universal-physics-tensor 9.0.0 → 10.0.0

package/dist/cases/brownian-sphere.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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* Applied case: a Brownian sphere tracked in a fluid — the diffusion\n * coefficient and mean-square displacement from the particle's radius and the\n * fluid's viscosity and temperature, with the regime checks that make the\n * Stokes–Einstein scalar applicable.\n *\n * The atlas bridge `ab-stokes-einstein` derives D = k_BT/(6πηa) from the\n * Langevin model and Stokes drag, with Re ≤ 0.1 and m/(γt) ≤ 0.01. This case\n * evaluates it for a named geometry (radius, or diameter through an exact\n * alternate) and fluid, computes Re from the particle's own velocity scales,\n * includes the displaced-fluid added mass in the momentum relaxation time, and\n * evaluates the hydrodynamic memory (the Basset force) that the bridge does not\n * check: the full MSD with fluid inertia, and the correction it makes at t.\n * Given a distance to a plane wall, it applies the wall's drag corrections to D.\n *\n * `CE-stokes-einstein` is encoded only up to its 6π (scalar-up-to-constant);\n * the 6π here comes from Stokes drag, not from that entry.\n *\n * @module cases/brownian-sphere\n */\nimport { K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { adaptiveSimpson } from './quadrature.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-brownian-sphere';\n\n/** Standard gravity (CGPM 1901), for the sedimentation speed. @internal */\nexport const G_STANDARD = 9.80665;\n\n/** The thresholds `ab-stokes-einstein` states: Re ≤ 0.1 and τ_p/t ≤ 0.01. @internal */\nexport const MAX_RE = 0.1;\nexport const MAX_TAU_P_RATIO = 0.01;\n\n/** Ceiling on the memory term's own share of the MSD, |MSD_H/MSD_OU − 1|. @internal */\nexport const MAX_MEMORY_CORRECTION = 0.01;\n\n/** (v_s t)²/(2Dt) ceiling along gravity when the vertical axis is tracked. @internal */\nexport const MAX_DRIFT_RATIO = 0.01;\n\n/** Ceiling on |MSD/MSD_wall − 1|: the wall's correction to the tracked MSD is negligible. @internal */\nexport const MAX_WALL_CORRECTION = 0.01;\n\n/** Ceiling on the last retained Faxén term (a/h)⁵/16 over the series' value. @internal */\nexport const MAX_FAXEN_LAST_TERM = 0.01;\n\n/** Ceiling on √(2 D_⊥ t)/(h − a): the height, and so D_∥ and D_⊥, barely change over t. @internal */\nexport const MAX_WALL_EXCURSION = 0.1;\n\n/** t − τ(1 − e^{−t/τ}) in units of τ, i.e. x − (1 − e^{−x}), without its cancellation at small x. @internal */\nexport function ballisticDeficit(x: number): number {\n  return x < 1e-3 ? x * x * (1 / 2 - x / 6 + (x * x) / 24 - (x * x * x) / 120) : x + Math.expm1(-x);\n}\n\n/**\n * MSD/(2Dt) per axis for a sphere with fluid inertia: added mass and the Basset\n * memory force, in an unbounded incompressible fluid, velocities in equilibrium.\n *\n * The velocity autocorrelation has the Laplace transform\n * Ĉ(s) = k_BT/(M s + γ(1 + √(s τ_f))), M = m + m_f/2, from the frequency-dependent\n * Stokes drag γ(1 + √(sτ_f)) + s m_f/2 (Stokes 1851; the Basset 1888 term is its\n * √s part; Hinch 1975, J. Fluid Mech. 72, 499; Clercx & Schram 1992, Phys. Rev.\n * A 46, 1942). Its poles in √s both have negative real part, so Ĉ has none on the\n * principal sheet and C(t) is the branch-cut integral\n * C(t) = (k_BT/πγ) ∫₀^∞ e^{−ut} √(τ_f u)/((1 − τ_p u)² + τ_f u) du, τ_p = M/γ.\n * Then ⟨Δx²⟩ = 2∫₀ᵗ (t − s) C(s) ds, and with v = ut,\n * MSD/(2Dt) = (1/π) ∫₀^∞ √(βv) (v − 1 + e^{−v}) / (v² ((1 − αv)² + βv)) dv, α = τ_p/t, β = τ_f/t,\n * integrated here over ln v by adaptive Simpson, split at v = 1, 1/β and around\n * the near-resonance at v = 1/α (width √(β/α) in ln v; β/α ≤ 9 for any densities).\n *\n * Limits: → 1 − 2√(τ_f/(πt)) + (τ_f − τ_p)/t for t ≫ τ_p, τ_f (expanding Ĉ in √s),\n * whose second derivative is the VACF tail k_BT/(12 ρ_f (πνt)^{3/2}); → t/(2τ_p)\n * for t ≪ τ_p, i.e. ⟨Δx²⟩ → (k_BT/M) t². Requires β > 0: without memory the\n * poles reach the principal sheet and this integral no longer holds them.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function hydrodynamicMsdRatio(alpha: number, beta: number): number {\n  const f = (y: number) => {\n    const v = Math.exp(y);\n    const lag = 1 - alpha * v;\n    return (Math.sqrt(beta * v) * (ballisticDeficit(v) / v)) / (lag * lag + beta * v);\n  };\n  const peak = -Math.log(alpha);\n  const w = Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(beta / alpha));\n  const points = [0, -Math.log(beta), peak, ...[1, 2, 4].flatMap((k) => [peak - k * w, peak + k * w])].sort((x, y) => x - y);\n  // The integrand falls as v^{3/2} below and v^{−3/2} above the breakpoints: e^{−75} at ±50 in ln v.\n  const edges = [points[0]! - 50, ...points, points[points.length - 1]! + 50];\n  let sum = 0;\n  for (let k = 1; k < edges.length; k++) if (edges[k]! > edges[k - 1]!) sum += adaptiveSimpson(f, edges[k - 1]!, edges[k]!, 1e-12);\n  return sum / Math.PI;\n}\n\n/**\n * D_∥/D₀ for a sphere translating parallel to a plane wall, centre at h:\n * 1 − (9/16)ξ + (1/8)ξ³ − (45/256)ξ⁴ − (1/16)ξ⁵, ξ = a/h (Faxén 1923, method of\n * reflections, as quoted in Happel & Brenner 1965, Low Reynolds Number\n * Hydrodynamics, ch. 7). A series in a/h, truncated:\n * its error is not bounded here, and near contact it misses the logarithmic\n * lubrication divergence of the drag.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function faxenParallel(aOverH: number): number {\n  const x = aOverH;\n  return 1 - (9 / 16) * x + (1 / 8) * x ** 3 - (45 / 256) * x ** 4 - (1 / 16) * x ** 5;\n}\n\n/**\n * λ = F/(6πηaU) for a sphere approaching a plane wall head-on, centre at h > a,\n * exact in Stokes flow (Brenner 1961, Chem. Eng. Sci. 16, 242, bispherical coordinates):\n * λ = (4/3) sinh α Σₙ n(n+1)/((2n−1)(2n+3)) · [(2 sinh(2n+1)α + (2n+1) sinh 2α) /\n * (4 sinh²(n+½)α − (2n+1)² sinh²α) − 1], cosh α = h/a. D_⊥ = D₀/λ.\n *\n * The bracket is rewritten over 4 sinh²(n+½)α so that no sinh overflows; its\n * terms fall as e^{−(2n+1)α}, so near contact (α → 0) the sum needs ~40/α terms,\n * and the low-n denominators lose ~α⁻² of relative precision to cancellation.\n * Limits: λ → 1 + (9/8)(a/h) far away (Lorentz 1907); λ → a/δ + (1/5) ln(a/δ) +\n * 0.971 as the gap δ = h − a → 0 (Cox & Brenner 1967, Chem. Eng. Sci. 22, 1753).\n * @throws Error if h/a ≤ 1.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function brennerPerpendicular(hOverA: number): number {\n  if (!(hOverA > 1)) throw new Error(`brennerPerpendicular: need h/a > 1 (got ${hOverA})`);\n  const al = Math.acosh(hOverA);\n  const s = Math.sinh(al);\n  const s2a = Math.sinh(2 * al);\n  let sum = 0;\n  for (let n = 1; ; n++) {\n    const x = (n + 0.5) * al;\n    const k = 2 * n + 1;\n    const inv4Sinh2 = Math.exp(-2 * x) / Math.expm1(-2 * x) ** 2;\n    const cothMinus1 = 2 / Math.expm1(2 * x);\n    const bracket = (cothMinus1 + k * s2a * inv4Sinh2 + k * k * s * s * inv4Sinh2) / (1 - k * k * s * s * inv4Sinh2);\n    const term = ((n * (n + 1)) / ((2 * n - 1) * (2 * n + 3))) * bracket;\n    sum += term;\n    if (term < 1e-17 * sum) break;\n    if (n > 1e7) throw new Error(`brennerPerpendicular: no convergence at h/a = ${hOverA}`);\n  }\n  return (4 / 3) * s * sum;\n}\n\nexport const BROWNIAN_SPHERE_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Brownian sphere in a fluid (particle geometry, fluid conditions)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'T_K', quantity: 'temperature', symbol: 'T', unit: 'K', meaning: 'absolute temperature of the fluid, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },\n    { key: 'eta_Pa_s', quantity: 'dynamic viscosity', symbol: 'η', unit: 'Pa*s', meaning: 'viscosity of the fluid at T (water at 20 °C ≈ 1.0e-3 Pa·s), > 0' },\n    {\n      key: 'a_m',\n      quantity: 'particle radius',\n      symbol: 'a',\n      unit: 'm',\n      meaning: 'hydrodynamic radius of the sphere, > 0',\n      geometry: 'radius',\n      alternates: [{ key: 'diameter_m', meaning: 'the diameter 2a of the sphere', toKey: 0.5 }],\n    },\n    { key: 'rho_p_kg_per_m3', quantity: 'particle density', symbol: 'ρ_p', unit: 'kg/m^3', meaning: 'mass density of the sphere (silica ≈ 2000), > 0' },\n    { key: 'rho_f_kg_per_m3', quantity: 'fluid density', symbol: 'ρ_f', unit: 'kg/m^3', meaning: 'mass density of the fluid (water ≈ 998), > 0' },\n    { key: 't_s', quantity: 'lag time', symbol: 't', unit: 's', meaning: 'the time over which the displacement is measured, > 0' },\n    { key: 'd', quantity: 'tracked dimensions', symbol: 'd', unit: '', meaning: 'number of Cartesian axes tracked: 1, 2 (a microscope image plane, horizontal) or 3' },\n    {\n      key: 'h_m',\n      quantity: 'distance to a wall',\n      symbol: 'h',\n      unit: 'm',\n      meaning: \"distance from the sphere's centre to one plane horizontal wall (a coverslip), > a; leave out when no wall is within many radii\",\n      geometry: 'separation',\n      optional: true,\n    },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'm dv/dt = −γ v + ξ(t),  ⟨ξ_i(t) ξ_j(t′)⟩ = 2γ k_BT δ_ij δ(t − t′)   (Langevin, a 3-vector equation; model-langevin)',\n      'η ∇²u = ∇p,  ∇·u = 0,  u = v on the sphere (no slip), u → 0 far away   (Stokes creeping flow, a field; model-stokes-drag) ⇒ γ = 6πηa',\n      'm dv/dt = −γ v − (m_f/2) dv/dt − 6a²√(πηρ_f) ∫_{−∞}^t v′(s)/√(t − s) ds + ξ(t), ξ coloured by the same kernel   ' +\n        '(unsteady Stokes flow: added mass and the Basset memory force; Hinch 1975)',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'D = k_BT/(6πηa)   (Stokes–Einstein; ab-stokes-einstein)',\n      '⟨|Δr|²⟩ = 2 d D t  over the d tracked axes',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parents are a vector stochastic equation for the velocity and a field equation for the flow around the sphere; ' +\n      'the scalar keeps one isotropic number D and a mean-square displacement linear in t. Dropped: the velocity as a ' +\n      'state (the ballistic regime t ≲ τ_p), the flow field (and with it the hydrodynamic memory for t ≲ τ_f), the shape ' +\n      'beyond the radius, and every anisotropy.',\n  },\n  observable: 'MSD_m2',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'gamma_kg_per_s', symbol: 'γ', unit: 'kg/s', meaning: 'Stokes drag coefficient 6πηa' },\n    { key: 'D_m2_per_s', symbol: 'D', unit: 'm^2/s', meaning: 'diffusion coefficient k_BT/(6πηa)' },\n    { key: 'MSD_m2', symbol: '⟨|Δr|²⟩', unit: 'm^2', meaning: 'mean-square displacement 2dDt over the tracked axes' },\n    { key: 'rms_displacement_m', symbol: '√⟨|Δr|²⟩', unit: 'm', meaning: 'root-mean-square displacement over the tracked axes' },\n    { key: 'm_kg', symbol: 'm', unit: 'kg', meaning: 'particle mass (4/3)πa³ρ_p' },\n    { key: 'tau_p_s', symbol: 'τ_p', unit: 's', meaning: 'momentum relaxation time (m + m_f/2)/γ, with the displaced-fluid added mass m_f/2' },\n    { key: 'tau_f_s', symbol: 'τ_f', unit: 's', meaning: 'vorticity diffusion time ρ_f a²/η over one radius (hydrodynamic memory)' },\n    { key: 'v_sed_m_per_s', symbol: 'v_s', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'Stokes sedimentation speed (2/9)(ρ_p − ρ_f) g a²/η; negative means the sphere rises' },\n    { key: 'Re', symbol: 'Re', unit: '', meaning: 'ρ_f a max(√(k_BT/m), |v_s|)/η — radius-based; a diameter-based Re is twice this' },\n    { key: 'MSD_langevin_m2', symbol: '⟨|Δr|²⟩_L', unit: 'm^2', meaning: 'the Langevin parent: 2dD[t − τ(1 − e^{−t/τ})], τ = m/γ (bare mass)' },\n    { key: 'langevin_deviation', symbol: 'MSD/MSD_L − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('diffusive MSD', 'Langevin one') },\n    {\n      key: 'MSD_hydro_m2',\n      symbol: '⟨|Δr|²⟩_H',\n      unit: 'm^2',\n      meaning: 'the Langevin–Basset parent: added mass and hydrodynamic memory, unbounded incompressible fluid (branch-cut integral of its Laplace-domain VACF)',\n    },\n    { key: 'hydro_correction_m2', symbol: '⟨|Δr|²⟩_H − ⟨|Δr|²⟩', unit: 'm^2', meaning: 'what inertia and memory change in the MSD at t; ≈ −4dD√(τ_f t/π) at t ≫ τ_f' },\n    { key: 'hydro_deviation', symbol: 'MSD/MSD_H − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('diffusive MSD', 'Langevin–Basset one') },\n    {\n      key: 'memory_correction',\n      symbol: 'MSD_H/MSD_OU − 1',\n      unit: '',\n      meaning: \"the memory force's own share: MSD_H against the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck MSD with the same τ_p (added mass, no memory)\",\n    },\n    { key: 'D_parallel_m2_per_s', symbol: 'D_∥', unit: 'm^2/s', meaning: 'D beside the wall, parallel to it: D·(Faxén series in a/h); not defined without h_m' },\n    { key: 'D_perp_m2_per_s', symbol: 'D_⊥', unit: 'm^2/s', meaning: 'D normal to the wall: D/λ, λ from Brenner\\'s exact series; not defined without h_m' },\n    { key: 'MSD_wall_m2', symbol: '⟨|Δr|²⟩_w', unit: 'm^2', meaning: '2t(d_∥ D_∥ + d_⊥ D_⊥): the tracked horizontal axes parallel to the wall, a third one normal to it; not defined without h_m' },\n    { key: 'wall_deviation', symbol: 'MSD/MSD_w − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('unbounded-fluid MSD', 'wall-corrected one', 'not defined without h_m') },\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the parent Langevin model (bare mass, white noise; it has neither added mass nor hydrodynamic memory)',\n    valueKey: 'MSD_m2',\n    referenceKey: 'MSD_langevin_m2',\n    deviationKey: 'langevin_deviation',\n    method: 'closed form of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck MSD, velocities starting in equilibrium',\n  },\n  conditions: [\n    'a rigid sphere released at r = 0; its displacement density starts as δ(r) and spreads as a Gaussian of variance 2Dt per axis',\n    'no-slip boundary on the sphere; the fluid is at rest far from it (no imposed flow; no wall within many radii, or with h_m one plane no-slip wall)',\n    'fluid in thermal equilibrium at T; one isolated particle (dilute: no hydrodynamic interaction with others)',\n  ],\n  notIncluded: [\n    'walls other than one plane: a second wall, a channel or a curved surface; and, with h_m, the spread of heights the sphere samples (D_∥, D_⊥ are taken at h)',\n    'localization error and camera motion blur of the tracking, which offset and bias the measured MSD',\n    'fluid compressibility: the incompressible memory kernel gives ⟨v²⟩ = k_BT/(m + m_f/2) at t = 0; sound restores k_BT/m over a/c_s (Zwanzig & Bixon 1970)',\n    'the memory force near a wall: MSD_hydro is the unbounded-fluid result, and a wall within √(νt) changes the memory tail',\n    'the rotational diffusion of the sphere, and any non-spherical shape',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'single-particle tracking: fit ⟨|Δr|²⟩(t) over the d tracked axes, slope 2dD; compare D and MSD_m2 at the chosen lag ' +\n      '(with N independent displacements the relative scatter of the MSD is ≈ √(2/(dN)))',\n    'subtract the static localization offset 2dσ_loc² (measured on an immobilized particle) before comparing',\n    'dynamic light scattering: the field autocorrelation decays at Γ = D q², an independent route to the same D',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'ab-stokes-einstein', role: 'the derivation D = k_BT/(6πηa) with its regime Re ≤ 0.1, m/(γt) ≤ 0.01 (`upt atlas ab-stokes-einstein`)' },\n    { id: 'ab-langevin-diffusion', role: 'the overdamped coarse-graining D = k_BT/γ and its ballistic counterexample' },\n    { id: 'model-stokes-drag', role: 'the creeping-flow drag γ = 6πηa' },\n    { id: 'CE-stokes-einstein', role: 'encoded only up to its dimensionless 6π (scalar-up-to-constant); the 6π here is from Stokes drag' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['T_K=293.15', 'eta_Pa_s=1e-3', 'a_m=1um', 'rho_p_kg_per_m3=2000', 'rho_f_kg_per_m3=998', 't_s=1', 'd=2', 'h_m=100um'],\n      note: 'a 1 µm-radius silica sphere in water at 20 °C, 100 µm above the coverslip, tracked in the image plane over 1 s',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=293.15', 'eta_Pa_s=1e-3', 'a_m=1um', 'rho_p_kg_per_m3=2000', 'rho_f_kg_per_m3=998', 't_s=1us', 'd=2'],\n        note: 'the same sphere over 1 µs: still ballistic (t ≈ 2τ_p) and inside the hydrodynamic memory time',\n        fails: ['overdamped', 'memory'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=293.15', 'eta_Pa_s=1e-3', 'a_m=50um', 'rho_p_kg_per_m3=7800', 'rho_f_kg_per_m3=998', 't_s=100', 'd=3'],\n        note: 'a 50 µm-radius steel sphere tracked in 3-D: it sinks at ≈ 3.7 cm/s, Re ≈ 1.9, and the drift swamps diffusion',\n        fails: ['creeping-flow', 'drift'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=293.15', 'eta_Pa_s=1e-3', 'a_m=1um', 'rho_p_kg_per_m3=1050', 'rho_f_kg_per_m3=998', 't_s=50ms', 'd=2', 'h_m=3um'],\n        note: 'a 1 µm-radius polystyrene sphere 3 µm (centre) above the coverslip: the wall slows D_∥ by ≈ 19%',\n        fails: ['wall'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=293.15', 'eta_Pa_s=1e-3', 'a_m=1um', 'rho_p_kg_per_m3=1050', 'rho_f_kg_per_m3=998', 't_s=50ms', 'd=2', 'h_m=1.2um'],\n        note: 'the same sphere with a 0.2 µm gap: past the range of the Faxén series, and its height changes by more than the gap allows over t',\n        fails: ['faxen-range', 'wall', 'wall-static'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the Stokes-Einstein MSD and regime checks for the supplied Brownian-sphere inputs. */\n  regimeAt(inputs, outputs) {\n    const re = outputs.Re;\n    const m = outputs.m_kg;\n    const gamma = outputs.gamma_kg_per_s;\n    const t = inputs.t_s;\n    if (re == null || m == null || gamma == null || t == null) return '';\n    return `upt regime diffusion --at Re=${re} m=${m} gamma=${gamma} t=${t}`;\n  },\n  /** Compute the Stokes-Einstein diffusion, MSD and regime checks for one set of Brownian-sphere inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['T_K', 'eta_Pa_s', 'a_m', 'rho_p_kg_per_m3', 'rho_f_kg_per_m3', 't_s']);\n    const { T_K: T, eta_Pa_s: eta, a_m: a, rho_p_kg_per_m3: rhoP, rho_f_kg_per_m3: rhoF, t_s: t, d } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (d !== 1 && d !== 2 && d !== 3) throw new Error(`${ID}: d must be 1, 2 or 3 (got ${d})`);\n    const kT = K_B_SI * T;\n    const gamma = 6 * Math.PI * eta * a;\n    const D = kT / gamma;\n    const msd = 2 * d * D * t;\n    const volume = (4 / 3) * Math.PI * a ** 3;\n    const m = volume * rhoP;\n    const tauP = (m + 0.5 * volume * rhoF) / gamma;\n    const tauF = (rhoF * a * a) / eta;\n    const vSed = ((2 / 9) * (rhoP - rhoF) * G_STANDARD * a * a) / eta;\n    const re = (rhoF * a * Math.max(Math.sqrt(kT / m), Math.abs(vSed))) / eta;\n    const tauBare = m / gamma;\n    const msdLangevin = 2 * d * D * tauBare * ballisticDeficit(t / tauBare);\n    const msdHydro = msd * hydrodynamicMsdRatio(tauP / t, tauF / t);\n    const msdAddedMass = 2 * d * D * tauP * ballisticDeficit(t / tauP);\n    const memory = msdHydro / msdAddedMass - 1;\n    const checks = [\n      check('creeping-flow', 'creeping flow around the sphere, Re ≪ 1', 'ρ_f a max(√(k_BT/m), |v_s|)/η', re, '<=', MAX_RE,\n        \"the threshold ab-stokes-einstein states: a chosen machine form of Re ≪ 1\"),\n      check('overdamped', 'overdamped times t ≫ τ_p', '(m + m_f/2)/(γ t)', tauP / t, '<=', MAX_TAU_P_RATIO,\n        \"ab-stokes-einstein's m/(γt) ≤ 0.01, with the added mass m_f/2 included (stricter)\"),\n      check('memory', 'past the hydrodynamic memory, t ≫ τ_f = ρ_f a²/η', '|MSD_H/MSD_OU − 1|', Math.abs(memory), '<=', MAX_MEMORY_CORRECTION,\n        'chosen threshold: the Basset memory changes the MSD by ≤ 1% at t (computed, not estimated; ≈ 2√(τ_f/(πt)) at t ≫ τ_f)'),\n    ];\n    const unchecked = ['the particle is a rigid sphere and a is its hydrodynamic radius (a coating or a shell changes it)'];\n    let wall: { dPar: number; dPerp: number; msdWall: number } | null = null;\n    if (i.h_m !== undefined) {\n      const h = i.h_m;\n      if (!Number.isFinite(h) || !(h > a)) throw new Error(`${ID}: h_m must be a finite distance > a_m, centre to wall (got ${h})`);\n      const faxen = faxenParallel(a / h);\n      const lambda = brennerPerpendicular(h / a);\n      const dPar = D * faxen;\n      const dPerp = D / lambda;\n      const msdWall = 2 * t * (Math.min(d, 2) * dPar + (d === 3 ? dPerp : 0));\n      wall = { dPar, dPerp, msdWall };\n      const excursion = Math.sqrt(2 * dPerp * t) + (Math.abs(vSed) * t) / lambda;\n      checks.push(\n        check('faxen-range', 'the Faxén series in a/h holds for D_∥', '(a/h)⁵/16 ÷ (D_∥/D)', (a / h) ** 5 / 16 / faxen, '<=', MAX_FAXEN_LAST_TERM,\n          'chosen threshold: the last retained term is ≤ 1% of the series — a size estimate of the truncation, not a bound; D_⊥ (Brenner) is exact at any h > a'),\n        check('wall', 'the wall correction to the tracked MSD is negligible', '|MSD/MSD_w − 1|', Math.abs(msd / msdWall - 1), '<=', MAX_WALL_CORRECTION,\n          'chosen threshold: the unbounded-fluid D is then within 1% for the tracked axes; otherwise read MSD_wall_m2'),\n        check('wall-static', 'the height barely changes over t', '(√(2 D_⊥ t) + |v_s| t/λ)/(h − a)', excursion / (h - a), '<=', MAX_WALL_EXCURSION,\n          'chosen threshold: diffusion plus wall-slowed sedimentation normal to the wall move the sphere by ≤ 10% of the gap, so D_∥, D_⊥ taken at h hold over t'),\n      );\n      unchecked.push(\n        'the wall is plane, rigid, no-slip and horizontal, and the gap h − a is many molecular sizes and roughness heights (no surface forces, no lubrication-scale slip)',\n      );\n    }\n    if (d === 3) {\n      checks.push(\n        check('drift', 'sedimentation drift negligible along gravity over t', '(v_s t)²/(2 D t)', (vSed * t) ** 2 / (2 * D * t), '<=',\n          MAX_DRIFT_RATIO, 'chosen threshold: the vertical MSD then carries ≤ 1% from the deterministic drift'),\n      );\n    } else {\n      unchecked.push(\n        `the ${d === 1 ? 'tracked axis is' : 'tracked axes are'} horizontal, so sedimentation (${Number(Math.abs(vSed * t).toPrecision(3))} m over t) moves the sphere out of the plane but not along ${d === 1 ? 'it' : 'them'}`,\n      );\n    }\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        gamma_kg_per_s: gamma,\n        D_m2_per_s: D,\n        MSD_m2: msd,\n        rms_displacement_m: Math.sqrt(msd),\n        m_kg: m,\n        tau_p_s: tauP,\n        tau_f_s: tauF,\n        v_sed_m_per_s: vSed,\n        Re: re,\n        MSD_langevin_m2: msdLangevin,\n        langevin_deviation: msd / msdLangevin - 1,\n        MSD_hydro_m2: msdHydro,\n        hydro_correction_m2: msdHydro - msd,\n        hydro_deviation: msd / msdHydro - 1,\n        memory_correction: memory,\n        D_parallel_m2_per_s: wall?.dPar ?? null,\n        D_perp_m2_per_s: wall?.dPerp ?? null,\n        MSD_wall_m2: wall?.msdWall ?? null,\n        wall_deviation: wall === null ? null : msd / wall.msdWall - 1,\n      },\n      checks,\n      unchecked,\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/damped-resonator.js

@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ export const DAMPED_RESONATOR_CASE = {
         { key: 'resolution_Hz', symbol: '1/t_obs', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'frequency resolution of the record' },
         { key: 'linewidth_windowed_Hz', symbol: 'Δf_T', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'FWHM of the power spectrum of the truncated ring-down (rectangular window, near resonance)' },
         { key: 'windowed_excess', symbol: 'Δf_T/Δf − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'how much the finite record broadens the measured line' },
-        { key: 'x_th_rms_m', symbol: '√⟨x²⟩_th', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thermal RMS displacement √(k_BT/k) of the mode (equipartition); null without T_K and k_N_per_m' },
+        { key: 'x_th_rms_m', symbol: '√⟨x²⟩_th', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thermal RMS displacement √(k_BT/k) of the mode (equipartition); not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m' },
         {
             key: 'envelope_rms_m',
             symbol: '√⟨A²⟩',
             unit: 'm',
-            meaning: 'RMS envelope with the thermal motion added: √(A² + 2k_BT/k), the Rice second moment; null without T_K and k_N_per_m',
+            meaning: 'RMS envelope with the thermal motion added: √(A² + 2k_BT/k), the Rice second moment; not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m',
         },
     ],
     conditions: [

package/dist/cases/damped-resonator.js.map

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* Applied case: the free ring-down of a damped resonator, read out over a\n * finite record — the envelope and displacement at a chosen time, the\n * linewidth, and what a record of length t_obs can resolve of it.\n *\n * The atlas holds the damped spring (`model-damped-spring`), its exact RLC\n * equivalent (`ab-damped-rlc`) and its overdamped reduction\n * (`ab-damped-massless`). This case evaluates the underdamped solution for a\n * given f0 and Q, refuses it when the resonator is not underdamped, and checks\n * the record length against the linewidth it is meant to resolve. The\n * rectangular-window spectrum of the truncated ring-down is computed in\n * closed form, near resonance, for comparison. Given the temperature and the\n * mode's stiffness, it checks the envelope against the thermal motion.\n *\n * @module cases/damped-resonator\n */\nimport { K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-damped-resonator';\n\n/** Q floor for the single-Lorentzian (near-resonance) form of the spectrum. @internal */\nexport const MIN_Q_LORENTZIAN = 10;\n\n/** (1/t_obs)/linewidth ceiling: the record resolves the line. @internal */\nexport const MAX_RESOLUTION_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/**\n * √(k_BT/k)/A ceiling. Thermal motion of one mode is x = X cos ω_d t + Y sin ω_d t\n * with ⟨X²⟩ = ⟨Y²⟩ = k_BT/k (equipartition), so the envelope of the ring-down\n * plus it is Rician with ⟨A_obs²⟩ = A² + 2k_BT/k (Rice 1944); at the ceiling\n * √(1 + 2·0.01) − 1 ≈ 0.0100.\n * @internal\n */\nexport const MAX_THERMAL_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/**\n * FWHM in Hz of |∫₀ᵀ e^{−(α + iΔω)t} dt|², the near-resonance power spectrum of\n * a ring-down x0 e^{−αt} cos(ω_d t) recorded for T. The negative-frequency\n * pole is dropped, which is the Q ≫ 1 approximation. The peak is at Δω = 0:\n * the integrand is positive, so |X(Δω)| ≤ X(0).\n * @internal\n */\nexport function windowedLinewidthHz(alpha: number, T: number): number {\n  const oneMinusE = -Math.expm1(-alpha * T);\n  const E = 1 - oneMinusE;\n  // (1 − E)² + 4E sin²(ΔωT/2) is 1 − 2E cos(ΔωT) + E² without its cancellation near Δω = 0.\n  const power = (dw: number) => (oneMinusE ** 2 + 4 * E * Math.sin((dw * T) / 2) ** 2) / (alpha * alpha + dw * dw);\n  const half = power(0) / 2;\n  const h = (alpha + 1 / T) / 200;\n  let lo = 0;\n  let hi = h;\n  for (let k = 1; power(hi) > half; k++) {\n    if (k > 1e6) throw new Error(`${ID}: no half-power point found (α = ${alpha}, T = ${T})`);\n    lo = hi;\n    hi += h;\n  }\n  for (let k = 0; k < 80; k++) {\n    const mid = (lo + hi) / 2;\n    if (power(mid) > half) lo = mid;\n    else hi = mid;\n  }\n  return (lo + hi) / 2 / Math.PI;\n}\n\nexport const DAMPED_RESONATOR_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Damped resonator ring-down (damping, finite observation time)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'f0_Hz', quantity: 'natural frequency', symbol: 'f0', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'undamped natural frequency ω0/2π = √(k/m)/2π, > 0' },\n    { key: 'Q', quantity: 'quality factor', symbol: 'Q', unit: '', meaning: 'Q = ω0 m/b (for an RLC: √(L/C)/R), > 0' },\n    { key: 'x0_m', quantity: 'initial displacement', symbol: 'x0', unit: 'm', meaning: 'displacement at release, from rest' },\n    { key: 't_s', quantity: 'read-out time', symbol: 't', unit: 's', meaning: 'time after release at which x and the envelope are read, ≥ 0' },\n    { key: 't_obs_s', quantity: 'record length', symbol: 't_obs', unit: 's', meaning: 'length of the recorded ring-down, starting at release, > 0' },\n    { key: 'T_K', quantity: 'temperature', symbol: 'T', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature of the damping bath, > 0 K; give with k_N_per_m for the thermal floor', temperature: 'absolute', optional: true },\n    {\n      key: 'k_N_per_m',\n      quantity: 'mode stiffness',\n      symbol: 'k',\n      unit: 'N/m',\n      meaning: 'effective stiffness of the mode at the read-out point, > 0 (for an RLC read as charge: 1/C in 1/F, not N/m); give with T_K',\n      optional: true,\n    },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'ρA ∂²w/∂t² + c ∂w/∂t + EI ∂⁴w/∂z⁴ = 0 with the structure\\'s boundary conditions   (e.g. a cantilever: a field w(z, t) with many modes)',\n      'one mode, w = φ(z) x(t), read at one point:  m x″ + b x′ + k x = 0   (model-damped-spring; for a circuit L q″ + R q′ + q/C = 0, ab-damped-rlc)',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'x(t) = x0 e^{−αt} [cos ω_d t + (α/ω_d) sin ω_d t],  α = ω0/(2Q),  ω_d = ω0 √(1 − 1/(4Q²))   (Q > 1/2)',\n      'envelope x0 e^{−αt}/√(1 − 1/(4Q²));  linewidth Δf = f0/Q;  resolution of a record 1/t_obs',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parent is a field w(z, t) with infinitely many modes and a mode shape; the scalar keeps one mode\\'s amplitude ' +\n      'x(t) at the read-out point, with all loss lumped into a viscous (velocity-proportional) Q. Dropped: the other modes ' +\n      'and their coupling, the mode shape, and any frequency or amplitude dependence of the damping (structural damping ' +\n      'gives a different Q(f)).',\n  },\n  observable: 'envelope_m',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'alpha_per_s', symbol: 'α', unit: 's^-1', meaning: 'amplitude decay rate ω0/(2Q) = b/(2m)' },\n    { key: 'tau_s', symbol: 'τ', unit: 's', meaning: 'amplitude ring-down time 1/α = Q/(πf0)' },\n    { key: 'linewidth_Hz', symbol: 'Δf', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'f0/Q: FWHM of the velocity (absorbed-power) response, exact at any Q; the displacement response approaches it for Q ≫ 1' },\n    { key: 'f_d_Hz', symbol: 'f_d', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'damped oscillation frequency f0 √(1 − 1/(4Q²))' },\n    { key: 'x_m', symbol: 'x(t)', unit: 'm', meaning: 'displacement at t, released from rest at x0' },\n    { key: 'envelope_m', symbol: 'A(t)', unit: 'm', meaning: 'ring-down envelope at t: the amplitude a peak-detecting read-out sees' },\n    { key: 'resolution_Hz', symbol: '1/t_obs', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'frequency resolution of the record' },\n    { key: 'linewidth_windowed_Hz', symbol: 'Δf_T', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'FWHM of the power spectrum of the truncated ring-down (rectangular window, near resonance)' },\n    { key: 'windowed_excess', symbol: 'Δf_T/Δf − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'how much the finite record broadens the measured line' },\n    { key: 'x_th_rms_m', symbol: '√⟨x²⟩_th', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thermal RMS displacement √(k_BT/k) of the mode (equipartition); not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m' },\n    {\n      key: 'envelope_rms_m',\n      symbol: '√⟨A²⟩',\n      unit: 'm',\n      meaning: 'RMS envelope with the thermal motion added: √(A² + 2k_BT/k), the Rice second moment; not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m',\n    },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'released from rest: x(0) = x0, x′(0) = 0; free ring-down, no drive after release',\n    'linear restoring force: the amplitude is small enough that f0 does not depend on it (ax-cubic-spring-lc records why a hardening spring is not this model)',\n    'the record starts at release and lasts t_obs; its spectrum is that of a rectangular window',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the linewidth an infinitely long record would show, f0/Q',\n    valueKey: 'linewidth_windowed_Hz',\n    referenceKey: 'linewidth_Hz',\n    deviationKey: 'windowed_excess',\n    method: 'closed-form transform of the truncated ring-down, half-power point by bisection',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    'the detector noise floor; and the thermal drive of the resonator unless T_K and k_N_per_m are given (its equilibrium amplitude √(k_BT/k) is the fluctuation–dissipation partner of its damping; compare case-resistor-noise)',\n    'frequency drift of f0 over the record',\n    'window shapes other than rectangular, and the negative-frequency image of the line (the Q ≫ 1 approximation)',\n    'the other modes of the structure',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'ring-down: fit ln A(t) against t; the slope −α gives Q = πf0/α; compare the measured envelope at t with envelope_m',\n    'spectrum: the FWHM of the recorded line is linewidth_windowed_Hz, which approaches linewidth_Hz only when the record resolves it',\n    'for an RLC circuit read the capacitor voltage: f0 = 1/(2π√(LC)), Q = √(L/C)/R (ab-damped-rlc)',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'model-damped-spring', role: 'm x″ + b x′ + k x = 0, the single-mode equation evaluated here' },\n    { id: 'ab-damped-rlc', role: 'the same equation for an RLC circuit, an exact equivalence' },\n    { id: 'ab-damped-massless', role: 'the overdamped reduction, for the regime where this case refuses (Q ≤ 1/2)' },\n    { id: 'ax-cubic-spring-lc', role: 'the refuted claim that a nonlinear (cubic) spring maps onto the linear circuit' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=20', 'T_K=300', 'k_N_per_m=1'],\n      note: 'a 1 kHz, Q = 1000 resonator (1 Hz line), 1 N/m at 300 K, read 0.1 s after release, recorded for 20 s',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=1'],\n        note: 'the same resonator recorded for 1 s: the 1 Hz resolution cannot resolve the 1 Hz line',\n        fails: ['resolved'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=0.3', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=20'],\n        note: 'Q = 0.3 is overdamped: there is no ring-down, and the underdamped formulas are refused',\n        fails: ['underdamped', 'single-lorentzian'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=100pm', 't_s=1', 't_obs_s=20', 'T_K=300', 'k_N_per_m=1'],\n        note: 'released from 100 pm and read after 1 s (≈ 3 ring-down times): the envelope, ≈ 4 pm, sits below the 64 pm thermal motion',\n        fails: ['above-thermal'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the underdamped ring-down outputs and checks for the supplied resonator inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['f0_Hz', 'Q', 't_obs_s']);\n    const { f0_Hz: f0, Q, x0_m: x0, t_s: t, t_obs_s: tObs } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(x0)) throw new Error(`${ID}: x0_m must be finite (got ${x0})`);\n    if (!Number.isFinite(t) || t < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: t_s must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${t})`);\n    const w0 = 2 * Math.PI * f0;\n    const alpha = w0 / (2 * Q);\n    const linewidth = f0 / Q;\n    const underdamped = Q > 0.5;\n    const root = underdamped ? Math.sqrt(1 - 1 / (4 * Q * Q)) : NaN;\n    const wd = w0 * root;\n    const decay = Math.exp(-alpha * t);\n    const windowed = underdamped ? windowedLinewidthHz(alpha, tObs) : null;\n    const envelope = underdamped ? (Math.abs(x0) * decay) / root : null;\n    const checks = [\n      check('underdamped', 'underdamped: the solution rings (Q > 1/2)', 'Q', Q, '>', 0.5,\n        'exact: at Q ≤ 1/2 the solution is a sum of real exponentials, with no ring-down, f_d or envelope'),\n      check('single-lorentzian', 'high Q: the line near f0 is one Lorentzian', 'Q', Q, '>=', MIN_Q_LORENTZIAN,\n        'chosen threshold for Q ≫ 1: the windowed spectrum drops the negative-frequency pole'),\n      check('resolved', 'the record resolves the line: 1/t_obs ≪ f0/Q', '(1/t_obs)/(f0/Q)', 1 / tObs / linewidth, '<=', MAX_RESOLUTION_RATIO,\n        'chosen threshold for ≪ 1; see windowed_excess for the broadening it allows'),\n      check('in-record', 'the read-out time lies inside the record', 't/t_obs', t / tObs, '<=', 1,\n        'exact: an envelope read after the record ends was not measured'),\n    ];\n    const unchecked = underdamped\n      ? ['the damping is viscous (velocity-proportional) and the same over the whole ring-down']\n      : ['for Q ≤ 1/2 the displacement is x0 (r₂e^{r₁t} − r₁e^{r₂t})/(r₂ − r₁) with real r₁, r₂; this case does not evaluate it'];\n    if ((i.T_K === undefined) !== (i.k_N_per_m === undefined)) throw new Error(`${ID}: give T_K and k_N_per_m together, or neither`);\n    let xTh: number | null = null;\n    if (i.T_K !== undefined) {\n      requirePositive(ID, i, ['T_K', 'k_N_per_m']);\n      xTh = Math.sqrt((K_B_SI * i.T_K) / i.k_N_per_m!);\n      if (envelope !== null) {\n        checks.push(\n          check('above-thermal', 'the ring-down stands above the thermal motion at t', '√(k_BT/k)/A(t)', xTh / envelope, '<=', MAX_THERMAL_RATIO,\n            'chosen threshold: the RMS envelope √(A² + 2k_BT/k) then exceeds A by ≤ 1%'),\n        );\n      }\n      unchecked.push('the thermal motion is in equilibrium with the damping bath at T and uncorrelated with the release; the read-out adds no noise of its own');\n    }\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        alpha_per_s: alpha,\n        tau_s: 1 / alpha,\n        linewidth_Hz: linewidth,\n        f_d_Hz: underdamped ? f0 * root : null,\n        x_m: underdamped ? x0 * decay * (Math.cos(wd * t) + (alpha / wd) * Math.sin(wd * t)) : null,\n        envelope_m: envelope,\n        resolution_Hz: 1 / tObs,\n        linewidth_windowed_Hz: windowed,\n        windowed_excess: windowed === null ? null : windowed / linewidth - 1,\n        x_th_rms_m: xTh,\n        envelope_rms_m: xTh === null || envelope === null ? null : Math.sqrt(envelope * envelope + 2 * xTh * xTh),\n      },\n      checks,\n      unchecked,\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/index.js.map

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* Applied case: the radial-velocity semi-amplitude of a star orbited by a\n * companion — what a spectrograph reads as the star's reflex motion, from the\n * two masses, the period, the eccentricity and the inclination.\n *\n * The scalar is the test-mass form of the Keplerian RV curve used to infer\n * m_p sin i (Lovis & Fischer, \"Radial Velocity Techniques for Exoplanets\", in\n * Seager (ed.), Exoplanets, 2010, eq. 1; Murray & Dermott, Solar System\n * Dynamics, 1999, §2.7). The parent is the two-body problem of two extended\n * bodies in general relativity. The case compares the test-mass K with the\n * exact Newtonian two-body K, and checks the three premises that make a fixed\n * Keplerian ellipse the right curve: a companion light beside the star, point\n * masses (no tides), and a weak field whose apsidal advance (BE-52, with the\n * total mass; Robertson 1938) does not reshape the curve over the record.\n *\n * @module cases/kepler-rv\n */\nimport { C_SI, G_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { catalogRelations } from '../bridges/catalog-load.js';\nimport { evaluateCatalogRelation } from '../bridges/relation-eval.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-kepler-rv';\n\n/** The Julian year, the year BE-52 takes (s). @internal */\nexport const JULIAN_YEAR_S = 365.25 * 86400;\n\n/** m_p/M_* ceiling: the test-mass K then exceeds the two-body K by (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1 ≤ 0.67%. @internal */\nexport const MAX_MASS_RATIO = 0.01;\n\n/** Ceiling on the stellar radius over the periastron separation, for point masses. @internal */\nexport const MAX_RADIUS_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/** G(M_* + m_p)/(c² a) ceiling for Newtonian gravity. @internal */\nexport const MAX_WEAK_FIELD = 1e-4;\n\n/** e·Δω accumulated over the record (rad) ceiling for a fixed ellipse. @internal */\nexport const MAX_APSIDAL_MISFIT = 0.01;\n\nexport const KEPLER_RV_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Radial-velocity semi-amplitude of a star with a companion (mass ratio, tides, GR apsidal advance)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'M_star_kg', quantity: 'stellar mass', symbol: 'M_*', unit: 'kg', meaning: 'mass of the star whose radial velocity is measured (1Msun = 1.989e30 kg), > 0' },\n    { key: 'm_p_kg', quantity: 'companion mass', symbol: 'm_p', unit: 'kg', meaning: 'true mass of the companion (Jupiter ≈ 1.898e27 kg), > 0' },\n    { key: 'P_s', quantity: 'orbital period', symbol: 'P', unit: 's', meaning: 'the orbital period the RV curve repeats with, > 0' },\n    { key: 'eccentricity', quantity: 'eccentricity', symbol: 'e', unit: '', meaning: 'orbital eccentricity e, 0 ≤ e < 1 (a bare e is the elementary charge, so the key is spelled out)' },\n    { key: 'sin_i', quantity: 'sine of the inclination', symbol: 'sin i', unit: '', meaning: 'sin of the angle between the orbit normal and the line of sight, 0 < sin i ≤ 1 (1 is edge-on)' },\n    { key: 'R_star_m', quantity: 'stellar radius', symbol: 'R_*', unit: 'm', meaning: 'radius of the star (the Sun ≈ 6.957e8 m), > 0' },\n    { key: 'T_obs_s', quantity: 'observing baseline', symbol: 'T_obs', unit: 's', meaning: 'time span of the RV record fitted with one fixed ellipse, > 0' },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'r̈ = −G(M_* + m_p) r/r³ + O(G(M_* + m_p)/(c² r)) · (G(M_* + m_p)/r²)   (relative orbit, Newtonian term plus the 1PN Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann terms)',\n      'M_* r_* + m_p r_p = 0 about the barycentre; the measured v_r is the line-of-sight component of ṙ_*',\n      'extended bodies: each is a point mass only if spherical and undeformed; tides and spin add quadrupole terms ∝ (R/r)²',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'K = (2πG/P)^{1/3} m_p sin i / M_*^{2/3} / √(1 − e²)   (test-mass form, m_p ≪ M_*)',\n      'v_r(t) = K [cos(ν(t) + ω) + e cos ω],  ω fixed over the record',\n      'a³ = G(M_* + m_p) P²/(4π²)   (Kepler III for the relative orbit; CE-kepler-third)',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parent is a coupled vector problem for two finite, deformable bodies in curved spacetime; the scalar keeps one ' +\n      'number K for a fixed Keplerian ellipse of the star about the barycentre and puts the whole mass in the star. Dropped: ' +\n      'the companion\\'s share of the total mass (O(q)), the apsidal advance and the other 1PN terms (O(GM/(c²a))), and ' +\n      'the tidal and rotational quadrupoles (O((R_*/r)²)).',\n  },\n  observable: 'K_m_per_s',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'q', symbol: 'q', unit: '', meaning: 'mass ratio m_p/M_*' },\n    { key: 'a_m', symbol: 'a', unit: 'm', meaning: 'semi-major axis of the relative orbit, from Kepler III with the total mass' },\n    { key: 'a_star_m', symbol: 'a_*', unit: 'm', meaning: 'semi-major axis of the star\\'s own orbit about the barycentre, a m_p/(M_* + m_p)' },\n    { key: 'K_m_per_s', symbol: 'K', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'RV semi-amplitude of the star, test-mass form (the scalar result)' },\n    { key: 'K_two_body_m_per_s', symbol: 'K_2b', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'the exact Newtonian two-body semi-amplitude (2πG/P)^{1/3} m_p sin i/(M_* + m_p)^{2/3}/√(1 − e²)' },\n    { key: 'two_body_deviation', symbol: 'K/K_2b − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'relative excess of the test-mass K over the two-body K: (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1' },\n    { key: 'r_peri_m', symbol: 'r_p', unit: 'm', meaning: 'periastron separation a(1 − e)' },\n    { key: 'weak_field', symbol: 'G(M_* + m_p)/(c²a)', unit: '', meaning: 'the 1PN expansion parameter (half the Schwarzschild radius of the total mass, over a)' },\n    { key: 'dphi_rad_per_orbit', symbol: 'Δω', unit: 'rad', meaning: 'GR apsidal advance per orbit 6πG(M_* + m_p)/(c²a(1 − e²)) (BE-52 with the total mass)' },\n    { key: 'omega_dot_deg_per_yr', symbol: 'ω̇', unit: 'deg/yr', meaning: 'the same advance as a rate, degrees per Julian year' },\n    { key: 'apsidal_misfit', symbol: 'e Δω T_obs/P', unit: '', meaning: 'eccentricity times the apsidal advance accumulated over the record (rad)' },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'an isolated binary: no third body within the record, the systemic velocity constant (it is fitted out as an offset)',\n    'initial condition: the orbital elements (P, e, ω, time of periastron) are those at the start of the record',\n    'the line of sight is fixed; the star\\'s light traces its centre of mass (no spots, no convective blueshift variation)',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the parent\\'s Newtonian limit: the exact two-body semi-amplitude with the companion\\'s mass in the total',\n    valueKey: 'K_m_per_s',\n    referenceKey: 'K_two_body_m_per_s',\n    deviationKey: 'two_body_deviation',\n    method: 'closed form of the two-body Keplerian semi-amplitude',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    'stellar activity (jitter), instrumental drift and the gravitational redshift and light-travel-time terms of the RV itself',\n    'the other 1PN terms beside the apsidal advance (O(GM/(c²a)) in the P–a relation and in K), bounded by the weak-field check but not applied',\n    'tidal orbital decay (dP/dt) and the tidal and rotational quadrupole precession, which the point-mass check bounds only by R_*/r_p',\n    'the inclination itself: RV alone gives m_p sin i; sin i must come from a transit or astrometry',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'fit a Keplerian (P, K, e, ω, time of periastron, systemic offset) to the RV time series and compare the fitted K with K_m_per_s; ' +\n      'with P and e fixed, the fitted K inverts to the minimum mass m_p sin i through the same relation',\n    'where the two-body check fails, compare with K_two_body_m_per_s, which is the Newtonian parent',\n    '`upt confront --bridge=be-52`: Mercury\\'s anomalous perihelion advance, which tests the Δω formula the apsidal check uses',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'CE-kepler-third', role: 'T² = 4π²a³/(GM), with the assumptions two-body and M ≫ m; here with M → M_* + m_p' },\n    { id: `be-${52}`, role: 'the GR perihelion advance Δφ = 6πGM/(c²a(1 − e²)), evaluated with the total mass (`upt evaluate be-52`)' },\n    { id: 'CE-perihelion-precession', role: 'the canonical entry restating BE-52' },\n    { id: 'CE-schwarzschild-radius', role: 'r_s = 2GM/c², whose ratio to a (halved) is the weak-field check\\'s quantity' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['M_star_kg=1Msun', 'm_p_kg=1.898e27', 'P_s=4332.59d', 'eccentricity=0.0489', 'sin_i=1', 'R_star_m=6.957e8', 'T_obs_s=12yr'],\n      note: 'the Sun\\'s reflex motion from Jupiter, seen edge-on over one orbit: K ≈ 12.5 m/s',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['M_star_kg=1.434Msun', 'm_p_kg=2.79e27', 'P_s=1.09142d', 'eccentricity=0', 'sin_i=0.993', 'R_star_m=1.153e9', 'T_obs_s=10yr'],\n        note: 'WASP-12 b, a 1.47 M_J planet on a 1.09 d orbit: the star\\'s radius is a third of the separation, and the orbit is observed to decay by tides',\n        fails: ['point-mass'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['M_star_kg=1.3381Msun', 'm_p_kg=1.2489Msun', 'P_s=0.10225156248d', 'eccentricity=0.0877775', 'sin_i=0.99974', 'R_star_m=12km', 'T_obs_s=1yr'],\n        note: 'the double pulsar PSR J0737−3039A/B timed for a year: equal masses, and a GR apsidal advance of ≈ 17°/yr',\n        fails: ['test-mass', 'apsidal'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the test-mass radial-velocity amplitude and checks for the supplied binary inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['M_star_kg', 'm_p_kg', 'P_s', 'sin_i', 'R_star_m', 'T_obs_s']);\n    const { M_star_kg: M, m_p_kg: m, P_s: P, eccentricity: e, sin_i: sinI, R_star_m: R, T_obs_s: tObs } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(e) || e < 0 || e >= 1) throw new Error(`${ID}: eccentricity must be in [0, 1) (got ${e})`);\n    if (sinI > 1) throw new Error(`${ID}: sin_i must be in (0, 1] (got ${sinI})`);\n    const total = M + m;\n    const a = Math.cbrt((G_SI * total * P * P) / (4 * Math.PI * Math.PI));\n    const root = Math.sqrt(1 - e * e);\n    const n13 = Math.cbrt((2 * Math.PI * G_SI) / P);\n    const K = (n13 * m * sinI) / Math.cbrt(M * M) / root;\n    const K2b = (n13 * m * sinI) / Math.cbrt(total * total) / root;\n    const rPeri = a * (1 - e);\n    const weak = (G_SI * total) / (C_SI * C_SI * a);\n    const advance = catalogRelations().find((row) => row.target === 'perihelion-advance');\n    if (advance === undefined) throw new Error(`${ID}: the perihelion relation is not in the catalog`);\n    const dphi = evaluateCatalogRelation(advance, { mass: total, 'semi-major-axis': a, eccentricity: e });\n    const misfit = (e * dphi * tObs) / P;\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        q: m / M,\n        a_m: a,\n        a_star_m: (a * m) / total,\n        K_m_per_s: K,\n        K_two_body_m_per_s: K2b,\n        two_body_deviation: K / K2b - 1,\n        r_peri_m: rPeri,\n        weak_field: weak,\n        dphi_rad_per_orbit: dphi,\n        omega_dot_deg_per_yr: ((dphi / P) * JULIAN_YEAR_S * 180) / Math.PI,\n        apsidal_misfit: misfit,\n      },\n      checks: [\n        check('test-mass', 'the companion is light beside the star, m_p ≪ M_*', 'm_p/M_*', m / M, '<=', MAX_MASS_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold: the test-mass K then exceeds the two-body K by (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1 ≤ 0.67%'),\n        check('point-mass', 'point masses: the star is small beside the closest approach, R_* ≪ r_p', 'R_*/(a(1 − e))', R / rPeri, '<=', MAX_RADIUS_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold: tidal and rotational quadrupole terms scale as (R_*/r)² times a Love number or J2 (each < 1), kept ≤ 1%'),\n        check('weak-field', 'Newtonian gravity: G(M_* + m_p)/(c²a) ≪ 1', 'G(M_* + m_p)/(c² a)', weak, '<=', MAX_WEAK_FIELD,\n          'chosen threshold: the 1PN corrections to the P–a relation and to the orbital velocity are of this relative order'),\n        check('apsidal', 'a fixed ellipse over the record: the GR apsidal advance does not reshape the RV curve', 'e Δω T_obs/P', misfit, '<=', MAX_APSIDAL_MISFIT,\n          'chosen threshold: beyond the mean longitude (absorbed by the fitted phase), v_r depends on ω only at O(e), so the misfit is of order e Δω K; its coefficient (order one) is not encoded'),\n      ],\n      unchecked: [\n        'no third body: an outer companion adds its own reflex signal and perturbs P and ω',\n        'the companion\\'s radius is also small beside r_p (only the star\\'s is checked)',\n      ],\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/lumped-cooling.js

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ export const LUMPED_COOLING_CASE = {
         { key: 'T_surface_K', symbol: 'T(a, t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature at the surface from the series solution' },
         { key: 'h_rad_max_W_per_m2_K', symbol: 'h_rad', unit: 'W/(m^2*K)', meaning: 'εσ_SB(T_s + T∞)(T_s² + T∞²) at the hotter of T0 and T∞: the largest linearized radiative coefficient over the run' },
         { key: 'Bi_radiating', symbol: 'Bi_r', unit: '', meaning: '(h + h_rad)(a/3)/k: the Biot number with the largest radiative conductance added' },
-        { key: 'T_radiating_K', symbol: 'T_r(t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'the lumped temperature with the T⁴ loss kept (RK4). The linear-loss check does not apply to it; its premise is Bi_radiating ≤ 0.1, and it is null otherwise' },
+        { key: 'T_radiating_K', symbol: 'T_r(t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'the lumped temperature with the T⁴ loss kept (RK4). The linear-loss check does not apply to it; its premise is Bi_radiating ≤ 0.1, and it is not defined otherwise' },
     ],
     conditions: [
         'initial condition: the sphere is at the uniform temperature T0 when it is immersed at t = 0',

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* Applied case: a solid sphere cooling (or warming) in a fluid — its\n * temperature after a time t by Newton's law of cooling, with the Biot-number\n * check that makes one uniform temperature a fair stand-in for the field\n * inside it.\n *\n * The parent is the heat equation in the sphere (`model-heat` in radial\n * form, diffusivity `CE-thermal-diffusivity`) with a convective boundary. The\n * lumped-capacitance simplification T(t) = T∞ + (T0 − T∞) e^{−t/τ},\n * τ = ρcV/(hA), holds for Bi = h L_c/k ≤ 0.1 with L_c = V/A (Incropera,\n * DeWitt, Bergman & Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed.,\n * §5.1–5.2). The parent's exact series (Carslaw & Jaeger, Conduction of Heat\n * in Solids, 2nd ed., §9.4; Incropera §5.6.2) is summed here for the volume\n * mean, the centre and the surface. A second check keeps radiation, which is\n * not linear in T − T∞, small beside convection. Where it is not small, the\n * lumped equation is also integrated with the T⁴ loss kept (Incropera §5.3,\n * general lumped capacitance analysis), provided the Biot number with the\n * radiative conductance added still allows one temperature.\n *\n * @module cases/lumped-cooling\n */\nimport { C_SI, H_SI, K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-lumped-cooling';\n\n/** Stefan–Boltzmann constant 2π⁵k_B⁴/(15h³c²), from the exact SI constants (W m⁻² K⁻⁴). @internal */\nexport const SIGMA_SB_SI = (2 * Math.PI ** 5 * K_B_SI ** 4) / (15 * H_SI ** 3 * C_SI ** 2);\n\n/** Bi = h L_c/k ceiling, L_c = V/A (Incropera §5.2, eq. 5.10). @internal */\nexport const MAX_BIOT = 0.1;\n\n/** h_rad,max/h ceiling for a loss linear in T − T∞. @internal */\nexport const MAX_RADIATION_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/** Parameters of the lumped equation with the radiative loss kept, in SI units. @internal */\nexport interface LumpedRadiating {\n  readonly a: number;\n  readonly rho: number;\n  readonly c: number;\n  /** ≥ 0; 0 is pure radiation. */\n  readonly h: number;\n  readonly eps: number;\n  readonly T0: number;\n  readonly Tinf: number;\n  readonly t: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * T(t) of ρcV dT/dt = −A[h(T − T∞) + εσ_SB(T⁴ − T∞⁴)] for a sphere (V/A =\n * a/3), by RK4 with each step 1/100 of the local relaxation time\n * ρca/(3(h + 4εσ_SB T³)). Stops early once |T − T∞| is below 1e-15 |T0 − T∞|.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function lumpedRadiatingTemperature(p: LumpedRadiating): number {\n  const k = 3 / (p.rho * p.c * p.a);\n  const f = (T: number) => -k * (p.h * (T - p.Tinf) + p.eps * SIGMA_SB_SI * (T ** 4 - p.Tinf ** 4));\n  const floor = 1e-15 * Math.abs(p.T0 - p.Tinf);\n  let T = p.T0;\n  let s = 0;\n  while (s < p.t && Math.abs(T - p.Tinf) > floor) {\n    const rate = k * (p.h + 4 * p.eps * SIGMA_SB_SI * Math.max(T, p.Tinf) ** 3);\n    const dt = Math.min(p.t - s, 0.01 / rate);\n    const k1 = f(T);\n    const k2 = f(T + (dt / 2) * k1);\n    const k3 = f(T + (dt / 2) * k2);\n    const k4 = f(T + dt * k3);\n    T += (dt / 6) * (k1 + 2 * k2 + 2 * k3 + k4);\n    s += dt;\n  }\n  return T;\n}\n\n/**\n * The first n roots of 1 − ζ cot ζ = Bi (Bi = h a/k, radius-based): the n-th\n * lies in ((n−1)π, nπ), where the left side runs from −∞ (0 for n = 1) to +∞.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function sphereEigenvalues(biRadius: number, n: number): number[] {\n  const f = (z: number) => 1 - z / Math.tan(z) - biRadius;\n  const roots: number[] = [];\n  for (let k = 1; k <= n; k++) {\n    let lo = (k - 1) * Math.PI;\n    let hi = k * Math.PI;\n    for (let it = 0; it < 200 && hi - lo > 4 * Number.EPSILON * hi; it++) {\n      const mid = (lo + hi) / 2;\n      if (mid === lo || mid === hi) break;\n      if (f(mid) < 0) lo = mid;\n      else hi = mid;\n    }\n    roots.push((lo + hi) / 2);\n  }\n  return roots;\n}\n\n/**\n * θ/θ0 = (T − T∞)/(T0 − T∞) from the series solution of the sphere with a\n * convective surface, at Fourier number Fo = αt/a², for the volume mean, the\n * centre and the surface. Terms are summed until e^{−ζ²Fo} < 1e-18.\n * @throws Error when Fo is so small that the series would need over 1e5 terms.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function sphereSeries(biRadius: number, fo: number): { mean: number; centre: number; surface: number } {\n  if (fo === 0) return { mean: 1, centre: 1, surface: 1 };\n  const terms = Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(42 / fo) / Math.PI) + 2;\n  if (terms > 1e5) throw new Error(`${ID}: Fo = ${fo} is too small for the series (needs ${terms} terms)`);\n  let mean = 0;\n  let centre = 0;\n  let surface = 0;\n  for (const z of sphereEigenvalues(biRadius, terms)) {\n    const s = Math.sin(z);\n    const c = Math.cos(z);\n    const cn = (4 * (s - z * c)) / (2 * z - Math.sin(2 * z));\n    const decay = Math.exp(-z * z * fo);\n    centre += cn * decay;\n    surface += (cn * decay * s) / z;\n    mean += (cn * decay * 3 * (s - z * c)) / z ** 3;\n  }\n  return { mean, centre, surface };\n}\n\nexport const LUMPED_COOLING_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Lumped-capacitance cooling of a sphere (Biot number, radiation linearity)',\n  parameters: [\n    {\n      key: 'a_m',\n      quantity: 'sphere radius',\n      symbol: 'a',\n      unit: 'm',\n      meaning: 'radius of the solid sphere, > 0',\n      geometry: 'radius',\n      alternates: [{ key: 'diameter_m', meaning: 'the diameter 2a of the sphere', toKey: 0.5 }],\n    },\n    { key: 'rho_kg_per_m3', quantity: 'density', symbol: 'ρ', unit: 'kg/m^3', meaning: 'mass density of the solid (copper ≈ 8933), > 0' },\n    { key: 'c_J_per_kg_K', quantity: 'specific heat', symbol: 'c', unit: 'J/(kg*K)', meaning: 'specific heat capacity of the solid (copper ≈ 385), > 0' },\n    { key: 'k_W_per_m_K', quantity: 'thermal conductivity', symbol: 'k', unit: 'W/(m*K)', meaning: 'thermal conductivity of the solid (copper ≈ 401), > 0' },\n    { key: 'h_W_per_m2_K', quantity: 'heat-transfer coefficient', symbol: 'h', unit: 'W/(m^2*K)', meaning: 'convective coefficient at the surface, uniform and constant (still air ≈ 5–25, stirred water ≈ 500–10000), > 0' },\n    { key: 'emissivity', quantity: 'surface emissivity', symbol: 'ε', unit: '', meaning: 'total hemispherical emissivity of the surface, 0 ≤ ε ≤ 1 (polished copper ≈ 0.03–0.05)' },\n    { key: 'T0_K', quantity: 'initial temperature', symbol: 'T0', unit: 'K', meaning: 'uniform temperature of the sphere at t = 0, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },\n    { key: 'T_inf_K', quantity: 'fluid temperature', symbol: 'T∞', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature of the fluid far from the sphere, and of the radiating surroundings, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },\n    { key: 't_s', quantity: 'elapsed time', symbol: 't', unit: 's', meaning: 'time since immersion, ≥ 0' },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'ρc ∂T/∂t = k (1/r²) ∂/∂r (r² ∂T/∂r),  0 ≤ r < a   (the heat equation of model-heat, radially symmetric)',\n      '−k ∂T/∂r = h (T − T∞) + εσ_SB (T⁴ − T∞⁴) at r = a;  T(r, 0) = T0',\n      'without the radiation term: θ/θ0 = Σ C_n e^{−ζ_n² Fo} sin(ζ_n r/a)/(ζ_n r/a),  1 − ζ_n cot ζ_n = h a/k,  C_n = 4(sin ζ_n − ζ_n cos ζ_n)/(2ζ_n − sin 2ζ_n),  Fo = αt/a²',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'ρcV dT/dt = −hA (T − T∞)   (lumped capacitance: one temperature for the whole sphere)',\n      'T(t) = T∞ + (T0 − T∞) e^{−t/τ},  τ = ρcV/(hA) = ρca/(3h)   (Newton\\'s law of cooling)',\n      'Bi = h L_c/k,  L_c = V/A = a/3',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parent is a temperature field T(r, t) with a boundary condition that is nonlinear once radiation is kept; the ' +\n      'scalar replaces the field by one number and the surface loss by a linear conductance hA. Dropped: the internal ' +\n      'gradient (of relative size ~Bi), every eigenmode but the slowest (and that one\\'s rate shifted by O(Bi)), and the ' +\n      'T⁴ dependence of radiation.',\n  },\n  observable: 'T_K',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'tau_s', symbol: 'τ', unit: 's', meaning: 'lumped time constant ρcV/(hA) = ρca/(3h)' },\n    { key: 'Bi', symbol: 'Bi', unit: '', meaning: 'Biot number h L_c/k with L_c = V/A = a/3 (the lumped criterion\\'s form)' },\n    { key: 'Bi_radius', symbol: 'Bi_a', unit: '', meaning: 'h a/k: the radius-based Biot number of the series solution (3 Bi)' },\n    { key: 'alpha_m2_per_s', symbol: 'α', unit: 'm^2/s', meaning: 'thermal diffusivity k/(ρc)' },\n    { key: 'Fo', symbol: 'Fo', unit: '', meaning: 'Fourier number αt/a²' },\n    { key: 'theta', symbol: 'θ/θ0', unit: '', meaning: 'lumped excess-temperature ratio e^{−t/τ}' },\n    { key: 'T_K', symbol: 'T(t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'the lumped temperature at t: what a thermometer in or on the sphere reads' },\n    { key: 'Q_J', symbol: 'Q', unit: 'J', meaning: 'heat released to the fluid by t, ρcV(T0 − T(t)) (negative when the sphere warms)' },\n    { key: 'theta_parent_mean', symbol: 'θ̄/θ0', unit: '', meaning: 'volume-mean excess-temperature ratio of the series solution (convection only)' },\n    { key: 'parent_deviation', symbol: 'θ/θ̄ − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('lumped ratio', \"parent's volume mean\") },\n    { key: 'T_centre_K', symbol: 'T(0, t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature at the centre from the series solution' },\n    { key: 'T_surface_K', symbol: 'T(a, t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature at the surface from the series solution' },\n    { key: 'h_rad_max_W_per_m2_K', symbol: 'h_rad', unit: 'W/(m^2*K)', meaning: 'εσ_SB(T_s + T∞)(T_s² + T∞²) at the hotter of T0 and T∞: the largest linearized radiative coefficient over the run' },\n    { key: 'Bi_radiating', symbol: 'Bi_r', unit: '', meaning: '(h + h_rad)(a/3)/k: the Biot number with the largest radiative conductance added' },\n    { key: 'T_radiating_K', symbol: 'T_r(t)', unit: 'K', meaning: 'the lumped temperature with the T⁴ loss kept (RK4). The linear-loss check does not apply to it; its premise is Bi_radiating ≤ 0.1, and it is not defined otherwise' },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'initial condition: the sphere is at the uniform temperature T0 when it is immersed at t = 0',\n    'boundary: a uniform, constant coefficient h over the whole surface into fluid at T∞; the surroundings it radiates to are also at T∞',\n    'constant ρ, c and k over the temperature range; no internal heat source; the sphere is solid and homogeneous',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the parent: the series solution of the sphere\\'s heat equation with the convective boundary, volume mean',\n    valueKey: 'theta',\n    referenceKey: 'theta_parent_mean',\n    deviationKey: 'parent_deviation',\n    method: 'eigenfunction series, roots of 1 − ζ cot ζ = Bi_a by bisection, summed until e^{−ζ²Fo} < 1e-18',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    'radiation in T_K and in the series: the linear-loss check bounds it; T_radiating_K keeps it, in the lumped model only',\n    'the temperature dependence of h (natural convection has h ∝ ΔT^{1/4}) and of ρ, c, k',\n    'the thermometer\\'s own heat capacity and contact resistance, and conduction along its leads',\n    'phase change at the surface (boiling in a quench), which makes h neither uniform nor constant',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'record T(t) with a thermocouple embedded at the centre; plot ln((T − T∞)/(T0 − T∞)) against t — a straight line of slope ' +\n      '−1/τ tests the lumped premise directly, and T_centre_K is the parent\\'s prediction for that sensor',\n    'compare the measured τ with tau_s; the difference between T_centre_K and T_surface_K is the internal gradient the lumped model drops',\n    'to use this as a calorimetric measurement of h, invert τ = ρca/(3h), valid only where both checks hold',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'model-heat', role: 'ρc_p ∂T/∂t = κ ∂²T/∂x², the heat equation; here in its radial form for a sphere' },\n    { id: 'CE-thermal-diffusivity', role: 'α = k/(ρc_p), the diffusivity in the Fourier number' },\n    { id: 'CE-heat-capacity', role: 'Q = mcΔT, the heat released as the sphere cools' },\n    { id: 'CE-stefan-boltzmann', role: 'j = σT⁴, the radiative loss the linear-loss check bounds' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['a_m=5mm', 'rho_kg_per_m3=8933', 'c_J_per_kg_K=385', 'k_W_per_m_K=401', 'h_W_per_m2_K=20', 'emissivity=0.05', 'T0_K=100degC', 'T_inf_K=20degC', 't_s=300'],\n      note: 'a 1 cm polished copper ball cooling from 100 °C in still air at 20 °C, read after 5 minutes',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['a_m=5cm', 'rho_kg_per_m3=7854', 'c_J_per_kg_K=434', 'k_W_per_m_K=60.5', 'h_W_per_m2_K=1000', 'emissivity=0', 'T0_K=90degC', 'T_inf_K=20degC', 't_s=600'],\n        note: 'a 10 cm steel ball from 90 °C into stirred water: Bi ≈ 0.28, the centre lags the surface and one temperature does not describe it',\n        fails: ['lumped'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['a_m=5mm', 'rho_kg_per_m3=7854', 'c_J_per_kg_K=434', 'k_W_per_m_K=60.5', 'h_W_per_m2_K=10', 'emissivity=0.8', 'T0_K=1000', 'T_inf_K=300', 't_s=60'],\n        note: 'a 1 cm oxidized steel ball at 1000 K in still air: radiation (h_rad ≈ 64 W/m²K) outweighs convection and the loss is not linear',\n        fails: ['linear-loss'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the lumped sphere temperature, parent-series comparison and heat-transfer checks for the supplied inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['a_m', 'rho_kg_per_m3', 'c_J_per_kg_K', 'k_W_per_m_K', 'h_W_per_m2_K', 'T0_K', 'T_inf_K']);\n    const {\n      a_m: a, rho_kg_per_m3: rho, c_J_per_kg_K: c, k_W_per_m_K: k, h_W_per_m2_K: h,\n      emissivity: eps, T0_K: T0, T_inf_K: Tinf, t_s: t,\n    } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(eps) || eps < 0 || eps > 1) throw new Error(`${ID}: emissivity must be in [0, 1] (got ${eps})`);\n    if (!Number.isFinite(t) || t < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: t_s must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${t})`);\n    const tau = (rho * c * a) / (3 * h);\n    const bi = (h * (a / 3)) / k;\n    const biRadius = (h * a) / k;\n    const alpha = k / (rho * c);\n    const fo = (alpha * t) / (a * a);\n    const theta = Math.exp(-t / tau);\n    const series = sphereSeries(biRadius, fo);\n    const dT0 = T0 - Tinf;\n    const Tmax = Math.max(T0, Tinf);\n    const hRad = eps * SIGMA_SB_SI * (Tmax + Tinf) * (Tmax * Tmax + Tinf * Tinf);\n    const volume = (4 / 3) * Math.PI * a ** 3;\n    const biRadiating = ((h + hRad) * (a / 3)) / k;\n    const tRadiating = biRadiating <= MAX_BIOT ? lumpedRadiatingTemperature({ a, rho, c, h, eps, T0, Tinf, t }) : null;\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        tau_s: tau,\n        Bi: bi,\n        Bi_radius: biRadius,\n        alpha_m2_per_s: alpha,\n        Fo: fo,\n        theta,\n        T_K: Tinf + dT0 * theta,\n        Q_J: rho * c * volume * dT0 * -Math.expm1(-t / tau),\n        theta_parent_mean: series.mean,\n        parent_deviation: theta / series.mean - 1,\n        T_centre_K: Tinf + dT0 * series.centre,\n        T_surface_K: Tinf + dT0 * series.surface,\n        h_rad_max_W_per_m2_K: hRad,\n        Bi_radiating: biRadiating,\n        T_radiating_K: tRadiating,\n      },\n      checks: [\n        check('lumped', 'one temperature for the sphere: internal conduction fast beside surface loss, Bi ≪ 1', 'h (a/3)/k', bi, '<=', MAX_BIOT,\n          'the conventional criterion Bi ≤ 0.1 with L_c = V/A (Incropera §5.2); parent_deviation shows the error it leaves at t'),\n        check('linear-loss', 'the loss is linear in T − T∞: radiation small beside convection', 'εσ_SB(T_max + T∞)(T_max² + T∞²)/h', hRad / h, '<=', MAX_RADIATION_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold: the neglected radiative conductance is ≤ 10% of h at the hottest point of the run (Incropera eq. 1.9 linearization)'),\n      ],\n      unchecked: [\n        'h is uniform over the sphere and constant in time; for natural convection it falls as the sphere approaches T∞',\n        'ρ, c and k are constant over [min(T0, T∞), max(T0, T∞)]',\n      ],\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

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package/dist/cases/resistor-noise.js

@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ export const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE = {
         { key: 'V_rms_parent_V', symbol: 'V_rms,parent', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the parent spectrum integrated over the band (adaptive Simpson)' },
         { key: 'parent_deviation', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,parent − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('scalar result', 'parent') },
         { key: 'V_rms_rel_sigma', symbol: 'σ(V_rms)/V_rms', unit: '', meaning: 'statistical scatter of an RMS averaged over t_avg: 1/(2√(B t_avg)) (Dicke radiometer relation)' },
-        { key: 'V_rms_total_V', symbol: 'V_rms,total', unit: 'V', meaning: 'what the instrument reads with its amplifier noise added in quadrature; null without e_n2/i_n2' },
-        { key: 'resistor_fraction', symbol: 'φ', unit: '', meaning: "the thermal share of the read noise power, 4k_BTR_eff/(4k_BTR_eff + e_n² + i_n²R_eff²); null without e_n2/i_n2" },
-        { key: 'T_n_K', symbol: 'T_n', unit: 'K', meaning: "the amplifier's noise temperature for the source R_eff, (e_n² + i_n²R_eff²)/(4k_B R_eff); null without e_n2/i_n2" },
+        { key: 'V_rms_total_V', symbol: 'V_rms,total', unit: 'V', meaning: 'what the instrument reads with its amplifier noise added in quadrature; not defined without e_n2/i_n2' },
+        { key: 'resistor_fraction', symbol: 'φ', unit: '', meaning: "the thermal share of the read noise power, 4k_BTR_eff/(4k_BTR_eff + e_n² + i_n²R_eff²); not defined without e_n2/i_n2" },
+        { key: 'T_n_K', symbol: 'T_n', unit: 'K', meaning: "the amplifier's noise temperature for the source R_eff, (e_n² + i_n²R_eff²)/(4k_B R_eff); not defined without e_n2/i_n2" },
     ],
     conditions: [
         'thermal equilibrium: R and the instrument input at one temperature T, no DC current through R',

package/dist/cases/resistor-noise.js.map

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* Applied case: the thermal (Johnson–Nyquist) noise voltage of a resistor as an\n * instrument reads it — over a finite band, loaded by the instrument's input\n * resistance and capacitance.\n *\n * The catalog's BE-58 gives the flat spectral density S_V = 4 k_B T R. A\n * measurement reads an RMS voltage over a band, through an input network, so\n * this case adds the band, the loading, and the two premises that make the\n * spectrum flat (hf ≪ k_BT, and the input RC pole above the band), and checks\n * both. The parent spectrum is integrated numerically for comparison. Given\n * the amplifier's e_n and i_n, it adds them to the reading and checks that the\n * resistor's share can still be resolved in the averaging time.\n *\n * @module cases/resistor-noise\n */\nimport { H_SI, K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { catalogRelations } from '../bridges/catalog-load.js';\nimport { evaluateCatalogRelation } from '../bridges/relation-eval.js';\nimport { adaptiveSimpson } from './quadrature.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, signedRelativeDifference, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-resistor-noise';\n\n/** h f_hi/(k_B T) ceiling: the Planck factor x/(eˣ−1) is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1. @internal */\nexport const CLASSICAL_MAX_X = 0.01;\n\n/** 2π f_hi R_eff C_in ceiling: the input RC pole then passes 1/(1+w²) ≥ 99% at f_hi. @internal */\nexport const FLAT_BAND_MAX_WRC = 0.1;\n\n/**\n * Ceiling on σ(S_R)/S_R = 1/(φ√(B t_avg)): the resistor's noise power, left after\n * subtracting an exactly known amplifier power, scatters by ≤ 1%. The total\n * power scatters by 1/√(B t_avg) (Dicke 1946); φ is the resistor's share of it.\n * @internal\n */\nexport const AMPLIFIER_MAX_REL_SIGMA = 0.01;\n\n/** Nyquist's thermal spectral density at f, shaped by the input RC; `x/expm1(x)` → 1 as x → 0. */\nfunction parentDensity(f: number, T: number, rEff: number, c: number): number {\n  const x = (H_SI * f) / (K_B_SI * T);\n  const planck = x === 0 ? 1 : x / Math.expm1(x);\n  const w = 2 * Math.PI * f * rEff * c;\n  return (4 * K_B_SI * T * rEff * planck) / (1 + w * w);\n}\n\nexport const RESISTOR_NOISE_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Resistor thermal-noise measurement (bandwidth, instrument loading)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'T_K', quantity: 'temperature', symbol: 'T', unit: 'K', meaning: 'absolute temperature of the resistor and of the instrument input, > 0 K', temperature: 'absolute' },\n    { key: 'R_ohm', quantity: 'resistance under test', symbol: 'R', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'the resistor whose noise is measured, > 0' },\n    { key: 'R_in_ohm', quantity: 'instrument input resistance', symbol: 'R_in', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'the input resistance in parallel with R, > 0 (a physical resistor at T)' },\n    { key: 'C_in_F', quantity: 'input capacitance', symbol: 'C_in', unit: 'F', meaning: 'instrument input plus cable capacitance in parallel with R, ≥ 0' },\n    { key: 'f_lo_Hz', quantity: 'lower band edge', symbol: 'f_lo', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'lower edge of the ideal (brick-wall) measurement band, ≥ 0' },\n    { key: 'f_hi_Hz', quantity: 'upper band edge', symbol: 'f_hi', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'upper edge of the band, > f_lo; B = f_hi − f_lo is the noise-equivalent bandwidth' },\n    { key: 't_avg_s', quantity: 'averaging time', symbol: 't_avg', unit: 's', meaning: 'how long the RMS is averaged, > 0' },\n    {\n      key: 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz',\n      quantity: 'amplifier voltage-noise power density',\n      symbol: 'e_n²',\n      unit: 'V^2/Hz',\n      meaning: \"the square of the amplifier's input voltage noise e_n, white over the band (4 nV/√Hz → 1.6e-17), ≥ 0\",\n      optional: true,\n    },\n    {\n      key: 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz',\n      quantity: 'amplifier current-noise power density',\n      symbol: 'i_n²',\n      unit: 'A^2/Hz',\n      meaning: \"the square of the amplifier's input current noise i_n, white over the band (1 pA/√Hz → 1e-24), ≥ 0\",\n      optional: true,\n    },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'S_V(f) = 4 R_eff · hf/(e^{hf/k_BT} − 1) · 1/(1 + (2πf R_eff C_in)²)   (Nyquist 1928, thermal part; seen through the input RC)',\n      'V_rms² = ∫_{f_lo}^{f_hi} S_V(f) df',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'S_V = 4 k_B T R_eff,  R_eff = R R_in/(R + R_in)   (BE-58 with the loaded resistance)',\n      'V_rms = √(4 k_B T R_eff B),  B = f_hi − f_lo',\n      'through an amplifier: V_rms,total² = (4 k_B T R_eff + e_n² + i_n² R_eff²) B, e_n and i_n uncorrelated (the e_n–i_n model; Motchenbacher & Connelly 1993)',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'S_V(f) is a spectral density — a function of frequency fixed by the fluctuation–dissipation theorem and shaped by ' +\n      'the input network; 4k_BTR_eff is its flat, classical value, and √(4k_BT R_eff B) integrates that constant over an ' +\n      'ideal band. Nyquist derived it from the thermal modes of a transmission line (a 1-D field); the lumped circuit keeps ' +\n      'only the port voltage.',\n  },\n  observable: 'V_rms_V',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'B_Hz', symbol: 'B', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'noise-equivalent bandwidth f_hi − f_lo' },\n    { key: 'R_eff_ohm', symbol: 'R_eff', unit: 'ohm', meaning: 'R in parallel with R_in: the resistance the instrument sees' },\n    { key: 'S_V_V2_per_Hz', symbol: 'S_V', unit: 'V^2/Hz', meaning: 'flat one-sided spectral density 4k_BT R_eff' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_unloaded_V', symbol: 'V_rms,0', unit: 'V', meaning: 'open-circuit value √(4k_BTRB), with no instrument attached' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_V', symbol: 'V_rms', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the RMS noise voltage the instrument reads (scalar model)' },\n    { key: 'loading_ratio', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,0', unit: '', meaning: '√(R_in/(R + R_in)): what the input resistance removes' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_parent_V', symbol: 'V_rms,parent', unit: 'V', meaning: 'the parent spectrum integrated over the band (adaptive Simpson)' },\n    { key: 'parent_deviation', symbol: 'V_rms/V_rms,parent − 1', unit: '', meaning: signedRelativeDifference('scalar result', 'parent') },\n    { key: 'V_rms_rel_sigma', symbol: 'σ(V_rms)/V_rms', unit: '', meaning: 'statistical scatter of an RMS averaged over t_avg: 1/(2√(B t_avg)) (Dicke radiometer relation)' },\n    { key: 'V_rms_total_V', symbol: 'V_rms,total', unit: 'V', meaning: 'what the instrument reads with its amplifier noise added in quadrature; not defined without e_n2/i_n2' },\n    { key: 'resistor_fraction', symbol: 'φ', unit: '', meaning: \"the thermal share of the read noise power, 4k_BTR_eff/(4k_BTR_eff + e_n² + i_n²R_eff²); not defined without e_n2/i_n2\" },\n    { key: 'T_n_K', symbol: 'T_n', unit: 'K', meaning: \"the amplifier's noise temperature for the source R_eff, (e_n² + i_n²R_eff²)/(4k_B R_eff); not defined without e_n2/i_n2\" },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'thermal equilibrium: R and the instrument input at one temperature T, no DC current through R',\n    'the instrument reads the voltage across R ∥ R_in ∥ C_in (open-circuit source, no other load)',\n    'stationary Gaussian noise; the band is an ideal brick wall of width B (the real filter enters only through its noise-equivalent bandwidth)',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: \"the parent: Nyquist's thermal spectrum through the input RC, integrated over [f_lo, f_hi]\",\n    valueKey: 'V_rms_V',\n    referenceKey: 'V_rms_parent_V',\n    deviationKey: 'parent_deviation',\n    method: 'adaptive Simpson quadrature, relative tolerance 1e-10',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    \"the amplifier's noise when e_n2 and i_n2 are left out; when given, their 1/f corners and their correlation (taken white and uncorrelated)\",\n    '1/f (excess) noise, which needs a current through R',\n    'the zero-point term hf/2 of the quantum fluctuation–dissipation theorem (the parent here is the thermal part)',\n    'frequency dependence of R and R_in over the band',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'digitize the voltage across R through a band-pass of noise-equivalent bandwidth B and average the RMS over t_avg; ' +\n      'compare with V_rms_V ± V_rms_rel_sigma·V_rms_V (statistical scatter only)',\n    \"measure the amplifier's own noise with its input shorted and subtract it in quadrature before comparing\",\n    '`upt confront --bridge=be-58`: the NIST Johnson-noise-thermometry k_B, which tests S_V = 4k_BTR with R traceable to the quantum Hall effect',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: `be-${58}`, role: 'the flat spectral density S_V = 4k_BTR (catalog evaluator: `upt evaluate be-58`)' },\n    { id: `be-${55}`, role: 'quantum Hall resistance standard to which R is traceable in the JNT comparison' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=1kohm', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=20pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=10kHz', 't_avg_s=10', 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz=1e-18', 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz=1e-24'],\n      note: 'a 1 kΩ resistor at 300 K, a 1 MΩ ∥ 20 pF input with 1 nV/√Hz and 1 pA/√Hz of amplifier noise, a 10 kHz band, 10 s of averaging',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=20mK', 'R_ohm=50', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=0', 'f_lo_Hz=1GHz', 'f_hi_Hz=2GHz', 't_avg_s=1'],\n        note: 'a 50 Ω load at 20 mK read at 1–2 GHz: hf/k_BT ≈ 4.8, the spectrum is not flat and 4k_BTR overstates it',\n        fails: ['classical'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=1Mohm', 'R_in_ohm=10Mohm', 'C_in_F=100pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=100kHz', 't_avg_s=1'],\n        note: 'a 1 MΩ resistor through 100 pF: the RC pole sits near 1.7 Hz, far below the 100 kHz band edge',\n        fails: ['flat-band'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['T_K=300', 'R_ohm=10', 'R_in_ohm=1Mohm', 'C_in_F=20pF', 'f_lo_Hz=0', 'f_hi_Hz=10kHz', 't_avg_s=10', 'e_n2_V2_per_Hz=1.6e-17', 'i_n2_A2_per_Hz=1e-24'],\n        note: 'a 10 Ω resistor through a 4 nV/√Hz amplifier: the amplifier adds ~100× the resistor\\'s noise power, which 10 s cannot resolve to 1%',\n        fails: ['amplifier'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the measured Johnson-Nyquist RMS voltage and instrument-regime checks for the supplied inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['T_K', 'R_ohm', 'R_in_ohm', 'f_hi_Hz', 't_avg_s']);\n    const { T_K: T, R_ohm: R, R_in_ohm: Rin, C_in_F: C, f_lo_Hz: fLo, f_hi_Hz: fHi, t_avg_s: tAvg } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(C) || C < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: C_in_F must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${C})`);\n    if (!Number.isFinite(fLo) || fLo < 0 || fLo >= fHi) throw new Error(`${ID}: need 0 ≤ f_lo_Hz < f_hi_Hz (got ${fLo}, ${fHi})`);\n    const B = fHi - fLo;\n    const rEff = (R * Rin) / (R + Rin);\n    const noise = catalogRelations().find((row) => row.target === 'voltage-noise-density');\n    if (noise === undefined) throw new Error(`${ID}: the resistor-noise relation is not in the catalog`);\n    const spectral = (temperature: number, ohms: number): number =>\n      evaluateCatalogRelation(noise, { 'johnson-temperature': temperature, resistance: ohms });\n    const S = spectral(T, rEff);\n    const S0 = spectral(T, R);\n    const vRms = Math.sqrt(S * B);\n    const vParent = Math.sqrt(adaptiveSimpson((f) => parentDensity(f, T, rEff, C), fLo, fHi));\n    const x = (H_SI * fHi) / (K_B_SI * T);\n    const wrc = 2 * Math.PI * fHi * rEff * C;\n    const checks = [\n      check('classical', 'flat, classical spectrum: hf ≪ k_BT across the band', 'h f_hi/(k_B T)', x, '<=', CLASSICAL_MAX_X,\n        'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the Planck factor at f_hi is then within x/2 ≤ 0.5% of 1'),\n      check('flat-band', 'the input RC pole lies above the band', '2π f_hi R_eff C_in', wrc, '<=', FLAT_BAND_MAX_WRC,\n        'chosen threshold for ≪ 1: the RC low-pass then passes ≥ 99% of the density at f_hi'),\n    ];\n    const unchecked = [\n      'R_in is a physical resistance at T; an actively synthesized or cold input adds less noise than its resistance would, ' +\n        'down to the resistor alone divided by the input: V_rms,0 · R_in/(R + R_in)',\n      'no DC current through R, so no 1/f excess noise',\n    ];\n    const withAmplifier = i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz !== undefined || i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz !== undefined;\n    let amp: { total: number; fraction: number; tN: number } | null = null;\n    if (withAmplifier) {\n      const en2 = i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz ?? 0;\n      const in2 = i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz ?? 0;\n      for (const [k, v] of [['e_n2_V2_per_Hz', en2], ['i_n2_A2_per_Hz', in2]] as const) {\n        if (!Number.isFinite(v) || v < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: ${k} must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${v})`);\n      }\n      const excess = en2 + in2 * rEff * rEff;\n      const fraction = S / (S + excess);\n      amp = { total: Math.sqrt((S + excess) * B), fraction, tN: excess / (4 * K_B_SI * rEff) };\n      checks.push(\n        check('amplifier', \"the resistor's noise is resolved above the amplifier's in t_avg\", '1/(φ √(B t_avg))', 1 / (fraction * Math.sqrt(B * tAvg)), '<=',\n          AMPLIFIER_MAX_REL_SIGMA,\n          \"chosen threshold: after subtracting the amplifier's power (known exactly, e.g. from a long shorted-input run) the resistor's power scatters by ≤ 1%\"),\n      );\n      unchecked.push(\n        `e_n and i_n are white over the band and uncorrelated${i.e_n2_V2_per_Hz === undefined ? '; e_n was not given and is taken as 0' : ''}` +\n          `${i.i_n2_A2_per_Hz === undefined ? '; i_n was not given and is taken as 0' : ''}`,\n      );\n    }\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        B_Hz: B,\n        R_eff_ohm: rEff,\n        S_V_V2_per_Hz: S,\n        V_rms_unloaded_V: Math.sqrt(S0 * B),\n        V_rms_V: vRms,\n        loading_ratio: Math.sqrt(S / S0),\n        V_rms_parent_V: vParent,\n        parent_deviation: vRms / vParent - 1,\n        V_rms_rel_sigma: 1 / (2 * Math.sqrt(B * tAvg)),\n        V_rms_total_V: amp?.total ?? null,\n        resistor_fraction: amp?.fraction ?? null,\n        T_n_K: amp?.tN ?? null,\n      },\n      checks,\n      unchecked,\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}