ucn 5.5.2 → 5.6.0

package/core/test-units.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3624 @@
+/**
+ * core/test-units.js — what a test is, where it is, and how to run it.
+ *
+ * One identity for a test, shared by `tests`, the affected-test selection
+ * and `check`: a UNIT is (file, suite chain, name, line), read from the
+ * declaration the language's runner collects (the language module's
+ * `testUnits`). A line of test code belongs to the innermost unit whose
+ * source range holds it; code outside every unit belongs to the file.
+ *
+ * A RUNNER is named only on evidence: the test file imports the runner's
+ * own module, or the nearest build manifest names it. A SELECTOR (the
+ * command that runs one unit, or one file) is built only for a runner whose
+ * selection syntax is modeled here and only when everything the command
+ * depends on is known; otherwise the unit is reported without a command and
+ * with the reason. The runner's own configuration is part of that: what
+ * is data is read (pytest's options and naming rules, jest's roots and
+ * path patterns, vitest's directory, the options a mocha or node script
+ * passes), a configuration written as code only where it is one object
+ * written out that nothing else in the file can change, and a
+ * configuration that can change what a command selects and is not read
+ * withholds the command. Nothing here executes anything.
+ *
+ * A COUNT of tests is of the units listed and not skipped. It is exact
+ * only where every test the runner would report is listed: a file that
+ * holds tests the reader does not list, or a declaration that stands for
+ * several of the runner's tests, makes it a lower bound (`moreTests`),
+ * said wherever the count is printed.
+ *
+ * A test-path file is SUPPORT when it declares no unit, declares no class
+ * that could inherit one, and is not named the way the runner names test
+ * files: helpers, fixtures, shared setup. It is listed, never counted as a
+ * test and never offered as something to run.
+ *
+ * State lives in the model object, created per operation: manifests can
+ * change between two questions asked of one long-lived index.
+ */
+
+'use strict';
+
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const { langTraits, getParser, safeParse, getLanguageAdapter } = require('../languages');
+const { codeUnitCompare, escapeRegExp } = require('./shared');
+const { createSignatures } = require('./member-signatures');
+const { csharpUsings } = require('./type-denotation');
+
+const CONTAINER_KINDS = new Set(['class', 'struct', 'module', 'namespace', 'interface', 'impl',
+    'record', 'enum', 'trait', 'object']);
+const CALLABLE_KINDS = new Set(['function', 'method', 'static', 'constructor', 'classmethod',
+    'getter', 'setter', 'arrow', 'generator']);
+
+/** A shell word: bare when it needs no quoting, single-quoted otherwise. */
+function shellWord(value) {
+    const text = String(value);
+    if (/^[A-Za-z0-9_@%+=:,./-]+$/.test(text)) return text;
+    return `'${text.replace(/'/g, `'\\''`)}'`;
+}
+
+function regexLiteral(text) {
+    return String(text).replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\/]/g, '\\$&');
+}
+
+function posixDir(relativePath) {
+    const dir = path.posix.dirname(String(relativePath).replace(/\\/g, '/'));
+    return dir === '.' ? '' : dir;
+}
+
+function relativeTo(dir, relativePath) {
+    const rel = String(relativePath).replace(/\\/g, '/');
+    if (!dir) return rel;
+    return rel.startsWith(dir + '/') ? rel.slice(dir.length + 1) : null;
+}
+
+/** Directories from the file's own up to the project root, nearest first. */
+function ancestorDirs(relativePath) {
+    const out = [];
+    let dir = posixDir(relativePath);
+    for (;;) {
+        out.push(dir);
+        if (!dir) break;
+        dir = posixDir(dir);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Manifests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function createManifests(index) {
+    const texts = new Map();
+    const listings = new Map();
+    const read = (dir, name) => {
+        const key = `${dir}\0${name}`;
+        if (texts.has(key)) return texts.get(key);
+        let text;
+        try {
+            text = fs.readFileSync(path.join(index.root, dir, name), 'utf8');
+        } catch (e) {
+            text = null;
+        }
+        texts.set(key, text);
+        return text;
+    };
+    const list = dir => {
+        if (listings.has(dir)) return listings.get(dir);
+        let names;
+        try {
+            names = fs.readdirSync(path.join(index.root, dir)).sort(codeUnitCompare);
+        } catch (e) {
+            names = [];
+        }
+        listings.set(dir, names);
+        return names;
+    };
+    const json = (dir, name) => {
+        const text = read(dir, name);
+        if (text == null) return null;
+        try {
+            const value = JSON.parse(text);
+            return value && typeof value === 'object' ? value : null;
+        } catch (e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    };
+    return { read, list, json };
+}
+
+/** The table `[name]` of a TOML or INI text, up to the next table header. */
+function tableText(text, header) {
+    const lines = String(text).split('\n');
+    const out = [];
+    let inside = false;
+    for (const line of lines) {
+        const head = /^\s*\[\[?\s*([^\]]+?)\s*\]\]?\s*(?:[#;].*)?$/.exec(line);
+        if (head) {
+            inside = head[1] === header;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (inside) out.push(line);
+    }
+    return inside || out.length > 0 ? out.join('\n') : null;
+}
+
+function hasTable(text, header) {
+    if (text == null) return false;
+    return String(text).split('\n').some(line => {
+        const head = /^\s*\[\[?\s*([^\]]+?)\s*\]\]?\s*(?:[#;].*)?$/.exec(line);
+        return !!head && head[1] === header;
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The values of `key` in a pytest configuration table: a TOML array or
+ * string, or INI words continued on indented lines. Null when not set.
+ */
+function configWords(table, key) {
+    if (table == null) return null;
+    const lines = table.split('\n');
+    for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+        const match = new RegExp(`^${key}\\s*[=:]\\s*(.*)$`).exec(lines[i]);
+        if (!match) continue;
+        let value = match[1];
+        if (value.trimStart().startsWith('[')) {
+            // A TOML array, possibly over several lines.
+            let j = i;
+            while (!value.includes(']') && j + 1 < lines.length) value += '\n' + lines[++j];
+        } else {
+            for (let j = i + 1; j < lines.length && /^\s+\S/.test(lines[j]); j++) value += '\n' + lines[j];
+        }
+        const quoted = [...value.matchAll(/"([^"]*)"|'([^']*)'/g)].map(m => m[1] != null ? m[1] : m[2]);
+        const words = quoted.length > 0
+            ? quoted.flatMap(word => word.split(/\s+/))
+            : value.replace(/[#;].*$/gm, '').split(/[\s,[\]]+/);
+        return words.filter(Boolean);
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Runners
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Package and command names of JavaScript runners; `true` marks the ones
+// whose selection syntax is modeled.
+const JS_RUNNER_PACKAGES = new Map([
+    ['jest', 'jest'], ['vitest', 'vitest'], ['mocha', 'mocha'],
+    ['ava', 'ava'], ['tap', 'tap'], ['jasmine', 'jasmine'], ['karma', 'karma'], ['uvu', 'uvu'],
+    ['@playwright/test', 'playwright'], ['playwright', 'playwright'], ['cypress', 'cypress'],
+    ['@japa/runner', 'japa'], ['tape', 'tape'], ['qunit', 'qunit'], ['lab', 'lab'], ['@hapi/lab', 'lab'],
+    ['bun', 'bun'], ['deno', 'deno'], ['wdio', 'wdio'], ['@web/test-runner', 'wtr'], ['wtr', 'wtr'],
+    ['react-scripts', 'react-scripts'], ['ng', 'angular'], ['nx', 'nx'], ['turbo', 'turbo'], ['lerna', 'lerna'],
+]);
+const MODELED_JS = new Set(['node-test', 'jest', 'vitest', 'mocha']);
+/**
+ * The tests of a file that a focus (`.only`) keeps from running, by each
+ * runner's own rule (read from the runners and measured). `units` are the
+ * reader's, each with `parent` (the index of the suite it stands in, -1
+ * for the file) and `only` as written.
+ * - vitest: a test runs when it or a suite around it is marked.
+ * - jest: a suite passes its mark down to suites inside it, and to its own
+ *   tests unless one of those is marked itself.
+ * - mocha: a suite with marked tests of its own runs those and nothing
+ *   else of it; otherwise it runs its marked suites (narrowed further when
+ *   they hold marks) and the unmarked ones that hold a mark.
+ * node:test honours the mark only under --test-only: nothing is left out.
+ * @returns {Set<object>} the units that do not run
+ */
+function focusedOut(units, runner) {
+    if (!units.some(unit => unit.only) || !['jest', 'vitest', 'mocha'].includes(runner)) return new Set();
+    const children = new Map();
+    units.forEach((unit, i) => {
+        const parent = unit.parent == null ? -1 : unit.parent;
+        if (!children.has(parent)) children.set(parent, []);
+        children.get(parent).push(i);
+    });
+    const kids = i => children.get(i) || [];
+    const isSuite = i => units[i].kind === 'suite';
+    const runs = new Set();
+    if (runner === 'vitest') {
+        const visit = (parent, included) => {
+            for (const i of kids(parent)) {
+                const include = included || !!units[i].only;
+                if (isSuite(i)) visit(i, include);
+                else if (include) runs.add(i);
+            }
+        };
+        visit(-1, false);
+    } else if (runner === 'jest') {
+        const modes = new Map();
+        const modeOf = i => {
+            if (i === -1) return null;
+            if (!modes.has(i)) modes.set(i, units[i].only ? 'only' : modeOf(units[i].parent == null ? -1 : units[i].parent));
+            return modes.get(i);
+        };
+        units.forEach((unit, i) => {
+            if (unit.kind !== 'test') return;
+            const parent = unit.parent == null ? -1 : unit.parent;
+            const narrowed = modeOf(parent) === 'only' && kids(parent).some(k => !isSuite(k) && units[k].only);
+            if (unit.only || (!narrowed && modeOf(parent) === 'only')) runs.add(i);
+        });
+        // No test ends up focused (an empty marked suite): nothing is left out.
+        if (runs.size === 0) return new Set();
+    } else {
+        const holdsMark = i => kids(i).some(k => units[k].only || (isSuite(k) && holdsMark(k)));
+        const all = i => {
+            for (const k of kids(i)) {
+                if (isSuite(k)) all(k);
+                else runs.add(k);
+            }
+        };
+        const narrow = i => {
+            const own = kids(i).filter(k => !isSuite(k) && units[k].only);
+            if (own.length > 0) {
+                for (const k of own) runs.add(k);
+                return;
+            }
+            for (const k of kids(i)) {
+                if (!isSuite(k)) continue;
+                if (units[k].only && !holdsMark(k)) all(k);
+                else if (units[k].only || holdsMark(k)) narrow(k);
+            }
+        };
+        narrow(-1);
+    }
+    return new Set(units.filter((unit, i) => unit.kind === 'test' && !runs.has(i)));
+}
+// Node options that take the next word as their value.
+const NODE_VALUE_OPTIONS = new Set(['--import', '--require', '-r', '--loader', '--experimental-loader',
+    '--conditions', '-C', '--env-file', '--test-reporter', '--test-reporter-destination',
+    '--test-concurrency', '--test-timeout', '--test-shard', '--test-name-pattern', '--test-skip-pattern',
+    '--test-coverage-include', '--test-coverage-exclude', '--watch-path', '--input-type', '--title']);
+// Node options that decide how a test file loads; everything else the
+// script passes (reporters, coverage, concurrency) is not needed to run one.
+const NODE_LOADING_OPTIONS = /^(--import|--require|-r|--loader|--experimental-loader|--conditions|-C|--env-file|--experimental-[\w-]+|--no-experimental-[\w-]+|--enable-source-maps|--preserve-symlinks|--no-warnings)(=|$)/;
+
+/**
+ * Runner commands named by a package.json script: the first word of each
+ * command of the script, and `--test` after `node`.
+ */
+function scriptRunners(script) {
+    const runners = [];
+    if (typeof script !== 'string') return runners;
+    for (const command of script.split(/&&|\|\||;|\|/)) {
+        const words = command.trim().split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+        // Leading environment assignments and wrappers name no runner.
+        let i = 0;
+        while (i < words.length && (/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=/.test(words[i]) ||
+            ['npx', 'cross-env', 'env', 'c8', 'nyc', 'dotenv', '--', 'exec', 'pnpm', 'yarn', 'npm', 'run', 'bunx', 'time'].includes(words[i]))) i++;
+        const head = words[i];
+        if (!head) continue;
+        const base = head.split('/').pop();
+        if ((base === 'node' || base === 'tsx' || base === 'ts-node') &&
+            words.slice(i + 1).some(word => word === '--test' || word.startsWith('--test='))) {
+            runners.push('node-test');
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (base === 'bun' && words[i + 1] === 'test') { runners.push('bun'); continue; }
+        if (base === 'deno' && words[i + 1] === 'test') { runners.push('deno'); continue; }
+        if (JS_RUNNER_PACKAGES.has(base)) runners.push(JS_RUNNER_PACKAGES.get(base));
+        else runners.push(`?${base}`);
+    }
+    return runners;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The `node` options of a script that is one `node ... --test ...` command,
+ * kept when they decide how a file loads. Null when the script is anything
+ * else: then nothing says how the project's tests are loaded.
+ */
+function nodeTestOptions(script) {
+    if (typeof script !== 'string' || /[&|;$`<>(){}*]/.test(script.replace(/\*/g, '')) && /[&|;$`<>(){}]/.test(script)) return null;
+    const words = script.trim().split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+    if (words[0] !== 'node' || !words.includes('--test')) return null;
+    const kept = [];
+    for (let i = 1; i < words.length; i++) {
+        const word = words[i];
+        if (!word.startsWith('-')) continue;
+        const takesValue = NODE_VALUE_OPTIONS.has(word);
+        if (NODE_LOADING_OPTIONS.test(word)) {
+            kept.push(word);
+            if (takesValue && i + 1 < words.length) kept.push(words[i + 1]);
+        }
+        if (takesValue) i++;
+    }
+    return kept;
+}
+
+function jsRunner(model, fileEntry) {
+    // 1. The file's own imports.
+    const modules = langTraits(fileEntry.language)?.testRunnerModules?.() || new Map();
+    const imported = new Set();
+    for (const mod of fileEntry.imports || []) {
+        const runner = modules.get(mod);
+        if (runner) imported.add(runner);
+    }
+    if (imported.size > 1) return { id: null, reason: 'ambiguous-runner' };
+    let fromFile = imported.size === 1 ? [...imported][0] : null;
+    if (fromFile && !MODELED_JS.has(fromFile)) return { id: null, reason: 'runner-not-modeled', runner: fromFile };
+
+    // 2. The nearest package manifest.
+    let dir = null;
+    let manifest = null;
+    for (const candidate of ancestorDirs(fileEntry.relativePath)) {
+        manifest = model.manifests.json(candidate, 'package.json');
+        if (manifest) { dir = candidate; break; }
+    }
+    const script = manifest && manifest.scripts && typeof manifest.scripts.test === 'string'
+        ? manifest.scripts.test : null;
+    if (fromFile) {
+        return { id: fromFile, dir: dir || '', evidence: 'test-file-import', script, scripts: manifest ? manifest.scripts : null };
+    }
+    if (!manifest) return { id: null, reason: 'no-runner-evidence' };
+    const named = [...new Set(scriptRunners(script).filter(name => !name.startsWith('?')))];
+    if (named.length === 1) {
+        if (!MODELED_JS.has(named[0])) return { id: null, reason: 'runner-not-modeled', runner: named[0] };
+        return { id: named[0], dir, evidence: 'package-script', script, scripts: manifest.scripts };
+    }
+    if (named.length > 1) return { id: null, reason: 'ambiguous-runner' };
+    const declared = new Set();
+    for (const field of ['dependencies', 'devDependencies', 'peerDependencies', 'optionalDependencies']) {
+        for (const name of Object.keys(manifest[field] || {})) {
+            if (JS_RUNNER_PACKAGES.has(name)) declared.add(JS_RUNNER_PACKAGES.get(name));
+        }
+    }
+    if (declared.size === 1) {
+        const only = [...declared][0];
+        if (!MODELED_JS.has(only)) return { id: null, reason: 'runner-not-modeled', runner: only };
+        return { id: only, dir, evidence: 'package-dependency', script, scripts: manifest.scripts };
+    }
+    return { id: null, reason: declared.size > 1 ? 'ambiguous-runner' : 'no-runner-evidence' };
+}
+
+/** pytest's configuration file for a directory, by pytest's own order. */
+function pytestConfigIn(model, dir) {
+    const ini = model.manifests.read(dir, 'pytest.ini');
+    if (ini != null) return { file: 'pytest.ini', table: tableText(ini, 'pytest') || '' };
+    const project = model.manifests.read(dir, 'pyproject.toml');
+    if (project != null) {
+        for (const header of ['tool.pytest.ini_options', 'tool.pytest']) {
+            if (hasTable(project, header)) return { file: 'pyproject.toml', table: tableText(project, header) || '' };
+        }
+    }
+    const tox = model.manifests.read(dir, 'tox.ini');
+    if (tox != null && hasTable(tox, 'pytest')) return { file: 'tox.ini', table: tableText(tox, 'pytest') || '' };
+    const setup = model.manifests.read(dir, 'setup.cfg');
+    if (setup != null && hasTable(setup, 'tool:pytest')) {
+        return { file: 'setup.cfg', table: tableText(setup, 'tool:pytest') || '' };
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Does a requirements file or a manifest name a package as a requirement:
+ * the name where a requirement starts (a line, a list item, a quoted
+ * string, a key), up to a version or the end. A word in a comment or in
+ * another package's name is not one.
+ */
+function namesRequirement(text, name) {
+    const shape = new RegExp(`(^|["'\\s,\\[])${name}(\\[[^\\]]*\\])?\\s*([<>=!~;,"'\\]]|$)`);
+    return String(text).split('\n').some(raw => shape.test(raw.replace(/(^|\s)[#;].*$/, '').trim()));
+}
+
+function pythonRunner(model, fileEntry) {
+    const dirs = ancestorDirs(fileEntry.relativePath);
+    for (const dir of dirs) {
+        const config = pytestConfigIn(model, dir);
+        if (config) {
+            return {
+                id: 'pytest', dir, evidence: config.file,
+                collection: {
+                    files: configWords(config.table, 'python_files'),
+                    classes: configWords(config.table, 'python_classes'),
+                    functions: configWords(config.table, 'python_functions'),
+                    options: pytestOptions(configArguments(config, 'addopts')),
+                    // Fixtures every test is given, and whether a test a
+                    // module imports is collected there too.
+                    usefixtures: configWords(config.table, 'usefixtures') || [],
+                    importedTests: !/^(false|no|off|0)$/i.test((configWords(config.table, 'collect_imported_tests') || [])[0] || ''),
+                },
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    if ((fileEntry.imports || []).some(mod => mod === 'pytest' || String(mod).startsWith('pytest.'))) {
+        return { id: 'pytest', dir: '', evidence: 'test-file-import', collection: {} };
+    }
+    for (const dir of dirs) {
+        const conftest = dir ? `${dir}/conftest.py` : 'conftest.py';
+        if (model.hasFile(conftest)) return { id: 'pytest', dir: '', evidence: 'conftest.py', collection: {} };
+    }
+    for (const dir of dirs) {
+        for (const name of ['pyproject.toml', 'requirements.txt', 'setup.cfg', 'tox.ini']) {
+            const text = model.manifests.read(dir, name);
+            if (text != null && namesRequirement(text, 'pytest')) {
+                return { id: 'pytest', dir, evidence: name, collection: {} };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return { id: null, reason: 'no-runner-evidence' };
+}
+
+function goRunner(model, fileEntry) {
+    for (const dir of ancestorDirs(fileEntry.relativePath)) {
+        if (model.manifests.read(dir, 'go.mod') != null) return { id: 'go-test', dir, evidence: 'go.mod' };
+    }
+    return { id: null, reason: 'no-runner-evidence' };
+}
+
+function rustRunner(model, fileEntry) {
+    for (const dir of ancestorDirs(fileEntry.relativePath)) {
+        const text = model.manifests.read(dir, 'Cargo.toml');
+        if (text == null) continue;
+        if (!hasTable(text, 'package')) return { id: null, reason: 'no-package-manifest' };
+        const name = /^\s*name\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/m.exec(tableText(text, 'package') || '');
+        // Targets the manifest lays out itself are not where cargo's
+        // conventions put them.
+        const customTargets = ['lib', 'bin', 'test'].some(header => {
+            const table = tableText(text, header);
+            return table != null && /^\s*(path|name|harness)\s*=/m.test(table);
+        });
+        return {
+            id: 'cargo-test', dir, evidence: 'Cargo.toml',
+            packageName: name ? name[1] : null,
+            customTargets,
+        };
+    }
+    return { id: null, reason: 'no-runner-evidence' };
+}
+
+function javaRunner(model, fileEntry) {
+    for (const dir of ancestorDirs(fileEntry.relativePath)) {
+        if (model.manifests.read(dir, 'pom.xml') != null) return { id: 'maven', dir, evidence: 'pom.xml' };
+        for (const name of ['build.gradle', 'build.gradle.kts']) {
+            if (model.manifests.read(dir, name) != null) return { id: null, reason: 'runner-not-modeled', runner: 'gradle' };
+        }
+    }
+    return { id: null, reason: 'no-runner-evidence' };
+}
+
+function dotnetRunner(model, fileEntry) {
+    for (const dir of ancestorDirs(fileEntry.relativePath)) {
+        const projects = model.manifests.list(dir).filter(name => name.endsWith('.csproj'));
+        if (projects.length === 0) continue;
+        if (projects.length > 1) return { id: null, reason: 'ambiguous-runner' };
+        const text = model.manifests.read(dir, projects[0]) || '';
+        if (!/Microsoft\.NET\.Test\.Sdk|xunit|nunit|MSTest/i.test(text)) return { id: null, reason: 'no-runner-evidence' };
+        return { id: 'dotnet-test', dir, evidence: projects[0] };
+    }
+    return { id: null, reason: 'no-runner-evidence' };
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// What the runner's own configuration changes
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Words of a shell-like option string: quotes group, a backslash escapes. */
+function shellSplit(text) {
+    const words = [];
+    let current = null;
+    let quote = null;
+    for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+        const ch = text[i];
+        if (quote) {
+            if (ch === quote) quote = null;
+            else if (ch === '\\' && quote === '"' && i + 1 < text.length) current += text[++i];
+            else current += ch;
+        } else if (ch === '"' || ch === "'") {
+            quote = ch;
+            if (current == null) current = '';
+        } else if (/\s/.test(ch)) {
+            if (current != null) words.push(current);
+            current = null;
+        } else if (ch === '\\' && i + 1 < text.length) {
+            current = (current == null ? '' : current) + text[++i];
+        } else {
+            current = (current == null ? '' : current) + ch;
+        }
+    }
+    if (current != null) words.push(current);
+    return words;
+}
+
+/** A TOML line without its comment. */
+function withoutTomlComment(line) {
+    let quote = null;
+    for (let i = 0; i < line.length; i++) {
+        const ch = line[i];
+        if (quote) {
+            if (ch === '\\' && quote === '"') i++;
+            else if (ch === quote) quote = null;
+        } else if (ch === '"' || ch === "'") {
+            quote = ch;
+        } else if (ch === '#') {
+            return line.slice(0, i);
+        }
+    }
+    return line;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The arguments a pytest configuration gives for `key` (addopts): a TOML
+ * array holds one argument per string; a string, and an INI value with its
+ * continuation lines, is split the way a shell would. [] when the key is
+ * not set, null when its value is not read.
+ */
+function configArguments(config, key) {
+    if (!config || config.table == null) return [];
+    const lines = config.table.split('\n');
+    const toml = config.file === 'pyproject.toml';
+    for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+        const match = new RegExp(`^${key}\\s*[=:]\\s*(.*)$`).exec(lines[i]);
+        if (!match) continue;
+        if (!toml) {
+            let value = match[1];
+            for (let j = i + 1; j < lines.length && /^\s+\S/.test(lines[j]); j++) value += ' ' + lines[j].trim();
+            return shellSplit(value);
+        }
+        let value = withoutTomlComment(match[1]);
+        if (/"""|'''/.test(value)) return null;
+        const strings = text => [...text.matchAll(/"((?:[^"\\]|\\.)*)"|'([^']*)'/g)]
+            .map(found => found[1] != null ? found[1].replace(/\\(.)/g, '$1') : found[2]);
+        if (value.trimStart().startsWith('[')) {
+            for (let j = i + 1; !/\]\s*$/.test(value) && j < lines.length; j++) value += '\n' + withoutTomlComment(lines[j]);
+            return /\]\s*$/.test(value) ? strings(value) : null;
+        }
+        const whole = strings(value);
+        return whole.length === 1 ? shellSplit(whole[0]) : null;
+    }
+    return [];
+}
+
+// pytest options that change neither what is collected nor what a command
+// that names a test runs. --ignore leaves a path out of a whole run only:
+// a path given to the command is still collected (measured).
+const PYTEST_INERT_FLAGS = new Set(['-v', '-vv', '-vvv', '--verbose', '-q', '-qq', '--quiet', '-s', '-l',
+    '--showlocals', '-x', '--exitfirst', '--strict-markers', '--strict-config', '--strict', '--no-header',
+    '--no-summary', '--disable-warnings', '--disable-pytest-warnings', '--ff', '--failed-first', '--nf',
+    '--new-first', '--cache-clear', '--full-trace', '--runxfail', '--no-cov-on-fail', '--cov-branch',
+    '--cov-append', '--no-cov', '--cov']);
+const PYTEST_INERT_VALUED = new Set(['--tb', '--color', '--durations', '--durations-min', '--maxfail',
+    '--capture', '-W', '--pythonwarnings', '--cov', '--cov-report', '--cov-config', '--cov-fail-under',
+    '--cov-context', '--junitxml', '--junit-xml', '--junit-prefix', '--log-level', '--log-cli-level',
+    '--log-format', '--log-date-format', '--log-file', '--log-file-level', '--basetemp', '--import-mode',
+    '--timeout', '--timeout-method', '-n', '--numprocesses', '--dist', '--maxprocesses', '--reruns',
+    '--reruns-delay', '--show-capture', '--code-highlight', '--verbosity', '--asyncio-mode', '--ignore',
+    '--ignore-glob', '-r']);
+// pytest's own plugins that decide what is collected, selected or skipped:
+// switching one of these off changes which tests run. Any other plugin
+// switched off (-p no:name) changes none of that; one switched ON is code
+// that is not read.
+const PYTEST_SELECTING_PLUGINS = new Set(['python', 'unittest', 'mark', 'skipping', 'main', 'runner', 'fixtures',
+    'stepwise', 'setuponly', 'setupplan', 'nose']);
+
+/**
+ * What pytest's configured options do to selection: `markExpr` (-m) and
+ * `deselect` (--deselect) are applied to the units; `unread` says an
+ * option is there that may select, add or leave out tests and is not
+ * modeled (-k, a path, a plugin, an override): no command is exact then.
+ */
+function pytestOptions(words) {
+    const out = { markExpr: null, deselect: [], unread: false };
+    if (words == null) return { ...out, unread: true };
+    for (let i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
+        const word = words[i];
+        const cut = word.startsWith('--') ? word.indexOf('=') : -1;
+        const name = cut > 0 ? word.slice(0, cut) : word;
+        const inline = cut > 0 ? word.slice(cut + 1) : null;
+        const value = () => (inline != null ? inline : words[++i]);
+        if (name === '-m') {
+            const expression = value();
+            if (expression == null) out.unread = true;
+            else out.markExpr = expression;
+        } else if (name === '--deselect') {
+            const id = value();
+            if (id) out.deselect.push(id);
+            else out.unread = true;
+        } else if (name === '-p') {
+            const plugin = String(value() || '');
+            if (!plugin.startsWith('no:') || PYTEST_SELECTING_PLUGINS.has(plugin.slice(3))) out.unread = true;
+        } else if (/^-r[A-Za-z]+$/.test(word) || /^-W\S+$/.test(word) || /^-n\S+$/.test(word)) {
+            // -ra, -Werror, -n4: the value is in the word.
+        } else if (inline != null ? PYTEST_INERT_VALUED.has(name) : PYTEST_INERT_FLAGS.has(name) && !PYTEST_INERT_VALUED.has(name)) {
+            // nothing
+        } else if (inline == null && name === '--cov') {
+            // --cov takes an optional value: a word after it that is no
+            // option would be read as a path otherwise.
+            if (i + 1 < words.length && !words[i + 1].startsWith('-')) i++;
+        } else if (inline == null && PYTEST_INERT_VALUED.has(name)) {
+            i++;
+        } else {
+            out.unread = true;
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Does pytest's mark expression select a test with these marks: true,
+ * false, or null when it cannot be said (`open`: the test may carry marks
+ * that are not read; an expression in a form not modeled).
+ */
+function markSelects(expression, marks, open) {
+    const tokens = String(expression).match(/\(|\)|[^\s()]+/g) || [];
+    let at = 0;
+    const not = value => (value == null ? null : !value);
+    const primary = () => {
+        const token = tokens[at++];
+        if (token === 'not') return not(primary());
+        if (token === '(') {
+            const inner = either();
+            if (tokens[at++] !== ')') throw new Error('unbalanced');
+            return inner;
+        }
+        if (token == null || token === ')' || token === 'and' || token === 'or') throw new Error('unexpected');
+        // name(arg=value): a mark with arguments, not modeled.
+        if (tokens[at] === '(') throw new Error('arguments');
+        return marks.has(token) ? true : open ? null : false;
+    };
+    const both = () => {
+        let value = primary();
+        while (tokens[at] === 'and') {
+            at++;
+            const next = primary();
+            value = value === false || next === false ? false : value == null || next == null ? null : true;
+        }
+        return value;
+    };
+    const either = () => {
+        let value = both();
+        while (tokens[at] === 'or') {
+            at++;
+            const next = both();
+            value = value === true || next === true ? true : value == null || next == null ? null : false;
+        }
+        return value;
+    };
+    try {
+        const value = either();
+        return at === tokens.length ? value : null;
+    } catch (e) {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+/** A path glob as a regular expression: `**`, `*`, `?`, `{a,b}`, `[...]`. */
+function pathGlob(glob) {
+    const text = String(glob).replace(/^\.\//, '');
+    let source = '';
+    for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+        const ch = text[i];
+        if (ch === '*' && text[i + 1] === '*') {
+            i++;
+            if (text[i + 1] === '/') {
+                i++;
+                source += '(?:.*/)?';
+            } else {
+                source += '.*';
+            }
+        } else if (ch === '*') {
+            source += '[^/]*';
+        } else if (ch === '?') {
+            source += '[^/]';
+        } else if (ch === '{' || ch === '[') {
+            const end = text.indexOf(ch === '{' ? '}' : ']', i);
+            if (end < 0) return null;
+            source += ch === '[' ? text.slice(i, end + 1)
+                : `(?:${text.slice(i + 1, end).split(',').map(part => part.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\/]/g, '\\$&')).join('|')})`;
+            i = end;
+        } else {
+            source += ch.replace(/[.+^$()|\\]/, '\\$&');
+        }
+    }
+    try {
+        return new RegExp(`^${source}$`);
+    } catch (e) {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+// The files `node --test` runs when it is given none (node's own list).
+const NODE_DEFAULT_TEST_FILES = [/(^|\/)[^/]*[._-]test\.[cm]?js$/, /(^|\/)test-[^/]*\.[cm]?js$/,
+    /(^|\/)test\.[cm]?js$/, /(^|\/)test\/.*\.[cm]?js$/];
+
+/**
+ * The paths a script that is one `node ... --test ...` command names, as
+ * written (a glob stays a glob). Null when the script is anything else.
+ */
+function nodeTestPaths(script) {
+    if (nodeTestOptions(script) == null) return null;
+    const words = script.trim().split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+    const paths = [];
+    for (let i = 1; i < words.length; i++) {
+        const word = words[i];
+        if (word.startsWith('-')) {
+            if (NODE_VALUE_OPTIONS.has(word)) i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        paths.push(word.replace(/^(['"])(.*)\1$/, '$2'));
+    }
+    return paths;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Does node run a file as a test under the project's own script: one of
+ * the paths the script names, or, when it names none, one node looks for
+ * by itself (every file under a `test` directory among them). node runs a
+ * file that declares no test as one test. Null: the script does not say.
+ */
+function nodeRunsFile(runner, file) {
+    const paths = nodeTestPaths(runner.script);
+    if (paths == null || file == null) return null;
+    if (paths.length === 0) return !/(^|\/)node_modules\//.test(file) && NODE_DEFAULT_TEST_FILES.some(pattern => pattern.test(file));
+    return paths.some(written => {
+        const target = written.replace(/^\.\//, '');
+        if (target === file) return true;
+        if (!/[*?{[]/.test(target)) return false;
+        const pattern = pathGlob(target);
+        return !!pattern && pattern.test(file);
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The words a project's test script passes to a runner: those of the
+ * `test` script and of the scripts it names, after the runner's own name.
+ * [] when the script does not call the runner by name.
+ */
+function runnerScriptWords(runner, name) {
+    const scripts = runner.scripts && typeof runner.scripts === 'object' ? runner.scripts : {};
+    const texts = [];
+    if (typeof runner.script === 'string') {
+        texts.push(runner.script);
+        for (const word of runner.script.split(/[\s"'&|;]+/)) {
+            if (word !== 'test' && typeof scripts[word] === 'string') texts.push(scripts[word]);
+        }
+    }
+    const out = [];
+    for (const text of texts) {
+        for (const segment of text.split(/&&|\|\||;|\|/)) {
+            const words = segment.trim().split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+            const at = words.findIndex(word => word.split('/').pop() === name || word.split('/').pop() === `_${name}`);
+            if (at >= 0) out.push(...words.slice(at + 1));
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Options of a runner's command line that point it at another
+// configuration or select files: a script that passes one runs something
+// a command built here does not.
+const SCRIPT_CONFIG_FLAGS = /^(--config|-c|--rootDir|--roots|--projects|--selectProjects|--project|--workspace|--root|--dir|--testMatch|--testRegex|--testPathPattern|--testPathPatterns|--package|--opts)(=|$)/;
+// Options of a mocha command line that decide how a test file loads.
+const MOCHA_LOADING_OPTIONS = new Set(['--require', '-r', '--loader', '--import', '--ui', '-u', '--file', '--node-option', '-n']);
+const MOCHA_VALUE_OPTIONS = new Set([...MOCHA_LOADING_OPTIONS, '--reporter', '-R', '--reporter-option', '--reporter-options',
+    '-O', '--timeout', '-t', '--timeouts', '--slow', '-s', '--retries', '--grep', '-g', '--fgrep', '-f', '--ignore',
+    '--exclude', '--spec', '--jobs', '-j', '--watch-files', '--watch-ignore', '--extension', '--config', '--package']);
+
+/**
+ * The options of the project's mocha script that a command for one file
+ * needs to load it the same way (--require, --ui, --loader, --file).
+ */
+function mochaLoadingOptions(runner) {
+    const words = runnerScriptWords(runner, 'mocha');
+    const kept = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
+        const word = words[i].replace(/^(['"])(.*)\1$/, '$2');
+        const cut = word.startsWith('--') ? word.indexOf('=') : -1;
+        const name = cut > 0 ? word.slice(0, cut) : word;
+        if (MOCHA_LOADING_OPTIONS.has(name)) {
+            kept.push(word);
+            if (cut < 0 && i + 1 < words.length) kept.push(words[++i].replace(/^(['"])(.*)\1$/, '$2'));
+        } else if (cut < 0 && MOCHA_VALUE_OPTIONS.has(name)) {
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+    return kept;
+}
+
+// Configuration files of the JavaScript runners.
+const JS_CONFIG_NAMES = {
+    jest: new Set(['jest.config.js', 'jest.config.cjs', 'jest.config.mjs', 'jest.config.ts', 'jest.config.cts',
+        'jest.config.mts', 'jest.config.json']),
+    vitest: new Set(['vitest.config.js', 'vitest.config.cjs', 'vitest.config.mjs', 'vitest.config.ts',
+        'vitest.config.cts', 'vitest.config.mts', 'vite.config.js', 'vite.config.cjs', 'vite.config.mjs',
+        'vite.config.ts', 'vite.config.cts', 'vite.config.mts', 'vitest.workspace.js', 'vitest.workspace.mjs',
+        'vitest.workspace.ts', 'vitest.workspace.mts', 'vitest.workspace.json', 'vitest.projects.js',
+        'vitest.projects.ts', 'vitest.projects.json']),
+    mocha: new Set(['.mocharc', '.mocharc.js', '.mocharc.cjs', '.mocharc.mjs', '.mocharc.json', '.mocharc.jsonc',
+        '.mocharc.yaml', '.mocharc.yml']),
+};
+const JS_CONFIG_PACKAGE_KEY = { jest: 'jest', mocha: 'mocha' };
+// The keys of a configuration that are known to leave alone which tests a
+// command for one file runs. Every other key may select: it is evaluated
+// where it is modeled (JS_MODELED_KEYS), and the configuration is not read
+// otherwise. vitest's are the keys of `test`; mocha's are compared with
+// dashes and case folded (it takes both spellings).
+const JS_INERT_KEYS = {
+    jest: new Set(['automock', 'bail', 'cache', 'cacheDirectory', 'ci', 'clearMocks', 'collectCoverage',
+        'collectCoverageFrom', 'coverageDirectory', 'coveragePathIgnorePatterns', 'coverageProvider',
+        'coverageReporters', 'coverageThreshold', 'detectLeaks', 'detectOpenHandles', 'displayName',
+        'errorOnDeprecated', 'expand', 'extensionsToTreatAsEsm', 'fakeTimers', 'forceCoverageMatch', 'forceExit',
+        'globalSetup', 'globalTeardown', 'globals', 'json', 'logHeapUsage', 'maxConcurrency', 'maxWorkers',
+        'moduleDirectories', 'moduleNameMapper', 'modulePaths', 'noStackTrace', 'notify', 'notifyMode',
+        'openHandlesTimeout', 'outputFile', 'passWithNoTests', 'prettierPath', 'randomize', 'reporters',
+        'resetMocks', 'resetModules', 'resolver', 'restoreMocks', 'sandboxInjectedGlobals', 'setupFiles',
+        'setupFilesAfterEnv', 'showSeed', 'silent', 'slowTestThreshold', 'snapshotFormat', 'snapshotResolver',
+        'snapshotSerializers', 'testEnvironment', 'testEnvironmentOptions', 'testFailureExitCode',
+        'testLocationInResults', 'testResultsProcessor', 'testTimeout', 'transform', 'transformIgnorePatterns',
+        'unmockedModulePathPatterns', 'useStderr', 'verbose', 'watchPathIgnorePatterns', 'watchPlugins',
+        'watchman', 'workerIdleMemoryLimit', 'workerThreads', 'dependencyExtractor', 'waitForUnhandledRejections',
+        '//',
+        // Names earlier versions of jest used for keys of this list.
+        'testURL', 'timers', 'setupTestFrameworkScriptFile', 'mapCoverage', 'name', 'extraGlobals', 'browser']),
+    vitest: new Set(['alias', 'api', 'attachmentsDir', 'bail', 'benchmark', 'cache', 'chaiConfig', 'clearMocks',
+        'coverage', 'css', 'dangerouslyIgnoreUnhandledErrors', 'deps', 'diff', 'disableConsoleIntercept', 'env',
+        'environment', 'environmentMatchGlobs', 'environmentOptions', 'expandSnapshotDiff', 'expect', 'fakeTimers',
+        'fileParallelism', 'globals', 'globalSetup', 'hookTimeout', 'includeTaskLocation', 'isolate',
+        'logHeapUsage', 'maxConcurrency', 'maxWorkers', 'minWorkers', 'mockReset', 'name', 'onConsoleLog',
+        'onStackTrace', 'open', 'outputFile', 'passWithNoTests', 'pool', 'poolMatchGlobs', 'poolOptions',
+        'printConsoleTrace', 'provide', 'reporters', 'resolveSnapshotPath', 'restoreMocks', 'retry', 'sequence',
+        'server', 'setupFiles', 'silent', 'slowTestThreshold', 'snapshotFormat', 'snapshotSerializers',
+        'teardownTimeout', 'testTimeout', 'ui', 'unstubEnvs', 'unstubGlobals', 'update', 'watch']),
+    mocha: new Set(['allowuncaught', 'asynconly', 'bail', 'checkleaks', 'color', 'colors', 'diff',
+        'enablesourcemaps', 'exit', 'failzero', 'fulltrace', 'global', 'globals', 'import', 'inlinediffs', 'jobs',
+        'loader', 'nodeoption', 'nodeoptions', 'parallel', 'recursive', 'reporter', 'reporteroption',
+        'reporteroptions', 'require', 'retries', 'slow', 'sort', 'timeout', 'timeouts', 'watch', 'watchfiles',
+        'watchignore']),
+};
+const JS_MODELED_KEYS = {
+    jest: new Set(['roots', 'testRegex', 'testPathIgnorePatterns']),
+    vitest: new Set(['dir']),
+    mocha: new Set(),
+};
+// The keys of a vite configuration, beside `test` and `plugins`, that
+// leave vitest's file selection alone.
+const VITE_INERT_KEYS = new Set(['appType', 'assetsInclude', 'base', 'build', 'cacheDir', 'clearScreen', 'css',
+    'define', 'dev', 'envDir', 'envPrefix', 'environments', 'esbuild', 'experimental', 'future', 'html', 'json',
+    'legacy', 'logLevel', 'mode', 'optimizeDeps', 'oxc', 'preview', 'publicDir', 'resolve', 'server', 'ssr',
+    'worker']);
+// The functions a runner's own package gives a configuration to pass
+// through unchanged: the name alone proves nothing, the import does.
+const CONFIG_IDENTITY = {
+    jest: { modules: new Set(['jest']), names: new Set(['defineConfig']) },
+    vitest: { modules: new Set(['vitest/config', 'vite', 'vitest']), names: new Set(['defineConfig', 'defineProject']) },
+};
+const CONFIG_WRAPPERS = new Set(['parenthesized_expression', 'as_expression', 'satisfies_expression',
+    'type_assertion', 'non_null_expression']);
+// Modules whose functions act on the process or the disk, and the
+// functions of them that only read.
+const CONFIG_ACTING_MODULES = new Set(['fs', 'fs/promises', 'child_process', 'module', 'vm', 'worker_threads',
+    'cluster', 'process', 'inspector', 'repl']);
+const CONFIG_READING_CALLS = new Set(['readFileSync', 'existsSync', 'readdirSync', 'statSync', 'lstatSync',
+    'realpathSync', 'createRequire']);
+const CONFIG_GLOBAL_NAMESPACES = new Set(['JSON', 'Math', 'Object', 'Array', 'String', 'Number', 'Boolean']);
+const CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS = new Set(['URL', 'RegExp', 'Set', 'Map', 'Date']);
+const CONFIG_NAME_NODES = new Set(['identifier', 'shorthand_property_identifier', 'shorthand_property_identifier_pattern']);
+
+/** The value of a string literal node (no substitutions), or null. */
+function stringLiteralValue(node) {
+    if (!node || (node.type !== 'string' && node.type !== 'template_string')) return null;
+    if (node.namedChildren.some(child => child.type === 'template_substitution')) return null;
+    const escapes = { n: '\n', t: '\t', r: '\r', b: '\b', f: '\f', v: '\v', 0: '\0' };
+    return node.text.slice(1, -1).replace(/\\(u\{[0-9a-fA-F]+\}|u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}|x[0-9a-fA-F]{2}|[\s\S])/g, (whole, escape) => {
+        if (escape[0] === 'u' || escape[0] === 'x') {
+            const code = parseInt(escape.replace(/^[ux]\{?|\}$/g, ''), 16);
+            return Number.isNaN(code) ? whole : String.fromCodePoint(code);
+        }
+        return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(escapes, escape) ? escapes[escape] : escape;
+    });
+}
+
+/** JSON text with its comments taken out; what a string holds is left as it is. */
+function withoutJsonComments(text) {
+    let out = '';
+    let i = 0;
+    while (i < text.length) {
+        const ch = text[i];
+        if (ch === '"') {
+            let end = i + 1;
+            while (end < text.length && text[end] !== '"') end += text[end] === '\\' ? 2 : 1;
+            out += text.slice(i, end + 1);
+            i = end + 1;
+        } else if (ch === '/' && text[i + 1] === '/') {
+            while (i < text.length && text[i] !== '\n') i++;
+        } else if (ch === '/' && text[i + 1] === '*') {
+            const end = text.indexOf('*/', i + 2);
+            i = end === -1 ? text.length : end + 2;
+            out += ' ';
+        } else {
+            out += ch;
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The keys a configuration sets, each with readers of its value: as
+ * strings (null when the value is not a string or a list of strings
+ * written out), as an object of keys, and whether it is a list of calls
+ * of functions that packages provide. Null when the value is no object.
+ */
+function configKeysOfJson(value) {
+    if (!value || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value)) return null;
+    const keys = new Map();
+    for (const [key, held] of Object.entries(value)) {
+        keys.set(key, {
+            strings: () => typeof held === 'string' ? [held]
+                : Array.isArray(held) && held.every(item => typeof item === 'string') ? held : null,
+            object: () => configKeysOfJson(held),
+            packageCalls: () => Array.isArray(held) && held.length === 0,
+        });
+    }
+    return keys;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The top-level keys of a YAML mapping written as a block, one `key:` to
+ * a line at the left margin; their values are not read. Null for every
+ * other way of writing one (a flow mapping, indented keys, a merge key, a
+ * key that is not a plain or quoted word): what such a file sets is not
+ * read.
+ */
+function configKeysOfYaml(text) {
+    const keys = new Map();
+    let started = false;
+    for (const line of String(text).split(/\r?\n/)) {
+        if (/^\s*(#.*)?$/.test(line)) continue;
+        if (!started && keys.size === 0 && /^---\s*(#.*)?$/.test(line)) {
+            started = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        // The value of the key above: indented lines, or a list at the margin.
+        if (/^[ \t]/.test(line) || /^-(\s|$)/.test(line)) {
+            if (keys.size === 0) return null;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const found = /^([A-Za-z][\w-]*|"[A-Za-z][\w-]*"|'[A-Za-z][\w-]*')\s*:(\s|$)/.exec(line);
+        if (!found) return null;
+        keys.set(found[1].replace(/^['"]|['"]$/g, ''), { strings: () => null, object: () => null, packageCalls: () => false });
+    }
+    return keys;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The keys a configuration written as code sets, when the file is one
+ * object written out and nothing else in it can change that object or act
+ * on the run. The file may hold only: imports that bind names, variable
+ * declarations whose values are built without running code of the file
+ * (literals, names, operators, calls of functions that packages and the
+ * language provide), type declarations, and ONE export (`module.exports =`
+ * or `export default`) of an object literal: written in place, held by a
+ * variable that is named nowhere else, or passed through the function the
+ * runner's own package provides for that (proved by the import). A second
+ * statement that writes the export, a name for the object that is used
+ * again, a function of the file that is called, a write anywhere: the file
+ * is code whose effect is not read (null).
+ */
+function configKeysOfCode(text, typed, runnerId) {
+    const tree = safeParse(getParser(typed ? 'typescript' : 'javascript'), text);
+    if (!tree || tree.rootNode.hasError) return null;
+    const root = tree.rootNode;
+    const bindings = new Map(); // local name -> { module, imported } (imported null: the module itself)
+    const declared = new Map(); // local name -> value nodes of its declarators
+    const packaged = name => {
+        const binding = bindings.get(name);
+        return !!binding && !/^\.{0,2}\//.test(binding.module) && !/^[A-Za-z]:[\\/]/.test(binding.module);
+    };
+    const moduleName = binding => binding.module.replace(/^node:/, '');
+    const requiredModule = node => {
+        if (!node || node.type !== 'call_expression') return null;
+        const callee = node.childForFieldName('function');
+        const args = node.childForFieldName('arguments');
+        if (!callee || callee.type !== 'identifier' || callee.text !== 'require' || !args || args.namedChildren.length !== 1) return null;
+        return stringLiteralValue(args.namedChildren[0]);
+    };
+    /** Is a callee a function that a package or the language provides? */
+    const calleeProvided = callee => {
+        if (!callee) return false;
+        if (CONFIG_WRAPPERS.has(callee.type)) return calleeProvided(callee.namedChildren[0]);
+        if (callee.type === 'identifier') {
+            const binding = bindings.get(callee.text);
+            return packaged(callee.text) && !CONFIG_ACTING_MODULES.has(moduleName(binding)) ||
+                (!!binding && packaged(callee.text) && CONFIG_READING_CALLS.has(binding.imported));
+        }
+        if (callee.type === 'call_expression') {
+            // require('path').join, a function a package's function returns
+            return requiredModule(callee) != null ? !CONFIG_ACTING_MODULES.has(requiredModule(callee).replace(/^node:/, ''))
+                : calleeProvided(callee.childForFieldName('function')) && inert(callee.childForFieldName('arguments'));
+        }
+        if (callee.type !== 'member_expression') return false;
+        const property = callee.childForFieldName('property');
+        let base = callee;
+        while (base && (base.type === 'member_expression' || CONFIG_WRAPPERS.has(base.type))) {
+            base = base.type === 'member_expression' ? base.childForFieldName('object') : base.namedChildren[0];
+        }
+        if (!base || !property) return false;
+        if (base.type === 'call_expression') {
+            const required = requiredModule(base);
+            if (required != null) {
+                return !CONFIG_ACTING_MODULES.has(required.replace(/^node:/, '')) || CONFIG_READING_CALLS.has(property.text);
+            }
+            return calleeProvided(base.childForFieldName('function')) && inert(base.childForFieldName('arguments'));
+        }
+        if (base.type === 'meta_property') return true;
+        if (base.type !== 'identifier') return false;
+        if (base.text === 'process') {
+            // process.cwd() and nothing else of the process is called.
+            return sameNodeText(callee.childForFieldName('object'), 'process') && property.text === 'cwd';
+        }
+        if (CONFIG_GLOBAL_NAMESPACES.has(base.text) && !bindings.has(base.text) && !declared.has(base.text)) return true;
+        const binding = bindings.get(base.text);
+        if (!binding || !packaged(base.text)) return false;
+        return !CONFIG_ACTING_MODULES.has(moduleName(binding)) || CONFIG_READING_CALLS.has(property.text);
+    };
+    const sameNodeText = (node, name) => !!node && node.type === 'identifier' && node.text === name;
+    /** Does evaluating an expression run nothing of this file and write nothing? */
+    function inert(node) {
+        if (!node) return true;
+        switch (node.type) {
+            case 'string': case 'number': case 'true': case 'false': case 'null': case 'undefined': case 'regex':
+            case 'identifier': case 'property_identifier': case 'shorthand_property_identifier':
+            case 'private_property_identifier': case 'comment': case 'meta_property': case 'this':
+            case 'string_fragment': case 'escape_sequence': case 'optional_chain':
+                return true;
+            // A function written here is not called here.
+            case 'arrow_function': case 'function_expression': case 'function': case 'generator_function':
+                return true;
+            case 'template_string': case 'template_substitution': case 'parenthesized_expression': case 'array':
+            case 'object': case 'pair': case 'spread_element': case 'binary_expression': case 'ternary_expression':
+            case 'subscript_expression': case 'member_expression': case 'computed_property_name': case 'arguments':
+            case 'as_expression': case 'satisfies_expression': case 'non_null_expression': case 'type_assertion':
+                return node.namedChildren.every(child => /(^|_)type(s|_arguments|_annotation)?$|^type_|_type$/.test(child.type) || inert(child));
+            case 'unary_expression':
+                return node.children[0].type !== 'delete' && node.namedChildren.every(inert);
+            case 'new_expression': {
+                const made = node.childForFieldName('constructor');
+                return !!made && made.type === 'identifier' && CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS.has(made.text) &&
+                    !bindings.has(made.text) && !declared.has(made.text) && inert(node.childForFieldName('arguments'));
+            }
+            case 'call_expression': {
+                if (requiredModule(node) != null) return true;
+                return calleeProvided(node.childForFieldName('function')) && inert(node.childForFieldName('arguments'));
+            }
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let exported = null;
+    let exports = 0;
+    let commonJs = false;
+    const values = []; // every value a declaration evaluates
+    for (const statement of root.namedChildren) {
+        switch (statement.type) {
+            case 'comment': case 'hash_bang_line': case 'empty_statement':
+            case 'type_alias_declaration': case 'interface_declaration':
+                break;
+            case 'import_statement': {
+                const clause = statement.namedChildren.find(child => child.type === 'import_clause');
+                const source = stringLiteralValue(statement.childForFieldName('source'));
+                // An import for its effect runs code that is not read.
+                if (!clause || source == null) return null;
+                for (const part of clause.namedChildren) {
+                    if (part.type === 'identifier') bindings.set(part.text, { module: source, imported: 'default' });
+                    else if (part.type === 'namespace_import') {
+                        const name = part.namedChildren.find(child => child.type === 'identifier');
+                        if (name) bindings.set(name.text, { module: source, imported: null });
+                    } else if (part.type === 'named_imports') {
+                        for (const specifier of part.namedChildren) {
+                            if (specifier.type !== 'import_specifier') continue;
+                            const name = specifier.childForFieldName('name');
+                            const alias = specifier.childForFieldName('alias');
+                            if (name) bindings.set((alias || name).text, { module: source, imported: name.text });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'lexical_declaration': case 'variable_declaration': {
+                for (const declarator of statement.namedChildren) {
+                    if (declarator.type !== 'variable_declarator') return null;
+                    const target = declarator.childForFieldName('name');
+                    const value = declarator.childForFieldName('value');
+                    const required = requiredModule(value);
+                    if (target && target.type === 'identifier') {
+                        if (required != null) bindings.set(target.text, { module: required, imported: null });
+                        else {
+                            if (!declared.has(target.text)) declared.set(target.text, []);
+                            declared.get(target.text).push(value || null);
+                            if (value) values.push(value);
+                        }
+                    } else if (target && target.type === 'object_pattern' && required != null) {
+                        for (const part of target.namedChildren) {
+                            if (part.type === 'shorthand_property_identifier_pattern') {
+                                bindings.set(part.text, { module: required, imported: part.text });
+                            } else if (part.type === 'pair_pattern') {
+                                const key = part.childForFieldName('key');
+                                const local = part.childForFieldName('value');
+                                if (!key || !local || local.type !== 'identifier' || key.type !== 'property_identifier') return null;
+                                bindings.set(local.text, { module: required, imported: key.text });
+                            } else {
+                                return null;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'expression_statement': {
+                const expression = statement.namedChildren[0];
+                // A directive ("use strict").
+                if (expression && expression.type === 'string') break;
+                if (!expression || expression.type !== 'assignment_expression') return null;
+                const left = expression.childForFieldName('left');
+                if (!left || left.type !== 'member_expression' || !sameNodeText(left.childForFieldName('object'), 'module') ||
+                    left.childForFieldName('property')?.text !== 'exports') return null;
+                exported = expression.childForFieldName('right');
+                commonJs = true;
+                exports++;
+                break;
+            }
+            case 'export_statement': {
+                if (!statement.children.some(child => child.type === 'default')) return null;
+                exported = statement.childForFieldName('value');
+                exports++;
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                return null;
+        }
+    }
+    if (exports !== 1 || !exported) return null;
+    if (!values.every(inert)) return null;
+    // The names that reach the exported object: each is used exactly as
+    // often as reading it once needs.
+    const uses = new Map();
+    const count = node => {
+        if (CONFIG_NAME_NODES.has(node.type)) uses.set(node.text, (uses.get(node.text) || 0) + 1);
+        for (const child of node.namedChildren) count(child);
+    };
+    count(root);
+    if ((uses.get('module') || 0) !== (commonJs ? 1 : 0) || uses.has('exports') || uses.has('eval') ||
+        uses.has('globalThis') || uses.has('global')) return null;
+    // `require` only as the call of one written-out module name.
+    let requires = 0;
+    const countRequires = node => {
+        if (requiredModule(node) != null) requires++;
+        for (const child of node.namedChildren) countRequires(child);
+    };
+    countRequires(root);
+    if ((uses.get('require') || 0) !== requires) return null;
+    const identity = CONFIG_IDENTITY[runnerId];
+    const objectOf = (node, depth = 0) => {
+        if (!node || depth > 6) return null;
+        if (CONFIG_WRAPPERS.has(node.type)) return objectOf(node.namedChildren[0], depth + 1);
+        if (node.type === 'object') return node;
+        if (node.type === 'identifier') {
+            // One declaration, and this the only other place it is named.
+            const held = declared.get(node.text);
+            if (!held || held.length !== 1 || bindings.has(node.text) || uses.get(node.text) !== 2) return null;
+            return objectOf(held[0], depth + 1);
+        }
+        if (node.type === 'call_expression' && identity) {
+            const callee = node.childForFieldName('function');
+            const args = node.childForFieldName('arguments');
+            const binding = callee && callee.type === 'identifier' && !declared.has(callee.text) ? bindings.get(callee.text) : null;
+            if (binding && identity.modules.has(binding.module) && identity.names.has(binding.imported) &&
+                args && args.namedChildren.length === 1) return objectOf(args.namedChildren[0], depth + 1);
+        }
+        return null;
+    };
+    const fromObject = node => {
+        const object = objectOf(node);
+        if (!object) return null;
+        const keys = new Map();
+        for (const member of object.namedChildren) {
+            if (member.type === 'comment') continue;
+            if (member.type !== 'pair') return null;
+            const key = member.childForFieldName('key');
+            const value = member.childForFieldName('value');
+            const written = !key ? null : key.type === 'property_identifier' ? key.text : stringLiteralValue(key);
+            if (written == null || written === '__proto__' || !inert(value)) return null;
+            keys.set(written, {
+                strings: () => {
+                    const one = stringLiteralValue(value);
+                    if (one != null) return [one];
+                    if (!value || value.type !== 'array') return null;
+                    const all = value.namedChildren.filter(item => item.type !== 'comment').map(stringLiteralValue);
+                    return all.every(item => item != null) ? all : null;
+                },
+                object: () => fromObject(value),
+                // A list of what functions of packages return (plugins).
+                packageCalls: () => !!value && value.type === 'array' &&
+                    value.namedChildren.every(item => item.type === 'comment' ||
+                        (item.type === 'call_expression' && requiredModule(item) == null && inert(item))),
+            });
+        }
+        return keys;
+    };
+    return fromObject(exported);
+}
+
+function configKeysOf(model, dir, name, runnerId) {
+    const text = model.manifests.read(dir, name);
+    if (text == null) return null;
+    if (/\.(json|jsonc)$/.test(name)) {
+        try {
+            return configKeysOfJson(JSON.parse(withoutJsonComments(text)));
+        } catch (e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    if (/\.(yaml|yml)$/.test(name)) return configKeysOfYaml(text);
+    if (!/\.[cm]?[jt]s$/.test(name)) return null;
+    return configKeysOfCode(text, /\.[cm]?ts$/.test(name), runnerId);
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a JavaScript runner's configuration does to a command that names a
+ * test file: `inert` (every key it sets is known to leave the selection
+ * alone), `modeled` (`accepts(file)` says whether the configuration
+ * leaves the file in; `ownPattern`: it replaces the runner's default file
+ * pattern), or `unread` (a key that may select is set and not modeled, the
+ * configuration is code that is not one written-out object, or one stands
+ * above the runner's directory).
+ */
+function jsRunnerConfig(model, runner) {
+    const memoKey = `${runner.id}\0${runner.dir || ''}`;
+    if (model.jsConfigs.has(memoKey)) return model.jsConfigs.get(memoKey);
+    const answer = (() => {
+        // The project's own script points the runner somewhere else.
+        if (runnerScriptWords(runner, runner.id).some(word => SCRIPT_CONFIG_FLAGS.test(word))) return { state: 'unread' };
+        const names = JS_CONFIG_NAMES[runner.id];
+        const packageKey = JS_CONFIG_PACKAGE_KEY[runner.id];
+        const here = runner.dir || '';
+        for (const dir of ancestorDirs(here ? `${here}/x` : 'x').slice(1)) {
+            if (model.manifests.list(dir).some(name => names.has(name))) return { state: 'unread' };
+            const above = packageKey ? model.manifests.json(dir, 'package.json') : null;
+            if (above && above[packageKey] != null) return { state: 'unread' };
+        }
+        let files = model.manifests.list(here).filter(name => names.has(name));
+        if (runner.id === 'vitest') {
+            if (files.some(name => /^vitest\.(workspace|projects)\./.test(name))) return { state: 'unread' };
+            // vitest's own file is the one read when both are there.
+            if (files.some(name => /^vitest\.config\./.test(name))) files = files.filter(name => /^vitest\.config\./.test(name));
+        }
+        const sources = files.map(name => configKeysOf(model, here, name, runner.id));
+        const manifest = packageKey ? model.manifests.json(here, 'package.json') : null;
+        if (manifest && manifest[packageKey] != null) {
+            const held = manifest[packageKey];
+            sources.push(configKeysOfJson(held));
+        }
+        if (sources.length === 0) return { state: 'inert' };
+        if (sources.some(source => source == null) || (runner.id !== 'mocha' && sources.length > 1)) return { state: 'unread' };
+        let keys = new Map();
+        for (const source of sources) for (const [key, reader] of source) keys.set(key, reader);
+        if (runner.id === 'vitest') {
+            // The runner's part of a vite configuration is its `test` key;
+            // a plugin can rewrite the configuration, so each one has to
+            // be what a package's function returns.
+            for (const [key, reader] of keys) {
+                if (key === 'test' || VITE_INERT_KEYS.has(key)) continue;
+                if (key === 'plugins' && reader.packageCalls()) continue;
+                return { state: 'unread' };
+            }
+            const test = keys.get('test');
+            if (!test) return { state: 'inert' };
+            keys = test.object();
+            if (!keys) return { state: 'unread' };
+        }
+        const fold = key => runner.id === 'mocha' ? key.replace(/-/g, '').toLowerCase() : key;
+        const selecting = [...keys.keys()].filter(key => !JS_INERT_KEYS[runner.id].has(fold(key)));
+        if (selecting.length === 0) return { state: 'inert', keys: new Set(keys.keys()) };
+        if (!selecting.every(key => JS_MODELED_KEYS[runner.id].has(key))) return { state: 'unread' };
+        const absolute = file => path.posix.join(String(model.root).replace(/\\/g, '/'), here, file);
+        if (runner.id === 'jest') {
+            const read = key => keys.has(key) ? keys.get(key).strings() : undefined;
+            const roots = read('roots');
+            const regex = read('testRegex');
+            const ignored = read('testPathIgnorePatterns');
+            if (roots === null || regex === null || ignored === null) return { state: 'unread' };
+            let patterns;
+            let ignores;
+            const base = absolute('').replace(/\/$/, '');
+            // jest puts the root directory where a pattern says <rootDir>.
+            const pattern = source => new RegExp(source.replace(/<rootDir>/g, base.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')));
+            try {
+                patterns = regex ? regex.map(pattern) : null;
+                ignores = (ignored || ['/node_modules/']).map(pattern);
+            } catch (e) {
+                return { state: 'unread' };
+            }
+            const rootDirs = roots ? roots.map(root => path.posix.join(base, root.replace(/^<rootDir>\/?/, ''))) : null;
+            if (roots && roots.some(root => path.posix.isAbsolute(root.replace(/^<rootDir>/, '')) && !root.startsWith('<rootDir>'))) {
+                return { state: 'unread' };
+            }
+            return {
+                state: 'modeled', ownPattern: !!patterns,
+                accepts: file => {
+                    const full = absolute(file);
+                    if (rootDirs && !rootDirs.some(dir => full.startsWith(dir.replace(/\/$/, '') + '/'))) return false;
+                    if (ignores.some(pattern => pattern.test(full))) return false;
+                    return !patterns || patterns.some(pattern => pattern.test(full));
+                },
+            };
+        }
+        if (runner.id === 'vitest') {
+            const dir = keys.get('dir').strings();
+            if (!dir || dir.length !== 1 || path.posix.isAbsolute(dir[0]) || dir[0].includes('..')) return { state: 'unread' };
+            const under = dir[0].replace(/^\.\//, '').replace(/\/$/, '');
+            return { state: 'modeled', ownPattern: false, accepts: file => !under || file.startsWith(`${under}/`) };
+        }
+        return { state: 'unread' };
+    })();
+    model.jsConfigs.set(memoKey, answer);
+    return answer;
+}
+
+const RUNNER_OF_FAMILY = {
+    javascript: jsRunner,
+    python: pythonRunner,
+    go: goRunner,
+    rust: rustRunner,
+    java: javaRunner,
+    dotnet: dotnetRunner,
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Selectors
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function withheld(reason) {
+    return { selector: null, reason };
+}
+
+function command(runner, words) {
+    return {
+        selector: {
+            command: words.join(' '),
+            ...(runner.dir && { cwd: runner.dir }),
+        },
+    };
+}
+
+// The files jest and vitest look for when the project configures nothing.
+// Neither runs a file outside its pattern, even when given the path
+// (measured): for such a file the command depends on a configuration that
+// is not read here.
+const DEFAULT_TEST_FILES = {
+    jest: [/(^|\/)__tests__\/.*\.[jt]sx?$/, /(^|\/)([^/]*\.)?(spec|test)+\.[jt]sx?$/],
+    vitest: [/\.(test|spec)\.[cm]?[jt]sx?$/],
+};
+
+function lookedFor(runnerId, relativePath) {
+    return DEFAULT_TEST_FILES[runnerId].some(pattern => pattern.test(relativePath));
+}
+
+function titlePattern(unit) {
+    return `^${regexLiteral([...unit.suite, unit.name].join(' '))}$`;
+}
+
+const SELECTORS = {
+    'pytest'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit) {
+        const file = relativeTo(runner.dir, fileEntry.relativePath);
+        if (file == null) return withheld('outside-runner-root');
+        // An option of the project's that selects, adds or leaves out
+        // tests and is not modeled: no command is known to be exact.
+        const options = runner.collection && runner.collection.options;
+        if (options && options.unread) return withheld('runner-options-not-read');
+        if (unit && unit.deselected) return withheld('deselected-by-options');
+        if (!unit) return command(runner, ['pytest', shellWord(file)]);
+        return command(runner, ['pytest', shellWord([file, ...unit.suite, unit.name].join('::'))]);
+    },
+    'node-test'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit, filePath) {
+        const file = relativeTo(runner.dir, fileEntry.relativePath);
+        if (file == null) return withheld('outside-runner-root');
+        const options = runner.evidence === 'package-script' || runner.script
+            ? nodeTestOptions(runner.script) : [];
+        const typed = langTraits(fileEntry.language)?.typeSystem === 'structural' &&
+            /\.[cm]?tsx?$/.test(fileEntry.relativePath);
+        // A typed file runs only with what the project's own command loads.
+        if (typed && (!options || options.length === 0)) return withheld('loader-unknown');
+        const words = ['node', '--test', ...(options || []).map(shellWord)];
+        if (unit) {
+            // node tries a pattern on a test's own name and on its full
+            // path (ancestors joined by spaces), and a matching suite runs
+            // all it holds: the full path selects one test unless another
+            // name in the file reads the same.
+            const full = [...unit.suite, unit.name].join(' ');
+            const key = [...unit.suite, unit.name].join('\0');
+            const clash = model.unitsOf(filePath).units.some(other => other !== unit && other.name != null &&
+                (other.name === full || [...other.suite, other.name].join(' ') === full) &&
+                [...other.suite, other.name].join('\0') !== key);
+            if (clash) return withheld('name-not-unique');
+            words.push(`--test-name-pattern=${shellWord(`^${regexLiteral(full)}$`)}`);
+        }
+        words.push(shellWord(file));
+        return command(runner, words);
+    },
+    'jest'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit) {
+        const file = relativeTo(runner.dir, fileEntry.relativePath);
+        if (file == null) return withheld('outside-runner-root');
+        // jest holds a path it is given to its configuration: the file
+        // pattern, the roots, the ignored paths (measured).
+        const config = jsRunnerConfig(model, runner);
+        if (config.state === 'unread') return withheld('runner-config-not-read');
+        if (config.state === 'modeled' && !config.accepts(file)) return withheld('outside-runner-config');
+        if (!(config.state === 'modeled' && config.ownPattern) && !lookedFor('jest', file)) {
+            return withheld('runner-config-not-read');
+        }
+        // A bare path is a pattern jest tries on every test file's path.
+        const words = ['npx', 'jest', '--runTestsByPath', shellWord(file)];
+        if (unit) words.push('-t', shellWord(titlePattern(unit)));
+        return command(runner, words);
+    },
+    'vitest'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit, filePath) {
+        const file = relativeTo(runner.dir, fileEntry.relativePath);
+        if (file == null) return withheld('outside-runner-root');
+        const config = jsRunnerConfig(model, runner);
+        if (config.state === 'unread') return withheld('runner-config-not-read');
+        if (config.state === 'modeled' && !config.accepts(file)) return withheld('outside-runner-config');
+        if (!lookedFor('vitest', file)) return withheld('runner-config-not-read');
+        // vitest runs every file whose path contains the one given.
+        if (model.pathsContaining(runner.dir, file) > 1) return withheld('path-not-unique');
+        // vitest refuses a focused test where CI is set unless told to
+        // allow it (measured).
+        const focus = model.declared(filePath)?.focus ? ['--allowOnly'] : [];
+        const words = ['npx', 'vitest', 'run', ...focus, shellWord(file)];
+        if (unit) words.push('-t', shellWord(titlePattern(unit)));
+        return command(runner, words);
+    },
+    'mocha'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit) {
+        const file = relativeTo(runner.dir, fileEntry.relativePath);
+        if (file == null) return withheld('outside-runner-root');
+        // mocha adds the files its configuration names to the one given,
+        // and applies its grep and ignore to it (measured).
+        const config = jsRunnerConfig(model, runner);
+        if (config.state !== 'inert') return withheld('runner-config-not-read');
+        const loading = mochaLoadingOptions(runner);
+        // A typed file loads only with what the project's own command or
+        // configuration registers.
+        const registers = loading.length > 0 || ['require', 'loader', 'import', 'node-option'].some(key => config.keys && config.keys.has(key));
+        if (/\.[cm]?tsx?$/.test(file) && !registers) return withheld('loader-unknown');
+        const words = ['npx', 'mocha', ...loading.map(shellWord), shellWord(file)];
+        if (unit) words.push('--grep', shellWord(titlePattern(unit)));
+        return command(runner, words);
+    },
+    'go-test'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit) {
+        const file = relativeTo(runner.dir, fileEntry.relativePath);
+        if (file == null) return withheld('outside-runner-root');
+        if (fileEntry.buildConstraint || (unit && unit.notInEveryBuild)) return withheld('build-constraint');
+        const dir = posixDir(file);
+        const pkg = dir ? `./${dir}` : '.';
+        if (!unit) return command(runner, ['go', 'test', shellWord(pkg)]);
+        return command(runner, ['go', 'test', shellWord(pkg), '-run', shellWord(`^${regexLiteral(unit.name)}$`)]);
+    },
+    'cargo-test'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit) {
+        if (runner.customTargets) return withheld('custom-targets');
+        const located = model.rustTarget(runner, fileEntry, unit ? unit.line : 1);
+        if (!located.target) return withheld(located.reason);
+        const words = ['cargo', 'test', ...located.target];
+        if (!unit) {
+            if (located.segs.length > 0) words.push('--', shellWord(`${located.segs.join('::')}::`));
+            return command(runner, words);
+        }
+        if (unit.notInEveryBuild) return withheld('conditional-compilation');
+        words.push('--', shellWord([...located.segs, unit.name].join('::')), '--exact');
+        if (unit.ignored) words.push('--include-ignored');
+        return command(runner, words);
+    },
+    'maven'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit, filePath) {
+        if (!unit) {
+            const classes = topLevelTestClasses(model, filePath);
+            if (classes.length === 0) return withheld('no-test-class');
+            return command(runner, ['mvn', 'test', shellWord(`-Dtest=${classes.join(',')}`)]);
+        }
+        const owner = `${unit.namespace ? unit.namespace + '.' : ''}${unit.suite.join('$')}`;
+        return command(runner, ['mvn', 'test', shellWord(`-Dtest=${owner}#${unit.name}`)]);
+    },
+    'dotnet-test'(model, runner, fileEntry, unit, filePath) {
+        // The filter's own operators are escaped; '+' (a nested type) is not one.
+        const quoted = text => String(text).replace(/[()&|=!~\\]/g, '\\$&');
+        if (!unit) {
+            const classes = topLevelTestClasses(model, filePath);
+            if (classes.length === 0) return withheld('no-test-class');
+            // A fixture built once for each set of arguments runs under
+            // names that carry them: no filter by the class's name holds them.
+            if ((model.declared(filePath)?.classes || []).some(cls => cls.dynamic === 'generated-cases')) {
+                return withheld('generated-cases');
+            }
+            const terms = classes.flatMap(name => [`FullyQualifiedName~${quoted(name)}.`, `FullyQualifiedName~${quoted(name)}+`]);
+            return command(runner, ['dotnet', 'test', '--filter', shellWord(terms.join('|'))]);
+        }
+        const owner = `${unit.namespace ? unit.namespace + '.' : ''}${unit.suite.join('+')}`;
+        return command(runner, ['dotnet', 'test', '--filter', shellWord(`FullyQualifiedName=${quoted(`${owner}.${unit.name}`)}`)]);
+    },
+};
+
+/** Qualified names of the outermost classes of a file that hold tests. */
+function topLevelTestClasses(model, filePath) {
+    const names = new Set();
+    for (const unit of model.unitsOf(filePath).units) {
+        if (unit.kind !== 'test' || unit.suite.length === 0) continue;
+        names.add(`${unit.namespace ? unit.namespace + '.' : ''}${unit.suite[0]}`);
+    }
+    return [...names].sort(codeUnitCompare);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The model
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * @param {object} index - ProjectIndex
+ * @returns {object} per-operation test model
+ */
+function createTestModel(index, options = {}) {
+    const model = {
+        manifests: createManifests(index),
+        byFile: new Map(),
+        rawByFile: new Map(),
+        exports: new Map(),
+        runners: new Map(),
+        jsConfigs: new Map(),
+        gates: new Map(),
+        plugins: new Map(),
+        guards: new Map(),
+        foreign: new Map(),
+        ranges: new Map(),
+        readerCaches: new Map(),
+        root: index.root,
+        relPaths: null,
+    };
+
+    model.hasFile = relativePath => {
+        if (!model.relPaths) {
+            model.relPaths = new Set();
+            for (const [, entry] of index.files) model.relPaths.add(entry.relativePath);
+        }
+        return model.relPaths.has(relativePath);
+    };
+
+    /** How many indexed files under `dir` have a path that contains `part`. */
+    model.pathsContaining = (dir, part) => {
+        model.hasFile('');
+        let count = 0;
+        for (const relativePath of model.relPaths) {
+            const inside = relativeTo(dir, relativePath);
+            if (inside != null && inside.includes(part)) count++;
+        }
+        return count;
+    };
+
+    model.runnerOf = filePath => {
+        if (model.runners.has(filePath)) return model.runners.get(filePath);
+        const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        const family = fileEntry && langTraits(fileEntry.language)?.testRunnerFamily;
+        const find = family && RUNNER_OF_FAMILY[family];
+        const runner = find ? find(model, fileEntry) : { id: null, reason: 'runner-not-modeled' };
+        model.runners.set(filePath, runner);
+        return runner;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The cargo target that compiles a file and the module path of a line
+     * in it, from the module tree: `--lib`, `--bin NAME` or `--test NAME`.
+     */
+    model.rustTarget = (runner, fileEntry, line) => {
+        const { rustModulePathAt } = require('./rust-modules');
+        const filePath = path.join(index.root, fileEntry.relativePath);
+        const located = rustModulePathAt(index, index.files.has(filePath) ? filePath : fileEntry.path || filePath, line);
+        if (!located) return { target: null, reason: 'target-unknown' };
+        const rootEntry = index.files.get(located.root);
+        const rootRel = rootEntry && relativeTo(runner.dir, rootEntry.relativePath);
+        if (rootRel == null) return { target: null, reason: 'target-unknown' };
+        const segs = located.segs;
+        if (rootRel === 'src/lib.rs') return { target: ['--lib'], segs };
+        if (rootRel === 'src/main.rs') {
+            return runner.packageName
+                ? { target: ['--bin', shellWord(runner.packageName)], segs }
+                : { target: null, reason: 'target-unknown' };
+        }
+        let match = /^src\/bin\/([^/]+)\.rs$/.exec(rootRel) || /^src\/bin\/([^/]+)\/main\.rs$/.exec(rootRel);
+        if (match) return { target: ['--bin', shellWord(match[1])], segs };
+        match = /^tests\/([^/]+)\.rs$/.exec(rootRel) || /^tests\/([^/]+)\/main\.rs$/.exec(rootRel);
+        if (match) return { target: ['--test', shellWord(match[1])], segs };
+        return { target: null, reason: 'target-unknown' };
+    };
+
+    const helpersFor = (filePath, fileEntry, depth = 0) => {
+        const symbols = fileEntry.symbols || [];
+        let lines = null;
+        return {
+            /**
+             * What a module this file imports exports under a name, when
+             * the module is a file of the project whose language reads
+             * exports: followed a few modules deep, never around a cycle.
+             */
+            exported(moduleName, name) {
+                if (depth >= 4) return null;
+                const relativePath = (fileEntry.moduleResolved || {})[moduleName];
+                if (!relativePath) return null;
+                const target = path.join(index.root, relativePath);
+                const targetEntry = index.files.get(target);
+                const read = targetEntry && langTraits(targetEntry.language)?.testExport;
+                if (typeof read !== 'function') return null;
+                const key = `${target}\0${name}`;
+                if (model.exports.has(key)) return model.exports.get(key);
+                model.exports.set(key, null);
+                let answer;
+                try {
+                    answer = read(targetEntry, helpersFor(target, targetEntry, depth + 1), name);
+                } catch (e) {
+                    answer = null;
+                }
+                model.exports.set(key, answer);
+                return answer;
+            },
+            /** Symbols whose range holds this one, outermost first. */
+            enclosing(symbol) {
+                const out = [];
+                for (const other of symbols) {
+                    if (other === symbol) continue;
+                    const end = other.endLine ?? other.startLine;
+                    const ownEnd = symbol.endLine ?? symbol.startLine;
+                    if (other.startLine > symbol.startLine || end < ownEnd) continue;
+                    if (other.startLine === symbol.startLine && end === ownEnd) {
+                        // Same lines: the holder is the one named as the owner.
+                        if (!(CONTAINER_KINDS.has(other.type) && (symbol.className === other.name ||
+                            symbol.enclosingType === other.name))) continue;
+                    }
+                    if (CONTAINER_KINDS.has(other.type) || CALLABLE_KINDS.has(other.type)) out.push(other);
+                }
+                return out.sort((a, b) => a.startLine - b.startLine ||
+                    (b.endLine ?? b.startLine) - (a.endLine ?? a.startLine));
+            },
+            /**
+             * The annotations a type of the project carries itself, when
+             * one type of that name is declared: what an annotation of
+             * the project stands for. Null otherwise.
+             */
+            metaAnnotations(name) {
+                const defs = (index.symbols.get(String(name).split('.').pop()) || [])
+                    .filter(def => CONTAINER_KINDS.has(def.type));
+                if (defs.length !== 1) return null;
+                return (defs[0].annotationsWithArgs || []).map(annotation => String(annotation.name).split('.').pop());
+            },
+            /** The types of this name the project declares: the namespace (package) and file of each. */
+            typesNamed: name => (index.symbols.get(String(name).replace(/[<[(].*$/, '').split('.').pop().trim()) || [])
+                .filter(def => CONTAINER_KINDS.has(def.type))
+                .map(def => ({ namespace: def.namespace || '', file: index.files.get(def.file)?.relativePath || null })),
+            /** Does the project declare a type of this name? */
+            declaresType: name => (index.symbols.get(String(name).replace(/[<[(].*$/, '').split('.').pop().trim()) || [])
+                .some(def => CONTAINER_KINDS.has(def.type)),
+            isContainer: symbol => CONTAINER_KINDS.has(symbol.type),
+            isCallable: symbol => CALLABLE_KINDS.has(symbol.type),
+            /** Names of the types a class derives from, through the project. */
+            ancestors(className) {
+                const seen = new Set();
+                const queue = [className];
+                while (queue.length > 0 && seen.size < 64) {
+                    const parents = index.extendsGraph?.get(queue.shift()) || [];
+                    // One entry per declaration of the name, each with
+                    // the bases it writes.
+                    const names = parents.flatMap(parent => typeof parent === 'string' ? [parent]
+                        : Array.isArray(parent?.parents) ? parent.parents : parent?.name ? [parent.name] : []);
+                    for (const written of names) {
+                        const name = String(written).replace(/[<[(].*$/, '').trim();
+                        if (!name || seen.has(name)) continue;
+                        seen.add(name);
+                        queue.push(name);
+                        // A written `pkg.Base` is also known by its last name.
+                        const last = name.split('.').pop();
+                        if (last !== name && !seen.has(last)) { seen.add(last); queue.push(last); }
+                    }
+                }
+                return seen;
+            },
+            tree() {
+                try {
+                    const content = index._readFile(filePath);
+                    return index._getParsedTree(filePath, content, fileEntry.language) ||
+                        safeParse(getParser(fileEntry.language), content) || null;
+                } catch (e) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            },
+            lines() {
+                if (!lines) {
+                    try {
+                        lines = index._readFile(filePath).split('\n');
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        lines = [];
+                    }
+                }
+                return lines;
+            },
+            collection: collectionFor(filePath, fileEntry),
+            glob: globMatches,
+            // What a reader keeps between two questions about one file.
+            cache: (() => {
+                if (!model.readerCaches.has(filePath)) model.readerCaches.set(filePath, new Map());
+                return model.readerCaches.get(filePath);
+            })(),
+        };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * What the runner's configuration says about collecting a file: its
+     * naming rules, its options, and whether the runner collects a module
+     * of this name at all (pytest: python_files, by the file's own name).
+     */
+    const collectionFor = (filePath, fileEntry) => {
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath) || {};
+        const collection = runner.collection || {};
+        if (runner.id !== 'pytest') return collection;
+        const base = path.posix.basename(fileEntry.relativePath);
+        const patterns = collection.files && collection.files.length > 0 ? collection.files : ['test_*.py', '*_test.py'];
+        return { ...collection, collected: patterns.some(glob => globMatches(glob, base)) };
+    };
+
+    /** What the language's reader finds in a file; null when not modeled. */
+    model.declared = filePath => {
+        if (model.rawByFile.has(filePath)) return model.rawByFile.get(filePath);
+        const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        const read = fileEntry && langTraits(fileEntry.language)?.testUnits;
+        let found = null;
+        if (typeof read === 'function') {
+            try {
+                found = read(fileEntry, helpersFor(filePath, fileEntry));
+            } catch (e) {
+                found = null;
+            }
+        }
+        model.rawByFile.set(filePath, found);
+        return found;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The class a base name written in `filePath` denotes: one declared in
+     * the same file, else the only one of that name in files of the same
+     * runner family. Null when none or several.
+     */
+    const baseClass = (filePath, written) => {
+        const name = String(written).replace(/<.*$/, '').split('.').pop().trim();
+        if (!name) return null;
+        const own = (model.declared(filePath)?.classes || []).filter(cls => cls.name === name);
+        if (own.length === 1) return { filePath, cls: own[0] };
+        if (own.length > 1) return null;
+        const family = langTraits(index.files.get(filePath)?.language)?.testRunnerFamily;
+        const hits = [];
+        const seenFiles = new Set();
+        for (const def of index.symbols.get(name) || []) {
+            if (!CONTAINER_KINDS.has(def.type) || seenFiles.has(def.file)) continue;
+            if (langTraits(index.files.get(def.file)?.language)?.testRunnerFamily !== family) continue;
+            seenFiles.add(def.file);
+            for (const cls of model.declared(def.file)?.classes || []) {
+                if (cls.name === name) hits.push({ filePath: def.file, cls });
+            }
+        }
+        return hits.length === 1 ? hits[0] : null;
+    };
+
+    // What a written type name denotes and whether two methods are one
+    // member, by the language's lookup where it is modeled.
+    const signatures = createSignatures(index, {
+        classes: filePath => model.declared(filePath)?.classes || [],
+        parents: (filePath, cls) => parentsOf(filePath, cls),
+        aliasTerm: (filePath, line) => ((model.declared(filePath)?.aliases || []).find(alias => alias.line === line) || {}).term || null,
+        // Files one runner's manifest builds are compiled together.
+        unitOf: filePath => {
+            const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath);
+            return runner && runner.id && runner.dir != null ? `${runner.id}\0${runner.dir}` : null;
+        },
+    });
+    const parentMemo = new Map();
+    const resolving = new Set();
+    /**
+     * The class each base written on a class denotes, in the order
+     * written. A language whose name lookup is modeled says which class
+     * a name is at the place it is written (a class of the project that
+     * shares the spelling of a type from outside is not it); otherwise the
+     * one class of that name. A base that is no class the project declares
+     * once stands as an opaque entry, `safe` when the language's reader
+     * knows it brings neither a test nor a constructor.
+     */
+    const parentsOf = (filePath, cls) => {
+        const key = `${filePath}\0${cls.startLine}\0${cls.name}`;
+        if (parentMemo.has(key)) return parentMemo.get(key);
+        const opaque = written => ({
+            opaque: true, name: String(written).replace(/[<[(].*$/, '').split('.').pop().trim(),
+            safe: (cls.plainBases || []).includes(written),
+        });
+        // A class whose bases are being resolved inside its own
+        // resolution: the language rejects the cycle.
+        if (resolving.has(key)) return cls.bases.map(written => ({ written, node: opaque(written) }));
+        resolving.add(key);
+        const out = cls.bases.map((written, i) => {
+            const looked = signatures.baseOf(filePath, cls, (cls.baseTerms || [])[i]);
+            const base = looked === undefined ? baseClass(filePath, written) : looked;
+            return { written, node: base || opaque(written) };
+        });
+        resolving.delete(key);
+        parentMemo.set(key, out);
+        return out;
+    };
+
+    const nodeKey = node => node.opaque ? `?${node.name}` : `${node.filePath}\0${node.cls.startLine}\0${node.cls.name}`;
+    const linearMemo = new Map();
+
+    /**
+     * The order in which a class's members are looked up: the class, then
+     * the classes it derives from. `c3` is Python's method resolution
+     * order; otherwise depth first in the order written (a superclass
+     * before the interfaces). A base that is no class of the project
+     * stands in the order as an opaque entry (`parentsOf`).
+     */
+    const linearize = (filePath, cls, mode, trail = new Set()) => {
+        const key = `${filePath}\0${cls.startLine}\0${cls.name}`;
+        if (linearMemo.has(key)) return linearMemo.get(key);
+        const self = { filePath, cls };
+        if (trail.has(key)) return [self];
+        if (cls.imported) {
+            // A class bound by an import is the class it names.
+            const order = [self, ...linearize(cls.imported.filePath, cls.imported.cls, mode, trail)];
+            linearMemo.set(key, order);
+            return order;
+        }
+        trail.add(key);
+        const parents = parentsOf(filePath, cls).map(parent => parent.node);
+        const below = parent => parent.opaque ? [parent] : linearize(parent.filePath, parent.cls, mode, trail);
+        let order = [self];
+        if (mode === 'c3') {
+            const sequences = [...parents.map(parent => below(parent).slice()), parents.slice()];
+            while (sequences.some(sequence => sequence.length > 0)) {
+                const head = sequences.filter(sequence => sequence.length > 0).map(sequence => sequence[0])
+                    .find(candidate => !sequences.some(other =>
+                        other.slice(1).some(node => nodeKey(node) === nodeKey(candidate))));
+                if (!head) {
+                    // No consistent order: the language rejects the class.
+                    order = [self, { opaque: true, name: '', safe: false }];
+                    break;
+                }
+                order.push(head);
+                for (const sequence of sequences) {
+                    if (sequence.length > 0 && nodeKey(sequence[0]) === nodeKey(head)) sequence.shift();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            const seen = new Set([key]);
+            for (const parent of parents) {
+                for (const node of below(parent)) {
+                    if (seen.has(nodeKey(node))) continue;
+                    seen.add(nodeKey(node));
+                    order.push(node);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        trail.delete(key);
+        linearMemo.set(key, order);
+        return order;
+    };
+    const orderOf = (filePath, cls) => linearize(filePath, cls, model.declared(filePath)?.linearization || null);
+
+    /**
+     * Tests a runnable class runs without declaring them: for each
+     * test-shaped name, the first class in lookup order that declares a
+     * member of that name. A test found behind a base that is not read is
+     * not attributed (`withheld`): that base may declare the name itself.
+     *
+     * Which member of a nearer class is "the same member" is the
+     * language's and the runner's to say (`hiddenBy` on a test): by name
+     * where a name is all a member has (Python; and MSTest, which takes
+     * one method of each name), by signature where a language overloads
+     * (a method of the same name with other parameters is another method
+     * and hides nothing), or only a declared override of that signature
+     * (NUnit: a method that hides by `new` leaves the inherited test
+     * running).
+     *
+     * Two signatures are the same when their parameters have the same
+     * types, and a type is what its name denotes where it is written
+     * (`signatures.relate`): the answer can be that this is not known.
+     * Then the test may be the class's or may not (`uncertain`): it is
+     * listed as one that runs only sometimes, under no command, with
+     * every body it may run (`maybe`).
+     *
+     * Where the runner takes a test from the nearest declaration that
+     * carries its mark (`byDeclaration`: JUnit 4, TestNG, xUnit), a class
+     * nearer that overrides the method without the mark does not hide it:
+     * the test runs with that class's body (`body`).
+     */
+    const inheritedBy = (filePath, cls, select = null) => {
+        const out = [];
+        // What the classes nearer than the one looked at declare, nearest
+        // first: every member by name, the methods with what they are
+        // compared by, and the tests.
+        const names = new Set();
+        const testedNames = new Set();
+        const members = [];
+        const tested = [];
+        const declare = (node, each) => {
+            for (const member of each.members || []) names.add(member);
+            // A method that is a test is compared as one: its row among
+            // the members is the one that shares its parameter list (two
+            // methods can start on one line).
+            const lists = new Set((each.tests || []).map(test => test.params).filter(Boolean));
+            const lines = new Set((each.tests || []).filter(test => !test.params).map(test => test.startLine));
+            for (const row of each.memberRows || []) {
+                if (!(row.params ? lists.has(row.params) : lines.has(row.startLine))) members.push({ row, at: node });
+            }
+        };
+        const sideOf = ({ row, at }) => ({ filePath: at.filePath, cls: at.cls, row });
+        /**
+         * A declared override overrides one method: where the classes
+         * above it are all read and declare one method of that name with
+         * as many parameters, it is that one, however its types are
+         * written.
+         */
+        const onlySlot = (member, test, node) => {
+            const order = orderOf(member.at.filePath, member.at.cls).slice(1);
+            if (order.some(above => above.opaque)) return false;
+            const arity = (member.row.params || []).length;
+            const universal = langTraits(index.files.get(member.at.filePath)?.language)?.universalSupertypeMembers || {};
+            if (universal[member.row.name] === arity) return false;
+            const slots = order.flatMap(above => (above.cls.memberRows || [])
+                .filter(row => row.name === member.row.name && (row.params || []).length === arity)
+                .map(row => ({ row, at: above })));
+            return slots.length > 0 && slots.every(slot =>
+                (slot.at.cls === node.cls && slot.row.startLine === test.startLine) ||
+                signatures.relate(sideOf(slot), { filePath: node.filePath, cls: node.cls, row: test }) === 'same');
+        };
+        const start = { filePath, cls };
+        declare(start, cls);
+        for (const test of cls.tests || []) {
+            names.add(test.name);
+            testedNames.add(test.name);
+            tested.push({ row: test, at: start });
+        }
+        let behindUnknown = false;
+        let withheldAny = false;
+        for (const node of orderOf(filePath, cls).slice(1)) {
+            if (node.opaque) {
+                if (!node.safe) behindUnknown = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (const test of node.cls.tests) {
+                // A test its runner runs in the declaring class only.
+                if (test.ownOnly) continue;
+                const rule = test.hiddenBy || 'name';
+                const mine = { filePath: node.filePath, cls: node.cls, row: test };
+                let body = null;
+                let uncertain = false;
+                const maybe = [];
+                let again = false;
+                if (rule === 'name') {
+                    // A nearer class declares the same test.
+                    if (testedNames.has(test.name)) {
+                        // A runner that takes one method of each name
+                        // reports the inherited test too under a test
+                        // that hides it without overriding it, and runs
+                        // the nearer body for it (`againUnderHiding`:
+                        // measured with one version of MSTest, so the
+                        // test is listed as one that runs only sometimes).
+                        const nearer = tested.find(other => other.row.name === test.name);
+                        if (!test.againUnderHiding || !nearer || nearer.row.overrides || nearer.again) continue;
+                        body = nearer;
+                        again = true;
+                        tested.push({ row: test, at: node, again: true });
+                    } else {
+                        testedNames.add(test.name);
+                        tested.push({ row: test, at: node });
+                        // A nearer class declares the same member without the mark.
+                        if (names.has(test.name) && !test.byDeclaration) continue;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // A runner that takes a method as replaced by one whose
+                    // parameters could be passed to it: another signature
+                    // is no proof the test is still the class's.
+                    const relate = other => {
+                        const relation = signatures.relate(mine, sideOf(other));
+                        return relation === 'different' && test.replacedByAssignable &&
+                            (other.row.params || []).length === (test.params || []).length ? 'unknown' : relation;
+                    };
+                    // A method the language does not let a class override
+                    // (`sealed`: always; `sealedOutside`: from another
+                    // package) is not replaced by an unmarked one of its
+                    // signature: the two are two methods, and the test
+                    // keeps its body. (A marked one is the class's test of
+                    // that signature: measured.)
+                    const overrides = other => !test.sealed &&
+                        (test.sealedOutside == null || (other.at.cls.namespace || '') === test.sealedOutside);
+                    // A nearer class declares the same test. (Where only a
+                    // declared override takes a test away, a test that
+                    // hides it by another declaration runs beside it.)
+                    let hidden = false;
+                    for (const other of tested) {
+                        if (other.row.name !== test.name || (rule === 'override' && !other.row.overrides)) continue;
+                        const relation = relate(other);
+                        if (relation === 'same') {
+                            hidden = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (relation === 'unknown') uncertain = true;
+                    }
+                    testedNames.add(test.name);
+                    tested.push({ row: test, at: node });
+                    if (hidden) continue;
+                    // A nearer class declares the same member without the
+                    // mark: the nearest that is it for certain, and the
+                    // nearer ones that may be.
+                    for (const other of members) {
+                        if (other.row.name !== test.name || (rule === 'override' && !other.row.overrides) || !overrides(other)) continue;
+                        let relation = relate(other);
+                        if (relation === 'unknown' && other.row.overrides && onlySlot(other, test, node)) relation = 'same';
+                        if (relation === 'same') {
+                            body = other;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (relation === 'unknown') maybe.push(other);
+                    }
+                    if (body && !test.byDeclaration) continue;
+                    // A class declares one method of a signature: beside
+                    // the one that is it, another of that class is not.
+                    const open = maybe.filter(other => !body || other.at.cls !== body.at.cls);
+                    maybe.length = 0;
+                    maybe.push(...open);
+                    if (maybe.length > 0) uncertain = true;
+                }
+                // A member the runner does not take as a test still hides
+                // the one of that name further up.
+                if (select && !select(test)) continue;
+                if (behindUnknown) withheldAny = true;
+                else {
+                    out.push({
+                        test, base: node,
+                        ...((test.byDeclaration || again) && body && { body }),
+                        ...(uncertain && { uncertain: true, maybe }),
+                        ...(again && { again: true }),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            declare(node, node.cls);
+            for (const test of node.cls.tests) names.add(test.name);
+        }
+        return { tests: out, open: behindUnknown, withheld: withheldAny };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Is there code beside a test file that the runner lets decide which
+     * tests run (the language's `testGate`): a TestMain in its Go package
+     * that may not run the tests. (pytest's conftest.py files are read
+     * with the modules they stand above: see guardsOf.)
+     */
+    const gatedAtRunTime = (filePath, runner) => {
+        const relativePath = index.files.get(filePath).relativePath;
+        const decides = candidate => {
+            if (!model.gates.has(candidate)) {
+                const entry = index.files.get(candidate);
+                const gate = entry && langTraits(entry.language)?.testGate;
+                let answer = false;
+                if (typeof gate === 'function') {
+                    try {
+                        answer = !!gate(entry, helpersFor(candidate, entry));
+                    } catch (e) {
+                        answer = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                model.gates.set(candidate, answer);
+            }
+            return model.gates.get(candidate);
+        };
+        if (runner.id === 'go-test') {
+            if (!model.goTestFiles) {
+                model.goTestFiles = new Map();
+                for (const [candidate, entry] of index.files) {
+                    if (!/_test\.go$/.test(entry.relativePath)) continue;
+                    const dir = posixDir(entry.relativePath);
+                    if (!model.goTestFiles.has(dir)) model.goTestFiles.set(dir, []);
+                    model.goTestFiles.get(dir).push(candidate);
+                }
+            }
+            return (model.goTestFiles.get(posixDir(relativePath)) || []).some(decides);
+        }
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    // ---- a reader that gives facts per file (`derived`): pytest ----------
+
+    /** The project file a module name written in a file resolves to, or null. */
+    const moduleFile = (filePath, moduleName) => {
+        const relative = (index.files.get(filePath)?.moduleResolved || {})[moduleName];
+        const target = relative ? path.join(index.root, relative) : null;
+        return target && index.files.has(target) ? target : null;
+    };
+
+    /** The project file a dotted module name stands for, from the runner's directory or the project's. */
+    const moduleNamed = (filePath, dotted) => {
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath) || {};
+        const relative = String(dotted).replace(/\./g, '/');
+        for (const base of new Set([runner.dir || '', ''])) {
+            for (const tail of [`${relative}.py`, `${relative}/__init__.py`]) {
+                const candidate = base ? `${base}/${tail}` : tail;
+                if (model.hasFile(candidate)) return path.join(index.root, candidate);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Does a module declare tests where one of its functions is called
+     * (a declaration inside a function that is no suite's callback), itself
+     * or through the modules whose functions it calls?
+     */
+    const declaresWhenCalled = (filePath, seen = new Set()) => {
+        if (seen.has(filePath)) return false;
+        seen.add(filePath);
+        const found = model.declared(filePath);
+        if (!found) return false;
+        if ((found.units || []).some(unit => unit.kind === 'test' &&
+            (unit.indirect || unit.dynamic === 'declared-indirectly'))) return true;
+        return (found.calledWhenCalled || []).some(name => {
+            const target = moduleFile(filePath, name);
+            return !!target && declaresWhenCalled(target, seen);
+        });
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * What a name of a module is, as far as tests go: a class or a function
+     * of its top, or what another name of the module or another module
+     * gives it (an alias, an import, a star import), a few steps deep.
+     */
+    const resolveName = (filePath, name, depth = 0) => {
+        if (!filePath || depth > 6) return null;
+        const found = model.declared(filePath);
+        if (!found) return null;
+        const cls = (found.classes || []).find(other => other.name === name && other.suite.length === 0);
+        if (cls) return { kind: 'class', filePath, cls };
+        const fn = (found.functions || []).find(other => other.name === name);
+        if (fn) return { kind: 'function', filePath, fn };
+        for (const entry of found.imports || []) {
+            if (entry.name !== name) continue;
+            const from = entry.module == null ? filePath : moduleFile(filePath, entry.module);
+            if (from === filePath && entry.original === name) continue;
+            const hit = resolveName(from, entry.original, depth + 1);
+            if (hit) return hit;
+        }
+        for (const star of found.stars || []) {
+            const from = moduleFile(filePath, star.module);
+            const there = from ? model.declared(from) : null;
+            if (!there || there.exportsAll === 'unknown') continue;
+            if (there.exportsAll ? !there.exportsAll.includes(name) : name.startsWith('_')) continue;
+            const hit = resolveName(from, name, depth + 1);
+            if (hit) return hit;
+        }
+        return null;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Switches other modules write on the classes and functions of a
+     * module, each on a name it took from it. The object is one: a module
+     * the runner loads after the writer sees the write, so what such a
+     * class or function is depends on the order of the run. Looked for
+     * among the modules that import this one.
+     */
+    const switchedElsewhere = filePath => {
+        if (model.foreign.has(filePath)) return model.foreign.get(filePath);
+        const answer = { classes: new Map(), functions: new Map() };
+        model.foreign.set(filePath, answer);
+        const add = (map, key, write) => {
+            if (!map.has(key)) map.set(key, []);
+            map.get(key).push(write);
+        };
+        for (const importer of [...(index.exportGraph?.get(filePath) || [])].sort(codeUnitCompare)) {
+            if (importer === filePath || !index.files.has(importer)) continue;
+            let text;
+            try {
+                text = index._readFile(importer);
+            } catch (e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!text.includes('__test__')) continue;
+            const there = model.declared(importer);
+            const switches = there && there.derived && there.module ? there.module.switches || {} : {};
+            for (const name of Object.keys(switches).sort(codeUnitCompare)) {
+                const hit = resolveName(importer, name);
+                if (!hit || hit.filePath !== filePath) continue;
+                const write = { on: switches[name].on, forced: switches[name].forced, by: importer };
+                if (hit.kind === 'class') add(answer.classes, hit.cls, write);
+                else add(answer.functions, hit.fn.name, write);
+            }
+        }
+        return answer;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Does one of the functions a file calls in other modules of the
+     * project stop a test when called (it skips, raises, or calls a
+     * function of its own module that does)? One module deep.
+     */
+    const callStops = (filePath, calls) => (calls || []).some(call => {
+        const target = moduleFile(filePath, call.module) || moduleNamed(filePath, call.module);
+        const there = target ? model.declared(target) : null;
+        return !!there && (there.stopping || []).includes(call.name);
+    });
+    /**
+     * What a name of a module is as a row of a table of parameters
+     * ('run', 'skip', 'sometimes'), read in the module that binds it and,
+     * where that module took it from another, in that one: a few modules
+     * deep. Null: the module does not bind it.
+     */
+    const readRow = (file, name, member, call, depth) => {
+        const there = file ? model.declared(file) : null;
+        if (!there || typeof there.rowNamed !== 'function') return null;
+        const state = there.rowNamed(name, member, call);
+        if (!state || typeof state !== 'object') return state;
+        if (depth >= 4) return 'sometimes';
+        if (state.via) return viaLookup(file, state.via, depth + 1) ?? 'sometimes';
+        // A name a star import brings: read in the module that binds it.
+        for (const module of state.stars || []) {
+            const found = viaLookup(file, { module, name, ...(member && { member }), call }, depth + 1);
+            if (found != null) return found;
+        }
+        return null;
+    };
+    const viaLookup = (filePath, via, depth) => {
+        const direct = moduleFile(filePath, via.module) || moduleNamed(filePath, via.module);
+        const state = readRow(direct, via.name, via.member || null, !!via.call, depth);
+        if (state != null) return state;
+        // Not a name of that module: a module of that package.
+        let inner = null;
+        if (direct && path.basename(direct) === '__init__.py') {
+            for (const tail of [`${via.name}.py`, path.join(via.name, '__init__.py')]) {
+                const candidate = path.join(path.dirname(direct), tail);
+                if (!inner && index.files.has(candidate)) inner = candidate;
+            }
+        } else if (!direct && !String(via.module).startsWith('.')) {
+            inner = moduleNamed(filePath, `${via.module}.${via.name}`);
+        }
+        if (!inner || !model.declared(inner)) return null;
+        // The module itself is a plain row; calling it is not read.
+        if (!via.member) return via.call ? 'sometimes' : 'run';
+        return readRow(inner, via.member, null, !!via.call, depth);
+    };
+    /** The same for a name written in `filePath`: what is not found may be anything. */
+    const viaState = (filePath, via) => viaLookup(filePath, via, 0) ?? 'sometimes';
+    /**
+     * What tables of parameters whose rows other modules name leave of a
+     * test written in `filePath`: 'skip' (one of them has no row that runs
+     * the body), 'sometimes' (one may have none), or null.
+     */
+    const tablesState = (filePath, tables) => {
+        let answer = null;
+        for (const table of tables || []) {
+            const states = table.via.map(via => viaState(filePath, via));
+            if (states.includes('run')) continue;
+            if (table.rest === 'skip' && states.every(state => state === 'skip')) return 'skip';
+            answer = 'sometimes';
+        }
+        return answer;
+    };
+    /** A file's fixtures, with what the functions they call and the rows they name elsewhere add. */
+    const fixturesOf = (filePath, fixtures) => (fixtures || []).map(fixture =>
+        !fixture.decides && (callStops(filePath, fixture.calls) || tablesState(filePath, fixture.tables))
+            ? { ...fixture, decides: true } : fixture);
+
+    /**
+     * What a file does when the runner loads it as a plugin (a conftest.py,
+     * a module another names as one), with the modules it loads in turn:
+     * whether a hook can change what is collected or run, whether it has
+     * the hook a test module may have too, and the fixtures it brings.
+     */
+    const pluginFacts = (filePath, seen = new Set()) => {
+        const top = seen.size === 0;
+        if (top && model.plugins.has(filePath)) return model.plugins.get(filePath);
+        if (seen.has(filePath)) return { decides: false, everywhere: false, generates: false, fixtures: [] };
+        seen.add(filePath);
+        const found = model.declared(filePath);
+        const runtime = found && found.runtime;
+        // A plugin that is not read may do anything.
+        const answer = {
+            decides: !runtime || runtime.decides,
+            // A hook pytest calls once for the whole run decides for
+            // every test of it, wherever the file stands.
+            everywhere: !runtime || !!runtime.everywhere,
+            generates: !runtime || !!runtime.generates,
+            fixtures: runtime ? fixturesOf(filePath, runtime.fixtures) : [],
+        };
+        // A hook that calls a function of another module of the project
+        // that can stop a test decides as if it stopped it itself.
+        for (const call of (runtime && runtime.hookCalls) || []) {
+            if (!callStops(filePath, [call])) continue;
+            answer.decides = true;
+            if (call.everywhere) answer.everywhere = true;
+            if (call.generates) answer.generates = true;
+        }
+        for (const plugin of runtime ? runtime.plugins : []) {
+            const target = plugin.by === 'import' ? moduleFile(filePath, plugin.module) : moduleNamed(filePath, plugin.module);
+            // A module outside the project is a plugin like any installed one.
+            if (!target) continue;
+            const inner = pluginFacts(target, seen);
+            answer.decides = answer.decides || inner.decides;
+            answer.generates = answer.generates || inner.generates;
+            // A module named as a plugin is one for the whole run.
+            if (inner.everywhere || (plugin.by === 'name' && inner.decides)) answer.everywhere = true;
+            answer.fixtures.push(...inner.fixtures);
+        }
+        // Fixtures taken by name from other modules of the project.
+        for (const entry of (found && found.imports) || []) {
+            const target = entry.module == null ? null : moduleFile(filePath, entry.module);
+            const there = target ? model.declared(target) : null;
+            const fixture = there && there.runtime
+                ? fixturesOf(target, there.runtime.fixtures).find(other => other.function === entry.original) : null;
+            if (fixture) answer.fixtures.push(fixture.name === fixture.function ? { ...fixture, name: entry.name } : fixture);
+        }
+        if (top) model.plugins.set(filePath, answer);
+        return answer;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The fixture names that can stop a test: those that decide, and those
+     * that ask for one that does. With `is`: the names that reach a
+     * fixture of that kind instead.
+     */
+    const stoppingNames = (fixtures, is = fixture => fixture.decides) => {
+        const names = new Set();
+        for (const fixture of fixtures) if (is(fixture) && fixture.name != null) names.add(fixture.name);
+        let grew = true;
+        while (grew) {
+            grew = false;
+            for (const fixture of fixtures) {
+                if (fixture.name == null || names.has(fixture.name) || !fixture.requests.some(name => names.has(name))) continue;
+                names.add(fixture.name);
+                grew = true;
+            }
+        }
+        return names;
+    };
+
+    /** Does a fixture every test gets have a table of parameters, its own or one it asks for? */
+    const everyTabled = (fixtures, tabled) => fixtures.some(fixture => (fixture.autouse || fixture.name == null) &&
+        (!!fixture.params || fixture.requests.some(name => tabled.has(name))));
+
+    /**
+     * What the code beside a test module can do to its tests before their
+     * bodies run: the conftest.py files above it, the plugins those and the
+     * module name, the module's own fixtures. `gated`: every test of the
+     * module runs only sometimes (a hook can change what is collected or
+     * run, a fixture every test gets can stop it). `fixtures`: the ones a
+     * test of the module can ask for.
+     */
+    const guardsOf = filePath => {
+        if (model.guards.has(filePath)) return model.guards.get(filePath);
+        const relativePath = index.files.get(filePath).relativePath;
+        const fixtures = [];
+        let gated = false;
+        let generates = false;
+        // The conftest.py files a run of this file alone loads whose hooks
+        // decide for the whole run.
+        const wholeRun = [];
+        for (const dir of ancestorDirs(relativePath)) {
+            const conftest = path.join(index.root, dir, 'conftest.py');
+            if (conftest === filePath || !index.files.has(conftest)) continue;
+            const facts = pluginFacts(conftest);
+            if (facts.decides) gated = true;
+            if (facts.generates) generates = true;
+            if (facts.everywhere) wholeRun.push(index.files.get(conftest).relativePath);
+            fixtures.push(...facts.fixtures);
+        }
+        // The module itself is no plugin: of its own hooks pytest calls
+        // the one that generates tests; the modules it names are plugins.
+        const own = pluginFacts(filePath);
+        const runtime = model.declared(filePath)?.runtime;
+        if (own.generates || (own.everywhere && !(runtime && runtime.everywhere))) gated = true;
+        if (own.generates) generates = true;
+        fixtures.push(...own.fixtures);
+        // A conftest.py anywhere under the runner's directory whose hook
+        // is called for the whole run: it is loaded with any run that
+        // collects a file below it, and decides for every test of that run.
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath) || {};
+        if (!gated) {
+            if (!model.conftests) {
+                model.hasFile('');
+                model.conftests = [...model.relPaths].filter(other => path.posix.basename(other) === 'conftest.py')
+                    .sort(codeUnitCompare);
+            }
+            for (const other of model.conftests) {
+                if (relativeTo(runner.dir, other) == null) continue;
+                const conftest = path.join(index.root, other);
+                if (conftest !== filePath && pluginFacts(conftest).everywhere) {
+                    gated = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const stopping = stoppingNames(fixtures);
+        if (fixtures.some(fixture => (fixture.autouse || fixture.name == null) &&
+            (fixture.decides || fixture.requests.some(name => stopping.has(name))))) gated = true;
+        const tabled = stoppingNames(fixtures, fixture => fixture.params);
+        const answer = {
+            gated, fixtures, stopping, tabled,
+            // A fixture every test gets that has a table of parameters, or
+            // asks for one that has: every test runs once for each row.
+            everyTabled: everyTabled(fixtures, tabled),
+            // A hook that makes tests from a test (pytest_generate_tests).
+            generates,
+            wholeRun: wholeRun.sort(codeUnitCompare),
+        };
+        model.guards.set(filePath, answer);
+        return answer;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The units of a file whose reader gives facts (pytest): the module's
+     * own tests, the tests of every class the runner collects (its own and
+     * the ones it inherits, in the language's lookup order), and the tests
+     * the module holds under names it took from elsewhere or bound again.
+     *
+     * Whether a class is collected is settled over its lookup order: the
+     * nearest `__test__` (false: no; not a literal: sometimes; the literal
+     * True: yes whatever the class is called), a constructor anywhere in
+     * it (pytest's classes only), abstract members nothing nearer
+     * implements, a name the runner takes or a TestCase of unittest among
+     * its bases, and the classes around it. Marks, setups and fixtures of
+     * every class in that order reach its tests, as do the module's.
+     */
+    const derivedFacts = (filePath, found) => {
+        // A module switched off holds no test.
+        if (found.off) return { modeled: true, units: [], tests: 0, inheriting: false };
+        const relativePath = index.files.get(filePath).relativePath;
+        const relativeOf = other => index.files.get(other).relativePath;
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath) || {};
+        const naming = runner.collection || {};
+        const named = (patterns, fallback, name) => (patterns && patterns.length > 0 ? patterns : fallback)
+            .some(pattern => /[*?[]/.test(pattern) ? globMatches(pattern, name) : name.startsWith(pattern));
+        const declaredModule = found.module || {};
+        // What the module does when it is imported and before its tests,
+        // with what the functions it calls in other modules add.
+        const moduleTable = tablesState(filePath, declaredModule.tables);
+        const mod = {
+            ...declaredModule,
+            ...(!declaredModule.skip && callStops(filePath, declaredModule.skipCalls) && { skip: 'sometimes' }),
+            ...(moduleTable && declaredModule.skip !== 'skip' && { skip: moduleTable }),
+            ...(!declaredModule.guard && callStops(filePath, declaredModule.guardCalls) && { guard: true }),
+        };
+        const guards = guardsOf(filePath);
+        let more = !!found.inheriting;
+
+        // Names the module takes from other modules, and other names for
+        // what it holds: a test class or function among them runs here too.
+        const entries = [...(found.imports || [])];
+        const own = new Set([...(found.functions || []).map(fn => fn.name),
+            ...(found.classes || []).filter(cls => cls.suite.length === 0).map(cls => cls.name),
+            ...entries.map(entry => entry.name)]);
+        for (const star of naming.importedTests === false ? [] : found.stars || []) {
+            const from = moduleFile(filePath, star.module);
+            const there = from ? model.declared(from) : null;
+            // What a module that is not read brings is not seen.
+            if (!there || there.exportsAll === 'unknown') {
+                more = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ((there.stars || []).length > 0) more = true;
+            const names = there.exportsAll || [
+                ...(there.functions || []).map(fn => fn.name),
+                ...(there.classes || []).filter(cls => cls.suite.length === 0).map(cls => cls.name),
+                ...(there.imports || []).map(entry => entry.name),
+            ].filter(name => !name.startsWith('_'));
+            for (const name of new Set(names)) {
+                if (!own.has(name)) entries.push({ name, original: name, module: star.module, line: star.line });
+            }
+        }
+        const classesHere = [...(found.classes || [])];
+        const taken = [];
+        const bound = new Set();
+        // A switch this module writes on a class it took from another
+        // module: the class is that object, so the switch holds for every
+        // class here that derives from it.
+        const switchedHere = new Map();
+        // Classes taken from other modules whose constructor is written here.
+        const constructorsOpen = new Set();
+        for (const entry of entries) {
+            if (bound.has(entry.name)) continue;
+            const from = entry.module == null ? filePath : moduleFile(filePath, entry.module);
+            if (!from || (from === filePath && entry.original === entry.name)) continue;
+            const hit = resolveName(from, entry.original);
+            if (!hit) continue;
+            // collect_imported_tests = false: only what the module
+            // defines itself is collected in it.
+            if (naming.importedTests === false && hit.filePath !== filePath) continue;
+            bound.add(entry.name);
+            // A switch written here on the name.
+            const written = (mod.switches || {})[entry.name];
+            if (hit.kind === 'class' && written) switchedHere.set(hit.cls, written);
+            if (hit.kind === 'class' && (mod.constructorWrites || []).includes(entry.name)) constructorsOpen.add(hit.cls);
+            if (hit.kind === 'class') {
+                classesHere.push({
+                    name: entry.name, suite: [], bases: [], imported: { filePath: hit.filePath, cls: hit.cls },
+                    named: named(naming.classes, ['Test'], entry.name),
+                    ...(written && { enabled: written.on }),
+                    ...(written && written.forced && { forced: written.forced }),
+                    line: entry.line, startLine: entry.line, endLine: entry.line,
+                    members: [], tests: [], marks: [], marksOpen: false,
+                });
+            } else {
+                taken.push({ entry, fn: hit.fn, target: hit.filePath, written });
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The classes around a class, outermost first.
+        const outerOf = cls => cls.imported ? [] : classesHere.filter(outer => !outer.imported && outer !== cls &&
+            outer.startLine <= cls.startLine && outer.endLine >= cls.endLine).sort((a, b) => a.startLine - b.startLine);
+        const NO = Object.freeze({ collected: 'no' });
+        const standings = new Map();
+        const standingOf = cls => {
+            if (standings.has(cls)) return standings.get(cls);
+            standings.set(cls, NO);
+            const answer = (() => {
+                const order = orderOf(filePath, cls);
+                const nodes = order.filter(node => !node.opaque);
+                const real = nodes.map(node => node.cls);
+                const unread = order.some(node => node.opaque && !node.safe);
+                const unittest = real.some(each => each.unittestBase);
+                let collected = 'yes';
+                let why = null;
+                const weaken = reason => {
+                    if (collected === 'yes') {
+                        collected = 'maybe';
+                        why = reason;
+                    }
+                };
+                // The nearest switch: one written here on a class taken
+                // from another module comes before that class's own. One
+                // another module writes on it holds where that module was
+                // loaded first: which, is the order of the run.
+                const switchOf = node => {
+                    const each = node.cls;
+                    if (switchedHere.has(each)) return { enabled: switchedHere.get(each).on, forced: switchedHere.get(each).forced };
+                    const others = (switchedElsewhere(node.filePath).classes.get(each) || []).filter(write => write.by !== filePath);
+                    if (others.length > 0) {
+                        // Whether it is on is not settled; it is taken
+                        // whatever it is called only where a write says so.
+                        return { enabled: 'unknown', forced: others.some(write => write.forced) ? 'unknown' : each.forced };
+                    }
+                    return each.enabled !== undefined ? { enabled: each.enabled, forced: each.forced } : null;
+                };
+                const switched = nodes.map(switchOf).find(Boolean) || null;
+                if (switched && switched.enabled === false) return NO;
+                if (!unittest) {
+                    // The runner refuses a class whose constructor is not
+                    // the language's own. Which one a class has is what its
+                    // lookup order binds first: a class that writes the
+                    // builtin's back has it again, whatever stands behind.
+                    let custom = false;
+                    for (const name of found.constructors || []) {
+                        for (const node of order) {
+                            if (node.opaque) {
+                                if (node.safe) continue;
+                                // A base that is not read may bind one.
+                                weaken('base-not-resolved');
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            const kind = constructorsOpen.has(node.cls) ? 'unknown' : (node.cls.constructs || {})[name];
+                            if (!kind) continue;
+                            if (kind === 'custom') custom = true;
+                            else if (kind === 'unknown') weaken('constructor-not-read');
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (custom) return NO;
+                }
+                // Abstract members that nothing nearer implements: abc
+                // makes the class abstract and pytest leaves it out.
+                const implemented = new Set();
+                let abstractLeft = false;
+                for (const each of real) {
+                    const abstract = each.abstract || [];
+                    if (abstract.some(name => !implemented.has(name))) abstractLeft = true;
+                    for (const member of each.members || []) if (!abstract.includes(member)) implemented.add(member);
+                }
+                if (abstractLeft) {
+                    if (real.some(each => each.abc === true)) return NO;
+                    if (real.some(each => each.abc === 'unknown') || unread) weaken('base-not-resolved');
+                }
+                if (!unittest && !cls.named) {
+                    // Not the runner's by its name, nor one of unittest's
+                    // (a base from outside the project is taken to be a
+                    // TestCase where it is named like one, and not otherwise).
+                    const forced = switched ? switched.forced : undefined;
+                    if (forced === 'unknown') weaken('collection-switch');
+                    else if (forced !== true) return NO;
+                }
+                if (switched && switched.enabled === 'unknown') weaken('collection-switch');
+                if (real.some(each => each.unsettled)) weaken('defined-conditionally');
+                for (const outer of outerOf(cls)) {
+                    const around = standingOf(outer);
+                    // pytest collects a class inside a class it collects;
+                    // a class of unittest holds methods only.
+                    if (around.collected === 'no' || around.regime === 'unittest') return NO;
+                    if (around.collected === 'maybe') weaken(around.why);
+                }
+                // Each class's fixtures and setups, read in its own file.
+                const fixtures = nodes.flatMap(node => fixturesOf(node.filePath, node.cls.fixtures));
+                // Tables of parameters on the classes, their rows read where each is written.
+                const tables = nodes.map(node => tablesState(node.filePath, node.cls.tables));
+                return {
+                    collected, why, regime: unittest ? 'unittest' : 'pytest',
+                    // What reaches a class through its lookup order.
+                    skip: real.some(each => each.skip === 'skip') || tables.includes('skip') ? 'skip'
+                        : real.some(each => each.skip === 'sometimes') || tables.includes('sometimes') ? 'sometimes' : null,
+                    guard: nodes.some(node => node.cls.guard || callStops(node.filePath, node.cls.guardCalls)),
+                    // A class's own hook that makes tests from a test.
+                    generates: real.some(each => each.generates),
+                    fixtures,
+                    usefixtures: real.flatMap(each => each.usefixtures || []),
+                    usefixturesOpen: real.some(each => each.usefixturesOpen),
+                    open: unread,
+                };
+            })();
+            standings.set(cls, answer);
+            return answer;
+        };
+
+        const classesOf = new Map(); // unit -> the classes around it, for the runner's mark expression
+        let units = [];
+        /** A unit with what reaches it: its own state, its classes', the module's, the code beside it. */
+        const finish = (base, row, around, alsoOpen = null, rowFile = filePath) => {
+            const states = around.map(standingOf);
+            const dynamic = row.dynamic || alsoOpen || states.map(each => each.collected === 'maybe' ? each.why : null).find(Boolean) ||
+                (mod.unsettled ? 'collection-switch' : null);
+            const classFixtures = states.flatMap(each => each.fixtures);
+            const scoped = classFixtures.length > 0 ? [...guards.fixtures, ...classFixtures] : guards.fixtures;
+            const stopping = classFixtures.length > 0 ? stoppingNames(scoped) : guards.stopping;
+            const requests = [...(row.requests || []), ...(mod.usefixtures || []), ...(naming.usefixtures || []),
+                ...states.flatMap(each => each.usefixtures)];
+            // The rows of the test's own table that other modules name,
+            // read from the file the test is written in.
+            const rowTable = tablesState(rowFile, row.tables);
+            // One declaration the runner reports as several tests: a
+            // table of parameters, its own, its classes', its module's, a
+            // fixture's (one it asks for, or one every test gets), or a
+            // hook that makes tests from it.
+            const tabled = classFixtures.length > 0 ? stoppingNames(scoped, fixture => fixture.params) : guards.tabled;
+            const byFixture = requests.some(name => tabled.has(name)) ||
+                (classFixtures.length > 0 ? everyTabled(scoped, tabled) : guards.everyTabled);
+            const several = (row.marks || []).includes('parametrize') || (found.marks || []).includes('parametrize') ||
+                around.some(cls => orderOf(filePath, cls).some(node => !node.opaque && (node.cls.marks || []).includes('parametrize'))) ||
+                byFixture || guards.generates || states.some(each => each.generates);
+            const skipped = !!row.skipped || rowTable === 'skip' || mod.skip === 'skip' || states.some(each => each.skip === 'skip');
+            const sometimes = !!row.conditional || !!dynamic || rowTable === 'sometimes' || mod.skip === 'sometimes' ||
+                !!mod.guard || guards.gated ||
+                states.some(each => each.skip === 'sometimes' || each.guard || each.usefixturesOpen || each.generates) ||
+                !!row.requestsOpen || !!mod.usefixturesOpen || requests.some(name => stopping.has(name)) ||
+                // A test of unittest takes no parameters: under a
+                // fixture's table the runner reports an error for it.
+                (byFixture && states.some(each => each.regime === 'unittest'));
+            const unit = {
+                ...base,
+                ...(skipped && { skipped: true }),
+                ...(sometimes && { conditional: true }),
+                ...(dynamic && { dynamic }),
+                ...(several && { several: true }),
+                ...(row.marks && { marks: row.marks, marksOpen: !!row.marksOpen }),
+            };
+            classesOf.set(unit, around);
+            units.push(unit);
+        };
+        // A function the runner takes only by a switch that is not settled.
+        const byForce = row => !row.named && row.forced === 'unknown' ? 'collection-switch' : null;
+
+        // Functions of this module whose switch another module writes.
+        const switchedBy = switchedElsewhere(filePath).functions;
+        for (const row of found.units) {
+            if (row.kind !== 'test') continue;
+            finish({ kind: 'test', name: row.name, suite: [], line: row.line, startLine: row.startLine, endLine: row.endLine },
+                row, [], byForce(row) || (switchedBy.has(row.name) ? 'collection-switch' : null));
+        }
+        // One the module leaves switched off, or under a name the runner
+        // does not take, that another module switches on.
+        for (const fn of switchedBy.size > 0 ? found.functions || [] : []) {
+            if (found.units.some(row => row.kind === 'test' && row.name === fn.name && row.line === fn.line)) continue;
+            if (!switchedBy.get(fn.name)?.some(write => write.on !== false && (fn.named || write.forced))) continue;
+            finish({ kind: 'test', name: fn.name, suite: [], line: fn.line, startLine: fn.startLine, endLine: fn.endLine },
+                fn, [], 'collection-switch');
+        }
+        for (const cls of classesHere) {
+            const standing = standingOf(cls);
+            if (standing.collected === 'no') continue;
+            // unittest takes the methods its loader names; pytest the
+            // names its patterns take and the ones switched on.
+            // A member its class switches off is none, unless a switch
+            // this module writes in a way that is not read may have
+            // turned it on again.
+            const live = row => !row.off || !!found.switchesOpen;
+            const select = standing.regime === 'unittest' ? row => live(row) && row.prefixed
+                : row => live(row) && (row.named || !!row.forced);
+            const reopened = row => row.off ? 'collection-switch' : null;
+            const inherited = cls.bases.length > 0 || cls.imported
+                ? inheritedBy(filePath, cls, select) : { tests: [], open: false, withheld: false };
+            const rows = (cls.tests || []).filter(select);
+            // unittest runs runTest when a class has no other test.
+            if (standing.regime === 'unittest' && rows.length === 0 && inherited.tests.length === 0) {
+                const fallback = (cls.tests || []).find(row => row.name === 'runTest');
+                if (fallback) rows.push(fallback);
+                // The nearest one in the lookup order, where the class has none.
+                else if (cls.bases.length > 0 || cls.imported) {
+                    const above = inheritedBy(filePath, cls, row => row.name === 'runTest');
+                    inherited.tests.push(...above.tests);
+                    if (above.withheld) inherited.withheld = true;
+                }
+            }
+            // A base that is not read may bring tests of its own.
+            if (inherited.withheld || standing.open) more = true;
+            const around = [...outerOf(cls), cls];
+            const suite = [...cls.suite, cls.name];
+            const before = units.length;
+            for (const row of rows) {
+                const open = reopened(row) || (standing.regime === 'unittest' ? null : byForce(row));
+                if (row.alias) {
+                    // Another name for a test of the class: its body stands where that test is.
+                    finish({
+                        kind: 'test', name: row.name, suite, line: row.line, startLine: row.line, endLine: row.line,
+                        inherited: {
+                            file: relativePath, filePath, owner: cls.name, ownerLine: cls.startLine,
+                            line: row.of, startLine: row.startLine, endLine: row.endLine,
+                        },
+                    }, row, around, open);
+                } else {
+                    finish({ kind: 'test', name: row.name, suite, line: row.line, startLine: row.startLine, endLine: row.endLine },
+                        row, around, open);
+                }
+            }
+            for (const { test, base } of inherited.tests) {
+                finish({
+                    kind: 'test', name: test.name, suite, line: cls.line, startLine: cls.line, endLine: cls.line,
+                    inherited: {
+                        file: relativeOf(base.filePath), filePath: base.filePath, owner: base.cls.name,
+                        ownerLine: base.cls.startLine, line: test.alias ? test.of : test.line,
+                        startLine: test.startLine, endLine: test.endLine,
+                    },
+                }, test, around, reopened(test) || (standing.regime === 'unittest' ? null : byForce(test)), base.filePath);
+            }
+            if (units.length > before) {
+                units.push({
+                    kind: 'suite', name: cls.name, suite: cls.suite,
+                    line: cls.line, startLine: cls.startLine, endLine: cls.endLine,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        for (const { entry, fn, target, written } of taken) {
+            // The switch is the function's own, whoever holds it: a write
+            // made here comes after the ones of the module it is taken from.
+            // Without one, a third module's write holds where that module
+            // was loaded first.
+            const others = written ? [] : (switchedElsewhere(target).functions.get(fn.name) || [])
+                .filter(write => write.by !== filePath);
+            // And where a switch this module writes is not read, one its
+            // own module switched off may be on again, under any name.
+            const reopened = !written && !!fn.off && !!found.switchesOpen;
+            const on = written ? written.on : others.length > 0 || reopened ? 'unknown' : fn.off ? false : true;
+            const row = {
+                ...fn, named: named(naming.functions, ['test'], entry.name),
+                forced: written ? written.forced : others.some(write => write.forced) || reopened ? 'unknown' : fn.forced,
+            };
+            if ((!row.named && !row.forced) || on === false) continue;
+            finish({
+                kind: 'test', name: entry.name, suite: [], line: entry.line, startLine: entry.line, endLine: entry.line,
+                inherited: {
+                    file: relativeOf(target), filePath: target, owner: null, ownerLine: 0,
+                    line: fn.line, startLine: fn.startLine, endLine: fn.endLine,
+                },
+            }, row, [], (on === 'unknown' ? 'collection-switch' : null) || byForce(row), target);
+        }
+
+        // The runner's configured options: a mark expression and tests
+        // left out by name apply to a test however it is named on the
+        // command line (measured).
+        const options = naming.options;
+        if (options && (options.markExpr || options.deselect.length > 0)) {
+            const file = relativeTo(runner.dir, relativePath);
+            units = units.map(unit => {
+                if (unit.kind !== 'test' || unit.skipped) return unit;
+                const id = [file, ...unit.suite, unit.name].join('::');
+                let selected = !(file != null && options.deselect.some(prefix => id.startsWith(prefix)));
+                if (selected && options.markExpr) {
+                    const marks = new Set([...(unit.marks || []), ...(found.marks || [])]);
+                    let open = !!unit.marksOpen || !!found.marksOpen;
+                    // Marks of the classes around the test, and of every
+                    // class those derive from.
+                    for (const cls of classesOf.get(unit) || []) {
+                        for (const node of orderOf(filePath, cls)) {
+                            if (node.opaque) {
+                                if (!node.safe) open = true;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            for (const mark of node.cls.marks || []) marks.add(mark);
+                            if (node.cls.marksOpen) open = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    selected = markSelects(options.markExpr, marks, open);
+                }
+                if (selected === false) return { ...unit, skipped: true, deselected: true };
+                return selected == null ? { ...unit, conditional: true } : unit;
+            });
+        }
+        units.sort((a, b) => a.startLine - b.startLine || (b.endLine - a.endLine) ||
+            codeUnitCompare(a.name || '', b.name || ''));
+        return {
+            modeled: true,
+            units,
+            // A test that is declared and not executed is not counted.
+            tests: units.filter(unit => unit.kind === 'test' && !unit.skipped).length,
+            inheriting: more,
+        };
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * A file's units: the tests and suites it declares, by line, and the
+     * tests its runnable classes inherit (placed at the class). `modeled`
+     * is false when the language's units are not read.
+     */
+    model.unitsOf = filePath => {
+        if (model.byFile.has(filePath)) return model.byFile.get(filePath);
+        const found = model.declared(filePath);
+        let facts;
+        if (!found) {
+            facts = { modeled: false, units: [], tests: 0, inheriting: false };
+        } else if (found.notCollected) {
+            // A module its runner does not collect declares no test.
+            facts = { modeled: true, units: [], tests: 0, inheriting: false };
+        } else if (found.derived) {
+            facts = derivedFacts(filePath, found);
+        } else {
+            const relativePath = index.files.get(filePath).relativePath;
+            const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath) || {};
+            const classesHere = [...(found.classes || [])];
+            const within = (unit, cls) => unit.startLine >= cls.startLine && unit.endLine <= cls.endLine;
+            // A setup that can stop a test, in a class the test's class
+            // derives from: the test runs only sometimes.
+            const guardedAbove = cls => cls.bases.length > 0 &&
+                orderOf(filePath, cls).slice(1).some(node => !node.opaque && node.cls.guard);
+            const guarded = classesHere.filter(cls => cls.runnable && guardedAbove(cls));
+            // A class its runner refuses (one of its marked methods is one
+            // the runner does not accept), or a class deriving from one:
+            // none of its tests runs, its own or inherited.
+            const refusalMemo = new Map();
+            const refusalOf = cls => {
+                if (!refusalMemo.has(cls)) {
+                    const order = orderOf(filePath, cls);
+                    const refused = order.some(node => !node.opaque && (node.cls.refused || node.cls.mayRefuse));
+                    // @RunWith is inherited, including through an
+                    // intermediate class that declares no tests. A runner
+                    // anywhere in the ancestry, or an unread base that may
+                    // name one, prevents a definite standard-runner refusal.
+                    const custom = order.some(node => node.opaque ? !node.safe : node.cls.runner || node.cls.mayRefuse);
+                    refusalMemo.set(cls, refused ? (custom ? 'conditional' : 'refused') : null);
+                }
+                return refusalMemo.get(cls);
+            };
+            const refusedHere = cls => refusalOf(cls) === 'refused';
+            const maybeRefused = cls => refusalOf(cls) === 'conditional';
+            const runsIn = unit => classesHere.filter(cls => within(unit, cls)).sort((a, b) => b.startLine - a.startLine)[0];
+            // A focus leaves other tests of the file declared and not
+            // executed, by the rule of the runner that runs the file.
+            const left = found.focus ? focusedOut(found.units, model.runnerOf(filePath).id) : new Set();
+            let units = found.units.map(unit => {
+                let out = unit;
+                if (unit.kind === 'test' && !unit.conditional && guarded.some(cls => within(unit, cls))) {
+                    out = { ...out, conditional: true };
+                }
+                if (left.has(unit)) out = { ...out, skipped: true };
+                if (unit.kind === 'test' && !out.skipped) {
+                    const holder = runsIn(unit);
+                    if (holder && refusedHere(holder)) out = { ...out, skipped: true };
+                    else if (holder && maybeRefused(holder) && !out.conditional) out = { ...out, conditional: true };
+                }
+                return out;
+            });
+            // jest refuses a file that gives a table of cases no row
+            // (measured): none of its tests runs.
+            if (found.emptyTable && runner.id === 'jest') {
+                units = units.map(unit => unit.kind === 'test' && !unit.skipped ? { ...unit, conditional: true } : unit);
+            }
+            // `open`: the file calls through a name that may be its
+            // runner's declaring function, or hands that function on.
+            let inheriting = !!found.inheriting || !!found.open;
+            // A function of another module that declares tests when it is
+            // called: the tests are this file's, and are not listed here.
+            if ((found.calledModules || []).some(name => {
+                const target = moduleFile(filePath, name);
+                return !!target && target !== filePath && declaresWhenCalled(target);
+            })) inheriting = true;
+            // node runs a file that declares no test as one test.
+            if (found.units.length === 0 && runner.id === 'node-test' &&
+                nodeRunsFile(runner, relativeTo(runner.dir, relativePath))) inheriting = true;
+            for (const cls of classesHere) {
+                if (!cls.runnable || cls.bases.length === 0) continue;
+                const inherited = inheritedBy(filePath, cls);
+                const own = units.some(unit => unit.kind === 'test' && within(unit, cls));
+                // A base that is not read may bring tests of its own.
+                if (inherited.withheld || inherited.open) inheriting = true;
+                if (inherited.tests.some(({ test }) => !test.needsClassMark || cls.marked) && !own) {
+                    units.push({
+                        kind: 'suite', name: cls.name, suite: cls.suite,
+                        line: cls.line, startLine: cls.startLine, endLine: cls.endLine,
+                    });
+                }
+                for (const { test, base, body, uncertain, maybe, again } of inherited.tests) {
+                    // A runner that wants the class that runs a test
+                    // marked takes none through one that is not.
+                    if (test.needsClassMark && !cls.marked) continue;
+                    // No command names a test whose runner cannot be told
+                    // which one it is under the class that inherits it, or
+                    // one that a method of the class may have replaced
+                    // (their parameter types are not resolved).
+                    const unnamed = test.dynamic || cls.dynamic || test.inheritedDynamic ||
+                        (uncertain && 'signature-not-resolved') || (again && 'reported-again');
+                    const state = {
+                        ...((test.skipped || cls.skipped || refusedHere(cls)) && { skipped: true }),
+                        ...((cls.sometimes || test.conditional || cls.guard || guardedAbove(cls) || uncertain || again || maybeRefused(cls)) && { conditional: true }),
+                        ...(unnamed && { dynamic: unnamed }),
+                        ...((test.several || cls.several) && { several: true }),
+                        // The bodies of the methods that may be the test's
+                        // instead, where the runner gives a test the body
+                        // of the method that replaces it: a change to one
+                        // of them may reach it.
+                        ...(uncertain && test.byDeclaration && maybe.length > 0 && {
+                            alternatives: maybe.map(other => ({
+                                file: index.files.get(other.at.filePath).relativePath,
+                                filePath: other.at.filePath, ownerLine: other.at.cls.startLine,
+                                startLine: other.row.startLine, endLine: other.row.endLine,
+                            })),
+                        }),
+                    };
+                    const suite = [...cls.suite, cls.name];
+                    // The class redeclares the member without the mark:
+                    // the test is the inherited one, its body the class's own.
+                    if (body && body.at.cls === cls && !uncertain && !again) {
+                        units.push({
+                            kind: 'test', name: test.name, suite, ...(cls.namespace && { namespace: cls.namespace }),
+                            line: body.row.line, startLine: body.row.startLine, endLine: body.row.endLine, ...state,
+                        });
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    // Where the body stands: the declaration that makes the
+                    // test, or the nearest class that redeclares the member.
+                    const at = body ? body.at : base;
+                    const where = body ? body.row : test;
+                    units.push({
+                        kind: 'test', name: test.name, suite, ...(cls.namespace && { namespace: cls.namespace }),
+                        line: cls.line, startLine: cls.line, endLine: cls.line, ...state,
+                        inherited: {
+                            file: index.files.get(at.filePath).relativePath,
+                            filePath: at.filePath, owner: at.cls.name,
+                            ownerLine: at.cls.startLine, line: where.line,
+                            startLine: where.startLine, endLine: where.endLine,
+                        },
+                    });
+                }
+                // A mark on a class that makes its methods tests holds for
+                // the classes deriving from it (`classMark`): the methods
+                // this class declares that such a mark takes (`candidate`).
+                if (!cls.classMark && orderOf(filePath, cls).slice(1).some(node => !node.opaque && node.cls.classMark)) {
+                    let added = false;
+                    for (const row of cls.memberRows || []) {
+                        if (!row.candidate || units.some(unit => unit.kind === 'test' && unit.name === row.name &&
+                            unit.startLine === row.startLine)) continue;
+                        added = true;
+                        units.push({
+                            kind: 'test', name: row.name, suite: [...cls.suite, cls.name],
+                            ...(cls.namespace && { namespace: cls.namespace }),
+                            line: row.line, startLine: row.startLine, endLine: row.endLine,
+                            ...(cls.skipped && { skipped: true }),
+                            ...((cls.sometimes || cls.guard || guardedAbove(cls)) && { conditional: true }),
+                            dynamic: 'declared-in-a-base-class',
+                        });
+                    }
+                    if (added && !own && inherited.tests.length === 0) {
+                        units.push({
+                            kind: 'suite', name: cls.name, suite: cls.suite,
+                            line: cls.line, startLine: cls.startLine, endLine: cls.endLine,
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Code the runner hands the decision to: what it does is not
+            // read, so a test under it runs only sometimes.
+            if (gatedAtRunTime(filePath, runner)) {
+                units = units.map(unit => unit.kind === 'test' && !unit.skipped ? { ...unit, conditional: true } : unit);
+            }
+            units.sort((a, b) => a.startLine - b.startLine || (b.endLine - a.endLine) ||
+                codeUnitCompare(a.name || '', b.name || ''));
+            facts = {
+                modeled: true,
+                units,
+                // A test that is declared and not executed is not counted.
+                tests: units.filter(unit => unit.kind === 'test' && !unit.skipped).length,
+                inheriting,
+            };
+        }
+        model.byFile.set(filePath, facts);
+        return facts;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * What has to be the same for two files to share one command: a hook
+     * that decides for a whole run is loaded with every file below its
+     * conftest.py, so a file from elsewhere joined to one of those would
+     * run under a hook its own command never loads; a module that
+     * switches a class of another module on or off does it for every
+     * module loaded after it.
+     */
+    model.joinKey = filePath => {
+        const found = model.declared(filePath);
+        if (!found || !found.derived || found.notCollected) return '';
+        // A module that writes a switch on a name it took from another
+        // module changes that object for every module loaded after it:
+        // it is run by itself.
+        const alone = Object.keys((found.module && found.module.switches) || {}).length > 0 ||
+            ((found.module && found.module.constructorWrites) || []).length > 0
+            ? `\0switches:${index.files.get(filePath).relativePath}` : '';
+        return guardsOf(filePath).wholeRun.join('\0') + alone;
+    };
+
+    /** Classes that derive from the one named, through the project. */
+    const descendantFiles = className => {
+        const files = new Set();
+        const seen = new Set([className]);
+        const queue = [className];
+        while (queue.length > 0 && seen.size < 512) {
+            for (const child of index.extendedByGraph?.get(queue.shift()) || []) {
+                const name = typeof child === 'string' ? child : child?.name;
+                if (!name || seen.has(name)) continue;
+                seen.add(name);
+                queue.push(name);
+                for (const def of index.symbols.get(name) || []) {
+                    if (CONTAINER_KINDS.has(def.type)) files.add(def.file);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return files;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The tests that execute a line of test code: the unit that holds it,
+     * and every test a deriving class inherits from the method that holds
+     * it. A line in a suite outside its tests answers with the suite. An
+     * empty answer: the line belongs to no unit (file-level code).
+     * @returns {Array<{filePath: string, unit: object}>}
+     */
+    model.runsAt = (filePath, line) => {
+        const out = [];
+        // The units of a file that may run this code. A module its runner
+        // does not collect by its name declares none: it is not read for
+        // the answer.
+        const unitsIn = file => {
+            if (!model.byFile.has(file)) {
+                const entry = index.files.get(file);
+                if (entry && collectionFor(file, entry).collected === false) return [];
+            }
+            return model.unitsOf(file).units;
+        };
+        const unit = model.unitAt(filePath, line);
+        if (unit && unit.kind === 'test') out.push({ filePath, unit });
+        const holder = (model.declared(filePath)?.classes || [])
+            .filter(cls => cls.startLine <= line && cls.endLine >= line)
+            .sort((a, b) => b.startLine - a.startLine)[0];
+        // The method that holds the line: a test's declaration, or a method
+        // a deriving class's test takes its body from.
+        const template = holder && [...holder.tests, ...(holder.memberRows || [])]
+            .find(row => row.startLine <= line && row.endLine >= line);
+        const importers = [...(index.exportGraph?.get(filePath) || [])];
+        if (template) {
+            const held = from => !!from && from.filePath === filePath && from.ownerLine === holder.startLine &&
+                from.startLine === template.startLine && from.endLine === template.endLine;
+            for (const file of [...new Set([...descendantFiles(holder.name), ...importers, filePath])].sort(codeUnitCompare)) {
+                for (const candidate of unitsIn(file)) {
+                    // Every test whose body this is: the one a deriving
+                    // class inherits, another name for it in its class;
+                    // and every test whose body it may be.
+                    if ((held(candidate.inherited) || (candidate.alternatives || []).some(held)) &&
+                        !out.some(seen => seen.filePath === file && seen.unit === candidate)) {
+                        out.push({ filePath: file, unit: candidate });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // A function another module imports under a test's name runs there.
+        const fn = holder ? null : (model.declared(filePath)?.functions || [])
+            .find(other => other.startLine <= line && other.endLine >= line);
+        if (fn) {
+            for (const file of [...new Set([...importers, filePath])].sort(codeUnitCompare)) {
+                for (const candidate of unitsIn(file)) {
+                    const from = candidate.inherited;
+                    if (from && from.filePath === filePath && from.owner == null && from.startLine === fn.startLine) {
+                        out.push({ filePath: file, unit: candidate });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (out.length === 0 && unit) out.push({ filePath, unit });
+        return out;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Can a file hold test code at all? Asked before a file is read for
+     * the tests in it. A language says so from what the index keeps
+     * (`testCodeGate`): whether a declaration of the file carries a mark
+     * that can make a test, and which types its classes derive from. No
+     * mark here and none in the file of a class of the project one of its
+     * classes derives from: no test, and no body of one. A language
+     * without the gate is read. (`options.ungated` reads every file: the
+     * gate must never change an answer.)
+     */
+    const gates = new Map();
+    const projectDeclaresType = name => (index.symbols.get(name) || []).some(def => CONTAINER_KINDS.has(def.type));
+    model.mayHoldTests = (filePath, trail = new Set()) => {
+        if (options.ungated) return true;
+        if (gates.has(filePath)) return gates.get(filePath);
+        const entry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        const gate = entry && langTraits(entry.language)?.testCodeGate;
+        if (typeof gate !== 'function') return true;
+        if (trail.has(filePath)) return false;
+        let answer;
+        try {
+            const facts = gate(entry, projectDeclaresType);
+            answer = !!facts.marked;
+            // A base written under a using alias is the type the alias
+            // names (the file's own, a global one, a project file's).
+            const aliases = !answer && langTraits(entry.language)?.typeNameScoping === 'namespace-usings'
+                ? csharpUsings(index, filePath) : null;
+            if (aliases && aliases.unreadable) answer = true;
+            const next = new Set(trail).add(filePath);
+            for (const base of answer ? [] : facts.bases || []) {
+                const names = [base];
+                if (aliases && aliases.aliases.has(base)) names.push(String(aliases.aliases.get(base)).split('.').pop());
+                for (const def of names.flatMap(name => index.symbols.get(name) || [])) {
+                    if (!CONTAINER_KINDS.has(def.type) || !def.file || def.file === filePath) continue;
+                    if (model.mayHoldTests(def.file, next)) {
+                        answer = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (answer) break;
+            }
+        } catch (e) {
+            answer = true;
+        }
+        // An answer reached inside a cycle of classes is not kept: it may
+        // be 'no' only because the walk came back to its start.
+        if (answer || trail.size === 0) gates.set(filePath, answer);
+        return answer;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * The lines of a file a test executes, as [start, end] ranges: its own
+     * tests and suites, and the methods and functions a test another file
+     * lists runs as its body (a base class's test a deriving class
+     * inherits, a method that gives an inherited test its body, a function
+     * another module imports under a test's name). This is what makes code
+     * test code, whatever its file is called: a base class in a file whose
+     * name is no test file's holds the bodies of the tests that inherit
+     * from it. Empty for a file the model knows no test in.
+     */
+    model.testRangesOf = filePath => {
+        if (model.ranges.has(filePath)) return model.ranges.get(filePath);
+        model.ranges.set(filePath, []);
+        const ranges = [];
+        const found = model.mayHoldTests(filePath) ? model.declared(filePath) : null;
+        if (found) {
+            for (const unit of model.unitsOf(filePath).units) {
+                if (!unit.inherited) ranges.push([unit.startLine, unit.endLine]);
+            }
+            const covered = row => ranges.some(([start, end]) => row.startLine >= start && row.endLine <= end);
+            const rows = [...(found.functions || [])];
+            for (const cls of found.classes || []) {
+                rows.push(...(cls.tests || []));
+                // A method that is no test gives one its body only in a
+                // class that inherits a test of its name.
+                if (cls.bases.length === 0 || (cls.memberRows || []).length === 0) continue;
+                const inherited = new Set();
+                for (const node of orderOf(filePath, cls).slice(1)) {
+                    if (!node.opaque) for (const test of node.cls.tests || []) inherited.add(test.name);
+                }
+                if (inherited.size > 0) rows.push(...cls.memberRows.filter(row => inherited.has(row.name)));
+            }
+            rows.sort((a, b) => a.startLine - b.startLine || a.endLine - b.endLine);
+            for (const row of rows) {
+                if (row.startLine == null || row.endLine == null || covered(row)) continue;
+                if (model.runsAt(filePath, row.startLine).length > 0) ranges.push([row.startLine, row.endLine]);
+            }
+        }
+        model.ranges.set(filePath, ranges);
+        return ranges;
+    };
+
+    /** The innermost unit holding a line: a test before a suite. */
+    model.unitAt = (filePath, line) => {
+        let best = null;
+        for (const unit of model.unitsOf(filePath).units) {
+            if (unit.startLine > line) break;
+            if (unit.endLine < line || unit.inherited) continue;
+            if (!best || (unit.kind === 'test' && best.kind !== 'test') ||
+                (unit.kind === best.kind && unit.line >= best.line)) best = unit;
+        }
+        return best;
+    };
+
+    /** Tests a unit stands for: itself, or every test a suite holds. */
+    model.testsWithin = (filePath, unit) => {
+        const { units } = model.unitsOf(filePath);
+        if (!unit) return units.filter(candidate => candidate.kind === 'test');
+        if (unit.kind === 'test') return [unit];
+        return units.filter(candidate => candidate.kind === 'test' &&
+            candidate.startLine >= unit.startLine && candidate.endLine <= unit.endLine);
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * `tests`: declares a unit, or can hold tests the declarations do not
+     * show. `support`: test-path code that is not a test. `unmodeled`: the
+     * language's units are not read.
+     */
+    model.roleOf = filePath => {
+        const facts = model.unitsOf(filePath);
+        if (!facts.modeled) return 'unmodeled';
+        if (facts.tests > 0 || facts.units.length > 0 || facts.inheriting) return 'tests';
+        // A language whose tests are all declarations: none read, none there.
+        if (model.declared(filePath)?.complete || model.declared(filePath)?.notCollected) return 'support';
+        const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        // node runs every file it is told to, or looks for, as a test: a
+        // script that declares none is one.
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath) || {};
+        if (runner.id === 'node-test' && nodeRunsFile(runner, relativeTo(runner.dir, fileEntry.relativePath))) return 'tests';
+        const named = langTraits(fileEntry.language)?.testFileNames || [];
+        const base = path.posix.basename(fileEntry.relativePath);
+        const collection = (model.runnerOf(filePath) || {}).collection || {};
+        if (collection.files && collection.files.some(glob => globMatches(glob, base))) return 'tests';
+        if (named.some(pattern => pattern.test(fileEntry.relativePath) || pattern.test(base))) return 'tests';
+        return 'support';
+    };
+
+    /** The command that runs a unit (or the file when `unit` is null). */
+    model.selectorOf = (filePath, unit) => {
+        const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath);
+        if (!runner.id) return withheld(runner.reason || 'no-runner-evidence');
+        const build = SELECTORS[runner.id];
+        if (!build) return withheld('runner-not-modeled');
+        if (unit && unit.kind !== 'test') return withheld('not-a-test');
+        if (unit && unit.name == null) return withheld('name-not-literal');
+        if (unit && unit.dynamic) return withheld(unit.dynamic);
+        // Runners select by name: two declarations of one name in one
+        // suite are one selection.
+        if (unit && model.unitsOf(filePath).units.some(other => other !== unit && other.kind === 'test' &&
+            other.name === unit.name && other.suite.length === unit.suite.length &&
+            other.suite.every((name, i) => name === unit.suite[i]) &&
+            !(other.inherited && unit.inherited && other.startLine !== unit.startLine))) {
+            return withheld('name-not-unique');
+        }
+        try {
+            return build(model, runner, fileEntry, unit || null, filePath);
+        } catch (e) {
+            return withheld('selector-failed');
+        }
+    };
+
+    /** A unit as an answer row. */
+    model.describe = (filePath, unit) => {
+        const { selector, reason } = unit.kind === 'test' ? model.selectorOf(filePath, unit) : withheld('not-a-test');
+        return {
+            kind: unit.kind,
+            name: unit.name,
+            suite: unit.suite,
+            line: unit.line,
+            ...(unit.inherited && { inheritedFrom: `${unit.inherited.file}:${unit.inherited.line}` }),
+            ...(unit.conditional && { conditional: true }),
+            ...(unit.skipped && { skipped: true }),
+            ...(unit.kind === 'test' && selector && { selector }),
+            ...(unit.kind === 'test' && !selector && { selectorWithheld: reason }),
+        };
+    };
+
+    /** What a file is to a runner: role, runner, the command for the file. */
+    model.fileFacts = filePath => {
+        const role = model.roleOf(filePath);
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath);
+        const facts = model.unitsOf(filePath);
+        const out = { role, tests: facts.tests };
+        // The runner reports more tests than are counted: the file holds
+        // some that are not listed, or a listed one stands for several.
+        if (role === 'tests' && (facts.inheriting ||
+            facts.units.some(unit => unit.kind === 'test' && !unit.skipped && standsForSeveral(unit)))) out.moreTests = true;
+        if (runner.id) out.runner = runner.id;
+        if (role === 'tests') {
+            const tests = facts.units.filter(unit => unit.kind === 'test');
+            // A module its runner is told not to collect has no command.
+            // A file whose tests are all declared inside functions has
+            // them only where something calls those functions; one whose
+            // every test is left out of some builds has no command that
+            // is known to run it.
+            const { selector, reason } = model.declared(filePath)?.off
+                ? withheld('collection-switched-off')
+                : tests.length > 0 && tests.every(unit => unit.dynamic === 'declared-indirectly')
+                    ? withheld('declared-indirectly')
+                    : tests.length > 0 && tests.every(unit => unit.notInEveryBuild)
+                        ? withheld('conditional-tests')
+                        : tests.length > 0 && tests.every(unit => unit.deselected)
+                            ? withheld('deselected-by-options') : model.selectorOf(filePath, null);
+            if (selector) out.run = selector;
+            else out.runWithheld = reason;
+        }
+        return out;
+    };
+
+    return model;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add a `test-case` row for every test that holds one of the matches that
+ * count, and for every titled unit whose title names the term. The row
+ * sits on the unit's first line; a line that already has a row keeps it.
+ * @param {object[]} matches - rows of one file, extended in place
+ * @param {{counts: function, titleNeedsMatch?: boolean, titles?: boolean, extra?: object}} options
+ */
+function addTestCaseRows(model, index, filePath, term, matches, options) {
+    const taken = new Set(matches.map(match => match.line));
+    const counted = matches.filter(options.counts);
+    const added = [];
+    const add = unit => {
+        if (taken.has(unit.startLine)) return;
+        taken.add(unit.startLine);
+        added.push({
+            line: unit.startLine,
+            content: (index.getLineContent(filePath, unit.startLine) || '').trim(),
+            matchType: 'test-case',
+            ...(options.extra || {}),
+        });
+    };
+    if (!model.unitsOf(filePath).modeled) {
+        // A language whose tests are not read as units: the function the
+        // harness invokes around a match stands for the test. No name,
+        // suite or command is claimed for it.
+        const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        let kindOf;
+        try {
+            kindOf = getLanguageAdapter(fileEntry.language)?.getEntryPointKind || null;
+        } catch (e) {
+            kindOf = null;
+        }
+        for (const symbol of (kindOf && fileEntry.symbols) || []) {
+            if (kindOf(symbol) !== 'test') continue;
+            const end = symbol.endLine ?? symbol.startLine;
+            if (counted.some(match => match.line >= symbol.startLine && match.line <= end)) {
+                add({ startLine: symbol.startLine });
+            }
+        }
+        matches.push(...added);
+        return;
+    }
+    for (const match of counted) {
+        const unit = model.unitAt(filePath, match.line);
+        if (unit && unit.kind === 'test') add(unit);
+    }
+    if (options.titles !== false && term) {
+        // A title is prose: the term counts where it stands as a word.
+        const named = new RegExp('(^|[^\\w$])' + escapeRegExp(term) + '([^\\w$]|$)');
+        for (const unit of model.unitsOf(filePath).units) {
+            if (!unit.titled || unit.name == null || !named.test(unit.name)) continue;
+            if (options.titleNeedsMatch &&
+                !counted.some(match => match.line >= unit.startLine && match.line <= unit.endLine)) continue;
+            add(unit);
+        }
+    }
+    matches.push(...added);
+}
+
+/**
+ * One declaration: two tests of one name on two lines are two tests, and
+ * so are two a class inherits under one name (two methods of that name
+ * with other parameters), which stand on the class's line both.
+ */
+function testKey(relativePath, unit) {
+    return [relativePath, ...unit.suite, unit.name == null ? '' : unit.name, `@${unit.startLine}`,
+        ...(unit.inherited ? [`<${unit.inherited.file}:${unit.inherited.startLine}`] : [])].join('\0');
+}
+
+/**
+ * What the lines of a test-path file that reach a symbol amount to: the
+ * file's role and runner, the units of THIS file that execute those lines
+ * (plus `extra`: units of this file that execute lines of another, handed
+ * over by that file's answer), how many tests that is, and the command for
+ * the file. `moreTests`: `tests` is a lower bound (the file holds tests
+ * the reader does not list, or a counted declaration stands for several
+ * of the runner's tests). `conditionalTests`: how many of the counted
+ * tests run only sometimes. `carried` (not enumerable) holds the units of
+ * OTHER files that execute these lines: a test a class inherits runs where
+ * the class is.
+ * @returns {{role: string, runner?: string, run?: object, runWithheld?: string,
+ *   units: object[], tests: number, moreTests?: boolean, conditionalTests?: number,
+ *   testKeys: string[], carried: Array<{filePath: string, unit: object}>}}
+ */
+function linkFile(model, index, filePath, lines, extra = []) {
+    const facts = model.fileFacts(filePath);
+    const relativePath = index.files.get(filePath).relativePath;
+    const rows = new Map();
+    const tests = new Set();
+    const sometimes = new Set();
+    const carried = [];
+    // Tests the file holds and does not list: which of them these lines
+    // reach is not known.
+    let more = facts.role === 'tests' && model.unitsOf(filePath).inheriting;
+    const count = test => {
+        if (test.skipped) return;
+        tests.add(testKey(relativePath, test));
+        if (test.conditional) sometimes.add(testKey(relativePath, test));
+        if (standsForSeveral(test)) more = true;
+    };
+    const take = unit => {
+        const key = `${unit.kind}\0${testKey(relativePath, unit)}`;
+        if (!rows.has(key)) rows.set(key, model.describe(filePath, unit));
+        for (const test of model.testsWithin(filePath, unit)) count(test);
+    };
+    let fileLevel = false;
+    for (const line of [...new Set(lines)].sort((a, b) => a - b)) {
+        const runs = model.runsAt(filePath, line);
+        if (runs.length === 0) {
+            fileLevel = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (const run of runs) {
+            if (run.filePath === filePath) take(run.unit);
+            else carried.push(run);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const unit of extra) take(unit);
+    // Code outside every unit runs with the file: all its tests count.
+    if (fileLevel && facts.role === 'tests') {
+        for (const test of model.testsWithin(filePath, null)) count(test);
+    }
+    const units = [...rows.values()].sort((a, b) => a.line - b.line || codeUnitCompare(a.name || '', b.name || ''));
+    const out = {
+        role: facts.role,
+        ...(facts.runner && { runner: facts.runner }),
+        ...(facts.run && { run: facts.run }),
+        ...(facts.runWithheld && { runWithheld: facts.runWithheld }),
+        units,
+        tests: tests.size,
+        // The runner reports more tests than are counted here: the
+        // count is a lower bound.
+        ...(more && { moreTests: true }),
+        // Tests counted that run only sometimes.
+        ...(sometimes.size > 0 && { conditionalTests: sometimes.size }),
+        testKeys: [...tests].sort(codeUnitCompare),
+    };
+    Object.defineProperty(out, 'carried', { value: carried, enumerable: false });
+    Object.defineProperty(out, 'conditionalKeys', { value: [...sometimes].sort(codeUnitCompare), enumerable: false });
+    return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Link several files at once: each file's own lines, then the units that
+ * other files' lines carried into it. A file that only receives carried
+ * units (its class inherits a test whose body is elsewhere) gets a row of
+ * its own.
+ * @param {Map<string, number[]>} linesByFile - absolute path -> lines
+ * @returns {Map<string, object>} absolute path -> linkFile answer, plus
+ *   `from`: the relative paths whose lines its carried units execute
+ */
+function linkFiles(model, index, linesByFile) {
+    const carriedInto = new Map(); // absolute path -> { units: Map, from: Set }
+    for (const [filePath, lines] of linesByFile) {
+        for (const run of linkFile(model, index, filePath, lines).carried) {
+            let held = carriedInto.get(run.filePath);
+            if (!held) {
+                held = { units: new Map(), from: new Set() };
+                carriedInto.set(run.filePath, held);
+            }
+            held.units.set(testKey('', run.unit), run.unit);
+            held.from.add(index.files.get(filePath).relativePath);
+        }
+    }
+    const out = new Map();
+    const all = new Set([...linesByFile.keys(), ...carriedInto.keys()]);
+    for (const filePath of [...all].sort(codeUnitCompare)) {
+        const held = carriedInto.get(filePath);
+        const linked = linkFile(model, index, filePath, linesByFile.get(filePath) || [],
+            held ? [...held.units.values()] : []);
+        if (held) linked.from = [...held.from].sort(codeUnitCompare);
+        out.set(filePath, linked);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Runners whose file command ends in the path and takes several of them.
+const TAKES_MANY = new Set(['pytest', 'node-test', 'jest', 'vitest', 'mocha', 'go-test']);
+// Runners in which a focus in one file holds for every file of the run:
+// such a file is run by itself, or the others' tests would not run.
+const FOCUS_SPANS_THE_RUN = new Set(['mocha']);
+
+/**
+ * The commands that run a set of test files, files of one runner and one
+ * working directory joined where the runner takes several paths.
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ */
+function commandsFor(model, filePaths) {
+    const groups = new Map();
+    const single = [];
+    for (const filePath of filePaths) {
+        // The file's own answer decides: a command it withholds is not
+        // offered again here.
+        const selector = model.fileFacts(filePath).run;
+        if (!selector) continue;
+        const runner = model.runnerOf(filePath);
+        const cut = selector.command.lastIndexOf(' ');
+        const last = selector.command.slice(cut + 1);
+        if (!TAKES_MANY.has(runner.id) || cut < 0 || /['"\\]/.test(last) ||
+            (FOCUS_SPANS_THE_RUN.has(runner.id) && model.declared(filePath)?.focus)) {
+            if (!single.includes(selectorText(selector))) single.push(selectorText(selector));
+            continue;
+        }
+        const head = selector.command.slice(0, cut);
+        const key = `${selector.cwd || ''}\0${head}\0${model.joinKey(filePath)}`;
+        if (!groups.has(key)) groups.set(key, { cwd: selector.cwd, head, paths: [] });
+        const group = groups.get(key);
+        if (!group.paths.includes(last)) group.paths.push(last);
+    }
+    const joined = [...groups.values()].map(group =>
+        selectorText({ command: `${group.head} ${group.paths.join(' ')}`, ...(group.cwd && { cwd: group.cwd }) }));
+    return [...joined, ...single];
+}
+
+/** fnmatch as pytest applies it to a name: `*`, `?`, and `[...]`. */
+function globMatches(glob, name) {
+    const source = String(glob).replace(/[.+^${}()|\\]/g, '\\$&').replace(/\*/g, '.*').replace(/\?/g, '.');
+    try {
+        return new RegExp(`^${source}$`).test(name);
+    } catch (e) {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+/** A selector as one shell line. */
+function selectorText(selector) {
+    if (!selector) return null;
+    return selector.cwd ? `(cd ${shellWord(selector.cwd)} && ${selector.command})` : selector.command;
+}
+
+// Declarations whose names at run time are not the written one, or that
+// exist once for every call of the function around them.
+const SEVERAL_KINDS = new Set(['generated-cases', 'name-not-literal', 'suite-name-not-literal', 'declared-indirectly']);
+
+/**
+ * Does one declaration stand for several of the runner's tests: a table
+ * of cases, a parametrized test, a title computed at run time, a
+ * declaration inside a function that may be called more than once.
+ */
+function standsForSeveral(unit) {
+    return !!unit.several || SEVERAL_KINDS.has(unit.dynamic);
+}
+
+/**
+ * A count of tests as text: "3 tests", "at least 3 tests" when tests
+ * that are not listed may add to it, "(1 conditional)" for the ones that
+ * run only sometimes.
+ */
+function testCountText(count, more, conditional) {
+    if (!count) return more ? 'tests not listed' : '';
+    return `${more ? 'at least ' : ''}${count} test${count === 1 ? '' : 's'}${conditional ? ` (${conditional} conditional)` : ''}`;
+}
+
+/** A unit's name as people write it: `suite > suite > name`. */
+function unitLabel(unit) {
+    return [...(unit.suite || []), unit.name == null ? '(computed name)' : unit.name].join(' > ');
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+    createTestModel, selectorText, unitLabel, shellWord, globMatches, testCountText, standsForSeveral,
+    addTestCaseRows, linkFile, linkFiles, commandsFor,
+    // Exposed for tests.
+    scriptRunners, nodeTestOptions, configWords, tableText, namesRequirement, focusedOut,
+    shellSplit, configArguments, pytestOptions, markSelects, pathGlob, nodeTestPaths, nodeRunsFile,
+    mochaLoadingOptions, runnerScriptWords,
+};