flat-band'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=10', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=20pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=10kHz', 't_avg_s=10', 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz=1.6e-17', 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz=1e-24'],\n        note: 'a 10 Ω resistor through a 4 nV/√Hz amplifier: the amplifier adds ~100× the resistor\\'s noise power, which 10 s cannot resolve to 1%',\n        fails: ['amplifier'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the measured Johnson-Nyquist RMS voltage and instrument-regime checks for the supplied inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['T_K', 'R_ohm', 'R_in_ohm', 'f_hi_Hz', 't_avg_s']);\n    const { T_K: T, R_ohm: R, R_in_ohm: Rin, C_in_F: C, f_lo_Hz: fLo, f_hi_Hz: fHi, t_avg_s: tAvg } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(C) || C < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: C_in_F must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${C})`);\n    if (!Number.isFinite(fLo) || fLo < 0 || fLo >= fHi) throw new Error(`${ID}: need 0 ≤ f_lo_Hz < f_hi_Hz (got ${fLo}, ${fHi})`);\n    const B = fHi - fLo;\n    const rEff = (R * Rin) / (R + Rin);\n    const noise = catalogRelations().find((row) => row.target === 'voltage-noise-density');\n    if (noise === undefined) throw new Error(`${ID}: the resistor-noise relation is not in the catalog`);\n    const spectral = (temperature: number, ohms: number): number =>\n      evaluateCatalogRelation(noise, { 'johnson-temperature': temperature, resistance: ohms });\n    const S = spectral(T, rEff);\n    const S0 = spectral(T, R);\n    const vRms = Math.sqrt(S * B);\n    const vParent = Math.sqrt(adaptiveQuadrature((f) => parentDensity(f, T, rEff, C), fLo, fHi));\n    const x = (H_SI * fHi) / (K_B_SI * T);\n    const wrc = 2 * Math.PI * fHi * rEff * C;\n    const checks = [\n      check('classical', 'flat, classical spectrum: hf ≪ k_BT across the band', 'h f_hi/(k_B T)', x, '<=', CLASSICAL_MAX_X,\n        'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the Planck factor at f_hi is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1'),\n      check('flat-band', 'the input RC pole lies above the band', '2π f_hi R_eff C_in', wrc, '<=', FLAT_BAND_MAX_WRC,\n        'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the RC low-pass then passes ≥ 99% of the density at f_hi'),\n    ];\n    const unchecked = [\n      'R_in is a physical resistance at T; an actively synthesized or cold input adds less noise than its resistance would, ' +\n        'down to the resistor alone divided by the input: V_rms,0 · R_in/(R + R_in)',\n      'no DC current through R, so no 1/f excess noise',\n    ];\n    const withAmplifier = i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz !== undefined || i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz !== undefined;\n    let amp: { total: number; fraction: number; tN: number } | null = null;\n    if (withAmplifier) {\n      const en2 = i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz ?? 0;\n      const in2 = i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz ?? 0;\n      for (const [k, v] of [['e_n2_V2_per_Hz', en2], ['i_n2_A2_per_Hz', in2]] as const) {\n        if (!Number.isFinite(v) || v < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: ${k} must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${v})`);\n      }\n      const excess = en2 + in2 * rEff * rEff;\n      const fraction = S / (S + excess);\n      amp = { total: Math.sqrt((S + excess) * B), fraction, tN: excess / (4 * K_B_SI * rEff) };\n      checks.push(\n        check('amplifier', \"the resistor's noise is resolved above the amplifier's in t_avg\", '1/(φ √(B t_avg))', 1 / (fraction * Math.sqrt(B * tAvg)), '<=',\n          AMPLIFIER_MAX_REL_SIGMA,\n          \"chosen threshold: after subtracting the amplifier's power (known exactly, e.g. from a long shorted-input run) the resistor's power scatters by ≤ 1%\"),\n      );\n      unchecked.push(\n        `e_n and i_n are white over the band and uncorrelated${i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz === undefined ? '; e_n was not given and is taken as 0' : ''}` +\n          `${i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz === undefined ? '; i_n was not given and is taken as 0' : ''}`,\n      );\n    }\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        B_Hz: B,\n        R_eff_ohm: rEff,\n        S_V_V2_per_Hz: S,\n        V_rms_unloaded_V: Math.sqrt(S0 * B),\n        V_rms_V: vRms,\n        loading_ratio: Math.sqrt(S / S0),\n        V_rms_parent_V: vParent,\n        parent_deviation: vRms / vParent - 1,\n        V_rms_rel_sigma: 1 / (2 * Math.sqrt(B * tAvg)),\n        V_rms_total_V: amp?.total ?? null,\n        resistor_fraction: amp?.fraction ?? null,\n        T_n_K: amp?.tN ?? null,\n      },\n      checks,\n      unchecked,\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.d.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
 import { type AppliedCase } from './types.js';
-/** Vacuum permeability μ0, CODATA 2018 (N/A²). @internal */
-export declare const MU_0_SI = 0.00000125663706212;
-/** Vacuum permittivity ε0 = 1/(μ0 c²) (F/m). @internal */
-export declare const EPS_0_SI: number;
 /** ωε/σ ceiling: the displacement current then moves the penetration depth by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%. @internal */
 export declare const MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO = 0.01;
 /** l/δ ceiling for a local (classical) conductivity. @internal */

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"skin-depth.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/cases/skin-depth.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAmBA,OAAO,EAAoD,KAAK,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,YAAY,CAAC;AAIhG,6GAA6G;AAC7G,eAAO,MAAM,sBAAsB,OAAO,CAAC;AAE3C,kEAAkE;AAClE,eAAO,MAAM,aAAa,MAAM,CAAC;AAEjC,gGAAgG;AAChG,eAAO,MAAM,aAAa,MAAM,CAAC;AAEjC,0GAA0G;AAC1G,eAAO,MAAM,mBAAmB,IAAI,CAAC;AAErC;;;;GAIG;AACH,wBAAgB,kBAAkB,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAEpD;AAED,eAAO,MAAM,eAAe,EAAE,WAwI7B,CAAC"}

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.js

@@ -16,13 +16,9 @@
  *
  * @module cases/skin-depth
  */
-import { C_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
+import { EPS0_SI, MU0_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
 import { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference } from './types.js';
 const ID = 'case-skin-depth';
-/** Vacuum permeability μ0, CODATA 2018 (N/A²). @internal */
-export const MU_0_SI = 1.25663706212e-6;
-/** Vacuum permittivity ε0 = 1/(μ0 c²) (F/m). @internal */
-export const EPS_0_SI = 1 / (MU_0_SI * C_SI * C_SI);
 /** ωε/σ ceiling: the displacement current then moves the penetration depth by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%. @internal */
 export const MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO = 0.01;
 /** l/δ ceiling for a local (classical) conductivity. @internal */
@@ -140,9 +136,9 @@ export const SKIN_DEPTH_CASE = {
         requirePositive(ID, i, ['rho_ohm_m', 'f_Hz', 'mu_r', 'eps_r', 'l_mfp_m', 'v_carrier_m_per_s', 'thickness_m']);
         const { rho_ohm_m: rho, f_Hz: f, mu_r: muR, eps_r: epsR, l_mfp_m: l, v_carrier_m_per_s: v, thickness_m: d } = i;
         const omega = 2 * Math.PI * f;
-        const mu = muR * MU_0_SI;
+        const mu = muR * MU0_SI;
         const delta = Math.sqrt((2 * rho) / (omega * mu));
-        const r = omega * epsR * EPS_0_SI * rho;
+        const r = omega * epsR * EPS0_SI * rho;
         const deltaMaxwell = delta * maxwellDepthFactor(r);
         const omegaTau = (omega * l) / v;
         return {

package/dist/cases/skin-depth.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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* Applied case: the skin depth of a planar conductor driven at one frequency —\n * how far an AC field (and its current) penetrates, and the surface\n * resistance that sets the conductor's AC loss.\n *\n * In one dimension the Maxwell equations with a local Ohm law in a conductor\n * are the telegraph equation of `model-telegraph`, with relaxation time ε/σ\n * and diffusivity 1/(μσ). Dropping the displacement current is\n * `ab-telegraph-diffusion`, which leaves magnetic diffusion and the classical\n * δ = √(2ρ/(ωμ)) (Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed., §5.18 and\n * §8.1). This case evaluates δ, checks the three premises the classical\n * result needs — a good conductor, a local conductivity (the mean free path\n * well inside δ; otherwise the anomalous skin effect, Pippard 1947), a DC\n * conductivity (ωτ ≪ 1, Drude) — and the half-space boundary condition, and\n * compares δ with the penetration depth of the full plane-wave solution.\n *\n * @module cases/skin-depth\n */\nimport { EPS0_SI, MU0_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-skin-depth';\n\n/** ωε/σ ceiling: the displacement current then moves the penetration depth by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%. @internal */\nexport const MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO = 0.01;\n\n/** l/δ ceiling for a local (classical) conductivity. @internal */\nexport const MAX_MFP_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/** ωτ ceiling: the Drude σ(ω) = σ0/(1 − iωτ) is then within 0.5% of σ0 in modulus. @internal */\nexport const MAX_OMEGA_TAU = 0.1;\n\n/** d/δ floor: the field reaching the back face is then ≤ e^{−5} ≈ 0.7% of the surface field. @internal */\nexport const MIN_THICKNESS_RATIO = 5;\n\n/**\n * δ_Maxwell/δ for the plane wave k² = ω²με + iωμσ, as a function of r = ωε/σ:\n * 1/Im k = δ √(√(1 + r²) + r), written without the cancellation of |z| − Re z.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function maxwellDepthFactor(r: number): number {\n  return Math.sqrt(Math.hypot(1, r) + r);\n}\n\nexport const SKIN_DEPTH_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Skin depth of a planar conductor (good-conductor, local and DC-conductivity regimes)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'rho_ohm_m', quantity: 'resistivity', symbol: 'ρ', unit: 'ohm*m', meaning: 'DC resistivity 1/σ at the conductor\\'s temperature (copper at 20 °C ≈ 1.68e-8), > 0' },\n    { key: 'f_Hz', quantity: 'frequency', symbol: 'f', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'drive frequency ω/2π, > 0' },\n    { key: 'mu_r', quantity: 'relative permeability', symbol: 'μ_r', unit: '', meaning: 'μ/μ0 of the conductor, taken constant and linear (1 for copper), > 0' },\n    { key: 'eps_r', quantity: 'relative permittivity', symbol: 'ε_r', unit: '', meaning: 'ε/ε0 of the bound charges, beside the conduction current (1 for a metal, ≈ 11.7 for silicon), > 0' },\n    { key: 'l_mfp_m', quantity: 'carrier mean free path', symbol: 'l', unit: 'm', meaning: 'the conduction carriers\\' mean free path at the conductor\\'s temperature (copper at 293 K ≈ 39 nm), > 0' },\n    { key: 'v_carrier_m_per_s', quantity: 'carrier speed', symbol: 'v', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'speed setting τ = l/v: the Fermi velocity in a metal (copper 1.57e6), the thermal velocity in a non-degenerate semiconductor, > 0' },\n    { key: 'thickness_m', quantity: 'conductor thickness', symbol: 'd', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thickness of the planar conductor, driven from one face, > 0' },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      '∇×E = −∂B/∂t,  ∇×H = σE + ∂D/∂t,  B = μH,  D = εE   (Maxwell with a local Ohm law J = σE)',\n      'one dimension, H = H_y(x, t):  (ε/σ) ∂²H/∂t² + ∂H/∂t = (1/(μσ)) ∂²H/∂x²   (the telegraph equation of model-telegraph)',\n      'driven at ω on a half-space: H ∝ e^{i(kx − ωt)},  k² = ω²με + iωμσ,  penetration depth 1/Im k',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      '∂H/∂t = (1/(μσ)) ∂²H/∂x²   (displacement current dropped: magnetic diffusion; ab-telegraph-diffusion)',\n      'H(x, t) = H0 e^{−x/δ} cos(ωt − x/δ),  δ = √(2ρ/(ωμ)),  μ = μ_r μ0',\n      'surface resistance R_s = ρ/δ   (per square: the DC resistance of a sheet of thickness δ)',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parent is a vector field obeying a wave equation with loss, whose conductivity is a local, frequency-independent ' +\n      'constant; the scalar keeps one decay length for one field component in a half-space. Dropped: the displacement ' +\n      'current (the wave part, O(ωε/σ)), any non-local or frequency-dependent conductivity, the back face of a finite ' +\n      'conductor, and the conductor\\'s curvature and edges.',\n  },\n  observable: 'delta_m',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'omega_per_s', symbol: 'ω', unit: 's^-1', meaning: 'angular frequency 2πf' },\n    { key: 'delta_m', symbol: 'δ', unit: 'm', meaning: 'classical skin depth √(2ρ/(ωμ)): the field and current fall by 1/e per δ' },\n    { key: 'R_s_ohm', symbol: 'R_s', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'surface resistance ρ/δ, per square (the real part of the surface impedance)' },\n    { key: 'delta_maxwell_m', symbol: 'δ_M', unit: 'm', meaning: '1/Im k with the displacement current kept: the parent plane-wave penetration depth' },\n    { key: 'maxwell_deviation', symbol: 'δ/δ_M − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('classical δ', 'parent penetration depth') },\n    { key: 'displacement_ratio', symbol: 'ωε/σ', unit: '', meaning: 'displacement current over conduction current' },\n    { key: 'mfp_ratio', symbol: 'l/δ', unit: '', meaning: 'mean free path over skin depth' },\n    { key: 'omega_tau', symbol: 'ωτ', unit: '', meaning: 'ω l/v: the drive period against the carrier relaxation time' },\n    { key: 'thickness_ratio', symbol: 'd/δ', unit: '', meaning: 'conductor thickness in skin depths' },\n    { key: 'back_field_ratio', symbol: 'e^{−d/δ}', unit: '', meaning: 'field amplitude at the back face over the surface amplitude (half-space profile)' },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'a planar, homogeneous, isotropic conductor filling 0 ≤ x ≤ d, driven at x = 0 by a tangential field H_y(0, t) = H0 cos ωt',\n    'periodic steady state: the start-up transient has decayed (it does so over a few periods near the surface)',\n    'half-space profile: the field vanishes deep in the conductor (checked through d/δ); the medium outside x = 0 enters only through H0',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the parent plane wave in a local ohmic medium, displacement current kept: 1/Im k, k² = ω²με + iωμσ',\n    valueKey: 'delta_m',\n    referenceKey: 'delta_maxwell_m',\n    deviationKey: 'maxwell_deviation',\n    method: 'closed form 1/Im k = δ √(√(1 + r²) + r), r = ωε/σ',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    'the temperature dependence of ρ (a conductor heated by its own AC loss has a larger δ)',\n    'surface roughness, which raises the AC loss once the rms roughness approaches δ (Hammerstad–Bekkadal)',\n    'curvature: for a round wire of radius a the Bessel-function solution replaces the planar profile, with corrections of order δ/a',\n    'ferromagnetic hysteresis and saturation: μ_r is taken constant and linear',\n    'the anomalous-regime surface impedance itself (Reuter–Sondheimer), which this case refuses rather than evaluates',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'surface resistance: the unloaded Q of a cavity walled with the conductor is Q = G/R_s, G the cavity\\'s geometry factor; ' +\n      'compare the R_s inferred from Q with R_s_ohm',\n    'AC resistance: per square of the driven face it is R_s = ρ/δ against ρ/d at DC, so R_ac/R_dc = d/δ for d ≫ δ',\n    'eddy-current probing: the phase lag x/δ of the field at depth x, or the transmission e^{−d/δ} through a foil when d/δ is not large (a thin foil is where this case refuses)',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'model-telegraph', role: 'τ u_tt + u_t = D u_xx: the 1-D Maxwell equations in an ohmic conductor, with τ = ε/σ and D = 1/(μσ)' },\n    { id: 'ab-telegraph-diffusion', role: 'dropping τ u_tt (here the displacement current) to reach diffusion; its small parameter τDq² is of order ωε/σ at q ~ 1/δ' },\n    { id: 'model-fick', role: 'the diffusion equation u_t = D u_xx that the magnetic field obeys once the displacement current is dropped' },\n    { id: 'CE-drude-resistivity', role: 'ρ = m/(nq²τ): the DC resistivity whose τ the DC-conductivity check compares with the drive period' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-8', 'f_Hz=1MHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=1mm'],\n      note: 'a 1 mm copper plate at room temperature driven at 1 MHz: δ ≈ 65 µm',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-11', 'f_Hz=100MHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39um', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=1mm'],\n        note: 'high-purity copper at 4 K (residual-resistance ratio ≈ 1000) at 100 MHz: l ≈ 39 µm is ~190 δ — the anomalous skin effect',\n        fails: ['local'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['rho_ohm_m=1.68e-8', 'f_Hz=100kHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=1', 'l_mfp_m=39nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=1.57e6', 'thickness_m=35um'],\n        note: 'a 35 µm copper foil at 100 kHz: δ ≈ 206 µm, so the foil is a sixth of a skin depth and the half-space profile does not apply',\n        fails: ['thick'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['rho_ohm_m=0.1', 'f_Hz=10GHz', 'mu_r=1', 'eps_r=11.7', 'l_mfp_m=28nm', 'v_carrier_m_per_s=2.3e5', 'thickness_m=10mm'],\n        note: 'lightly doped silicon (10 Ω·cm) at 10 GHz: ωε/σ ≈ 0.65, a lossy dielectric rather than a good conductor',\n        fails: ['good-conductor'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the classical skin depth and conductor-regime checks for the supplied inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['rho_ohm_m', 'f_Hz', 'mu_r', 'eps_r', 'l_mfp_m', 'v_carrier_m_per_s', 'thickness_m']);\n    const { rho_ohm_m: rho, f_Hz: f, mu_r: muR, eps_r: epsR, l_mfp_m: l, v_carrier_m_per_s: v, thickness_m: d } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    const omega = 2 * Math.PI * f;\n    const mu = muR * MU0_SI;\n    const delta = Math.sqrt((2 * rho) / (omega * mu));\n    const r = omega * epsR * EPS0_SI * rho;\n    const deltaMaxwell = delta * maxwellDepthFactor(r);\n    const omegaTau = (omega * l) / v;\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        omega_per_s: omega,\n        delta_m: delta,\n        R_s_ohm: rho / delta,\n        delta_maxwell_m: deltaMaxwell,\n        maxwell_deviation: delta / deltaMaxwell - 1,\n        displacement_ratio: r,\n        mfp_ratio: l / delta,\n        omega_tau: omegaTau,\n        thickness_ratio: d / delta,\n        back_field_ratio: Math.exp(-d / delta),\n      },\n      checks: [\n        check('good-conductor', 'good conductor: conduction current ≫ displacement current', 'ωε/σ', r, '<=', MAX_DISPLACEMENT_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the parent penetration depth then differs from δ by ≈ ωε/(2σ) ≤ 0.5%'),\n        check('local', 'local conductivity: the carriers\\' mean free path well inside the skin depth, l ≪ δ', 'l/δ', l / delta, '<=', MAX_MFP_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold for ≪ 1; beyond it the current at a point depends on the field over a path l and the anomalous skin effect sets in (Pippard 1947; Reuter & Sondheimer 1948)'),\n        check('dc-conductivity', 'DC conductivity: the drive is slow beside the carrier relaxation, ωτ ≪ 1', 'ω l/v', omegaTau, '<=', MAX_OMEGA_TAU,\n          'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the Drude σ(ω) = σ0/(1 − iωτ) is then within 0.5% of σ0 in modulus'),\n        check('thick', 'the conductor is a half-space for the field: d ≫ δ', 'd/δ', d / delta, '>=', MIN_THICKNESS_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold: the half-space field at the back face is then ≤ e^{−5} ≈ 0.7% of the surface field'),\n      ],\n      unchecked: [\n        'ρ, μ_r and ε_r are the values at the conductor\\'s temperature and at f; τ = l/v assumes one carrier species with one speed',\n        'the conductor is planar on the scale of δ (a wire of radius a needs a ≫ δ, not checked here)',\n      ],\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/types.js.map

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Each case states the parent (field, vector or\n * frequency-resolved) equation beside the scalar simplification it evaluates,\n * the observable with its unit, the boundary and initial conditions, the\n * regime checks with their thresholds, what the uncertainty treatment does not\n * cover, and the route to a measurement comparison.\n *\n * A case carries no evidence tag. Where it rests on a catalog bridge or an\n * atlas bridge it names the record, and the evidence stays that record's.\n *\n * @module cases/types\n */\nimport type { EvaluatorParameter } from '../bridges/evaluators.js';\n\n/** One derived number a case reports. @internal */\nexport interface CaseOutput {\n  readonly key: string;\n  readonly symbol: string;\n  /** A unit expression; `''` for dimensionless. */\n  readonly unit: string;\n  readonly meaning: string;\n}\n\n/**\n * One regime inequality, evaluated at the given inputs. The bound is a chosen\n * numerical reading of a \"≪\" and says so in `threshold`.\n * @internal\n */\nexport interface CaseCheck {\n  readonly id: string;\n  /** The physical premise the inequality stands for. */\n  readonly premise: string;\n  /** The checked quantity, written out. */\n  readonly quantity: string;\n  readonly value: number;\n  readonly op: '<=' | '>=' | '>';\n  readonly bound: number;\n  /** Why this bound: what it guarantees, or that it is a chosen threshold. */\n  readonly threshold: string;\n  readonly holds: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * A comparison of one output with a reference — the parent model evaluated\n * numerically, or the ideal a finite measurement approaches. Reported beside\n * the checks, never merged into them: a small deviation at one point does not\n * establish the premises.\n * @internal\n */\nexport interface CaseComparison {\n  /** What the reference is. */\n  readonly reference: string;\n  readonly valueKey: string;\n  readonly referenceKey: string;\n  /**\n   * Output holding value/reference − 1. The glossary for that output is\n   * `signedRelativeDifference`: the residual is negative when the value is\n   * smaller than the reference.\n   */\n  readonly deviationKey: string;\n  readonly method: string;\n}\n\n/**\n * Glossary for a comparison residual value/reference − 1.\n * \"Excess\" would name a surplus. This residual is negative when `value` is smaller than `reference`.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function signedRelativeDifference(value: string, reference: string, note?: string): string {\n  const base = `signed relative difference of the ${value} relative to the ${reference}`;\n  return note === undefined ? base : `${base}; ${note}`;\n}\n\n/** A worked invocation. `fails` lists exactly the checks it violates. @internal */\nexport interface CaseExample {\n  readonly args: readonly string[];\n  readonly note: string;\n  readonly fails: readonly string[];\n}\n\n/** What a case evaluates to. A `null` output is undefined outside its premise. @internal */\nexport interface CaseResult {\n  readonly outputs: Readonly<Record<string, number | null>>;\n  readonly checks: readonly CaseCheck[];\n  /** Premises stated but not checked at these inputs. */\n  readonly unchecked: readonly string[];\n}\n\n/** An applied case. @internal */\nexport interface AppliedCase {\n  readonly id: string;\n  readonly title: string;\n  readonly parameters: readonly EvaluatorParameter[];\n  readonly governing: {\n    /** The parent equations, which this case does NOT evaluate as its answer. */\n    readonly parent: readonly string[];\n    /** The scalar simplification it evaluates. */\n    readonly scalar: readonly string[];\n    /** What the simplification keeps and what it drops. */\n    readonly distinction: string;\n  };\n  /** Key of the output a measurement reads. */\n  readonly observable: string;\n  readonly outputs: readonly CaseOutput[];\n  readonly conditions: readonly string[];\n  readonly comparison?: CaseComparison;\n  /** Left out of the model and of any --sigma propagation. */\n  readonly notIncluded: readonly string[];\n  readonly measurement: readonly string[];\n  /** Catalog bridges (`be-58`), atlas records (`ab-…`, `model-…`) and canonical entries it rests on. */\n  readonly links: readonly { readonly id: string; readonly role: string }[];\n  readonly examples: { readonly valid: CaseExample; readonly failures: readonly CaseExample[] };\n  /**\n   * The `upt regime --at` line implied by a result, when the case's outputs\n   * are not the regime's coordinate names.\n   */\n  regimeAt?(inputs: Readonly<Record<string, number>>, outputs: Readonly<Record<string, number | null>>): string;\n  /** @throws Error on an input outside the model's domain (a negative radius, f_lo ≥ f_hi). */\n  run(inputs: Readonly<Record<string, number>>): CaseResult;\n}\n\n/** Build a CaseCheck from one evaluated inequality and mark whether it holds. @internal */\nexport const check = (\n  id: string,\n  premise: string,\n  quantity: string,\n  value: number,\n  op: CaseCheck['op'],\n  bound: number,\n  threshold: string,\n): CaseCheck => ({\n  id,\n  premise,\n  quantity,\n  value,\n  op,\n  bound,\n  threshold,\n  holds: op === '<=' ? value <= bound : op === '>=' ? value >= bound : value > bound,\n});\n\n/** Reject missing, non-finite or non-positive inputs for the listed case parameters. @internal */\nexport function requirePositive(caseId: string, inputs: Readonly<Record<string, number>>, keys: readonly string[]): void {\n  for (const k of keys) {\n    const v = inputs[k];\n    if (v === undefined || !Number.isFinite(v) || !(v > 0)) throw new Error(`${caseId}: ${k} must be a finite number > 0 (got ${v})`);\n  }\n}\n"]}

package/dist/cli/args.d.ts

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@
  *
  * Only tokens starting with `--` are treated as flags; everything else
  * (including `name=value` and `name:dim` positionals) passes through to
- * `positionals` untouched and in original order. Single left-to-right scan,
- * zero dependencies.
+ * `positionals` untouched and in original order. A bare `--` ends the
+ * options: every later token is a positional, whatever it starts with.
+ * Single left-to-right scan, zero dependencies.
  */
 export interface FlagSpec {
     name: string;
     valueStyle: 'attached' | 'next' | 'either' | 'none';
+    /** The flag may be given more than once; the values are kept in order. */
     repeatable?: boolean;
     /** For 'either'/'next' styles: a missing value stores '' instead of throwing —
      * exists for old-CLI fidelity (--equation's empty-value diagnostic belongs to
@@ -22,9 +24,34 @@ export interface FlagSpec {
     /** Printed default, when the command has one. Omit when there is no default. */
     defaultValue?: string;
 }
+/** The token that ends option parsing. */
+export declare const END_OF_OPTIONS = "--";
+/** The tokens before a bare `--`: the ones the dispatcher may read as options. */
+export declare function optionTokens(argv: readonly string[]): readonly string[];
 export interface ParsedArgs {
     flags: Map<string, string[]>;
     positionals: string[];
 }
-export declare function parseArgs(command: string, argv: string[], specs: FlagSpec[]): ParsedArgs;
+/**
+ * How many positional arguments a command reads. A command declares it on its registration;
+ * absent means none, and every positional is then a stray token (cli/README.md §Hardening:
+ * nothing typed is silently dropped).
+ */
+export interface PositionalArity {
+    /** The most positionals the command reads; `Infinity` for a list. The token past it is refused. */
+    readonly max: number;
+}
+/** No positional is read. The parser's default when a command declares nothing. */
+export declare const NO_POSITIONALS: PositionalArity;
+/**
+ * Refuse the positional past `max` as a usage error naming the token and the command:
+ * `upt audit: unexpected argument 'junk' (audit takes no positional arguments; see upt help audit)`.
+ * `command` may carry a subverb (`probe scan`), whose first word is the help target.
+ */
+export declare function refuseExtraPositionals(command: string, positionals: readonly string[], max: number): void;
+/**
+ * Parse `argv` against the command's flag specs. `positionals` is the command's declared arity
+ * (`Command.positionals`); a token past it, or any token when none is declared, is a `UsageError`.
+ */
+export declare function parseArgs(command: string, argv: string[], specs: FlagSpec[], arity?: PositionalArity): ParsedArgs;
 //# sourceMappingURL=args.d.ts.map

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