universal-physics-tensor 10.0.0 → 12.0.0

package/dist/numerical/null-ray-integrator.js

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 /**
  * Fixed-step classical RK4 integrator for affine-parameterized null
- * geodesics. No module under `src/` calls it: the covariant-eikonal path
- * (`src/numerical/covariant-eikonal.ts`) uses the symplectic
- * `integrateGeodesicGL4`, and the tests keep this one as the RK4 oracle
- * the atlas ODE helper is compared against. The fixed steps are MathTS
- * `solveODESystem` with `dt` set. Operates on plain `number[]` state
- * vectors, no TensorEngine dependency.
+ * geodesics, and the one-step RK4 the atlas and case modules call. The
+ * covariant-eikonal path (`src/numerical/covariant-eikonal.ts`) uses the
+ * symplectic `integrateGeodesicGL4` instead. The fixed steps are
+ * `rk4Trajectory` (`rk4-trajectory.ts`, MathTS `solveODESystem` with `dt`),
+ * the one owner of the step count; this module returns its last state.
+ * Operates on plain `number[]` state vectors, no TensorEngine dependency.
  *
  * @module numerical/null-ray-integrator
  */
-import { solveODESystem } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';
 import { NumericalBackendError } from './errors.js';
+import { rk4Trajectory } from './rk4-trajectory.js';
 function checkLength(k, expected) {
     if (k.length !== expected) {
         throw new NumericalBackendError(`integrateRK4: ODE system returned a state vector of length ${k.length}, expected ${expected}`);
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ function checkLength(k, expected) {
 /**
  * Integrate `system` from affine parameter `lambda0` to `lambda1` in
  * `steps` fixed RK4 steps, starting from state `y0`. Returns the final
- * state vector. Classical 4th-order Runge-Kutta — global error O(h⁴).
+ * state vector. Classical 4th-order Runge-Kutta — global error O(h⁴). It takes
+ * exactly `steps` steps of (lambda1 − lambda0)/steps (`rk4Trajectory`).
  *
  * @internal — cross-module/test use only; not part of the consumer surface.
  */
@@ -27,13 +28,12 @@ export function integrateRK4(system, y0, lambda0, lambda1, steps) {
     if (!Number.isInteger(steps) || steps <= 0) {
         throw new NumericalBackendError(`integrateRK4: step count must be a positive integer, got ${steps}`);
     }
-    const h = (lambda1 - lambda0) / steps;
     const yStart = [...y0];
-    const sol = solveODESystem((lambda, y) => {
+    const states = rk4Trajectory((lambda, y) => {
         const k = system(lambda, y);
         checkLength(k, yStart.length);
         return k;
-    }, yStart, [lambda0, lambda1], { dt: h });
-    return [...(sol.y[sol.y.length - 1] ?? yStart)];
+    }, yStart, lambda0, lambda1, steps);
+    return states[states.length - 1] ?? yStart;
 }
 //# sourceMappingURL=null-ray-integrator.js.map

package/dist/numerical/null-ray-integrator.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/numerical/painleve-gullstrand-metric.js

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
  *
  * @module numerical/painleve-gullstrand-metric
  */
-import { C_SI, G_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
+import { schwarzschildRadius } from './schwarzschild.js';
 /**
  * Schwarzschild radius `r_s = 2 G M / c²` for a body of mass `M`.
  * Inlined here to avoid an out-of-rootDir import on the test
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ import { C_SI, G_SI } from '../core/constants.js';
  * @internal
  */
 function schwarzschildRs(M_kg) {
-    return (2 * G_SI * M_kg) / (C_SI * C_SI);
+    return schwarzschildRadius(M_kg);
 }
 /**
  * Builds a Painlevé-Gullstrand metric function `g_μν(T, r, θ, φ)`

package/dist/numerical/painleve-gullstrand-metric.js.map

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Schwarzschild coordinates have a coordinate singularity at\n * `r = r_s` (the event horizon); `g_rr = 1/(1−r_s/r) → ∞`. The\n * Painlevé-Gullstrand coordinate system is regular at the horizon\n * (and everywhere outside the curvature singularity at `r=0`).\n *\n * Coordinate transform (closed-form, no implicit-function solve):\n *\n *     T = t + 2√(r·r_s) + r_s·ln|(√r − √r_s)/(√r + √r_s)|\n *\n * In PG coordinates (T, r, θ, φ):\n *\n *     ds² = -(1 − r_s/r) dT² + 2√(r_s/r) dT dr + dr² + r² dΩ²\n *\n * Matrix form:\n *\n *     g_μν = [[-(1−r_s/r),  √(r_s/r),  0,       0          ],\n *             [ √(r_s/r),    1,         0,       0          ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         r²,      0          ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         0,       r² sin²θ   ]]\n *\n * Inverse (closed-form via 2x2 block inverse on the (T,r) block,\n * det = -1):\n *\n *     g^μν = [[-1,           √(r_s/r),  0,       0           ],\n *             [ √(r_s/r),    (1−r_s/r), 0,       0           ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         1/r²,    0           ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         0,       1/(r² sin²θ)]]\n *\n * Verification at the horizon:\n *\n *     r → r_s:  g_TT → 0, g_Tr → 1, g_rr → 1 (all finite)\n *               g^rr → 0, g^Tr → 1, g^TT → -1 (all finite)\n *\n * Compare to Schwarzschild where g_rr → ∞. The Kretschmann\n * scalar K = R_μνρσ R^μνρσ is computed via the existing\n * `numerical/kretschmann.ts` (coordinate-agnostic — takes raw\n * arrays) fed by Riemann assembled from these closed-form metric\n * functions via the existing FD pipeline. At r=r_s the analytic\n * value `K = 48 G²M²/(c⁴ r_s⁶) = 12/r_s⁴` (in c=G=1 units) is\n * recovered numerically without coordinate-singularity blowup.\n *\n * Reference: MTW §31.4 (\"Lemaître coordinates\" + the\n * Painlevé-Gullstrand variant); Carroll §5.7.\n *\n * @module numerical/painleve-gullstrand-metric\n */\n\nimport { C_SI, G_SI } from '../core/constants.js';\nimport type { MetricFnFlat } from './curvature-lowering-helpers.js';\n\n/**\n * Schwarzschild radius `r_s = 2 G M / c²` for a body of mass `M`.\n * Inlined here to avoid an out-of-rootDir import on the test\n * fixture's `schwarzschildRs` helper. Same formula.\n *\n * @internal\n */\nfunction schwarzschildRs(M_kg: number): number {\n  return (2 * G_SI * M_kg) / (C_SI * C_SI);\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds a Painlevé-Gullstrand metric function `g_μν(T, r, θ, φ)`\n * for a Schwarzschild black hole of mass `M_kg`.\n *\n * The returned function maps a 4-tuple coordinate point to the\n * 4×4 lower-lower metric as a row-major `Float64Array(16)` —\n * `flat[mu*4 + nu] = g_{μν}` (v0.9.0 O-6 migration, mirroring the\n * v0.6.0 BR-2 christoffelFn convention). Closed-form; no FD;\n * regular at r=r_s.\n *\n * BREAKING (v0.9.0) for subpath-import consumers: previously\n * returned `number[][]`.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport function painleveGullstrandGFn(M_kg: number): MetricFnFlat {\n  const r_s = schwarzschildRs(M_kg);\n  return function pgG(x: ReadonlyArray<number>): Float64Array {\n    const r = x[1];\n    const theta = x[2];\n    if (!(r > 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError(`painleveGullstrandGFn: r must be > 0, got ${r}`);\n    }\n    const rho = r_s / r;\n    const sqrtRho = Math.sqrt(rho);\n    const sinTheta = Math.sin(theta);\n    const out = new Float64Array(16);\n    out[0 * 4 + 0] = -(1 - rho);\n    out[0 * 4 + 1] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 0] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 1] = 1;\n    out[2 * 4 + 2] = r * r;\n    out[3 * 4 + 3] = r * r * sinTheta * sinTheta;\n    return out;\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds a Painlevé-Gullstrand inverse-metric function `g^μν(T, r,\n * θ, φ)`. Closed-form (2×2 block inverse on the (T, r) block,\n * det = -1; angular block is trivially diagonal).\n *\n * Returns a row-major `Float64Array(16)` — `flat[mu*4 + nu] = g^{μν}`\n * (v0.9.0 O-6 migration). At r=r_s, g^rr=0 (the horizon's\n * coordinate-regularity signature in PG: NO divergence). At r→∞,\n * g^rr → 1 (asymptotic flatness).\n *\n * BREAKING (v0.9.0) for subpath-import consumers: previously\n * returned `number[][]`.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport function painleveGullstrandGInverseFn(M_kg: number): MetricFnFlat {\n  const r_s = schwarzschildRs(M_kg);\n  return function pgGInv(x: ReadonlyArray<number>): Float64Array {\n    const r = x[1];\n    const theta = x[2];\n    if (!(r > 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError(`painleveGullstrandGInverseFn: r must be > 0, got ${r}`);\n    }\n    const rho = r_s / r;\n    const sqrtRho = Math.sqrt(rho);\n    const sinTheta = Math.sin(theta);\n    const out = new Float64Array(16);\n    out[0 * 4 + 0] = -1;\n    out[0 * 4 + 1] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 0] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 1] = 1 - rho;\n    out[2 * 4 + 2] = 1 / (r * r);\n    out[3 * 4 + 3] = 1 / (r * r * sinTheta * sinTheta);\n    return out;\n  };\n}\n"]}
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Schwarzschild coordinates have a coordinate singularity at\n * `r = r_s` (the event horizon); `g_rr = 1/(1−r_s/r) → ∞`. The\n * Painlevé-Gullstrand coordinate system is regular at the horizon\n * (and everywhere outside the curvature singularity at `r=0`).\n *\n * Coordinate transform (closed-form, no implicit-function solve):\n *\n *     T = t + 2√(r·r_s) + r_s·ln|(√r − √r_s)/(√r + √r_s)|\n *\n * In PG coordinates (T, r, θ, φ):\n *\n *     ds² = -(1 − r_s/r) dT² + 2√(r_s/r) dT dr + dr² + r² dΩ²\n *\n * Matrix form:\n *\n *     g_μν = [[-(1−r_s/r),  √(r_s/r),  0,       0          ],\n *             [ √(r_s/r),    1,         0,       0          ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         r²,      0          ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         0,       r² sin²θ   ]]\n *\n * Inverse (closed-form via 2x2 block inverse on the (T,r) block,\n * det = -1):\n *\n *     g^μν = [[-1,           √(r_s/r),  0,       0           ],\n *             [ √(r_s/r),    (1−r_s/r), 0,       0           ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         1/r²,    0           ],\n *             [ 0,           0,         0,       1/(r² sin²θ)]]\n *\n * Verification at the horizon:\n *\n *     r → r_s:  g_TT → 0, g_Tr → 1, g_rr → 1 (all finite)\n *               g^rr → 0, g^Tr → 1, g^TT → -1 (all finite)\n *\n * Compare to Schwarzschild where g_rr → ∞. The Kretschmann\n * scalar K = R_μνρσ R^μνρσ is computed via the existing\n * `numerical/kretschmann.ts` (coordinate-agnostic — takes raw\n * arrays) fed by Riemann assembled from these closed-form metric\n * functions via the existing FD pipeline. At r=r_s the analytic\n * value `K = 48 G²M²/(c⁴ r_s⁶) = 12/r_s⁴` (in c=G=1 units) is\n * recovered numerically without coordinate-singularity blowup.\n *\n * Reference: MTW §31.4 (\"Lemaître coordinates\" + the\n * Painlevé-Gullstrand variant); Carroll §5.7.\n *\n * @module numerical/painleve-gullstrand-metric\n */\n\nimport { schwarzschildRadius } from './schwarzschild.js';\nimport type { MetricFnFlat } from './curvature-lowering-helpers.js';\n\n/**\n * Schwarzschild radius `r_s = 2 G M / c²` for a body of mass `M`.\n * Inlined here to avoid an out-of-rootDir import on the test\n * fixture's `schwarzschildRs` helper. Same formula.\n *\n * @internal\n */\nfunction schwarzschildRs(M_kg: number): number {\n  return schwarzschildRadius(M_kg);\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds a Painlevé-Gullstrand metric function `g_μν(T, r, θ, φ)`\n * for a Schwarzschild black hole of mass `M_kg`.\n *\n * The returned function maps a 4-tuple coordinate point to the\n * 4×4 lower-lower metric as a row-major `Float64Array(16)` —\n * `flat[mu*4 + nu] = g_{μν}` (v0.9.0 O-6 migration, mirroring the\n * v0.6.0 BR-2 christoffelFn convention). Closed-form; no FD;\n * regular at r=r_s.\n *\n * BREAKING (v0.9.0) for subpath-import consumers: previously\n * returned `number[][]`.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport function painleveGullstrandGFn(M_kg: number): MetricFnFlat {\n  const r_s = schwarzschildRs(M_kg);\n  return function pgG(x: ReadonlyArray<number>): Float64Array {\n    const r = x[1];\n    const theta = x[2];\n    if (!(r > 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError(`painleveGullstrandGFn: r must be > 0, got ${r}`);\n    }\n    const rho = r_s / r;\n    const sqrtRho = Math.sqrt(rho);\n    const sinTheta = Math.sin(theta);\n    const out = new Float64Array(16);\n    out[0 * 4 + 0] = -(1 - rho);\n    out[0 * 4 + 1] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 0] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 1] = 1;\n    out[2 * 4 + 2] = r * r;\n    out[3 * 4 + 3] = r * r * sinTheta * sinTheta;\n    return out;\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds a Painlevé-Gullstrand inverse-metric function `g^μν(T, r,\n * θ, φ)`. Closed-form (2×2 block inverse on the (T, r) block,\n * det = -1; angular block is trivially diagonal).\n *\n * Returns a row-major `Float64Array(16)` — `flat[mu*4 + nu] = g^{μν}`\n * (v0.9.0 O-6 migration). At r=r_s, g^rr=0 (the horizon's\n * coordinate-regularity signature in PG: NO divergence). At r→∞,\n * g^rr → 1 (asymptotic flatness).\n *\n * BREAKING (v0.9.0) for subpath-import consumers: previously\n * returned `number[][]`.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport function painleveGullstrandGInverseFn(M_kg: number): MetricFnFlat {\n  const r_s = schwarzschildRs(M_kg);\n  return function pgGInv(x: ReadonlyArray<number>): Float64Array {\n    const r = x[1];\n    const theta = x[2];\n    if (!(r > 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError(`painleveGullstrandGInverseFn: r must be > 0, got ${r}`);\n    }\n    const rho = r_s / r;\n    const sqrtRho = Math.sqrt(rho);\n    const sinTheta = Math.sin(theta);\n    const out = new Float64Array(16);\n    out[0 * 4 + 0] = -1;\n    out[0 * 4 + 1] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 0] = sqrtRho;\n    out[1 * 4 + 1] = 1 - rho;\n    out[2 * 4 + 2] = 1 / (r * r);\n    out[3 * 4 + 3] = 1 / (r * r * sinTheta * sinTheta);\n    return out;\n  };\n}\n"]}

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package/dist/numerical/pderiv.js

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { NumericalBackendError } from './errors.js';
 import { flattenNA } from './connection-lowering-helpers.js';
+import { rowMajorStrides } from './strides.js';
 /**
  * Centered finite-difference of a GridField along `axis`. Returns a flat
  * number[] of the same total size as the grid. O(h²) interior stencil;
@@ -19,12 +20,7 @@ export function pderivGrid(grid, axis) {
     }
     const flat = flattenNA(grid.data);
     const shape = grid.shape;
-    const strides = new Array(shape.length);
-    let acc = 1;
-    for (let k = shape.length - 1; k >= 0; k--) {
-        strides[k] = acc;
-        acc *= shape[k];
-    }
+    const strides = rowMajorStrides(shape);
     const out = new Array(flat.length).fill(0);
     const n = shape[axis];
     const step = strides[axis];

package/dist/numerical/pderiv.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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* Numerical partial derivative — two-way dispatch (v0.3.5-Design.md §6).\n *   'grid'         — centered finite-difference over a GridField.\n *   'numerical-fn' — centered finite-difference over a caller-supplied fn.\n *   'symbolic'     — no CAS in v0.3.5; consumes an explicit pre-supplied\n *                    derivative from NumericalInputs.derivatives.\n *\n * @module numerical/pderiv\n */\nimport type { GridField } from './grid-field.js';\nimport type { NestedArray } from './types.js';\nimport { NumericalBackendError } from './errors.js';\nimport { flattenNA } from './connection-lowering-helpers.js';\n\n/**\n * Centered finite-difference of a GridField along `axis`. Returns a flat\n * number[] of the same total size as the grid. O(h²) interior stencil;\n * edges follow `grid.boundary`:\n *   - 'clamp'    — one-sided (forward/backward) difference at the edge.\n *   - 'periodic' — wraps to the opposite edge.\n *\n * @internal — consumed by the lowering pass; not part of the consumer surface.\n */\nexport function pderivGrid(grid: GridField, axis: number): number[] {\n  if (axis < 0 || axis >= grid.shape.length) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(`pderivGrid: axis ${axis} out of range for shape [${grid.shape}]`);\n  }\n  const h = grid.spacing[axis];\n  if (!(h > 0)) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(`pderivGrid: non-positive spacing ${h} on axis ${axis}`);\n  }\n  const flat = flattenNA(grid.data);\n  const shape = grid.shape;\n  const strides: number[] = new Array(shape.length);\n  let acc = 1;\n  for (let k = shape.length - 1; k >= 0; k--) { strides[k] = acc; acc *= shape[k]; }\n  const out = new Array<number>(flat.length).fill(0);\n  const n = shape[axis];\n  const step = strides[axis];\n\n  // Walk every multi-index; compute the axis position from the flat index.\n  for (let f = 0; f < flat.length; f++) {\n    const pos = Math.floor(f / step) % n;\n    if (pos > 0 && pos < n - 1) {\n      out[f] = (flat[f + step] - flat[f - step]) / (2 * h);\n    } else if (grid.boundary === 'periodic') {\n      const next = pos === n - 1 ? f - (n - 1) * step : f + step;\n      const prev = pos === 0 ? f + (n - 1) * step : f - step;\n      out[f] = (flat[next] - flat[prev]) / (2 * h);\n    } else { // 'clamp' — one-sided difference at the edge\n      out[f] = pos === 0\n        ? (flat[f + step] - flat[f]) / h\n        : (flat[f] - flat[f - step]) / h;\n    }\n  }\n  return out;\n}\n\n/**\n * Options for {@link pderivNumericalFn}.\n *\n * - `order` — stencil order. Default **4** as of v0.6.0 (was 2 in v0.5.x,\n *   Decision #7). `4` uses the 4-point centered\n *   `(−f(x+2h) + 8 f(x+h) − 8 f(x−h) + f(x−2h)) / (12 h)`\n *   form with adaptive `h = 1e-4·max(|x|,1)`. 4th-order has ~2× FD\n *   evaluations vs 2nd-order but ~10⁴× lower truncation error; preferred\n *   default for curvature/Schwarzschild-scale computations where\n *   c²·g_tt ~ 6e16 causes 2nd-order cancellation noise.\n *   `2` uses the classic centered `(f(x+h) − f(x−h)) / (2h)` form with\n *   adaptive `h = 1e-6·max(|x|,1)`. Use `{ order: 2 }` explicitly to\n *   preserve v0.5.x 2nd-order semantics.\n *   v0.5.1 PD-7 introduced the parameter; v0.6.0 Task 2.12 flipped the default.\n *\n * - `h` — optional explicit step override. Used by\n *   `curvature-lowering-helpers.ts` for its inner ∂g sampler where the\n *   c²-scaled g_tt cancellation noise needs a larger-than-default step\n *   (`1e-3·max(|x|,1)`) to balance truncation vs round-off. If supplied,\n *   the adaptive default is bypassed entirely.\n */\n// v0.6.1: dropped export — internal-only options shape for pderivNumericalFn.\ninterface PderivOptions {\n  readonly order?: 2 | 4;\n  readonly h?: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Centered finite-difference of a caller-supplied scalar (or tensor-valued)\n * field with respect to coordinate `axis`.\n *\n * - 4th-order (default as of v0.6.0): step h = 1e-4 · max(|x|, 1).\n *   ~2× FD evaluations vs 2nd-order; ~10⁴× lower truncation error.\n *   Preferred for curvature/Schwarzschild-scale computations.\n * - 2nd-order (`options.order === 2`): step h = 1e-6 · max(|x|, 1)\n *   (v0.3.5-Design.md §13 Q3). Use `{ order: 2 }` to preserve v0.5.x semantics.\n *\n * @internal — consumed by the lowering pass; not part of the consumer surface.\n */\nexport function pderivNumericalFn(\n  fn: (coords: ReadonlyArray<number>) => NestedArray,\n  coords: ReadonlyArray<number>,\n  axis: number,\n  options?: PderivOptions,\n): NestedArray {\n  if (axis < 0 || axis >= coords.length) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(`pderivNumericalFn: axis ${axis} out of range`);\n  }\n  const order = options?.order ?? 4;\n  if (order !== 2 && order !== 4) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `pderivNumericalFn: unsupported order ${order} — only 2 or 4 are supported`,\n    );\n  }\n  const x = coords[axis];\n  const defaultH = (order === 4 ? 1e-4 : 1e-6) * Math.max(Math.abs(x), 1);\n  const h = options?.h ?? defaultH;\n  if (!(h > 0) || !Number.isFinite(h)) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `pderivNumericalFn: non-positive or non-finite step h=${h}`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (order === 2) {\n    const plus = [...coords]; plus[axis] = x + h;\n    const minus = [...coords]; minus[axis] = x - h;\n    const fp = flattenNA(fn(plus));\n    const fm = flattenNA(fn(minus));\n    if (fp.length !== fm.length) {\n      throw new NumericalBackendError('pderivNumericalFn: field returned inconsistent shapes');\n    }\n    const len = fp.length;\n    const d = new Array(len);\n    const inv2h = 1 / (2 * h);\n    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n      // A component that is the same number at every stencil point does not\n      // move: its derivative is exactly 0, not the stencil's roundoff over h.\n      d[i] = fp[i] === fm[i] ? 0 : (fp[i] - fm[i]) * inv2h;\n    }\n    return d.length === 1 ? d[0] : d;\n  }\n\n  // order === 4: f'(x) ≈ (−f(x+2h) + 8 f(x+h) − 8 f(x−h) + f(x−2h)) / (12 h)\n  const p1 = [...coords]; p1[axis] = x + h;\n  const m1 = [...coords]; m1[axis] = x - h;\n  const p2 = [...coords]; p2[axis] = x + 2 * h;\n  const m2 = [...coords]; m2[axis] = x - 2 * h;\n  const fp1 = flattenNA(fn(p1));\n  const fm1 = flattenNA(fn(m1));\n  const fp2 = flattenNA(fn(p2));\n  const fm2 = flattenNA(fn(m2));\n  if (\n    fp1.length !== fm1.length || fp1.length !== fp2.length || fp1.length !== fm2.length\n  ) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError('pderivNumericalFn: field returned inconsistent shapes');\n  }\n  const inv12h = 1 / (12 * h);\n  const len = fp1.length;\n  const d = new Array(len);\n  for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n    // A component that is the same number at every stencil point does not\n    // move: its derivative is exactly 0. The stencil cancels a large constant\n    // (g_tt = −c²) only up to the roundoff of 8·f, and that roundoff over h\n    // is a fake derivative of order 10⁴.\n    const still = fp1[i] === fm1[i] && fp1[i] === fp2[i] && fp1[i] === fm2[i];\n    d[i] = still ? 0 : (-fp2[i] + 8 * fp1[i] - 8 * fm1[i] + fm2[i]) * inv12h;\n  }\n  return d.length === 1 ? d[0] : d;\n}\n\n/**\n * 'symbolic' numericalForm path: v0.3.5 has no CAS, so the caller supplies\n * the derivative explicitly, keyed `${symbolName}/${coordLabel}`.\n *\n * @internal — consumed by the lowering pass; not part of the consumer surface.\n */\nexport function pderivSymbolic(\n  symbolName: string,\n  coordLabel: string,\n  derivatives: ReadonlyMap<string, NestedArray>,\n): NestedArray {\n  const key = `${symbolName}/${coordLabel}`;\n  const d = derivatives.get(key);\n  if (d === undefined) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `pderivSymbolic: no explicit derivative supplied for \"${key}\" — `\n      + `a 'symbolic' tensor-symbol under a partial-derivative requires `\n      + `inputs.derivatives to contain its pre-computed components (v0.3.5 has no CAS)`,\n    );\n  }\n  return d;\n}\n\n/**\n * 'supplied' derivativeStrategy path: v0.4.0 metric derivative looked up\n * from explicit caller-supplied components. Keyed `${metricName}/${coordLabel}`.\n * Mirror of `pderivSymbolic` for the metric-tensor lowering path.\n * Throws NumericalBackendError with a clear message when absent.\n */\nexport function metricDerivSupplied(\n  metricName: string,\n  coordLabel: string,\n  metricDerivatives: ReadonlyMap<string, NestedArray>,\n): NestedArray {\n  const key = `${metricName}/${coordLabel}`;\n  const d = metricDerivatives.get(key);\n  if (d === undefined) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `metricDerivSupplied: no metric derivative supplied for \"${key}\" — `\n      + `a metric-tensor with derivativeStrategy='supplied' under a `\n      + `christoffel/covariant-derivative requires inputs.metricDerivatives `\n      + `to contain its pre-computed ∂g components`,\n    );\n  }\n  return d;\n}\n"]}
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Returns a flat\n * number[] of the same total size as the grid. O(h²) interior stencil;\n * edges follow `grid.boundary`:\n *   - 'clamp'    — one-sided (forward/backward) difference at the edge.\n *   - 'periodic' — wraps to the opposite edge.\n *\n * @internal — consumed by the lowering pass; not part of the consumer surface.\n */\nexport function pderivGrid(grid: GridField, axis: number): number[] {\n  if (axis < 0 || axis >= grid.shape.length) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(`pderivGrid: axis ${axis} out of range for shape [${grid.shape}]`);\n  }\n  const h = grid.spacing[axis];\n  if (!(h > 0)) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(`pderivGrid: non-positive spacing ${h} on axis ${axis}`);\n  }\n  const flat = flattenNA(grid.data);\n  const shape = grid.shape;\n  const strides = rowMajorStrides(shape);\n  const out = new Array<number>(flat.length).fill(0);\n  const n = shape[axis];\n  const step = strides[axis];\n\n  // Walk every multi-index; compute the axis position from the flat index.\n  for (let f = 0; f < flat.length; f++) {\n    const pos = Math.floor(f / step) % n;\n    if (pos > 0 && pos < n - 1) {\n      out[f] = (flat[f + step] - flat[f - step]) / (2 * h);\n    } else if (grid.boundary === 'periodic') {\n      const next = pos === n - 1 ? f - (n - 1) * step : f + step;\n      const prev = pos === 0 ? f + (n - 1) * step : f - step;\n      out[f] = (flat[next] - flat[prev]) / (2 * h);\n    } else { // 'clamp' — one-sided difference at the edge\n      out[f] = pos === 0\n        ? 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Used by\n *   `curvature-lowering-helpers.ts` for its inner ∂g sampler where the\n *   c²-scaled g_tt cancellation noise needs a larger-than-default step\n *   (`1e-3·max(|x|,1)`) to balance truncation vs round-off. If supplied,\n *   the adaptive default is bypassed entirely.\n */\n// v0.6.1: dropped export — internal-only options shape for pderivNumericalFn.\ninterface PderivOptions {\n  readonly order?: 2 | 4;\n  readonly h?: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Centered finite-difference of a caller-supplied scalar (or tensor-valued)\n * field with respect to coordinate `axis`.\n *\n * - 4th-order (default as of v0.6.0): step h = 1e-4 · max(|x|, 1).\n *   ~2× FD evaluations vs 2nd-order; ~10⁴× lower truncation error.\n *   Preferred for curvature/Schwarzschild-scale computations.\n * - 2nd-order (`options.order === 2`): step h = 1e-6 · max(|x|, 1)\n *   (v0.3.5-Design.md §13 Q3). Use `{ order: 2 }` to preserve v0.5.x semantics.\n *\n * @internal — consumed by the lowering pass; not part of the consumer surface.\n */\nexport function pderivNumericalFn(\n  fn: (coords: ReadonlyArray<number>) => NestedArray,\n  coords: ReadonlyArray<number>,\n  axis: number,\n  options?: PderivOptions,\n): NestedArray {\n  if (axis < 0 || axis >= coords.length) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(`pderivNumericalFn: axis ${axis} out of range`);\n  }\n  const order = options?.order ?? 4;\n  if (order !== 2 && order !== 4) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `pderivNumericalFn: unsupported order ${order} — only 2 or 4 are supported`,\n    );\n  }\n  const x = coords[axis];\n  const defaultH = (order === 4 ? 1e-4 : 1e-6) * Math.max(Math.abs(x), 1);\n  const h = options?.h ?? defaultH;\n  if (!(h > 0) || !Number.isFinite(h)) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `pderivNumericalFn: non-positive or non-finite step h=${h}`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (order === 2) {\n    const plus = [...coords]; plus[axis] = x + h;\n    const minus = [...coords]; minus[axis] = x - h;\n    const fp = flattenNA(fn(plus));\n    const fm = flattenNA(fn(minus));\n    if (fp.length !== fm.length) {\n      throw new NumericalBackendError('pderivNumericalFn: field returned inconsistent shapes');\n    }\n    const len = fp.length;\n    const d = new Array(len);\n    const inv2h = 1 / (2 * h);\n    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n      // A component that is the same number at every stencil point does not\n      // move: its derivative is exactly 0, not the stencil's roundoff over h.\n      d[i] = fp[i] === fm[i] ? 0 : (fp[i] - fm[i]) * inv2h;\n    }\n    return d.length === 1 ? d[0] : d;\n  }\n\n  // order === 4: f'(x) ≈ (−f(x+2h) + 8 f(x+h) − 8 f(x−h) + f(x−2h)) / (12 h)\n  const p1 = [...coords]; p1[axis] = x + h;\n  const m1 = [...coords]; m1[axis] = x - h;\n  const p2 = [...coords]; p2[axis] = x + 2 * h;\n  const m2 = [...coords]; m2[axis] = x - 2 * h;\n  const fp1 = flattenNA(fn(p1));\n  const fm1 = flattenNA(fn(m1));\n  const fp2 = flattenNA(fn(p2));\n  const fm2 = flattenNA(fn(m2));\n  if (\n    fp1.length !== fm1.length || fp1.length !== fp2.length || fp1.length !== fm2.length\n  ) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError('pderivNumericalFn: field returned inconsistent shapes');\n  }\n  const inv12h = 1 / (12 * h);\n  const len = fp1.length;\n  const d = new Array(len);\n  for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n    // A component that is the same number at every stencil point does not\n    // move: its derivative is exactly 0. The stencil cancels a large constant\n    // (g_tt = −c²) only up to the roundoff of 8·f, and that roundoff over h\n    // is a fake derivative of order 10⁴.\n    const still = fp1[i] === fm1[i] && fp1[i] === fp2[i] && fp1[i] === fm2[i];\n    d[i] = still ? 0 : (-fp2[i] + 8 * fp1[i] - 8 * fm1[i] + fm2[i]) * inv12h;\n  }\n  return d.length === 1 ? d[0] : d;\n}\n\n/**\n * 'symbolic' numericalForm path: v0.3.5 has no CAS, so the caller supplies\n * the derivative explicitly, keyed `${symbolName}/${coordLabel}`.\n *\n * @internal — consumed by the lowering pass; not part of the consumer surface.\n */\nexport function pderivSymbolic(\n  symbolName: string,\n  coordLabel: string,\n  derivatives: ReadonlyMap<string, NestedArray>,\n): NestedArray {\n  const key = `${symbolName}/${coordLabel}`;\n  const d = derivatives.get(key);\n  if (d === undefined) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `pderivSymbolic: no explicit derivative supplied for \"${key}\" — `\n      + `a 'symbolic' tensor-symbol under a partial-derivative requires `\n      + `inputs.derivatives to contain its pre-computed components (v0.3.5 has no CAS)`,\n    );\n  }\n  return d;\n}\n\n/**\n * 'supplied' derivativeStrategy path: v0.4.0 metric derivative looked up\n * from explicit caller-supplied components. Keyed `${metricName}/${coordLabel}`.\n * Mirror of `pderivSymbolic` for the metric-tensor lowering path.\n * Throws NumericalBackendError with a clear message when absent.\n */\nexport function metricDerivSupplied(\n  metricName: string,\n  coordLabel: string,\n  metricDerivatives: ReadonlyMap<string, NestedArray>,\n): NestedArray {\n  const key = `${metricName}/${coordLabel}`;\n  const d = metricDerivatives.get(key);\n  if (d === undefined) {\n    throw new NumericalBackendError(\n      `metricDerivSupplied: no metric derivative supplied for \"${key}\" — `\n      + `a metric-tensor with derivativeStrategy='supplied' under a `\n      + `christoffel/covariant-derivative requires inputs.metricDerivatives `\n      + `to contain its pre-computed ∂g components`,\n    );\n  }\n  return d;\n}\n"]}

package/dist/numerical/perihelion-finder.d.ts

@@ -1,39 +1,3 @@
-/**
- * Bisection perihelion finder via cubic-Hermite interpolation on cached
- * GL4 snapshots (v0.5.0 Task 4, Phase 1b).
- *
- * Algorithm (Design §3 Task 1b):
- *   1. Walk snapshots, extract `dr/dτ_i = g^{rν}(x_i) · p_{i,ν}` at each
- *      snapshot. Index `r` is the radial coordinate slot (index 1 by
- *      convention in (t, r, θ, φ)).
- *   2. Locate consecutive indices `(i, i+1)` where `dr/dτ` sign-changes
- *      from `−` to `+` — that is the perihelion (inner radial turning
- *      point). Sign-change `+ → −` is apoapsis and is intentionally
- *      skipped.
- *   3. **M3 bracket-width check:** if `|τ_{i+1} − τ_i| < 2 · h_snap`
- *      where `h_snap` is the median Δτ across all snapshots, emit a
- *      non-throwing `PerihelionBracketWidthWarning` via
- *      `process.emitWarning`. This indicates the GL4 step is too coarse
- *      to resolve the turning point — the caller should re-integrate
- *      with finer steps.
- *   4. Fit a **cubic Hermite polynomial** through `(τ_i, dr/dτ_i)` and
- *      `(τ_{i+1}, dr/dτ_{i+1})`, with endpoint derivatives estimated
- *      from neighboring snapshots (4 values total: f and f' at both
- *      endpoints). Find an analytic root of the cubic on [τ_i, τ_{i+1}].
- *   5. If `|P(τ_root)| > tauTolerance`, refine with **bisection on the
- *      polynomial** (not re-integration — Adam+Eve I6/F11 — that would
- *      cost a full GL4 sweep per bisection step, which defeats the
- *      cached-snapshot approach). Precision floor: 1e-9 × T_orbit
- *      (Adam+Eve I1 — 1e-12 needs ~40 cubic bisections and is wasted
- *      effort given the integrator's per-step error is already > 1e-12).
- *   6. Return `{ tau, x, phi }` where `x` is the cubic-Hermite-interpolated
- *      4-coordinate at the root and `phi = x[3]`.
- *
- * **Throws** `Error("no perihelion bracket")` if no `−→+` sign-change is
- * found in the snapshot range.
- *
- * @module numerical/perihelion-finder
- */
 /**
  * Result of `findPerihelion`: the τ at the radial turning point, the
  * interpolated 4-coordinate, and the orbital phase `phi = x[3]`.

package/dist/numerical/perihelion-finder.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/numerical/perihelion-finder.js

@@ -20,11 +20,14 @@
  *      `(τ_{i+1}, dr/dτ_{i+1})`, with endpoint derivatives estimated
  *      from neighboring snapshots (4 values total: f and f' at both
  *      endpoints). Find an analytic root of the cubic on [τ_i, τ_{i+1}].
- *   5. If `|P(τ_root)| > tauTolerance`, refine with **bisection on the
- *      polynomial** (not re-integration — Adam+Eve I6/F11 — that would
- *      cost a full GL4 sweep per bisection step, which defeats the
- *      cached-snapshot approach). Precision floor: 1e-9 × T_orbit
- *      (Adam+Eve I1 — 1e-12 needs ~40 cubic bisections and is wasted
+ *   5. If `|P(τ_root)| > tauTolerance`, refine with **Brent's method on the
+ *      polynomial** (MathTS `findRoot`, not re-integration — Adam+Eve
+ *      I6/F11 — that would cost a full GL4 sweep per step, which defeats
+ *      the cached-snapshot approach). `tauTolerance` is a RESIDUAL tolerance
+ *      in the units of dr/dτ, so the search is run with `xtol: 0`
+ *      (`@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions` ≥ 0.68.3): the solver stops on
+ *      `|P| ≤ tauTolerance` alone, never on the bracket width in `s`.
+ *      Precision floor: 1e-9 × T_orbit (Adam+Eve I1 — 1e-12 is wasted
  *      effort given the integrator's per-step error is already > 1e-12).
  *   6. Return `{ tau, x, phi }` where `x` is the cubic-Hermite-interpolated
  *      4-coordinate at the root and `phi = x[3]`.
@@ -34,6 +37,8 @@
  *
  * @module numerical/perihelion-finder
  */
+import { findRoot, hermiteInterp, median } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';
+import { numberFrom } from '../core/mathts-read.js';
 /** Compute `dr/dτ = g^{rν}(x) p_ν` at a single snapshot. */
 function radialVelocity(x, p, gInverseFn, r) {
     const gInv = gInverseFn(x);
@@ -44,41 +49,25 @@ function radialVelocity(x, p, gInverseFn, r) {
     }
     return v;
 }
-/** Median of a numeric array (does not mutate input). */
-function median(values) {
-    const sorted = [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b);
-    const n = sorted.length;
-    if (n === 0)
+/** Median of the snapshot steps, MathTS `median` (0 for no steps, as before). */
+function medianStep(values) {
+    if (values.length === 0)
         return 0;
-    if (n % 2 === 1)
-        return sorted[(n - 1) / 2];
-    return 0.5 * (sorted[n / 2 - 1] + sorted[n / 2]);
+    return numberFrom('median', median([...values]));
 }
 /**
- * Hermite basis on the unit interval, evaluated at `s ∈ [0,1]`.
- *
- * Cubic Hermite interpolant of a scalar `f(τ)` over `[τ0, τ1]` with
+ * The cubic Hermite interpolant of a scalar `f(τ)` over `[τ0, τ1]` with
  * endpoint values `f0, f1` and endpoint derivatives `m0, m1` (in `f` per
- * `τ`):
- *
- *     P(τ) = h00(s) f0 + h10(s) (τ1−τ0) m0 + h01(s) f1 + h11(s) (τ1−τ0) m1
+ * `τ`), at `s = (τ − τ0)/(τ1 − τ0)`: MathTS `hermiteInterp` on the two
+ * nodes `0` and `1` of the unit interval, where the derivatives are
+ * `(τ1 − τ0) m`. With two nodes that interpolant IS the cubic
  *
- * where `s = (τ − τ0)/(τ1 − τ0)` and
- *     h00 =  2s³ − 3s² + 1
- *     h10 =      s³ − 2s² + s
- *     h01 = −2s³ + 3s²
- *     h11 =      s³ −  s²
+ *     P = h00(s) f0 + h10(s) (τ1−τ0) m0 + h01(s) f1 + h11(s) (τ1−τ0) m1
  *
  * (Numerical Recipes §3.4; Hairer/Lubich/Wanner §III.5.)
  */
 function hermiteEval(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, s) {
-    const s2 = s * s;
-    const s3 = s2 * s;
-    const h00 = 2 * s3 - 3 * s2 + 1;
-    const h10 = s3 - 2 * s2 + s;
-    const h01 = -2 * s3 + 3 * s2;
-    const h11 = s3 - s2;
-    return h00 * f0 + h10 * dt * m0 + h01 * f1 + h11 * dt * m1;
+    return hermiteInterp([0, 1], [f0, f1], [dt * m0, dt * m1], s);
 }
 /**
  * Vector cubic-Hermite interpolation of a 4-coordinate `x^μ` at `τ`
@@ -95,61 +84,26 @@ function hermiteInterpVector(x0, x1, m0, m1, dt, s) {
     return out;
 }
 /**
- * Bisection on the cubic-Hermite polynomial for the scalar `dr/dτ` root.
- * Operates on `s ∈ [0,1]` — the normalised bracket coordinate. Returns
- * the converged `s` and the corresponding polynomial value.
+ * The root of the cubic-Hermite polynomial for the scalar `dr/dτ`, on the
+ * normalised bracket coordinate `s ∈ [0,1]`, by MathTS `findRoot` (Brent).
+ * Returns the converged `s` and the polynomial value there.
  *
- * Precision: the loop terminates when `|P(s_mid)| ≤ tauTolerance` (scaled
- * to whatever units `dr/dτ` is in — the caller passes `tauTolerance`
- * matched to the integrator scale). A hard iteration cap of 60 prevents
- * runaway on pathological inputs (60 bisections halve `s` to ≈1e-18 — well
- * below floating-point resolution).
+ * Precision: `tol` is a residual tolerance in the units of `dr/dτ` (the
+ * caller passes `tauTolerance`, matched to the integrator scale), so the
+ * solver runs with `xtol: 0` and stops on `|P(s)| ≤ tol` alone, never on
+ * the bracket width in `s`. `sInitial` (the linear estimate) is tried first
+ * and returned when it already meets `tol`. A hard iteration cap of 100
+ * bounds a tolerance the polynomial cannot meet in floating point; the
+ * solver then returns its best point.
  */
-function bisectCubic(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, sInitial, tol) {
-    // Establish a bracket around sInitial. The sign-change is at the
-    // f(τ0)=f0 → f(τ1)=f1 endpoints (by construction f0 < 0, f1 > 0).
-    let sLo = 0;
-    let sHi = 1;
-    let fLo = f0;
-    let fHi = f1;
-    let s = sInitial;
-    let fs = hermiteEval(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, s);
-    // If sInitial already satisfies tol, return it.
-    let absFs = fs < 0 ? -fs : fs;
-    if (absFs <= tol)
-        return { s, residual: fs };
-    // Warm start: the sInitial evaluation above is otherwise discarded. Use its
-    // sign to tighten the GUARANTEED bracket before bisecting. This preserves the
-    // sign-bracket invariant (fLo < 0 < fHi) — so convergence is unaffected — and
-    // a good linear estimate yields a smaller starting interval (fewer iters).
-    if (sInitial > sLo && sInitial < sHi) {
-        if ((fs < 0) === (fLo < 0)) {
-            sLo = s;
-            fLo = fs;
-        }
-        else {
-            sHi = s;
-            fHi = fs;
-        }
-    }
-    for (let iter = 0; iter < 60; iter++) {
-        // Bisect the (warm-started) bracket — robust regardless of the estimate.
-        s = 0.5 * (sLo + sHi);
-        fs = hermiteEval(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, s);
-        absFs = fs < 0 ? -fs : fs;
-        if (absFs <= tol)
-            return { s, residual: fs };
-        // Maintain sign-bracket: fLo < 0 < fHi.
-        if ((fs < 0) === (fLo < 0)) {
-            sLo = s;
-            fLo = fs;
-        }
-        else {
-            sHi = s;
-            fHi = fs;
-        }
-    }
-    return { s, residual: fs };
+function rootOnCubic(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, sInitial, tol) {
+    const P = (s) => hermiteEval(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, s);
+    const atStart = P(sInitial);
+    if (Math.abs(atStart) <= tol)
+        return { s: sInitial, residual: atStart };
+    // By construction f(0) = f0 ≤ 0 < f1 = f(1) (or f0 < 0 ≤ f1), the sign change `findRoot` requires.
+    const s = findRoot(P, 0, 1, { tol, xtol: 0, maxIter: 100 });
+    return { s, residual: P(s) };
 }
 /**
  * Find the perihelion (inner radial turning point) on a snapshot stream.
@@ -267,7 +221,7 @@ export function findPerihelion(options) {
     for (let i = 0; i < snapshots.length - 1; i++) {
         deltas.push(snapshots[i + 1].tau - snapshots[i].tau);
     }
-    const hSnap = median(deltas);
+    const hSnap = medianStep(deltas);
     if (dt < hSnap) {
         process.emitWarning(`findPerihelion: bracket width Δτ=${dt} < h_snap=${hSnap} `
             + `(median snapshot step) — GL4 snapshot density is too coarse to `
@@ -284,8 +238,8 @@ export function findPerihelion(options) {
     // Initial guess: linear interpolation root, s = f0 / (f0 − f1).
     // For a linear sign-change this is exact; for cubic it's a warm start.
     const sLinear = f0 / (f0 - f1);
-    // Step 5: bisect the cubic-Hermite polynomial until residual ≤ tolerance.
-    const { s: sRoot } = bisectCubic(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, sLinear, tauTolerance);
+    // Step 5: solve the cubic-Hermite polynomial until residual ≤ tolerance.
+    const { s: sRoot } = rootOnCubic(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, sLinear, tauTolerance);
     const tauRoot = tau0 + sRoot * dt;
     // Step 6: interpolate x^μ at τ_root via cubic Hermite using the same
     // endpoint-derivative scheme. dx^μ/dτ at endpoints comes from

package/dist/numerical/perihelion-finder.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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* Bisection perihelion finder via cubic-Hermite interpolation on cached\n * GL4 snapshots (v0.5.0 Task 4, Phase 1b).\n *\n * Algorithm (Design §3 Task 1b):\n *   1. Walk snapshots, extract `dr/dτ_i = g^{rν}(x_i) · p_{i,ν}` at each\n *      snapshot. Index `r` is the radial coordinate slot (index 1 by\n *      convention in (t, r, θ, φ)).\n *   2. Locate consecutive indices `(i, i+1)` where `dr/dτ` sign-changes\n *      from `−` to `+` — that is the perihelion (inner radial turning\n *      point). Sign-change `+ → −` is apoapsis and is intentionally\n *      skipped.\n *   3. **M3 bracket-width check:** if `|τ_{i+1} − τ_i| < 2 · h_snap`\n *      where `h_snap` is the median Δτ across all snapshots, emit a\n *      non-throwing `PerihelionBracketWidthWarning` via\n *      `process.emitWarning`. This indicates the GL4 step is too coarse\n *      to resolve the turning point — the caller should re-integrate\n *      with finer steps.\n *   4. Fit a **cubic Hermite polynomial** through `(τ_i, dr/dτ_i)` and\n *      `(τ_{i+1}, dr/dτ_{i+1})`, with endpoint derivatives estimated\n *      from neighboring snapshots (4 values total: f and f' at both\n *      endpoints). Find an analytic root of the cubic on [τ_i, τ_{i+1}].\n *   5. If `|P(τ_root)| > tauTolerance`, refine with **bisection on the\n *      polynomial** (not re-integration — Adam+Eve I6/F11 — that would\n *      cost a full GL4 sweep per bisection step, which defeats the\n *      cached-snapshot approach). Precision floor: 1e-9 × T_orbit\n *      (Adam+Eve I1 — 1e-12 needs ~40 cubic bisections and is wasted\n *      effort given the integrator's per-step error is already > 1e-12).\n *   6. Return `{ tau, x, phi }` where `x` is the cubic-Hermite-interpolated\n *      4-coordinate at the root and `phi = x[3]`.\n *\n * **Throws** `Error(\"no perihelion bracket\")` if no `−→+` sign-change is\n * found in the snapshot range.\n *\n * @module numerical/perihelion-finder\n */\n\n/**\n * Result of `findPerihelion`: the τ at the radial turning point, the\n * interpolated 4-coordinate, and the orbital phase `phi = x[3]`.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport interface PerihelionResult {\n  /** Proper time at the perihelion. */\n  readonly tau: number;\n  /** Interpolated 4-coordinate x^μ at τ_perihelion. */\n  readonly x: readonly number[];\n  /** Orbital phase φ = x[3] at τ_perihelion. */\n  readonly phi: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Options for {@link findPerihelion}.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport interface FindPerihelionOptions {\n  /** Snapshots produced by `integrateGeodesicGL4` (or any compatible\n   *  `(τ, x, p)` snapshot stream — only `tau`, `x`, `p` are read). */\n  readonly snapshots: ReadonlyArray<{\n    readonly tau: number;\n    readonly x: readonly number[];\n    readonly p: readonly number[];\n  }>;\n  /** Inverse-metric closure (v0.9.0 O-1 flat layout):\n   *  `gInverseFn(x)[μ*dim + ν] = g^{μν}(x)`, Float64Array(dim²). Used to\n   *  compute `dr/dτ = g^{rν}(x) p_ν` at each snapshot. */\n  readonly gInverseFn: (x: readonly number[]) => Float64Array;\n  /** Polynomial-bisection target tolerance on the cubic-Hermite root —\n   *  measured as `|P(τ_root)|`, not `|τ − τ_true|`. Precision floor 1e-9\n   *  per Adam+Eve I1; tighter values just waste bisections. */\n  readonly tauTolerance: number;\n  /** Coordinate index used as the \"radial\" slot. Defaults to 1\n   *  ((t, r, θ, φ) convention). */\n  readonly radialIndex?: number;\n}\n\n/** Compute `dr/dτ = g^{rν}(x) p_ν` at a single snapshot. */\nfunction radialVelocity(\n  x: readonly number[],\n  p: readonly number[],\n  gInverseFn: (x: readonly number[]) => Float64Array,\n  r: number,\n): number {\n  const gInv = gInverseFn(x);\n  const dim = p.length;\n  let v = 0;\n  for (let nu = 0; nu < dim; nu++) {\n    v += gInv[r * dim + nu] * p[nu];\n  }\n  return v;\n}\n\n/** Median of a numeric array (does not mutate input). */\nfunction median(values: readonly number[]): number {\n  const sorted = [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b);\n  const n = sorted.length;\n  if (n === 0) return 0;\n  if (n % 2 === 1) return sorted[(n - 1) / 2];\n  return 0.5 * (sorted[n / 2 - 1] + sorted[n / 2]);\n}\n\n/**\n * Hermite basis on the unit interval, evaluated at `s ∈ [0,1]`.\n *\n * Cubic Hermite interpolant of a scalar `f(τ)` over `[τ0, τ1]` with\n * endpoint values `f0, f1` and endpoint derivatives `m0, m1` (in `f` per\n * `τ`):\n *\n *     P(τ) = h00(s) f0 + h10(s) (τ1−τ0) m0 + h01(s) f1 + h11(s) (τ1−τ0) m1\n *\n * where `s = (τ − τ0)/(τ1 − τ0)` and\n *     h00 =  2s³ − 3s² + 1\n *     h10 =      s³ − 2s² + s\n *     h01 = −2s³ + 3s²\n *     h11 =      s³ −  s²\n *\n * (Numerical Recipes §3.4; Hairer/Lubich/Wanner §III.5.)\n */\nfunction hermiteEval(\n  f0: number,\n  f1: number,\n  m0: number,\n  m1: number,\n  dt: number,\n  s: number,\n): number {\n  const s2 = s * s;\n  const s3 = s2 * s;\n  const h00 =  2 * s3 - 3 * s2 + 1;\n  const h10 =      s3 - 2 * s2 + s;\n  const h01 = -2 * s3 + 3 * s2;\n  const h11 =      s3 -     s2;\n  return h00 * f0 + h10 * dt * m0 + h01 * f1 + h11 * dt * m1;\n}\n\n/**\n * Vector cubic-Hermite interpolation of a 4-coordinate `x^μ` at `τ`\n * given the two bracket endpoints and their snapshot derivatives in `τ`\n * (here: the `x` arrays, with derivative `dx/dτ` approximated by central\n * differences on neighbor snapshots — passed in by the caller).\n */\nfunction hermiteInterpVector(\n  x0: readonly number[],\n  x1: readonly number[],\n  m0: readonly number[],\n  m1: readonly number[],\n  dt: number,\n  s: number,\n): number[] {\n  const dim = x0.length;\n  const out = new Array<number>(dim);\n  for (let mu = 0; mu < dim; mu++) {\n    out[mu] = hermiteEval(x0[mu], x1[mu], m0[mu], m1[mu], dt, s);\n  }\n  return out;\n}\n\n/**\n * Bisection on the cubic-Hermite polynomial for the scalar `dr/dτ` root.\n * Operates on `s ∈ [0,1]` — the normalised bracket coordinate. Returns\n * the converged `s` and the corresponding polynomial value.\n *\n * Precision: the loop terminates when `|P(s_mid)| ≤ tauTolerance` (scaled\n * to whatever units `dr/dτ` is in — the caller passes `tauTolerance`\n * matched to the integrator scale). A hard iteration cap of 60 prevents\n * runaway on pathological inputs (60 bisections halve `s` to ≈1e-18 — well\n * below floating-point resolution).\n */\nfunction bisectCubic(\n  f0: number,\n  f1: number,\n  m0: number,\n  m1: number,\n  dt: number,\n  sInitial: number,\n  tol: number,\n): { s: number; residual: number } {\n  // Establish a bracket around sInitial. The sign-change is at the\n  // f(τ0)=f0 → f(τ1)=f1 endpoints (by construction f0 < 0, f1 > 0).\n  let sLo = 0;\n  let sHi = 1;\n  let fLo = f0;\n  let fHi = f1;\n  let s = sInitial;\n  let fs = hermiteEval(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, s);\n\n  // If sInitial already satisfies tol, return it.\n  let absFs = fs < 0 ? -fs : fs;\n  if (absFs <= tol) return { s, residual: fs };\n\n  // Warm start: the sInitial evaluation above is otherwise discarded. Use its\n  // sign to tighten the GUARANTEED bracket before bisecting. This preserves the\n  // sign-bracket invariant (fLo < 0 < fHi) — so convergence is unaffected — and\n  // a good linear estimate yields a smaller starting interval (fewer iters).\n  if (sInitial > sLo && sInitial < sHi) {\n    if ((fs < 0) === (fLo < 0)) {\n      sLo = s;\n      fLo = fs;\n    } else {\n      sHi = s;\n      fHi = fs;\n    }\n  }\n\n  for (let iter = 0; iter < 60; iter++) {\n    // Bisect the (warm-started) bracket — robust regardless of the estimate.\n    s = 0.5 * (sLo + sHi);\n    fs = hermiteEval(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, s);\n    absFs = fs < 0 ? -fs : fs;\n    if (absFs <= tol) return { s, residual: fs };\n    // Maintain sign-bracket: fLo < 0 < fHi.\n    if ((fs < 0) === (fLo < 0)) {\n      sLo = s;\n      fLo = fs;\n    } else {\n      sHi = s;\n      fHi = fs;\n    }\n  }\n  return { s, residual: fs };\n}\n\n/**\n * Find the perihelion (inner radial turning point) on a snapshot stream.\n *\n * See module-level docstring for the algorithm. Throws if no `−→+` sign\n * change in `dr/dτ` is found.\n *\n * **Units.** Inherited from the supplied snapshots and `gInverseFn` — the\n * finder is metric-agnostic. For the perihelion method used by catalog\n * relation be-52 on Schwarzschild:\n *   - `snapshots[i].tau` — affine parameter in **seconds** (SI, the\n *     covariant-eikonal method's null normalization, used by catalog\n *     relation be-37) or **proper-time seconds** (timelike geodesics).\n *   - `snapshots[i].x` — 4-coordinate `(t, r, θ, φ)` in\n *     **(s, m, rad, rad)** (SI).\n *   - `snapshots[i].p` — covariant momentum (units depend on the\n *     normalization; see `integrateGeodesicGL4` JSDoc).\n *   - `tauTolerance` — polynomial-residual tolerance on `dr/dτ`,\n *     therefore in **m/s** for SI Schwarzschild. Floor `1e-9` ⇒ tighter\n *     values are quietly clamped (see implementation).\n *\n * @param options — see {@link FindPerihelionOptions}:\n *   - `snapshots` — `(τ, x, p)` stream from `integrateGeodesicGL4` (units\n *     as above).\n *   - `gInverseFn(x)[μ*dim+ν]` — inverse metric `g^{μν}(x)` (flat). Same units as\n *     the matching integrator call.\n *   - `tauTolerance` — bisection target on `|P(s_root)|` measured in the\n *     units of `dr/dτ` (m/s for SI Schwarzschild).\n *   - `radialIndex` — index of `r` within `x` (default `1` — standard\n *     `(t, r, θ, φ)` ordering).\n * @returns `{ tau, x, phi }` — affine parameter, interpolated 4-coordinate,\n *   and orbital phase `φ = x[3]` at the perihelion. Units of `tau` and `x`\n *   match the inputs; `phi` is in **radians**.\n * @throws Error if `snapshots.length < 2` or no `−→+` sign change in `dr/dτ`.\n *\n * @example\n * ```typescript\n * import { findPerihelion, integrateGeodesicGL4 } from 'universal-physics-tensor';\n * import {\n *   schwarzschildDgInverseFn,\n *   schwarzschildGInverseFn,\n *   schwarzschildRs,\n * } from '../tests/fixtures/schwarzschild.js';\n *\n * const M = 1.989e30;\n * const r0 = 20 * schwarzschildRs(M); // starting radius\n * // Canonical (x, p) state: covariant momentum p = [-E, 0, 0, L] from the\n * // orbit's conserved energy E and angular momentum L (see\n * // tests/bridges/perihelion-precession.test.ts for a full setup).\n * const snapshots = integrateGeodesicGL4(\n *   { x: [0, r0, Math.PI / 2, 0], p: [-E, 0, 0, L] },\n *   {\n *     steps: 2000,\n *     tauMax: 1e6,\n *     gInverseFn: schwarzschildGInverseFn(M),\n *     dgInverseFn: schwarzschildDgInverseFn(M),\n *   },\n * );\n *\n * const perihelion = findPerihelion({\n *   snapshots,\n *   gInverseFn: schwarzschildGInverseFn(M),\n *   tauTolerance: 1e-9,\n * });\n * // perihelion.phi — azimuthal angle at closest approach (radians)\n * ```\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport function findPerihelion(options: FindPerihelionOptions): PerihelionResult {\n  const { snapshots, gInverseFn, tauTolerance, radialIndex = 1 } = options;\n  if (snapshots.length < 2) {\n    throw new Error('no perihelion bracket: need at least 2 snapshots');\n  }\n\n  // Step 1: extract dr/dτ at every snapshot.\n  const drDtau = new Array<number>(snapshots.length);\n  for (let i = 0; i < snapshots.length; i++) {\n    drDtau[i] = radialVelocity(\n      snapshots[i].x,\n      snapshots[i].p,\n      gInverseFn,\n      radialIndex,\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Step 2: locate the first `− → +` sign change.\n  // Tolerant against snapshot landing exactly at the turning point\n  // (drDtau ≈ 0): treat `≤ 0 → > 0` as a valid bracket. A snapshot with\n  // f == 0 exactly is itself the perihelion — but we still return through\n  // the Hermite path so the {x, phi} interpolation is uniform.\n  let iBracket = -1;\n  for (let i = 0; i < snapshots.length - 1; i++) {\n    if (drDtau[i] <= 0 && drDtau[i + 1] > 0) {\n      iBracket = i;\n      break;\n    }\n    if (drDtau[i] < 0 && drDtau[i + 1] >= 0) {\n      iBracket = i;\n      break;\n    }\n  }\n  if (iBracket < 0) {\n    throw new Error('no perihelion bracket: dr/dτ does not change sign − → +');\n  }\n\n  const i0 = iBracket;\n  const i1 = iBracket + 1;\n  const tau0 = snapshots[i0].tau;\n  const tau1 = snapshots[i1].tau;\n  const dt = tau1 - tau0;\n\n  // Step 3: M3 bracket-width check vs median Δτ.\n  //\n  // Plan spec literally says `< 2·h_snap`, but on a uniform-step grid\n  // every bracket equals h_snap exactly (ratio 1.0), so `< 2·h_snap` would\n  // fire on every successful call — useless as a diagnostic. The intent\n  // of M3 is to flag brackets compressed below the nominal integrator\n  // step (i.e., adaptive step-halving has run near perihelion, leaving a\n  // suspicious cluster). We compare against `h_snap` directly: the\n  // warning fires when the bracket is **narrower than the typical step**.\n  // Documented deviation; honest framing maintained — see CHANGELOG.\n  const deltas: number[] = [];\n  for (let i = 0; i < snapshots.length - 1; i++) {\n    deltas.push(snapshots[i + 1].tau - snapshots[i].tau);\n  }\n  const hSnap = median(deltas);\n  if (dt < hSnap) {\n    process.emitWarning(\n      `findPerihelion: bracket width Δτ=${dt} < h_snap=${hSnap} `\n      + `(median snapshot step) — GL4 snapshot density is too coarse to `\n      + `resolve this turning point reliably; consider re-integrating `\n      + `with finer steps.`,\n      'PerihelionBracketWidthWarning',\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Step 4: build cubic-Hermite interpolant for dr/dτ on [τ_i0, τ_i1].\n  // Endpoint derivatives (d/dτ of dr/dτ) approximated via central\n  // differences on neighboring snapshots (one-sided at boundaries).\n  const f0 = drDtau[i0];\n  const f1 = drDtau[i1];\n  const m0 = derivAt(drDtau, snapshots, i0);\n  const m1 = derivAt(drDtau, snapshots, i1);\n\n  // Initial guess: linear interpolation root, s = f0 / (f0 − f1).\n  // For a linear sign-change this is exact; for cubic it's a warm start.\n  const sLinear = f0 / (f0 - f1);\n\n  // Step 5: bisect the cubic-Hermite polynomial until residual ≤ tolerance.\n  const { s: sRoot } = bisectCubic(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, sLinear, tauTolerance);\n\n  const tauRoot = tau0 + sRoot * dt;\n\n  // Step 6: interpolate x^μ at τ_root via cubic Hermite using the same\n  // endpoint-derivative scheme. dx^μ/dτ at endpoints comes from\n  // central-differencing neighboring snapshots' x arrays.\n  const xMomentum0 = velocityAt(snapshots, i0, gInverseFn);\n  const xMomentum1 = velocityAt(snapshots, i1, gInverseFn);\n  const xInterp = hermiteInterpVector(\n    snapshots[i0].x,\n    snapshots[i1].x,\n    xMomentum0,\n    xMomentum1,\n    dt,\n    sRoot,\n  );\n\n  return {\n    tau: tauRoot,\n    x: xInterp,\n    phi: xInterp[3] ?? 0,\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * Central-difference estimate of `d(dr/dτ)/dτ` at snapshot index `i`.\n * One-sided at i=0 and i=N−1. Used as the Hermite endpoint slope.\n */\nfunction derivAt(\n  drDtau: readonly number[],\n  snapshots: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly tau: number }>,\n  i: number,\n): number {\n  const N = snapshots.length;\n  if (i === 0) {\n    return (drDtau[1] - drDtau[0]) / (snapshots[1].tau - snapshots[0].tau);\n  }\n  if (i === N - 1) {\n    return (drDtau[N - 1] - drDtau[N - 2])\n      / (snapshots[N - 1].tau - snapshots[N - 2].tau);\n  }\n  return (drDtau[i + 1] - drDtau[i - 1])\n    / (snapshots[i + 1].tau - snapshots[i - 1].tau);\n}\n\n/**\n * 4-velocity `v^μ = g^{μν}(x_i) p_{i,ν}` at snapshot `i`. Used as the\n * Hermite endpoint slope for the `x^μ` interpolation (since by definition\n * `dx^μ/dτ = g^{μν} p_ν` along a geodesic).\n */\nfunction velocityAt(\n  snapshots: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly x: readonly number[]; readonly p: readonly number[] }>,\n  i: number,\n  gInverseFn: (x: readonly number[]) => Float64Array,\n): number[] {\n  const x = snapshots[i].x;\n  const p = snapshots[i].p;\n  const gInv = gInverseFn(x);\n  const dim = x.length;\n  const v = new Array<number>(dim);\n  for (let mu = 0; mu < dim; mu++) {\n    let acc = 0;\n    for (let nu = 0; nu < dim; nu++) {\n      acc += gInv[mu * dim + nu] * p[nu];\n    }\n    v[mu] = acc;\n  }\n  return v;\n}\n"]}
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* Bisection perihelion finder via cubic-Hermite interpolation on cached\n * GL4 snapshots (v0.5.0 Task 4, Phase 1b).\n *\n * Algorithm (Design §3 Task 1b):\n *   1. Walk snapshots, extract `dr/dτ_i = g^{rν}(x_i) · p_{i,ν}` at each\n *      snapshot. Index `r` is the radial coordinate slot (index 1 by\n *      convention in (t, r, θ, φ)).\n *   2. Locate consecutive indices `(i, i+1)` where `dr/dτ` sign-changes\n *      from `−` to `+` — that is the perihelion (inner radial turning\n *      point). Sign-change `+ → −` is apoapsis and is intentionally\n *      skipped.\n *   3. **M3 bracket-width check:** if `|τ_{i+1} − τ_i| < 2 · h_snap`\n *      where `h_snap` is the median Δτ across all snapshots, emit a\n *      non-throwing `PerihelionBracketWidthWarning` via\n *      `process.emitWarning`. This indicates the GL4 step is too coarse\n *      to resolve the turning point — the caller should re-integrate\n *      with finer steps.\n *   4. Fit a **cubic Hermite polynomial** through `(τ_i, dr/dτ_i)` and\n *      `(τ_{i+1}, dr/dτ_{i+1})`, with endpoint derivatives estimated\n *      from neighboring snapshots (4 values total: f and f' at both\n *      endpoints). Find an analytic root of the cubic on [τ_i, τ_{i+1}].\n *   5. If `|P(τ_root)| > tauTolerance`, refine with **Brent's method on the\n *      polynomial** (MathTS `findRoot`, not re-integration — Adam+Eve\n *      I6/F11 — that would cost a full GL4 sweep per step, which defeats\n *      the cached-snapshot approach). `tauTolerance` is a RESIDUAL tolerance\n *      in the units of dr/dτ, so the search is run with `xtol: 0`\n *      (`@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions` ≥ 0.68.3): the solver stops on\n *      `|P| ≤ tauTolerance` alone, never on the bracket width in `s`.\n *      Precision floor: 1e-9 × T_orbit (Adam+Eve I1 — 1e-12 is wasted\n *      effort given the integrator's per-step error is already > 1e-12).\n *   6. Return `{ tau, x, phi }` where `x` is the cubic-Hermite-interpolated\n *      4-coordinate at the root and `phi = x[3]`.\n *\n * **Throws** `Error(\"no perihelion bracket\")` if no `−→+` sign-change is\n * found in the snapshot range.\n *\n * @module numerical/perihelion-finder\n */\nimport { findRoot, hermiteInterp, median } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions';\nimport { numberFrom } from '../core/mathts-read.js';\n\n/**\n * Result of `findPerihelion`: the τ at the radial turning point, the\n * interpolated 4-coordinate, and the orbital phase `phi = x[3]`.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport interface PerihelionResult {\n  /** Proper time at the perihelion. */\n  readonly tau: number;\n  /** Interpolated 4-coordinate x^μ at τ_perihelion. */\n  readonly x: readonly number[];\n  /** Orbital phase φ = x[3] at τ_perihelion. */\n  readonly phi: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Options for {@link findPerihelion}.\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport interface FindPerihelionOptions {\n  /** Snapshots produced by `integrateGeodesicGL4` (or any compatible\n   *  `(τ, x, p)` snapshot stream — only `tau`, `x`, `p` are read). */\n  readonly snapshots: ReadonlyArray<{\n    readonly tau: number;\n    readonly x: readonly number[];\n    readonly p: readonly number[];\n  }>;\n  /** Inverse-metric closure (v0.9.0 O-1 flat layout):\n   *  `gInverseFn(x)[μ*dim + ν] = g^{μν}(x)`, Float64Array(dim²). Used to\n   *  compute `dr/dτ = g^{rν}(x) p_ν` at each snapshot. */\n  readonly gInverseFn: (x: readonly number[]) => Float64Array;\n  /** Polynomial-bisection target tolerance on the cubic-Hermite root —\n   *  measured as `|P(τ_root)|`, not `|τ − τ_true|`. Precision floor 1e-9\n   *  per Adam+Eve I1; tighter values just waste bisections. */\n  readonly tauTolerance: number;\n  /** Coordinate index used as the \"radial\" slot. Defaults to 1\n   *  ((t, r, θ, φ) convention). */\n  readonly radialIndex?: number;\n}\n\n/** Compute `dr/dτ = g^{rν}(x) p_ν` at a single snapshot. */\nfunction radialVelocity(\n  x: readonly number[],\n  p: readonly number[],\n  gInverseFn: (x: readonly number[]) => Float64Array,\n  r: number,\n): number {\n  const gInv = gInverseFn(x);\n  const dim = p.length;\n  let v = 0;\n  for (let nu = 0; nu < dim; nu++) {\n    v += gInv[r * dim + nu] * p[nu];\n  }\n  return v;\n}\n\n/** Median of the snapshot steps, MathTS `median` (0 for no steps, as before). */\nfunction medianStep(values: readonly number[]): number {\n  if (values.length === 0) return 0;\n  return numberFrom('median', median([...values]));\n}\n\n/**\n * The cubic Hermite interpolant of a scalar `f(τ)` over `[τ0, τ1]` with\n * endpoint values `f0, f1` and endpoint derivatives `m0, m1` (in `f` per\n * `τ`), at `s = (τ − τ0)/(τ1 − τ0)`: MathTS `hermiteInterp` on the two\n * nodes `0` and `1` of the unit interval, where the derivatives are\n * `(τ1 − τ0) m`. With two nodes that interpolant IS the cubic\n *\n *     P = h00(s) f0 + h10(s) (τ1−τ0) m0 + h01(s) f1 + h11(s) (τ1−τ0) m1\n *\n * (Numerical Recipes §3.4; Hairer/Lubich/Wanner §III.5.)\n */\nfunction hermiteEval(\n  f0: number,\n  f1: number,\n  m0: number,\n  m1: number,\n  dt: number,\n  s: number,\n): number {\n  return hermiteInterp([0, 1], [f0, f1], [dt * m0, dt * m1], s);\n}\n\n/**\n * Vector cubic-Hermite interpolation of a 4-coordinate `x^μ` at `τ`\n * given the two bracket endpoints and their snapshot derivatives in `τ`\n * (here: the `x` arrays, with derivative `dx/dτ` approximated by central\n * differences on neighbor snapshots — passed in by the caller).\n */\nfunction hermiteInterpVector(\n  x0: readonly number[],\n  x1: readonly number[],\n  m0: readonly number[],\n  m1: readonly number[],\n  dt: number,\n  s: number,\n): number[] {\n  const dim = x0.length;\n  const out = new Array<number>(dim);\n  for (let mu = 0; mu < dim; mu++) {\n    out[mu] = hermiteEval(x0[mu], x1[mu], m0[mu], m1[mu], dt, s);\n  }\n  return out;\n}\n\n/**\n * The root of the cubic-Hermite polynomial for the scalar `dr/dτ`, on the\n * normalised bracket coordinate `s ∈ [0,1]`, by MathTS `findRoot` (Brent).\n * Returns the converged `s` and the polynomial value there.\n *\n * Precision: `tol` is a residual tolerance in the units of `dr/dτ` (the\n * caller passes `tauTolerance`, matched to the integrator scale), so the\n * solver runs with `xtol: 0` and stops on `|P(s)| ≤ tol` alone, never on\n * the bracket width in `s`. `sInitial` (the linear estimate) is tried first\n * and returned when it already meets `tol`. A hard iteration cap of 100\n * bounds a tolerance the polynomial cannot meet in floating point; the\n * solver then returns its best point.\n */\nfunction rootOnCubic(\n  f0: number,\n  f1: number,\n  m0: number,\n  m1: number,\n  dt: number,\n  sInitial: number,\n  tol: number,\n): { s: number; residual: number } {\n  const P = (s: number): number => hermiteEval(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, s);\n  const atStart = P(sInitial);\n  if (Math.abs(atStart) <= tol) return { s: sInitial, residual: atStart };\n  // By construction f(0) = f0 ≤ 0 < f1 = f(1) (or f0 < 0 ≤ f1), the sign change `findRoot` requires.\n  const s = findRoot(P, 0, 1, { tol, xtol: 0, maxIter: 100 });\n  return { s, residual: P(s) };\n}\n\n/**\n * Find the perihelion (inner radial turning point) on a snapshot stream.\n *\n * See module-level docstring for the algorithm. Throws if no `−→+` sign\n * change in `dr/dτ` is found.\n *\n * **Units.** Inherited from the supplied snapshots and `gInverseFn` — the\n * finder is metric-agnostic. For the perihelion method used by catalog\n * relation be-52 on Schwarzschild:\n *   - `snapshots[i].tau` — affine parameter in **seconds** (SI, the\n *     covariant-eikonal method's null normalization, used by catalog\n *     relation be-37) or **proper-time seconds** (timelike geodesics).\n *   - `snapshots[i].x` — 4-coordinate `(t, r, θ, φ)` in\n *     **(s, m, rad, rad)** (SI).\n *   - `snapshots[i].p` — covariant momentum (units depend on the\n *     normalization; see `integrateGeodesicGL4` JSDoc).\n *   - `tauTolerance` — polynomial-residual tolerance on `dr/dτ`,\n *     therefore in **m/s** for SI Schwarzschild. Floor `1e-9` ⇒ tighter\n *     values are quietly clamped (see implementation).\n *\n * @param options — see {@link FindPerihelionOptions}:\n *   - `snapshots` — `(τ, x, p)` stream from `integrateGeodesicGL4` (units\n *     as above).\n *   - `gInverseFn(x)[μ*dim+ν]` — inverse metric `g^{μν}(x)` (flat). Same units as\n *     the matching integrator call.\n *   - `tauTolerance` — bisection target on `|P(s_root)|` measured in the\n *     units of `dr/dτ` (m/s for SI Schwarzschild).\n *   - `radialIndex` — index of `r` within `x` (default `1` — standard\n *     `(t, r, θ, φ)` ordering).\n * @returns `{ tau, x, phi }` — affine parameter, interpolated 4-coordinate,\n *   and orbital phase `φ = x[3]` at the perihelion. Units of `tau` and `x`\n *   match the inputs; `phi` is in **radians**.\n * @throws Error if `snapshots.length < 2` or no `−→+` sign change in `dr/dτ`.\n *\n * @example\n * ```typescript\n * import { findPerihelion, integrateGeodesicGL4 } from 'universal-physics-tensor';\n * import {\n *   schwarzschildDgInverseFn,\n *   schwarzschildGInverseFn,\n *   schwarzschildRs,\n * } from '../tests/fixtures/schwarzschild.js';\n *\n * const M = 1.989e30;\n * const r0 = 20 * schwarzschildRs(M); // starting radius\n * // Canonical (x, p) state: covariant momentum p = [-E, 0, 0, L] from the\n * // orbit's conserved energy E and angular momentum L (see\n * // tests/bridges/perihelion-precession.test.ts for a full setup).\n * const snapshots = integrateGeodesicGL4(\n *   { x: [0, r0, Math.PI / 2, 0], p: [-E, 0, 0, L] },\n *   {\n *     steps: 2000,\n *     tauMax: 1e6,\n *     gInverseFn: schwarzschildGInverseFn(M),\n *     dgInverseFn: schwarzschildDgInverseFn(M),\n *   },\n * );\n *\n * const perihelion = findPerihelion({\n *   snapshots,\n *   gInverseFn: schwarzschildGInverseFn(M),\n *   tauTolerance: 1e-9,\n * });\n * // perihelion.phi — azimuthal angle at closest approach (radians)\n * ```\n *\n * @public\n */\nexport function findPerihelion(options: FindPerihelionOptions): PerihelionResult {\n  const { snapshots, gInverseFn, tauTolerance, radialIndex = 1 } = options;\n  if (snapshots.length < 2) {\n    throw new Error('no perihelion bracket: need at least 2 snapshots');\n  }\n\n  // Step 1: extract dr/dτ at every snapshot.\n  const drDtau = new Array<number>(snapshots.length);\n  for (let i = 0; i < snapshots.length; i++) {\n    drDtau[i] = radialVelocity(\n      snapshots[i].x,\n      snapshots[i].p,\n      gInverseFn,\n      radialIndex,\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Step 2: locate the first `− → +` sign change.\n  // Tolerant against snapshot landing exactly at the turning point\n  // (drDtau ≈ 0): treat `≤ 0 → > 0` as a valid bracket. A snapshot with\n  // f == 0 exactly is itself the perihelion — but we still return through\n  // the Hermite path so the {x, phi} interpolation is uniform.\n  let iBracket = -1;\n  for (let i = 0; i < snapshots.length - 1; i++) {\n    if (drDtau[i] <= 0 && drDtau[i + 1] > 0) {\n      iBracket = i;\n      break;\n    }\n    if (drDtau[i] < 0 && drDtau[i + 1] >= 0) {\n      iBracket = i;\n      break;\n    }\n  }\n  if (iBracket < 0) {\n    throw new Error('no perihelion bracket: dr/dτ does not change sign − → +');\n  }\n\n  const i0 = iBracket;\n  const i1 = iBracket + 1;\n  const tau0 = snapshots[i0].tau;\n  const tau1 = snapshots[i1].tau;\n  const dt = tau1 - tau0;\n\n  // Step 3: M3 bracket-width check vs median Δτ.\n  //\n  // Plan spec literally says `< 2·h_snap`, but on a uniform-step grid\n  // every bracket equals h_snap exactly (ratio 1.0), so `< 2·h_snap` would\n  // fire on every successful call — useless as a diagnostic. The intent\n  // of M3 is to flag brackets compressed below the nominal integrator\n  // step (i.e., adaptive step-halving has run near perihelion, leaving a\n  // suspicious cluster). We compare against `h_snap` directly: the\n  // warning fires when the bracket is **narrower than the typical step**.\n  // Documented deviation; honest framing maintained — see CHANGELOG.\n  const deltas: number[] = [];\n  for (let i = 0; i < snapshots.length - 1; i++) {\n    deltas.push(snapshots[i + 1].tau - snapshots[i].tau);\n  }\n  const hSnap = medianStep(deltas);\n  if (dt < hSnap) {\n    process.emitWarning(\n      `findPerihelion: bracket width Δτ=${dt} < h_snap=${hSnap} `\n      + `(median snapshot step) — GL4 snapshot density is too coarse to `\n      + `resolve this turning point reliably; consider re-integrating `\n      + `with finer steps.`,\n      'PerihelionBracketWidthWarning',\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Step 4: build cubic-Hermite interpolant for dr/dτ on [τ_i0, τ_i1].\n  // Endpoint derivatives (d/dτ of dr/dτ) approximated via central\n  // differences on neighboring snapshots (one-sided at boundaries).\n  const f0 = drDtau[i0];\n  const f1 = drDtau[i1];\n  const m0 = derivAt(drDtau, snapshots, i0);\n  const m1 = derivAt(drDtau, snapshots, i1);\n\n  // Initial guess: linear interpolation root, s = f0 / (f0 − f1).\n  // For a linear sign-change this is exact; for cubic it's a warm start.\n  const sLinear = f0 / (f0 - f1);\n\n  // Step 5: solve the cubic-Hermite polynomial until residual ≤ tolerance.\n  const { s: sRoot } = rootOnCubic(f0, f1, m0, m1, dt, sLinear, tauTolerance);\n\n  const tauRoot = tau0 + sRoot * dt;\n\n  // Step 6: interpolate x^μ at τ_root via cubic Hermite using the same\n  // endpoint-derivative scheme. dx^μ/dτ at endpoints comes from\n  // central-differencing neighboring snapshots' x arrays.\n  const xMomentum0 = velocityAt(snapshots, i0, gInverseFn);\n  const xMomentum1 = velocityAt(snapshots, i1, gInverseFn);\n  const xInterp = hermiteInterpVector(\n    snapshots[i0].x,\n    snapshots[i1].x,\n    xMomentum0,\n    xMomentum1,\n    dt,\n    sRoot,\n  );\n\n  return {\n    tau: tauRoot,\n    x: xInterp,\n    phi: xInterp[3] ?? 0,\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * Central-difference estimate of `d(dr/dτ)/dτ` at snapshot index `i`.\n * One-sided at i=0 and i=N−1. Used as the Hermite endpoint slope.\n */\nfunction derivAt(\n  drDtau: readonly number[],\n  snapshots: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly tau: number }>,\n  i: number,\n): number {\n  const N = snapshots.length;\n  if (i === 0) {\n    return (drDtau[1] - drDtau[0]) / (snapshots[1].tau - snapshots[0].tau);\n  }\n  if (i === N - 1) {\n    return (drDtau[N - 1] - drDtau[N - 2])\n      / (snapshots[N - 1].tau - snapshots[N - 2].tau);\n  }\n  return (drDtau[i + 1] - drDtau[i - 1])\n    / (snapshots[i + 1].tau - snapshots[i - 1].tau);\n}\n\n/**\n * 4-velocity `v^μ = g^{μν}(x_i) p_{i,ν}` at snapshot `i`. Used as the\n * Hermite endpoint slope for the `x^μ` interpolation (since by definition\n * `dx^μ/dτ = g^{μν} p_ν` along a geodesic).\n */\nfunction velocityAt(\n  snapshots: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly x: readonly number[]; readonly p: readonly number[] }>,\n  i: number,\n  gInverseFn: (x: readonly number[]) => Float64Array,\n): number[] {\n  const x = snapshots[i].x;\n  const p = snapshots[i].p;\n  const gInv = gInverseFn(x);\n  const dim = x.length;\n  const v = new Array<number>(dim);\n  for (let mu = 0; mu < dim; mu++) {\n    let acc = 0;\n    for (let nu = 0; nu < dim; nu++) {\n      acc += gInv[mu * dim + nu] * p[nu];\n    }\n    v[mu] = acc;\n  }\n  return v;\n}\n"]}

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