universal-physics-tensor 11.0.0 → 12.0.0

package/dist/cases/damped-resonator.js

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-/**
- * Applied case: the free ring-down of a damped resonator, read out over a
- * finite record — the envelope and displacement at a chosen time, the
- * linewidth, and what a record of length t_obs can resolve of it.
- *
- * The atlas holds the damped spring (`model-damped-spring`), its exact RLC
- * equivalent (`ab-damped-rlc`) and its overdamped reduction
- * (`ab-damped-massless`). This case evaluates the underdamped solution for a
- * given f0 and Q, refuses it when the resonator is not underdamped, and checks
- * the record length against the linewidth it is meant to resolve. The
- * rectangular-window spectrum of the truncated ring-down is computed in
- * closed form, near resonance, for comparison. Given the temperature and the
- * mode's stiffness, it checks the envelope against the thermal motion.
- *
- * @module cases/damped-resonator
- */
-import { findRoot } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';
-import { K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
-import { check, requirePositive } from './types.js';
-const ID = 'case-damped-resonator';
-/** Q floor for the single-Lorentzian (near-resonance) form of the spectrum. @internal */
-export const MIN_Q_LORENTZIAN = 10;
-/** (1/t_obs)/linewidth ceiling: the record resolves the line. @internal */
-export const MAX_RESOLUTION_RATIO = 0.1;
-/**
- * √(k_BT/k)/A ceiling. Thermal motion of one mode is x = X cos ω_d t + Y sin ω_d t
- * with ⟨X²⟩ = ⟨Y²⟩ = k_BT/k (equipartition), so the envelope of the ring-down
- * plus it is Rician with ⟨A_obs²⟩ = A² + 2k_BT/k (Rice 1944); at the ceiling
- * √(1 + 2·0.01) − 1 ≈ 0.0100.
- * @internal
- */
-export const MAX_THERMAL_RATIO = 0.1;
-/**
- * FWHM in Hz of |∫₀ᵀ e^{−(α + iΔω)t} dt|², the near-resonance power spectrum of
- * a ring-down x0 e^{−αt} cos(ω_d t) recorded for T. The negative-frequency
- * pole is dropped, which is the Q ≫ 1 approximation. The peak is at Δω = 0:
- * the integrand is positive, so |X(Δω)| ≤ X(0).
- * @internal
- */
-export function windowedLinewidthHz(alpha, T) {
-    const oneMinusE = -Math.expm1(-alpha * T);
-    const E = 1 - oneMinusE;
-    // (1 − E)² + 4E sin²(ΔωT/2) is 1 − 2E cos(ΔωT) + E² without its cancellation near Δω = 0.
-    const power = (dw) => (oneMinusE ** 2 + 4 * E * Math.sin((dw * T) / 2) ** 2) / (alpha * alpha + dw * dw);
-    const half = power(0) / 2;
-    const h = (alpha + 1 / T) / 200;
-    let lo = 0;
-    let hi = h;
-    for (let k = 1; power(hi) > half; k++) {
-        if (k > 1e6)
-            throw new Error(`${ID}: no half-power point found (α = ${alpha}, T = ${T})`);
-        lo = hi;
-        hi += h;
-    }
-    // The crossing inside the first step past half power, by MathTS `findRoot` (Brent) on the
-    // order-one residual power/half − 1, to the bracket's floating-point resolution.
-    const crossing = findRoot((dw) => power(dw) / half - 1, lo, hi, { tol: 4 * Number.EPSILON * hi, maxIter: 200 });
-    return crossing / Math.PI;
-}
-export const DAMPED_RESONATOR_CASE = {
-    id: ID,
-    title: 'Damped resonator ring-down (damping, finite observation time)',
-    parameters: [
-        { key: 'f0_Hz', quantity: 'natural frequency', symbol: 'f0', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'undamped natural frequency ω0/2π = √(k/m)/2π, > 0' },
-        { key: 'Q', quantity: 'quality factor', symbol: 'Q', unit: '', meaning: 'Q = ω0 m/b (for an RLC: √(L/C)/R), > 0' },
-        { key: 'x0_m', quantity: 'initial displacement', symbol: 'x0', unit: 'm', meaning: 'displacement at release, from rest' },
-        { key: 't_s', quantity: 'read-out time', symbol: 't', unit: 's', meaning: 'time after release at which x and the envelope are read, ≥ 0' },
-        { key: 't_obs_s', quantity: 'record length', symbol: 't_obs', unit: 's', meaning: 'length of the recorded ring-down, starting at release, > 0' },
-        { key: 'T_K', quantity: 'temperature', symbol: 'T', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature of the damping bath, > 0 K; give with k_N_per_m for the thermal floor', temperature: 'absolute', optional: true },
-        {
-            key: 'k_N_per_m',
-            quantity: 'mode stiffness',
-            symbol: 'k',
-            unit: 'N/m',
-            meaning: 'effective stiffness of the mode at the read-out point, > 0 (for an RLC read as charge: 1/C in 1/F, not N/m); give with T_K',
-            optional: true,
-        },
-    ],
-    governing: {
-        parent: [
-            'ρA ∂²w/∂t² + c ∂w/∂t + EI ∂⁴w/∂z⁴ = 0 with the structure\'s boundary conditions   (e.g. a cantilever: a field w(z, t) with many modes)',
-            'one mode, w = φ(z) x(t), read at one point:  m x″ + b x′ + k x = 0   (model-damped-spring; for a circuit L q″ + R q′ + q/C = 0, ab-damped-rlc)',
-        ],
-        scalar: [
-            'x(t) = x0 e^{−αt} [cos ω_d t + (α/ω_d) sin ω_d t],  α = ω0/(2Q),  ω_d = ω0 √(1 − 1/(4Q²))   (Q > 1/2)',
-            'envelope x0 e^{−αt}/√(1 − 1/(4Q²));  linewidth Δf = f0/Q;  resolution of a record 1/t_obs',
-        ],
-        distinction: 'The parent is a field w(z, t) with infinitely many modes and a mode shape; the scalar keeps one mode\'s amplitude ' +
-            'x(t) at the read-out point, with all loss lumped into a viscous (velocity-proportional) Q. Dropped: the other modes ' +
-            'and their coupling, the mode shape, and any frequency or amplitude dependence of the damping (structural damping ' +
-            'gives a different Q(f)).',
-    },
-    observable: 'envelope_m',
-    outputs: [
-        { key: 'alpha_per_s', symbol: 'α', unit: 's^-1', meaning: 'amplitude decay rate ω0/(2Q) = b/(2m)' },
-        { key: 'tau_s', symbol: 'τ', unit: 's', meaning: 'amplitude ring-down time 1/α = Q/(πf0)' },
-        { key: 'linewidth_Hz', symbol: 'Δf', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'f0/Q: FWHM of the velocity (absorbed-power) response, exact at any Q; the displacement response approaches it for Q ≫ 1' },
-        { key: 'f_d_Hz', symbol: 'f_d', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'damped oscillation frequency f0 √(1 − 1/(4Q²))' },
-        { key: 'x_m', symbol: 'x(t)', unit: 'm', meaning: 'displacement at t, released from rest at x0' },
-        { key: 'envelope_m', symbol: 'A(t)', unit: 'm', meaning: 'ring-down envelope at t: the amplitude a peak-detecting read-out sees' },
-        { key: 'resolution_Hz', symbol: '1/t_obs', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'frequency resolution of the record' },
-        { key: 'linewidth_windowed_Hz', symbol: 'Δf_T', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'FWHM of the power spectrum of the truncated ring-down (rectangular window, near resonance)' },
-        { key: 'windowed_excess', symbol: 'Δf_T/Δf − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'how much the finite record broadens the measured line' },
-        { key: 'x_th_rms_m', symbol: '√⟨x²⟩_th', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thermal RMS displacement √(k_BT/k) of the mode (equipartition); not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m' },
-        {
-            key: 'envelope_rms_m',
-            symbol: '√⟨A²⟩',
-            unit: 'm',
-            meaning: 'RMS envelope with the thermal motion added: √(A² + 2k_BT/k), the Rice second moment; not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m',
-        },
-    ],
-    conditions: [
-        'released from rest: x(0) = x0, x′(0) = 0; free ring-down, no drive after release',
-        'linear restoring force: the amplitude is small enough that f0 does not depend on it (ax-cubic-spring-lc records why a hardening spring is not this model)',
-        'the record starts at release and lasts t_obs; its spectrum is that of a rectangular window',
-    ],
-    comparison: {
-        reference: 'the linewidth an infinitely long record would show, f0/Q',
-        valueKey: 'linewidth_windowed_Hz',
-        referenceKey: 'linewidth_Hz',
-        deviationKey: 'windowed_excess',
-        method: 'closed-form transform of the truncated ring-down, half-power point by MathTS findRoot (Brent) inside the first step past half power',
-    },
-    notIncluded: [
-        'the detector noise floor; and the thermal drive of the resonator unless T_K and k_N_per_m are given (its equilibrium amplitude √(k_BT/k) is the fluctuation–dissipation partner of its damping; compare case-resistor-noise)',
-        'frequency drift of f0 over the record',
-        'window shapes other than rectangular, and the negative-frequency image of the line (the Q ≫ 1 approximation)',
-        'the other modes of the structure',
-    ],
-    measurement: [
-        'ring-down: fit ln A(t) against t; the slope −α gives Q = πf0/α; compare the measured envelope at t with envelope_m',
-        'spectrum: the FWHM of the recorded line is linewidth_windowed_Hz, which approaches linewidth_Hz only when the record resolves it',
-        'for an RLC circuit read the capacitor voltage: f0 = 1/(2π√(LC)), Q = √(L/C)/R (ab-damped-rlc)',
-    ],
-    links: [
-        { id: 'model-damped-spring', role: 'm x″ + b x′ + k x = 0, the single-mode equation evaluated here' },
-        { id: 'ab-damped-rlc', role: 'the same equation for an RLC circuit, an exact equivalence' },
-        { id: 'ab-damped-massless', role: 'the overdamped reduction, for the regime where this case refuses (Q ≤ 1/2)' },
-        { id: 'ax-cubic-spring-lc', role: 'the refuted claim that a nonlinear (cubic) spring maps onto the linear circuit' },
-    ],
-    examples: {
-        valid: {
-            args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=20', 'T_K=300', 'k_N_per_m=1'],
-            note: 'a 1 kHz, Q = 1000 resonator (1 Hz line), 1 N/m at 300 K, read 0.1 s after release, recorded for 20 s',
-            fails: [],
-        },
-        failures: [
-            {
-                args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=1'],
-                note: 'the same resonator recorded for 1 s: the 1 Hz resolution cannot resolve the 1 Hz line',
-                fails: ['resolved'],
-            },
-            {
-                args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=0.3', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=20'],
-                note: 'Q = 0.3 is overdamped: there is no ring-down, and the underdamped formulas are refused',
-                fails: ['underdamped', 'single-lorentzian'],
-            },
-            {
-                args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=100pm', 't_s=1', 't_obs_s=20', 'T_K=300', 'k_N_per_m=1'],
-                note: 'released from 100 pm and read after 1 s (≈ 3 ring-down times): the envelope, ≈ 4 pm, sits below the 64 pm thermal motion',
-                fails: ['above-thermal'],
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-    /** Evaluate the underdamped ring-down outputs and checks for the supplied resonator inputs. */
-    run(i) {
-        requirePositive(ID, i, ['f0_Hz', 'Q', 't_obs_s']);
-        const { f0_Hz: f0, Q, x0_m: x0, t_s: t, t_obs_s: tObs } = i;
-        if (!Number.isFinite(x0))
-            throw new Error(`${ID}: x0_m must be finite (got ${x0})`);
-        if (!Number.isFinite(t) || t < 0)
-            throw new Error(`${ID}: t_s must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${t})`);
-        const w0 = 2 * Math.PI * f0;
-        const alpha = w0 / (2 * Q);
-        const linewidth = f0 / Q;
-        const underdamped = Q > 0.5;
-        const root = underdamped ? Math.sqrt(1 - 1 / (4 * Q * Q)) : NaN;
-        const wd = w0 * root;
-        const decay = Math.exp(-alpha * t);
-        const windowed = underdamped ? windowedLinewidthHz(alpha, tObs) : null;
-        const envelope = underdamped ? (Math.abs(x0) * decay) / root : null;
-        const checks = [
-            check('underdamped', 'underdamped: the solution rings (Q > 1/2)', 'Q', Q, '>', 0.5, 'exact: at Q ≤ 1/2 the solution is a sum of real exponentials, with no ring-down, f_d or envelope'),
-            check('single-lorentzian', 'high Q: the line near f0 is one Lorentzian', 'Q', Q, '>=', MIN_Q_LORENTZIAN, 'chosen threshold for Q ≫ 1: the windowed spectrum drops the negative-frequency pole'),
-            check('resolved', 'the record resolves the line: 1/t_obs ≪ f0/Q', '(1/t_obs)/(f0/Q)', 1 / tObs / linewidth, '<=', MAX_RESOLUTION_RATIO, 'chosen threshold for ≪ 1; see windowed_excess for the broadening it allows'),
-            check('in-record', 'the read-out time lies inside the record', 't/t_obs', t / tObs, '<=', 1, 'exact: an envelope read after the record ends was not measured'),
-        ];
-        const unchecked = underdamped
-            ? ['the damping is viscous (velocity-proportional) and the same over the whole ring-down']
-            : ['for Q ≤ 1/2 the displacement is x0 (r₂e^{r₁t} − r₁e^{r₂t})/(r₂ − r₁) with real r₁, r₂; this case does not evaluate it'];
-        if ((i.T_K === undefined) !== (i.k_N_per_m === undefined))
-            throw new Error(`${ID}: give T_K and k_N_per_m together, or neither`);
-        let xTh = null;
-        if (i.T_K !== undefined) {
-            requirePositive(ID, i, ['T_K', 'k_N_per_m']);
-            xTh = Math.sqrt((K_B_SI * i.T_K) / i.k_N_per_m);
-            if (envelope !== null) {
-                checks.push(check('above-thermal', 'the ring-down stands above the thermal motion at t', '√(k_BT/k)/A(t)', xTh / envelope, '<=', MAX_THERMAL_RATIO, 'chosen threshold: the RMS envelope √(A² + 2k_BT/k) then exceeds A by ≤ 1%'));
-            }
-            unchecked.push('the thermal motion is in equilibrium with the damping bath at T and uncorrelated with the release; the read-out adds no noise of its own');
-        }
-        return {
-            outputs: {
-                alpha_per_s: alpha,
-                tau_s: 1 / alpha,
-                linewidth_Hz: linewidth,
-                f_d_Hz: underdamped ? f0 * root : null,
-                x_m: underdamped ? x0 * decay * (Math.cos(wd * t) + (alpha / wd) * Math.sin(wd * t)) : null,
-                envelope_m: envelope,
-                resolution_Hz: 1 / tObs,
-                linewidth_windowed_Hz: windowed,
-                windowed_excess: windowed === null ? null : windowed / linewidth - 1,
-                x_th_rms_m: xTh,
-                envelope_rms_m: xTh === null || envelope === null ? null : Math.sqrt(envelope * envelope + 2 * xTh * xTh),
-            },
-            checks,
-            unchecked,
-        };
-    },
-};
-//# sourceMappingURL=damped-resonator.js.map

package/dist/cases/damped-resonator.js.map

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* Applied case: the free ring-down of a damped resonator, read out over a\n * finite record — the envelope and displacement at a chosen time, the\n * linewidth, and what a record of length t_obs can resolve of it.\n *\n * The atlas holds the damped spring (`model-damped-spring`), its exact RLC\n * equivalent (`ab-damped-rlc`) and its overdamped reduction\n * (`ab-damped-massless`). This case evaluates the underdamped solution for a\n * given f0 and Q, refuses it when the resonator is not underdamped, and checks\n * the record length against the linewidth it is meant to resolve. The\n * rectangular-window spectrum of the truncated ring-down is computed in\n * closed form, near resonance, for comparison. Given the temperature and the\n * mode's stiffness, it checks the envelope against the thermal motion.\n *\n * @module cases/damped-resonator\n */\nimport { findRoot } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';\nimport { K_B_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-damped-resonator';\n\n/** Q floor for the single-Lorentzian (near-resonance) form of the spectrum. @internal */\nexport const MIN_Q_LORENTZIAN = 10;\n\n/** (1/t_obs)/linewidth ceiling: the record resolves the line. @internal */\nexport const MAX_RESOLUTION_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/**\n * √(k_BT/k)/A ceiling. Thermal motion of one mode is x = X cos ω_d t + Y sin ω_d t\n * with ⟨X²⟩ = ⟨Y²⟩ = k_BT/k (equipartition), so the envelope of the ring-down\n * plus it is Rician with ⟨A_obs²⟩ = A² + 2k_BT/k (Rice 1944); at the ceiling\n * √(1 + 2·0.01) − 1 ≈ 0.0100.\n * @internal\n */\nexport const MAX_THERMAL_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/**\n * FWHM in Hz of |∫₀ᵀ e^{−(α + iΔω)t} dt|², the near-resonance power spectrum of\n * a ring-down x0 e^{−αt} cos(ω_d t) recorded for T. The negative-frequency\n * pole is dropped, which is the Q ≫ 1 approximation. The peak is at Δω = 0:\n * the integrand is positive, so |X(Δω)| ≤ X(0).\n * @internal\n */\nexport function windowedLinewidthHz(alpha: number, T: number): number {\n  const oneMinusE = -Math.expm1(-alpha * T);\n  const E = 1 - oneMinusE;\n  // (1 − E)² + 4E sin²(ΔωT/2) is 1 − 2E cos(ΔωT) + E² without its cancellation near Δω = 0.\n  const power = (dw: number) => (oneMinusE ** 2 + 4 * E * Math.sin((dw * T) / 2) ** 2) / (alpha * alpha + dw * dw);\n  const half = power(0) / 2;\n  const h = (alpha + 1 / T) / 200;\n  let lo = 0;\n  let hi = h;\n  for (let k = 1; power(hi) > half; k++) {\n    if (k > 1e6) throw new Error(`${ID}: no half-power point found (α = ${alpha}, T = ${T})`);\n    lo = hi;\n    hi += h;\n  }\n  // The crossing inside the first step past half power, by MathTS `findRoot` (Brent) on the\n  // order-one residual power/half − 1, to the bracket's floating-point resolution.\n  const crossing = findRoot((dw) => power(dw) / half - 1, lo, hi, { tol: 4 * Number.EPSILON * hi, maxIter: 200 });\n  return crossing / Math.PI;\n}\n\nexport const DAMPED_RESONATOR_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Damped resonator ring-down (damping, finite observation time)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'f0_Hz', quantity: 'natural frequency', symbol: 'f0', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'undamped natural frequency ω0/2π = √(k/m)/2π, > 0' },\n    { key: 'Q', quantity: 'quality factor', symbol: 'Q', unit: '', meaning: 'Q = ω0 m/b (for an RLC: √(L/C)/R), > 0' },\n    { key: 'x0_m', quantity: 'initial displacement', symbol: 'x0', unit: 'm', meaning: 'displacement at release, from rest' },\n    { key: 't_s', quantity: 'read-out time', symbol: 't', unit: 's', meaning: 'time after release at which x and the envelope are read, ≥ 0' },\n    { key: 't_obs_s', quantity: 'record length', symbol: 't_obs', unit: 's', meaning: 'length of the recorded ring-down, starting at release, > 0' },\n    { key: 'T_K', quantity: 'temperature', symbol: 'T', unit: 'K', meaning: 'temperature of the damping bath, > 0 K; give with k_N_per_m for the thermal floor', temperature: 'absolute', optional: true },\n    {\n      key: 'k_N_per_m',\n      quantity: 'mode stiffness',\n      symbol: 'k',\n      unit: 'N/m',\n      meaning: 'effective stiffness of the mode at the read-out point, > 0 (for an RLC read as charge: 1/C in 1/F, not N/m); give with T_K',\n      optional: true,\n    },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'ρA ∂²w/∂t² + c ∂w/∂t + EI ∂⁴w/∂z⁴ = 0 with the structure\\'s boundary conditions   (e.g. a cantilever: a field w(z, t) with many modes)',\n      'one mode, w = φ(z) x(t), read at one point:  m x″ + b x′ + k x = 0   (model-damped-spring; for a circuit L q″ + R q′ + q/C = 0, ab-damped-rlc)',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'x(t) = x0 e^{−αt} [cos ω_d t + (α/ω_d) sin ω_d t],  α = ω0/(2Q),  ω_d = ω0 √(1 − 1/(4Q²))   (Q > 1/2)',\n      'envelope x0 e^{−αt}/√(1 − 1/(4Q²));  linewidth Δf = f0/Q;  resolution of a record 1/t_obs',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parent is a field w(z, t) with infinitely many modes and a mode shape; the scalar keeps one mode\\'s amplitude ' +\n      'x(t) at the read-out point, with all loss lumped into a viscous (velocity-proportional) Q. Dropped: the other modes ' +\n      'and their coupling, the mode shape, and any frequency or amplitude dependence of the damping (structural damping ' +\n      'gives a different Q(f)).',\n  },\n  observable: 'envelope_m',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'alpha_per_s', symbol: 'α', unit: 's^-1', meaning: 'amplitude decay rate ω0/(2Q) = b/(2m)' },\n    { key: 'tau_s', symbol: 'τ', unit: 's', meaning: 'amplitude ring-down time 1/α = Q/(πf0)' },\n    { key: 'linewidth_Hz', symbol: 'Δf', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'f0/Q: FWHM of the velocity (absorbed-power) response, exact at any Q; the displacement response approaches it for Q ≫ 1' },\n    { key: 'f_d_Hz', symbol: 'f_d', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'damped oscillation frequency f0 √(1 − 1/(4Q²))' },\n    { key: 'x_m', symbol: 'x(t)', unit: 'm', meaning: 'displacement at t, released from rest at x0' },\n    { key: 'envelope_m', symbol: 'A(t)', unit: 'm', meaning: 'ring-down envelope at t: the amplitude a peak-detecting read-out sees' },\n    { key: 'resolution_Hz', symbol: '1/t_obs', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'frequency resolution of the record' },\n    { key: 'linewidth_windowed_Hz', symbol: 'Δf_T', unit: 'Hz', meaning: 'FWHM of the power spectrum of the truncated ring-down (rectangular window, near resonance)' },\n    { key: 'windowed_excess', symbol: 'Δf_T/Δf − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'how much the finite record broadens the measured line' },\n    { key: 'x_th_rms_m', symbol: '√⟨x²⟩_th', unit: 'm', meaning: 'thermal RMS displacement √(k_BT/k) of the mode (equipartition); not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m' },\n    {\n      key: 'envelope_rms_m',\n      symbol: '√⟨A²⟩',\n      unit: 'm',\n      meaning: 'RMS envelope with the thermal motion added: √(A² + 2k_BT/k), the Rice second moment; not defined without T_K and k_N_per_m',\n    },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'released from rest: x(0) = x0, x′(0) = 0; free ring-down, no drive after release',\n    'linear restoring force: the amplitude is small enough that f0 does not depend on it (ax-cubic-spring-lc records why a hardening spring is not this model)',\n    'the record starts at release and lasts t_obs; its spectrum is that of a rectangular window',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the linewidth an infinitely long record would show, f0/Q',\n    valueKey: 'linewidth_windowed_Hz',\n    referenceKey: 'linewidth_Hz',\n    deviationKey: 'windowed_excess',\n    method: 'closed-form transform of the truncated ring-down, half-power point by MathTS findRoot (Brent) inside the first step past half power',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    'the detector noise floor; and the thermal drive of the resonator unless T_K and k_N_per_m are given (its equilibrium amplitude √(k_BT/k) is the fluctuation–dissipation partner of its damping; compare case-resistor-noise)',\n    'frequency drift of f0 over the record',\n    'window shapes other than rectangular, and the negative-frequency image of the line (the Q ≫ 1 approximation)',\n    'the other modes of the structure',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'ring-down: fit ln A(t) against t; the slope −α gives Q = πf0/α; compare the measured envelope at t with envelope_m',\n    'spectrum: the FWHM of the recorded line is linewidth_windowed_Hz, which approaches linewidth_Hz only when the record resolves it',\n    'for an RLC circuit read the capacitor voltage: f0 = 1/(2π√(LC)), Q = √(L/C)/R (ab-damped-rlc)',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'model-damped-spring', role: 'm x″ + b x′ + k x = 0, the single-mode equation evaluated here' },\n    { id: 'ab-damped-rlc', role: 'the same equation for an RLC circuit, an exact equivalence' },\n    { id: 'ab-damped-massless', role: 'the overdamped reduction, for the regime where this case refuses (Q ≤ 1/2)' },\n    { id: 'ax-cubic-spring-lc', role: 'the refuted claim that a nonlinear (cubic) spring maps onto the linear circuit' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=20', 'T_K=300', 'k_N_per_m=1'],\n      note: 'a 1 kHz, Q = 1000 resonator (1 Hz line), 1 N/m at 300 K, read 0.1 s after release, recorded for 20 s',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=1'],\n        note: 'the same resonator recorded for 1 s: the 1 Hz resolution cannot resolve the 1 Hz line',\n        fails: ['resolved'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=0.3', 'x0_m=1um', 't_s=0.1', 't_obs_s=20'],\n        note: 'Q = 0.3 is overdamped: there is no ring-down, and the underdamped formulas are refused',\n        fails: ['underdamped', 'single-lorentzian'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['f0_Hz=1kHz', 'Q=1000', 'x0_m=100pm', 't_s=1', 't_obs_s=20', 'T_K=300', 'k_N_per_m=1'],\n        note: 'released from 100 pm and read after 1 s (≈ 3 ring-down times): the envelope, ≈ 4 pm, sits below the 64 pm thermal motion',\n        fails: ['above-thermal'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the underdamped ring-down outputs and checks for the supplied resonator inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['f0_Hz', 'Q', 't_obs_s']);\n    const { f0_Hz: f0, Q, x0_m: x0, t_s: t, t_obs_s: tObs } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(x0)) throw new Error(`${ID}: x0_m must be finite (got ${x0})`);\n    if (!Number.isFinite(t) || t < 0) throw new Error(`${ID}: t_s must be a finite number ≥ 0 (got ${t})`);\n    const w0 = 2 * Math.PI * f0;\n    const alpha = w0 / (2 * Q);\n    const linewidth = f0 / Q;\n    const underdamped = Q > 0.5;\n    const root = underdamped ? Math.sqrt(1 - 1 / (4 * Q * Q)) : NaN;\n    const wd = w0 * root;\n    const decay = Math.exp(-alpha * t);\n    const windowed = underdamped ? windowedLinewidthHz(alpha, tObs) : null;\n    const envelope = underdamped ? (Math.abs(x0) * decay) / root : null;\n    const checks = [\n      check('underdamped', 'underdamped: the solution rings (Q > 1/2)', 'Q', Q, '>', 0.5,\n        'exact: at Q ≤ 1/2 the solution is a sum of real exponentials, with no ring-down, f_d or envelope'),\n      check('single-lorentzian', 'high Q: the line near f0 is one Lorentzian', 'Q', Q, '>=', MIN_Q_LORENTZIAN,\n        'chosen threshold for Q ≫ 1: the windowed spectrum drops the negative-frequency pole'),\n      check('resolved', 'the record resolves the line: 1/t_obs ≪ f0/Q', '(1/t_obs)/(f0/Q)', 1 / tObs / linewidth, '<=', MAX_RESOLUTION_RATIO,\n        'chosen threshold for ≪ 1; see windowed_excess for the broadening it allows'),\n      check('in-record', 'the read-out time lies inside the record', 't/t_obs', t / tObs, '<=', 1,\n        'exact: an envelope read after the record ends was not measured'),\n    ];\n    const unchecked = underdamped\n      ? ['the damping is viscous (velocity-proportional) and the same over the whole ring-down']\n      : ['for Q ≤ 1/2 the displacement is x0 (r₂e^{r₁t} − r₁e^{r₂t})/(r₂ − r₁) with real r₁, r₂; this case does not evaluate it'];\n    if ((i.T_K === undefined) !== (i.k_N_per_m === undefined)) throw new Error(`${ID}: give T_K and k_N_per_m together, or neither`);\n    let xTh: number | null = null;\n    if (i.T_K !== undefined) {\n      requirePositive(ID, i, ['T_K', 'k_N_per_m']);\n      xTh = Math.sqrt((K_B_SI * i.T_K) / i.k_N_per_m!);\n      if (envelope !== null) {\n        checks.push(\n          check('above-thermal', 'the ring-down stands above the thermal motion at t', '√(k_BT/k)/A(t)', xTh / envelope, '<=', MAX_THERMAL_RATIO,\n            'chosen threshold: the RMS envelope √(A² + 2k_BT/k) then exceeds A by ≤ 1%'),\n        );\n      }\n      unchecked.push('the thermal motion is in equilibrium with the damping bath at T and uncorrelated with the release; the read-out adds no noise of its own');\n    }\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        alpha_per_s: alpha,\n        tau_s: 1 / alpha,\n        linewidth_Hz: linewidth,\n        f_d_Hz: underdamped ? f0 * root : null,\n        x_m: underdamped ? x0 * decay * (Math.cos(wd * t) + (alpha / wd) * Math.sin(wd * t)) : null,\n        envelope_m: envelope,\n        resolution_Hz: 1 / tObs,\n        linewidth_windowed_Hz: windowed,\n        windowed_excess: windowed === null ? null : windowed / linewidth - 1,\n        x_th_rms_m: xTh,\n        envelope_rms_m: xTh === null || envelope === null ? null : Math.sqrt(envelope * envelope + 2 * xTh * xTh),\n      },\n      checks,\n      unchecked,\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/kepler-rv.d.ts

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-import { type AppliedCase } from './types.js';
-/** The Julian year, the year BE-52 takes (s): the unit table's `julian_year` row (`yr`). @internal */
-export declare const JULIAN_YEAR_S: number;
-/** m_p/M_* ceiling: the test-mass K then exceeds the two-body K by (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1 ≤ 0.67%. @internal */
-export declare const MAX_MASS_RATIO = 0.01;
-/** Ceiling on the stellar radius over the periastron separation, for point masses. @internal */
-export declare const MAX_RADIUS_RATIO = 0.1;
-/** G(M_* + m_p)/(c² a) ceiling for Newtonian gravity. @internal */
-export declare const MAX_WEAK_FIELD = 0.0001;
-/** e·Δω accumulated over the record (rad) ceiling for a fixed ellipse. @internal */
-export declare const MAX_APSIDAL_MISFIT = 0.01;
-export declare const KEPLER_RV_CASE: AppliedCase;
-//# sourceMappingURL=kepler-rv.d.ts.map

package/dist/cases/kepler-rv.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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package/dist/cases/kepler-rv.js

@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Applied case: the radial-velocity semi-amplitude of a star orbited by a
- * companion — what a spectrograph reads as the star's reflex motion, from the
- * two masses, the period, the eccentricity and the inclination.
- *
- * The scalar is the test-mass form of the Keplerian RV curve used to infer
- * m_p sin i (Lovis & Fischer, "Radial Velocity Techniques for Exoplanets", in
- * Seager (ed.), Exoplanets, 2010, eq. 1; Murray & Dermott, Solar System
- * Dynamics, 1999, §2.7). The parent is the two-body problem of two extended
- * bodies in general relativity. The case compares the test-mass K with the
- * exact Newtonian two-body K, and checks the three premises that make a fixed
- * Keplerian ellipse the right curve: a companion light beside the star, point
- * masses (no tides), and a weak field whose apsidal advance (BE-52, with the
- * total mass; Robertson 1938) does not reshape the curve over the record.
- *
- * @module cases/kepler-rv
- */
-import { C_SI, G_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
-import { convertValue } from '../dimensional/units.js';
-import { catalogRelations } from '../bridges/catalog-load.js';
-import { evaluateCatalogRelation } from '../bridges/relation-eval.js';
-import { check, requirePositive } from './types.js';
-const ID = 'case-kepler-rv';
-/** The Julian year, the year BE-52 takes (s): the unit table's `julian_year` row (`yr`). @internal */
-export const JULIAN_YEAR_S = convertValue('1 yr', 's').value;
-/** m_p/M_* ceiling: the test-mass K then exceeds the two-body K by (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1 ≤ 0.67%. @internal */
-export const MAX_MASS_RATIO = 0.01;
-/** Ceiling on the stellar radius over the periastron separation, for point masses. @internal */
-export const MAX_RADIUS_RATIO = 0.1;
-/** G(M_* + m_p)/(c² a) ceiling for Newtonian gravity. @internal */
-export const MAX_WEAK_FIELD = 1e-4;
-/** e·Δω accumulated over the record (rad) ceiling for a fixed ellipse. @internal */
-export const MAX_APSIDAL_MISFIT = 0.01;
-export const KEPLER_RV_CASE = {
-    id: ID,
-    title: 'Radial-velocity semi-amplitude of a star with a companion (mass ratio, tides, GR apsidal advance)',
-    parameters: [
-        { key: 'M_star_kg', quantity: 'stellar mass', symbol: 'M_*', unit: 'kg', meaning: 'mass of the star whose radial velocity is measured (1Msun = 1.989e30 kg), > 0' },
-        { key: 'm_p_kg', quantity: 'companion mass', symbol: 'm_p', unit: 'kg', meaning: 'true mass of the companion (Jupiter ≈ 1.898e27 kg), > 0' },
-        { key: 'P_s', quantity: 'orbital period', symbol: 'P', unit: 's', meaning: 'the orbital period the RV curve repeats with, > 0' },
-        { key: 'eccentricity', quantity: 'eccentricity', symbol: 'e', unit: '', meaning: 'orbital eccentricity e, 0 ≤ e < 1 (a bare e is the elementary charge, so the key is spelled out)' },
-        { key: 'sin_i', quantity: 'sine of the inclination', symbol: 'sin i', unit: '', meaning: 'sin of the angle between the orbit normal and the line of sight, 0 < sin i ≤ 1 (1 is edge-on)' },
-        { key: 'R_star_m', quantity: 'stellar radius', symbol: 'R_*', unit: 'm', meaning: 'radius of the star (the Sun ≈ 6.957e8 m), > 0' },
-        { key: 'T_obs_s', quantity: 'observing baseline', symbol: 'T_obs', unit: 's', meaning: 'time span of the RV record fitted with one fixed ellipse, > 0' },
-    ],
-    governing: {
-        parent: [
-            'r̈ = −G(M_* + m_p) r/r³ + O(G(M_* + m_p)/(c² r)) · (G(M_* + m_p)/r²)   (relative orbit, Newtonian term plus the 1PN Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann terms)',
-            'M_* r_* + m_p r_p = 0 about the barycentre; the measured v_r is the line-of-sight component of ṙ_*',
-            'extended bodies: each is a point mass only if spherical and undeformed; tides and spin add quadrupole terms ∝ (R/r)²',
-        ],
-        scalar: [
-            'K = (2πG/P)^{1/3} m_p sin i / M_*^{2/3} / √(1 − e²)   (test-mass form, m_p ≪ M_*)',
-            'v_r(t) = K [cos(ν(t) + ω) + e cos ω],  ω fixed over the record',
-            'a³ = G(M_* + m_p) P²/(4π²)   (Kepler III for the relative orbit; CE-kepler-third)',
-        ],
-        distinction: 'The parent is a coupled vector problem for two finite, deformable bodies in curved spacetime; the scalar keeps one ' +
-            'number K for a fixed Keplerian ellipse of the star about the barycentre and puts the whole mass in the star. Dropped: ' +
-            'the companion\'s share of the total mass (O(q)), the apsidal advance and the other 1PN terms (O(GM/(c²a))), and ' +
-            'the tidal and rotational quadrupoles (O((R_*/r)²)).',
-    },
-    observable: 'K_m_per_s',
-    outputs: [
-        { key: 'q', symbol: 'q', unit: '', meaning: 'mass ratio m_p/M_*' },
-        { key: 'a_m', symbol: 'a', unit: 'm', meaning: 'semi-major axis of the relative orbit, from Kepler III with the total mass' },
-        { key: 'a_star_m', symbol: 'a_*', unit: 'm', meaning: 'semi-major axis of the star\'s own orbit about the barycentre, a m_p/(M_* + m_p)' },
-        { key: 'K_m_per_s', symbol: 'K', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'RV semi-amplitude of the star, test-mass form (the scalar result)' },
-        { key: 'K_two_body_m_per_s', symbol: 'K_2b', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'the exact Newtonian two-body semi-amplitude (2πG/P)^{1/3} m_p sin i/(M_* + m_p)^{2/3}/√(1 − e²)' },
-        { key: 'two_body_deviation', symbol: 'K/K_2b − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'relative excess of the test-mass K over the two-body K: (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1' },
-        { key: 'r_peri_m', symbol: 'r_p', unit: 'm', meaning: 'periastron separation a(1 − e)' },
-        { key: 'weak_field', symbol: 'G(M_* + m_p)/(c²a)', unit: '', meaning: 'the 1PN expansion parameter (half the Schwarzschild radius of the total mass, over a)' },
-        { key: 'dphi_rad_per_orbit', symbol: 'Δω', unit: 'rad', meaning: 'GR apsidal advance per orbit 6πG(M_* + m_p)/(c²a(1 − e²)) (BE-52 with the total mass)' },
-        { key: 'omega_dot_deg_per_yr', symbol: 'ω̇', unit: 'deg/yr', meaning: 'the same advance as a rate, degrees per Julian year' },
-        { key: 'apsidal_misfit', symbol: 'e Δω T_obs/P', unit: '', meaning: 'eccentricity times the apsidal advance accumulated over the record (rad)' },
-    ],
-    conditions: [
-        'an isolated binary: no third body within the record, the systemic velocity constant (it is fitted out as an offset)',
-        'initial condition: the orbital elements (P, e, ω, time of periastron) are those at the start of the record',
-        'the line of sight is fixed; the star\'s light traces its centre of mass (no spots, no convective blueshift variation)',
-    ],
-    comparison: {
-        reference: 'the parent\'s Newtonian limit: the exact two-body semi-amplitude with the companion\'s mass in the total',
-        valueKey: 'K_m_per_s',
-        referenceKey: 'K_two_body_m_per_s',
-        deviationKey: 'two_body_deviation',
-        method: 'closed form of the two-body Keplerian semi-amplitude',
-    },
-    notIncluded: [
-        'stellar activity (jitter), instrumental drift and the gravitational redshift and light-travel-time terms of the RV itself',
-        'the other 1PN terms beside the apsidal advance (O(GM/(c²a)) in the P–a relation and in K), bounded by the weak-field check but not applied',
-        'tidal orbital decay (dP/dt) and the tidal and rotational quadrupole precession, which the point-mass check bounds only by R_*/r_p',
-        'the inclination itself: RV alone gives m_p sin i; sin i must come from a transit or astrometry',
-    ],
-    measurement: [
-        'fit a Keplerian (P, K, e, ω, time of periastron, systemic offset) to the RV time series and compare the fitted K with K_m_per_s; ' +
-            'with P and e fixed, the fitted K inverts to the minimum mass m_p sin i through the same relation',
-        'where the two-body check fails, compare with K_two_body_m_per_s, which is the Newtonian parent',
-        '`upt confront --bridge=be-52`: Mercury\'s anomalous perihelion advance, which tests the Δω formula the apsidal check uses',
-    ],
-    links: [
-        { id: 'CE-kepler-third', role: 'T² = 4π²a³/(GM), with the assumptions two-body and M ≫ m; here with M → M_* + m_p' },
-        { id: `be-${52}`, role: 'the GR perihelion advance Δφ = 6πGM/(c²a(1 − e²)), evaluated with the total mass (`upt evaluate be-52`)' },
-        { id: 'CE-perihelion-precession', role: 'the canonical entry restating BE-52' },
-        { id: 'CE-schwarzschild-radius', role: 'r_s = 2GM/c², whose ratio to a (halved) is the weak-field check\'s quantity' },
-    ],
-    examples: {
-        valid: {
-            args: ['M_star_kg=1Msun', 'm_p_kg=1.898e27', 'P_s=4332.59d', 'eccentricity=0.0489', 'sin_i=1', 'R_star_m=6.957e8', 'T_obs_s=12yr'],
-            note: 'the Sun\'s reflex motion from Jupiter, seen edge-on over one orbit: K ≈ 12.5 m/s',
-            fails: [],
-        },
-        failures: [
-            {
-                args: ['M_star_kg=1.434Msun', 'm_p_kg=2.79e27', 'P_s=1.09142d', 'eccentricity=0', 'sin_i=0.993', 'R_star_m=1.153e9', 'T_obs_s=10yr'],
-                note: 'WASP-12 b, a 1.47 M_J planet on a 1.09 d orbit: the star\'s radius is a third of the separation, and the orbit is observed to decay by tides',
-                fails: ['point-mass'],
-            },
-            {
-                args: ['M_star_kg=1.3381Msun', 'm_p_kg=1.2489Msun', 'P_s=0.10225156248d', 'eccentricity=0.0877775', 'sin_i=0.99974', 'R_star_m=12km', 'T_obs_s=1yr'],
-                note: 'the double pulsar PSR J0737−3039A/B timed for a year: equal masses, and a GR apsidal advance of ≈ 17°/yr',
-                fails: ['test-mass', 'apsidal'],
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-    /** Evaluate the test-mass radial-velocity amplitude and checks for the supplied binary inputs. */
-    run(i) {
-        requirePositive(ID, i, ['M_star_kg', 'm_p_kg', 'P_s', 'sin_i', 'R_star_m', 'T_obs_s']);
-        const { M_star_kg: M, m_p_kg: m, P_s: P, eccentricity: e, sin_i: sinI, R_star_m: R, T_obs_s: tObs } = i;
-        if (!Number.isFinite(e) || e < 0 || e >= 1)
-            throw new Error(`${ID}: eccentricity must be in [0, 1) (got ${e})`);
-        if (sinI > 1)
-            throw new Error(`${ID}: sin_i must be in (0, 1] (got ${sinI})`);
-        const total = M + m;
-        const a = Math.cbrt((G_SI * total * P * P) / (4 * Math.PI * Math.PI));
-        const root = Math.sqrt(1 - e * e);
-        const n13 = Math.cbrt((2 * Math.PI * G_SI) / P);
-        const K = (n13 * m * sinI) / Math.cbrt(M * M) / root;
-        const K2b = (n13 * m * sinI) / Math.cbrt(total * total) / root;
-        const rPeri = a * (1 - e);
-        const weak = (G_SI * total) / (C_SI * C_SI * a);
-        const advance = catalogRelations().find((row) => row.target === 'perihelion-advance');
-        if (advance === undefined)
-            throw new Error(`${ID}: the perihelion relation is not in the catalog`);
-        const dphi = evaluateCatalogRelation(advance, { mass: total, 'semi-major-axis': a, eccentricity: e });
-        const misfit = (e * dphi * tObs) / P;
-        return {
-            outputs: {
-                q: m / M,
-                a_m: a,
-                a_star_m: (a * m) / total,
-                K_m_per_s: K,
-                K_two_body_m_per_s: K2b,
-                two_body_deviation: K / K2b - 1,
-                r_peri_m: rPeri,
-                weak_field: weak,
-                dphi_rad_per_orbit: dphi,
-                omega_dot_deg_per_yr: ((dphi / P) * JULIAN_YEAR_S * 180) / Math.PI,
-                apsidal_misfit: misfit,
-            },
-            checks: [
-                check('test-mass', 'the companion is light beside the star, m_p ≪ M_*', 'm_p/M_*', m / M, '<=', MAX_MASS_RATIO, 'chosen threshold: the test-mass K then exceeds the two-body K by (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1 ≤ 0.67%'),
-                check('point-mass', 'point masses: the star is small beside the closest approach, R_* ≪ r_p', 'R_*/(a(1 − e))', R / rPeri, '<=', MAX_RADIUS_RATIO, 'chosen threshold: tidal and rotational quadrupole terms scale as (R_*/r)² times a Love number or J2 (each < 1), kept ≤ 1%'),
-                check('weak-field', 'Newtonian gravity: G(M_* + m_p)/(c²a) ≪ 1', 'G(M_* + m_p)/(c² a)', weak, '<=', MAX_WEAK_FIELD, 'chosen threshold: the 1PN corrections to the P–a relation and to the orbital velocity are of this relative order'),
-                check('apsidal', 'a fixed ellipse over the record: the GR apsidal advance does not reshape the RV curve', 'e Δω T_obs/P', misfit, '<=', MAX_APSIDAL_MISFIT, 'chosen threshold: beyond the mean longitude (absorbed by the fitted phase), v_r depends on ω only at O(e), so the misfit is of order e Δω K; its coefficient (order one) is not encoded'),
-            ],
-            unchecked: [
-                'no third body: an outer companion adds its own reflex signal and perturbs P and ω',
-                'the companion\'s radius is also small beside r_p (only the star\'s is checked)',
-            ],
-        };
-    },
-};
-//# sourceMappingURL=kepler-rv.js.map

package/dist/cases/kepler-rv.js.map

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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* Applied case: the radial-velocity semi-amplitude of a star orbited by a\n * companion — what a spectrograph reads as the star's reflex motion, from the\n * two masses, the period, the eccentricity and the inclination.\n *\n * The scalar is the test-mass form of the Keplerian RV curve used to infer\n * m_p sin i (Lovis & Fischer, \"Radial Velocity Techniques for Exoplanets\", in\n * Seager (ed.), Exoplanets, 2010, eq. 1; Murray & Dermott, Solar System\n * Dynamics, 1999, §2.7). The parent is the two-body problem of two extended\n * bodies in general relativity. The case compares the test-mass K with the\n * exact Newtonian two-body K, and checks the three premises that make a fixed\n * Keplerian ellipse the right curve: a companion light beside the star, point\n * masses (no tides), and a weak field whose apsidal advance (BE-52, with the\n * total mass; Robertson 1938) does not reshape the curve over the record.\n *\n * @module cases/kepler-rv\n */\nimport { C_SI, G_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport { convertValue } from '../dimensional/units.js';\nimport { catalogRelations } from '../bridges/catalog-load.js';\nimport { evaluateCatalogRelation } from '../bridges/relation-eval.js';\nimport { check, requirePositive, type AppliedCase } from './types.js';\n\nconst ID = 'case-kepler-rv';\n\n/** The Julian year, the year BE-52 takes (s): the unit table's `julian_year` row (`yr`). @internal */\nexport const JULIAN_YEAR_S = convertValue('1 yr', 's').value;\n\n/** m_p/M_* ceiling: the test-mass K then exceeds the two-body K by (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1 ≤ 0.67%. @internal */\nexport const MAX_MASS_RATIO = 0.01;\n\n/** Ceiling on the stellar radius over the periastron separation, for point masses. @internal */\nexport const MAX_RADIUS_RATIO = 0.1;\n\n/** G(M_* + m_p)/(c² a) ceiling for Newtonian gravity. @internal */\nexport const MAX_WEAK_FIELD = 1e-4;\n\n/** e·Δω accumulated over the record (rad) ceiling for a fixed ellipse. @internal */\nexport const MAX_APSIDAL_MISFIT = 0.01;\n\nexport const KEPLER_RV_CASE: AppliedCase = {\n  id: ID,\n  title: 'Radial-velocity semi-amplitude of a star with a companion (mass ratio, tides, GR apsidal advance)',\n  parameters: [\n    { key: 'M_star_kg', quantity: 'stellar mass', symbol: 'M_*', unit: 'kg', meaning: 'mass of the star whose radial velocity is measured (1Msun = 1.989e30 kg), > 0' },\n    { key: 'm_p_kg', quantity: 'companion mass', symbol: 'm_p', unit: 'kg', meaning: 'true mass of the companion (Jupiter ≈ 1.898e27 kg), > 0' },\n    { key: 'P_s', quantity: 'orbital period', symbol: 'P', unit: 's', meaning: 'the orbital period the RV curve repeats with, > 0' },\n    { key: 'eccentricity', quantity: 'eccentricity', symbol: 'e', unit: '', meaning: 'orbital eccentricity e, 0 ≤ e < 1 (a bare e is the elementary charge, so the key is spelled out)' },\n    { key: 'sin_i', quantity: 'sine of the inclination', symbol: 'sin i', unit: '', meaning: 'sin of the angle between the orbit normal and the line of sight, 0 < sin i ≤ 1 (1 is edge-on)' },\n    { key: 'R_star_m', quantity: 'stellar radius', symbol: 'R_*', unit: 'm', meaning: 'radius of the star (the Sun ≈ 6.957e8 m), > 0' },\n    { key: 'T_obs_s', quantity: 'observing baseline', symbol: 'T_obs', unit: 's', meaning: 'time span of the RV record fitted with one fixed ellipse, > 0' },\n  ],\n  governing: {\n    parent: [\n      'r̈ = −G(M_* + m_p) r/r³ + O(G(M_* + m_p)/(c² r)) · (G(M_* + m_p)/r²)   (relative orbit, Newtonian term plus the 1PN Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann terms)',\n      'M_* r_* + m_p r_p = 0 about the barycentre; the measured v_r is the line-of-sight component of ṙ_*',\n      'extended bodies: each is a point mass only if spherical and undeformed; tides and spin add quadrupole terms ∝ (R/r)²',\n    ],\n    scalar: [\n      'K = (2πG/P)^{1/3} m_p sin i / M_*^{2/3} / √(1 − e²)   (test-mass form, m_p ≪ M_*)',\n      'v_r(t) = K [cos(ν(t) + ω) + e cos ω],  ω fixed over the record',\n      'a³ = G(M_* + m_p) P²/(4π²)   (Kepler III for the relative orbit; CE-kepler-third)',\n    ],\n    distinction:\n      'The parent is a coupled vector problem for two finite, deformable bodies in curved spacetime; the scalar keeps one ' +\n      'number K for a fixed Keplerian ellipse of the star about the barycentre and puts the whole mass in the star. Dropped: ' +\n      'the companion\\'s share of the total mass (O(q)), the apsidal advance and the other 1PN terms (O(GM/(c²a))), and ' +\n      'the tidal and rotational quadrupoles (O((R_*/r)²)).',\n  },\n  observable: 'K_m_per_s',\n  outputs: [\n    { key: 'q', symbol: 'q', unit: '', meaning: 'mass ratio m_p/M_*' },\n    { key: 'a_m', symbol: 'a', unit: 'm', meaning: 'semi-major axis of the relative orbit, from Kepler III with the total mass' },\n    { key: 'a_star_m', symbol: 'a_*', unit: 'm', meaning: 'semi-major axis of the star\\'s own orbit about the barycentre, a m_p/(M_* + m_p)' },\n    { key: 'K_m_per_s', symbol: 'K', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'RV semi-amplitude of the star, test-mass form (the scalar result)' },\n    { key: 'K_two_body_m_per_s', symbol: 'K_2b', unit: 'm/s', meaning: 'the exact Newtonian two-body semi-amplitude (2πG/P)^{1/3} m_p sin i/(M_* + m_p)^{2/3}/√(1 − e²)' },\n    { key: 'two_body_deviation', symbol: 'K/K_2b − 1', unit: '', meaning: 'relative excess of the test-mass K over the two-body K: (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1' },\n    { key: 'r_peri_m', symbol: 'r_p', unit: 'm', meaning: 'periastron separation a(1 − e)' },\n    { key: 'weak_field', symbol: 'G(M_* + m_p)/(c²a)', unit: '', meaning: 'the 1PN expansion parameter (half the Schwarzschild radius of the total mass, over a)' },\n    { key: 'dphi_rad_per_orbit', symbol: 'Δω', unit: 'rad', meaning: 'GR apsidal advance per orbit 6πG(M_* + m_p)/(c²a(1 − e²)) (BE-52 with the total mass)' },\n    { key: 'omega_dot_deg_per_yr', symbol: 'ω̇', unit: 'deg/yr', meaning: 'the same advance as a rate, degrees per Julian year' },\n    { key: 'apsidal_misfit', symbol: 'e Δω T_obs/P', unit: '', meaning: 'eccentricity times the apsidal advance accumulated over the record (rad)' },\n  ],\n  conditions: [\n    'an isolated binary: no third body within the record, the systemic velocity constant (it is fitted out as an offset)',\n    'initial condition: the orbital elements (P, e, ω, time of periastron) are those at the start of the record',\n    'the line of sight is fixed; the star\\'s light traces its centre of mass (no spots, no convective blueshift variation)',\n  ],\n  comparison: {\n    reference: 'the parent\\'s Newtonian limit: the exact two-body semi-amplitude with the companion\\'s mass in the total',\n    valueKey: 'K_m_per_s',\n    referenceKey: 'K_two_body_m_per_s',\n    deviationKey: 'two_body_deviation',\n    method: 'closed form of the two-body Keplerian semi-amplitude',\n  },\n  notIncluded: [\n    'stellar activity (jitter), instrumental drift and the gravitational redshift and light-travel-time terms of the RV itself',\n    'the other 1PN terms beside the apsidal advance (O(GM/(c²a)) in the P–a relation and in K), bounded by the weak-field check but not applied',\n    'tidal orbital decay (dP/dt) and the tidal and rotational quadrupole precession, which the point-mass check bounds only by R_*/r_p',\n    'the inclination itself: RV alone gives m_p sin i; sin i must come from a transit or astrometry',\n  ],\n  measurement: [\n    'fit a Keplerian (P, K, e, ω, time of periastron, systemic offset) to the RV time series and compare the fitted K with K_m_per_s; ' +\n      'with P and e fixed, the fitted K inverts to the minimum mass m_p sin i through the same relation',\n    'where the two-body check fails, compare with K_two_body_m_per_s, which is the Newtonian parent',\n    '`upt confront --bridge=be-52`: Mercury\\'s anomalous perihelion advance, which tests the Δω formula the apsidal check uses',\n  ],\n  links: [\n    { id: 'CE-kepler-third', role: 'T² = 4π²a³/(GM), with the assumptions two-body and M ≫ m; here with M → M_* + m_p' },\n    { id: `be-${52}`, role: 'the GR perihelion advance Δφ = 6πGM/(c²a(1 − e²)), evaluated with the total mass (`upt evaluate be-52`)' },\n    { id: 'CE-perihelion-precession', role: 'the canonical entry restating BE-52' },\n    { id: 'CE-schwarzschild-radius', role: 'r_s = 2GM/c², whose ratio to a (halved) is the weak-field check\\'s quantity' },\n  ],\n  examples: {\n    valid: {\n      args: ['M_star_kg=1Msun', 'm_p_kg=1.898e27', 'P_s=4332.59d', 'eccentricity=0.0489', 'sin_i=1', 'R_star_m=6.957e8', 'T_obs_s=12yr'],\n      note: 'the Sun\\'s reflex motion from Jupiter, seen edge-on over one orbit: K ≈ 12.5 m/s',\n      fails: [],\n    },\n    failures: [\n      {\n        args: ['M_star_kg=1.434Msun', 'm_p_kg=2.79e27', 'P_s=1.09142d', 'eccentricity=0', 'sin_i=0.993', 'R_star_m=1.153e9', 'T_obs_s=10yr'],\n        note: 'WASP-12 b, a 1.47 M_J planet on a 1.09 d orbit: the star\\'s radius is a third of the separation, and the orbit is observed to decay by tides',\n        fails: ['point-mass'],\n      },\n      {\n        args: ['M_star_kg=1.3381Msun', 'm_p_kg=1.2489Msun', 'P_s=0.10225156248d', 'eccentricity=0.0877775', 'sin_i=0.99974', 'R_star_m=12km', 'T_obs_s=1yr'],\n        note: 'the double pulsar PSR J0737−3039A/B timed for a year: equal masses, and a GR apsidal advance of ≈ 17°/yr',\n        fails: ['test-mass', 'apsidal'],\n      },\n    ],\n  },\n  /** Evaluate the test-mass radial-velocity amplitude and checks for the supplied binary inputs. */\n  run(i) {\n    requirePositive(ID, i, ['M_star_kg', 'm_p_kg', 'P_s', 'sin_i', 'R_star_m', 'T_obs_s']);\n    const { M_star_kg: M, m_p_kg: m, P_s: P, eccentricity: e, sin_i: sinI, R_star_m: R, T_obs_s: tObs } = i as Record<string, number>;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(e) || e < 0 || e >= 1) throw new Error(`${ID}: eccentricity must be in [0, 1) (got ${e})`);\n    if (sinI > 1) throw new Error(`${ID}: sin_i must be in (0, 1] (got ${sinI})`);\n    const total = M + m;\n    const a = Math.cbrt((G_SI * total * P * P) / (4 * Math.PI * Math.PI));\n    const root = Math.sqrt(1 - e * e);\n    const n13 = Math.cbrt((2 * Math.PI * G_SI) / P);\n    const K = (n13 * m * sinI) / Math.cbrt(M * M) / root;\n    const K2b = (n13 * m * sinI) / Math.cbrt(total * total) / root;\n    const rPeri = a * (1 - e);\n    const weak = (G_SI * total) / (C_SI * C_SI * a);\n    const advance = catalogRelations().find((row) => row.target === 'perihelion-advance');\n    if (advance === undefined) throw new Error(`${ID}: the perihelion relation is not in the catalog`);\n    const dphi = evaluateCatalogRelation(advance, { mass: total, 'semi-major-axis': a, eccentricity: e });\n    const misfit = (e * dphi * tObs) / P;\n    return {\n      outputs: {\n        q: m / M,\n        a_m: a,\n        a_star_m: (a * m) / total,\n        K_m_per_s: K,\n        K_two_body_m_per_s: K2b,\n        two_body_deviation: K / K2b - 1,\n        r_peri_m: rPeri,\n        weak_field: weak,\n        dphi_rad_per_orbit: dphi,\n        omega_dot_deg_per_yr: ((dphi / P) * JULIAN_YEAR_S * 180) / Math.PI,\n        apsidal_misfit: misfit,\n      },\n      checks: [\n        check('test-mass', 'the companion is light beside the star, m_p ≪ M_*', 'm_p/M_*', m / M, '<=', MAX_MASS_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold: the test-mass K then exceeds the two-body K by (1 + q)^{2/3} − 1 ≤ 0.67%'),\n        check('point-mass', 'point masses: the star is small beside the closest approach, R_* ≪ r_p', 'R_*/(a(1 − e))', R / rPeri, '<=', MAX_RADIUS_RATIO,\n          'chosen threshold: tidal and rotational quadrupole terms scale as (R_*/r)² times a Love number or J2 (each < 1), kept ≤ 1%'),\n        check('weak-field', 'Newtonian gravity: G(M_* + m_p)/(c²a) ≪ 1', 'G(M_* + m_p)/(c² a)', weak, '<=', MAX_WEAK_FIELD,\n          'chosen threshold: the 1PN corrections to the P–a relation and to the orbital velocity are of this relative order'),\n        check('apsidal', 'a fixed ellipse over the record: the GR apsidal advance does not reshape the RV curve', 'e Δω T_obs/P', misfit, '<=', MAX_APSIDAL_MISFIT,\n          'chosen threshold: beyond the mean longitude (absorbed by the fitted phase), v_r depends on ω only at O(e), so the misfit is of order e Δω K; its coefficient (order one) is not encoded'),\n      ],\n      unchecked: [\n        'no third body: an outer companion adds its own reflex signal and perturbs P and ω',\n        'the companion\\'s radius is also small beside r_p (only the star\\'s is checked)',\n      ],\n    };\n  },\n};\n"]}

package/dist/cases/lumped-cooling.d.ts

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-import { type AppliedCase } from './types.js';
-/** The Stefan–Boltzmann constant (W m⁻² K⁻⁴) is `core/constants`'s; re-exported so the record's module-export table keeps its row. @internal */
-export { SIGMA_SB_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
-/** Bi = h L_c/k ceiling, L_c = V/A (Incropera §5.2, eq. 5.10). @internal */
-export declare const MAX_BIOT = 0.1;
-/** h_rad,max/h ceiling for a loss linear in T − T∞. @internal */
-export declare const MAX_RADIATION_RATIO = 0.1;
-/** Parameters of the lumped equation with the radiative loss kept, in SI units. @internal */
-export interface LumpedRadiating {
-    readonly a: number;
-    readonly rho: number;
-    readonly c: number;
-    /** ≥ 0; 0 is pure radiation. */
-    readonly h: number;
-    readonly eps: number;
-    readonly T0: number;
-    readonly Tinf: number;
-    readonly t: number;
-}
-/**
- * T(t) of ρcV dT/dt = −A[h(T − T∞) + εσ_SB(T⁴ − T∞⁴)] for a sphere (V/A =
- * a/3), by classical RK4 (`integrateRK4`, MathTS `solveODESystem` with `dt`,
- * one call per step) with each step 1/100 of the local relaxation time
- * ρca/(3(h + 4εσ_SB T³)). Stops early once |T − T∞| is below 1e-15 |T0 − T∞|.
- * @internal
- */
-export declare function lumpedRadiatingTemperature(p: LumpedRadiating): number;
-/**
- * The first n roots of 1 − ζ cot ζ = Bi (Bi = h a/k, radius-based): the n-th
- * lies in ((n−1)π, nπ), where the left side runs from −∞ (0 for n = 1) to +∞.
- * Each is MathTS `findRoot` (Brent) on that interval, pulled in from the
- * poles by a few ulps of kπ, since the solver evaluates both ends: at 0 the
- * function is 0/0, and at an exact multiple of π `Math.tan` has no sign to
- * trust. The tolerance is the bracket's own floating-point resolution.
- * @internal
- */
-export declare function sphereEigenvalues(biRadius: number, n: number): number[];
-/**
- * θ/θ0 = (T − T∞)/(T0 − T∞) from the series solution of the sphere with a
- * convective surface, at Fourier number Fo = αt/a², for the volume mean, the
- * centre and the surface. Terms are summed until e^{−ζ²Fo} < 1e-18.
- * @throws Error when Fo is so small that the series would need over 1e5 terms.
- * @internal
- */
-export declare function sphereSeries(biRadius: number, fo: number): {
-    mean: number;
-    centre: number;
-    surface: number;
-};
-export declare const LUMPED_COOLING_CASE: AppliedCase;
-//# sourceMappingURL=lumped-cooling.d.ts.map

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