ucn 5.4.2 → 5.5.0

package/core/type-denotation.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1161 @@
+/**
+ * core/type-denotation.js - What a type NAME written at a call site denotes
+ * (fix #371).
+ *
+ * A call site names a type in writing: the class of a constructor call
+ * (`new File(..)`, `Path(..)`), the qualifier of a type-qualified call
+ * (`File::create(..)`, `std::fs::File::create(..)`, `File.createTempFile(..)`)
+ * or the annotated / constructed type of its receiver (`let h: File`,
+ * `File f = new File(..)`). The name denotes whatever the FILE's own
+ * bindings resolve it to, never whichever project type happens to share
+ * the spelling. This module answers one question conservatively: does the
+ * written name provably denote an EXTERNAL type?
+ *
+ *   - a qualifier rooted at the language's standard library
+ *     (`standardPathRoots`: Rust std/core/alloc, C++ std) or at an external
+ *     package binding (`use tokio_util::..`, Go `bytes.Buffer`, Java
+ *     `java.io.File`),
+ *   - an unqualified name bound by an import of an external module
+ *     (`use std::fs::File`, `import java.io.File`, `from pathlib import
+ *     Path`, `import { Server } from 'http'`, `using F = System.IO.File`),
+ *     or reached only through globs of external modules (Rust
+ *     `use std::sync::atomic::*`).
+ *
+ * A local definition of the name, a binding that resolves (or may resolve)
+ * into the project, or any doubt returns null: the engine's existing
+ * resolution decides, and nothing is excluded without positive evidence.
+ *
+ * `externalTypeGate` turns the answer into a caller/callee verdict. The
+ * targets whose owner type carries the written name (the "collision set")
+ * cannot be the callee when that owner is a project type: excluded
+ * `external-receiver`. When the owner is itself the external type (a
+ * project `impl Trait for std::fs::File`, an impl whose file `use`s the
+ * external type), the call may reach it: possible dispatch (inherent
+ * methods of the external type win over trait methods, so it is never
+ * confirmed). An unrelated owner is left to the engine, with a receiver
+ * typed by the external name stripped so that name can never pin a
+ * project owner.
+ *
+ * Memoized on the index (`_typeDenotation`), reset at every build/load.
+ */
+
+'use strict';
+
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const { langTraits } = require('../languages');
+const { findCargoRoot, findGoModule } = require('./imports');
+
+const TYPE_KINDS = new Set(['class', 'struct', 'interface', 'trait', 'enum', 'record', 'union']);
+
+function memoOf(index) {
+    return index._typeDenotation || (index._typeDenotation = new Map());
+}
+
+function memoized(index, key, compute) {
+    const memo = memoOf(index);
+    if (memo.has(key)) return memo.get(key);
+    const value = compute();
+    memo.set(key, value);
+    return value;
+}
+
+// ── Package metadata (dependency names) ───────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Dependencies a Cargo manifest declares, as local crate name -> 'path' |
+ * 'workspace' | 'registry' (all dependency tables, target-specific and
+ * workspace tables included; the table key is the local name, `-`
+ * normalized to `_`). A `path` dependency is project source.
+ */
+function cargoDependencies(manifestDir) {
+    const deps = new Map();
+    let text;
+    try { text = fs.readFileSync(path.join(manifestDir, 'Cargo.toml'), 'utf-8'); } catch { return deps; }
+    let section = null;   // 'deps' for a dependency table, a crate name for [dependencies.<name>]
+    const kindOf = body => /\bpath\s*=/.test(body) ? 'path'
+        : /\bworkspace\s*=\s*true/.test(body) ? 'workspace' : 'registry';
+    for (const raw of text.split('\n')) {
+        const line = raw.replace(/#.*$/, '').trim();
+        if (!line) continue;
+        const header = line.match(/^\[\s*([^\]]+?)\s*\]$/);
+        if (header) {
+            const table = header[1].match(/(?:^|\.)((?:dev-|build-)?dependencies)(?:\.([A-Za-z0-9_-]+))?$/);
+            if (table && table[2]) {
+                section = table[2].replace(/-/g, '_');
+                if (!deps.has(section)) deps.set(section, 'registry');
+            } else {
+                section = table ? 'deps' : null;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!section) continue;
+        if (section !== 'deps') {
+            if (/^path\s*=/.test(line)) deps.set(section, 'path');
+            else if (/^workspace\s*=\s*true/.test(line) && deps.get(section) !== 'path') deps.set(section, 'workspace');
+            continue;
+        }
+        const entry = line.match(/^([A-Za-z0-9_-]+)\s*(?:\.[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+)?\s*=(.*)$/);
+        if (entry) {
+            const name = entry[1].replace(/-/g, '_');
+            const kind = kindOf(entry[2]);
+            if (deps.get(name) !== 'path') deps.set(name, kind);
+        }
+    }
+    return deps;
+}
+
+function cargoPackageName(dir) {
+    try {
+        const text = fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, 'Cargo.toml'), 'utf-8');
+        const section = text.split(/^\s*\[/m).find(part => part.startsWith('package]'));
+        const match = section && section.match(/^\s*name\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/m);
+        return match ? match[1].replace(/-/g, '_') : null;
+    } catch { return null; }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Crates the project itself builds, from the root manifest alone (no tree
+ * walk): the root package, `[workspace] members` (simple `dir/*` globs
+ * expanded one level), and `[patch.*]` path overrides.
+ */
+function cargoWorkspaceCrates(root) {
+    const names = new Set();
+    let text;
+    try { text = fs.readFileSync(path.join(root, 'Cargo.toml'), 'utf-8'); } catch { return names; }
+    const own = cargoPackageName(root);
+    if (own) names.add(own);
+    const members = text.match(/^\s*members\s*=\s*\[([\s\S]*?)\]/m);
+    for (const quoted of (members ? members[1].replace(/#.*$/gm, '').match(/"([^"]+)"/g) || [] : [])) {
+        const member = quoted.slice(1, -1);
+        const dirs = [];
+        if (member.endsWith('/*')) {
+            const base = path.join(root, member.slice(0, -2));
+            try {
+                for (const entry of fs.readdirSync(base, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+                    if (entry.isDirectory()) dirs.push(path.join(base, entry.name));
+                }
+            } catch { /* missing glob base */ }
+        } else if (!/[*?[]/.test(member)) {
+            dirs.push(path.join(root, member));
+        }
+        for (const dir of dirs) {
+            const name = cargoPackageName(dir);
+            if (name) names.add(name);
+        }
+    }
+    let inPatch = false;
+    for (const raw of text.split('\n')) {
+        const line = raw.replace(/#.*$/, '').trim();
+        const header = line.match(/^\[\s*([^\]]+?)\s*\]$/);
+        if (header) { inPatch = header[1].startsWith('patch.'); continue; }
+        const entry = inPatch && line.match(/^([A-Za-z0-9_-]+)\s*=.*\bpath\s*=/);
+        if (entry) names.add(entry[1].replace(/-/g, '_'));
+    }
+    return names;
+}
+
+/** External crate names visible to a Rust file: its manifest's registry
+ * dependencies (workspace-inherited ones resolved against the project
+ * root's workspace table); `path` dependencies are project crates. */
+function rustExternalCrates(index, filePath) {
+    const cargo = findCargoRoot(path.dirname(filePath));
+    const manifestDir = cargo?.root || index.root;
+    return memoized(index, `\x01crates\x00${manifestDir}`, () => {
+        const root = memoized(index, '\x01crates-root', () => cargoDependencies(index.root));
+        const names = new Set();
+        for (const deps of [cargoDependencies(manifestDir), root]) {
+            for (const [name, kind] of deps) {
+                const resolved = kind === 'workspace' ? root.get(name) || 'registry' : kind;
+                if (resolved === 'registry') names.add(name);
+            }
+        }
+        for (const [name, kind] of cargoDependencies(manifestDir)) {
+            if (kind === 'path' || (kind === 'workspace' && root.get(name) === 'path')) names.delete(name);
+        }
+        for (const name of memoized(index, '\x01crates-workspace', () => cargoWorkspaceCrates(index.root))) {
+            names.delete(name);
+        }
+        return names;
+    });
+}
+
+/** Package names the nearest package.json (up to the project root)
+ * declares, plus Node's builtin modules. */
+function jsExternalPackages(index, filePath) {
+    let dir = path.dirname(filePath);
+    let manifest = null;
+    while (dir.startsWith(index.root)) {
+        const candidate = path.join(dir, 'package.json');
+        if (fs.existsSync(candidate)) { manifest = candidate; break; }
+        const parent = path.dirname(dir);
+        if (parent === dir) break;
+        dir = parent;
+    }
+    return memoized(index, `\x01npm\x00${manifest || ''}`, () => {
+        const names = new Set();
+        if (manifest) {
+            try {
+                const json = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(manifest, 'utf-8'));
+                for (const field of ['dependencies', 'devDependencies', 'peerDependencies', 'optionalDependencies']) {
+                    for (const name of Object.keys(json[field] || {})) names.add(name);
+                }
+            } catch { /* unreadable manifest: builtins only */ }
+        }
+        return names;
+    });
+}
+
+let nodeBuiltins = null;
+function isNodeBuiltin(specifier) {
+    if (specifier.startsWith('node:')) return true;
+    if (!nodeBuiltins) nodeBuiltins = new Set(require('module').builtinModules);
+    return nodeBuiltins.has(specifier.split('/')[0]) || nodeBuiltins.has(specifier);
+}
+
+function jsPackageName(specifier) {
+    const parts = specifier.split('/');
+    return specifier.startsWith('@') ? parts.slice(0, 2).join('/') : parts[0];
+}
+
+/** Namespaces (C#) / packages (Java) the project itself declares. */
+function projectNamespaces(index, language) {
+    return memoized(index, `\x01ns\x00${language}`, () => {
+        const names = new Set();
+        for (const [, fileEntry] of index.files) {
+            if (fileEntry.language !== language) continue;
+            for (const symbol of fileEntry.symbols || []) {
+                if (symbol.namespace) names.add(symbol.namespace);
+            }
+        }
+        return names;
+    });
+}
+
+/** Is some leading dotted prefix of `qualified` (the full path excluded) a
+ * namespace/package the project declares? `org.junit.Assert` is project
+ * code when `org.junit` is a project package; nested types keep their
+ * package prefix (`a.b.Outer.Inner`). */
+function hasProjectNamespacePrefix(index, language, qualified) {
+    const names = projectNamespaces(index, language);
+    const segments = String(qualified).split('.');
+    for (let i = segments.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+        if (names.has(segments.slice(0, i).join('.'))) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+// ── Module externality ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function rustRootIsLocal(index, fileEntry, filePath, root, exceptBinding) {
+    if ((fileEntry.importBindings || []).some(binding => binding !== exceptBinding &&
+        (binding.alias || binding.name) === root)) return true;
+    if ((index.symbols.get(root) || []).some(definition =>
+        definition.file === filePath && definition.type === 'module')) return true;
+    // A sibling module file; the file system is read once per directory
+    // and name while the index lives (fix #403: twice per path per query).
+    const dir = path.dirname(filePath);
+    return memoized(index, `\x01rsmod\x00${dir}\x00${root}`, () =>
+        fs.existsSync(path.join(dir, `${root}.rs`)) || fs.existsSync(path.join(dir, root, 'mod.rs')));
+}
+
+/** Does a Rust path (`std::fs`, `tokio_util::sync`) name an external crate? */
+function rustPathIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, pathText, exceptBinding) {
+    const root = String(pathText || '').split('::').filter(Boolean)[0];
+    if (!root || root === 'crate' || root === 'self' || root === 'super' || root === 'Self') return false;
+    if (rustRootIsLocal(index, fileEntry, filePath, root, exceptBinding)) {
+        // `use std::sync; sync::Mutex` - the root is itself a binding.
+        const binding = (fileEntry.importBindings || []).find(candidate =>
+            candidate !== exceptBinding && (candidate.alias || candidate.name) === root &&
+            candidate.name !== '*');
+        return !!binding && binding.module !== pathText &&
+            rustPathIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, binding.module, binding);
+    }
+    if (langTraits('rust').standardPathRoots.includes(root)) return true;
+    return rustExternalCrates(index, filePath).has(root);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Does an import binding of this file bind its name to an external module?
+ * Only positive evidence: resolver gaps, relative paths, project package
+ * names and anything unmodelled answer false.
+ */
+function bindingIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, binding) {
+    // A binding belongs to one file: its verdict is asked per site (fix #403).
+    if (!binding || typeof binding !== 'object') return bindingIsExternalOf(index, fileEntry, filePath, binding);
+    const memo = memoized(index, '\x01binding-external', () => new WeakMap());
+    if (memo.has(binding)) return memo.get(binding);
+    const verdict = bindingIsExternalOf(index, fileEntry, filePath, binding);
+    memo.set(binding, verdict);
+    return verdict;
+}
+
+function bindingIsExternalOf(index, fileEntry, filePath, binding) {
+    const module = String(binding?.module || '');
+    if (!module || binding.dynamic) return false;
+    switch (fileEntry.language) {
+        case 'rust':
+            return rustPathIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, module, binding);
+        case 'java': {
+            if (binding.name === '*') return false;
+            if (hasProjectNamespacePrefix(index, 'java', module)) return false;
+            const suffix = `/${module.split('.').join('/')}.java`;
+            for (const file of index.files.keys()) if (file.endsWith(suffix)) return false;
+            // A package no project file declares: the standard library is
+            // external; anything else may be a resolver gap (generated
+            // sources) and is never exclusion evidence (fix #353).
+            return standardRooted('java', module) ? true : 'unresolved';
+        }
+        case 'csharp': {
+            // An alias target resolves from the namespace the directive sits
+            // in (fix #395), through an alias of an enclosing scope (#401).
+            const target = csharpResolveUsingName(index,
+                csharpAliasExpandedModule(fileEntry, binding), binding.namespace);
+            if (!target.includes('.') || hasProjectNamespacePrefix(index, 'csharp', target)) return false;
+            return standardRooted('csharp', target) ? true : 'unresolved';
+        }
+        case 'go': {
+            const goModule = findGoModule(path.dirname(filePath));
+            if (!goModule) return false;
+            const inside = prefix => module === prefix || module.startsWith(`${prefix}/`);
+            if (inside(goModule.modulePath)) return false;
+            if ((goModule.replaces || []).some(entry => inside(entry.from))) return false;
+            return true;
+        }
+        case 'javascript': case 'typescript': case 'tsx': {
+            if (fileEntry.moduleResolved?.[module]) return false;
+            if (/^[./~#]/.test(module) || module.startsWith('@/')) return false;
+            if (isNodeBuiltin(module)) return true;
+            return jsExternalPackages(index, filePath).has(jsPackageName(module));
+        }
+        case 'python': {
+            if (fileEntry.moduleResolved?.[module] || module.startsWith('.')) return false;
+            const { _unresolvedModuleIsGap } = require('./callers');
+            return !_unresolvedModuleIsGap(index, module, binding);
+        }
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+function standardRooted(language, qualified) {
+    const root = String(qualified).split(/::|\./)[0];
+    return (langTraits(language)?.standardPathRoots || []).includes(root);
+}
+
+/** The name an import binding gives the imported entity at its origin. */
+function bindingOriginalName(fileEntry, binding) {
+    if (fileEntry.language === 'csharp') return String(binding.module).split('.').pop();
+    return binding.name;
+}
+
+// ── Denotation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Does the type name `name` (optionally written under `qualifier`) denote an
+ * external type in `filePath`? Returns { original, via } (the external
+ * type's own name and the evidence) or null (project, unknown, or no
+ * evidence - the caller keeps its own resolution).
+ */
+function externalTypeDenotation(index, filePath, name, qualifier, line, options = {}) {
+    if (!name) return null;
+    const scoped = rustScopedLine(index, filePath, line, name);
+    // `unscoped`: the site's spelling of the name is unknown (the parser kept
+    // only the last segment), so package/namespace scoping cannot apply.
+    const unscoped = options.unscoped === true;
+    const key = `${filePath}\x00${name}\x00${qualifier || ''}\x00${scoped ?? ''}\x00${unscoped ? 1 : 0}`;
+    return memoized(index, key, () => {
+        const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        if (!fileEntry) return null;
+        const language = fileEntry.language;
+        if (qualifier) return qualifiedDenotation(index, fileEntry, filePath, name, qualifier);
+        // A local definition of the name decides (shadows imports). Rust
+        // items are visible in their own module only: an inline `mod rand
+        // { use std::..::AtomicU32; }` does not see the file's own struct.
+        const moduleOf = rustLine => innermostScope(rustModuleScopes(fileEntry), rustLine);
+        const siteModule = language === 'rust' && line != null ? moduleOf(line) : undefined;
+        if ((index.symbols.get(name) || []).some(definition => definition.file === filePath &&
+            (TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type) || definition.type === 'type') &&
+            (siteModule === undefined || moduleOf(definition.startLine) === siteModule))) return null;
+        let bindings = (fileEntry.importBindings || []).filter(binding =>
+            binding.name !== '*' && (binding.alias || binding.name) === name && binding.module);
+        if (language === 'rust' && (bindings.length > 1 || line != null)) bindings = rustBindingsInScope(fileEntry, bindings, line);
+        if (bindings.length > 0) {
+            const verdicts = bindings.map(binding => bindingIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, binding));
+            if (verdicts.some(verdict => !verdict)) return null;
+            const originals = new Set(bindings.map(binding => bindingOriginalName(fileEntry, binding)));
+            if (originals.size !== 1) return null;
+            const original = [...originals][0];
+            // An import names ONE fully qualified type (fix #372): even when
+            // its package is unresolvable (a possible generated-source gap),
+            // a project type whose package cannot prefix that name is not it.
+            const settled = verdict => verdict === true ||
+                (langTraits(language)?.typeNameScoping &&
+                    bindings.every(binding => !fqnMayName(index, language, original, binding.module)));
+            return { original, via: bindings[0].module,
+                ...(!verdicts.every(settled) && { certain: false }) };
+        }
+        // Java/C#: the name reaches the file through its package/namespace
+        // and on-demand imports (fix #372).
+        const scoping = langTraits(language)?.typeNameScoping;
+        if (scoping) return unscoped ? null : scopedTypeDenotation(index, fileEntry, filePath, name, line, scoping);
+        // Rust names reach a file only through `use` (named or glob): when
+        // every glob is an external module, the name is not a project type.
+        if (language === 'rust') {
+            const globs = (fileEntry.importDetails || []).filter(detail =>
+                detail.type === 'use-glob' && detail.module);
+            if (globs.length > 0 && globs.every(glob =>
+                rustPathIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, glob.module, null))) {
+                return { original: name, via: `${globs[0].module}::*` };
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    });
+}
+
+// ── Java / C# name scoping (fix #372) ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * An unqualified type name with no declaration in the file and no
+ * single-name import, resolved by the language's scoping rules against the
+ * PROJECT types of that name:
+ *   Java (JLS 6.4.1, 7.5): member types, the compilation unit, single-type
+ *   imports, the same package, then on-demand imports together with the
+ *   implicit `java.lang.*` (two on-demand sources of one name are ambiguous).
+ *   C# (spec 7.6.5): member types, then for each enclosing namespace from
+ *   the innermost outwards its members and its using directives; global
+ *   usings (source and project-file <Using> items) apply everywhere. Using
+ *   directives are taken file-wide, which can only keep a project type in
+ *   scope (never exclude one).
+ * Returns { original, via, certain? } when no project type of that name is in
+ * scope (the name is external), { certain: false } when a project type and
+ * the implicit imports both supply it (ambiguous), and null when a project
+ * type is in scope or anything is unmodelled (nested or inherited member
+ * types, a field of that name, an unknown enclosing namespace).
+ */
+function scopedTypeDenotation(index, fileEntry, filePath, name, line, scoping) {
+    const language = fileEntry.language;
+    const definitions = (index.symbols.get(name) || []).filter(definition =>
+        index.files.get(definition.file)?.language === language);
+    const projectTypes = definitions.filter(definition => TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type));
+    if (projectTypes.length === 0) return null;
+    // Member types (own, inherited, statically imported) precede package
+    // scope; a field or property of that name obscures the type.
+    if (projectTypes.some(definition => definition.isNested || definition.enclosingType ||
+        definition.className)) return null;
+    if (definitions.some(definition => definition.type === 'field' || definition.type === 'property')) return null;
+    if (projectTypes.some(definition => !definition.namespace)) return null; // unnamed package / global namespace
+    // A site outside any recorded package/namespace is unknown, not the
+    // global namespace: preprocessor branches can hide a C# namespace
+    // declaration from the parse.
+    const siteNamespace = siteNamespaceOf(fileEntry, line);
+    if (!siteNamespace) return null;
+    const onDemand = (fileEntry.importDetails || [])
+        .filter(detail => detail.module && (detail.names || []).includes('*'))
+        .map(detail => String(detail.module).replace(/\.\*$/, ''));
+    const inScope = new Set();
+    if (scoping === 'package-on-demand') {
+        inScope.add(siteNamespace);
+        const onDemandProject = projectTypes.some(definition => onDemand.includes(definition.namespace));
+        if (projectTypes.some(definition => definition.namespace === siteNamespace)) return null;
+        const implicit = langTraits(language)?.implicitTypeImport;
+        const implicitHas = !!implicit?.names?.has(name);
+        if (onDemandProject) {
+            return implicitHas ? { original: name, via: `${implicit.module}.${name}`, certain: false } : null;
+        }
+        if (implicitHas) return { original: name, via: `${implicit.module}.${name}` };
+        const external = onDemand.filter(module => !hasProjectNamespacePrefix(index, language, `${module}.${name}`) &&
+            !projectNamespaces(index, language).has(module));
+        if (external.length === 0) return null;
+        return { original: name, via: `${external[0]}.*`,
+            ...(!external.every(module => standardRooted(language, module)) && { certain: false }) };
+    }
+    // namespace-usings
+    const enclosing = [];
+    for (let parts = siteNamespace ? siteNamespace.split('.') : []; parts.length > 0; parts = parts.slice(0, -1)) {
+        enclosing.push(parts.join('.'));
+    }
+    if (projectTypes.some(definition => enclosing.includes(definition.namespace))) return null;
+    // Directives resolved the way C# resolves them (fix #395): `using
+    // Internal;` inside `namespace Acme.Tests` names Acme.Internal. A using
+    // alias spelled like the name, or an unreadable project file, is not
+    // modelled.
+    const scope = csharpUsings(index, filePath);
+    if (scope.unreadable || scope.aliases.has(name)) return null;
+    // `using static T` also brings T's nested types (already abstained above).
+    const usings = new Set([...scope.namespaces, ...scope.statics]);
+    if (projectTypes.some(definition => usings.has(definition.namespace))) return null;
+    const external = [...usings].filter(module => !csharpDeclaredNames(index).namespaces.has(module));
+    return { original: name, via: external.length > 0 ? `${external.sort()[0]}.${name}` : name };
+}
+
+/** Could a project type named `name` be the type `fqn` names? Only a type
+ * in a named package/namespace that prefixes it (nested types included). */
+function fqnMayName(index, language, name, fqn) {
+    return (index.symbols.get(name) || []).some(definition => TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type) &&
+        index.files.get(definition.file)?.language === language &&
+        !!definition.namespace && String(fqn).startsWith(`${definition.namespace}.`));
+}
+
+/** The package (Java) or innermost enclosing namespace (C#) at `line`:
+ * the namespace of the innermost type declared around it, else the one
+ * namespace every type of the file shares; undefined when unknown. */
+function siteNamespaceOf(fileEntry, line) {
+    const types = (fileEntry.symbols || []).filter(symbol => TYPE_KINDS.has(symbol.type));
+    if (line != null) {
+        const around = innermostScope(types.filter(symbol => symbol.endLine >= symbol.startLine), line);
+        if (around) return around.namespace || '';
+    }
+    const namespaces = new Set(types.map(symbol => symbol.namespace || ''));
+    return namespaces.size === 1 ? [...namespaces][0] : undefined;
+}
+
+// ── C# using directives (fix #395) ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** Namespaces the C# project declares (every leading prefix of a declared
+ * namespace is one too) and the fully qualified names of its types. */
+function csharpDeclaredNames(index) {
+    return memoized(index, '\x01cs-declared', () => {
+        const declared = new Set();
+        const types = new Set();
+        for (const [, fileEntry] of index.files) {
+            if (fileEntry.language !== 'csharp') continue;
+            for (const symbol of fileEntry.symbols || []) {
+                if (!TYPE_KINDS.has(symbol.type) && symbol.type !== 'delegate') continue;
+                const namespace = symbol.namespace || '';
+                if (namespace) declared.add(namespace);
+                const outer = symbol.enclosingType ? `${symbol.enclosingType}.` : '';
+                types.add(`${namespace ? `${namespace}.` : ''}${outer}${symbol.name}`);
+            }
+        }
+        const namespaces = new Set();
+        for (const namespace of declared) {
+            for (let at = namespace.indexOf('.'); at !== -1; at = namespace.indexOf('.', at + 1)) {
+                namespaces.add(namespace.slice(0, at));
+            }
+            namespaces.add(namespace);
+        }
+        return { namespaces, types };
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The namespace or type a C# using directive names (spec 14.5.2): written
+ * inside `namespace A.B`, its first identifier binds in A.B, then A, then the
+ * global namespace, the first that declares a namespace or type of that name
+ * winning. `global using` directives, project-file <Using> items and
+ * `global::` spellings are resolved from the global namespace. A name no
+ * enclosing namespace declares keeps its spelling (an external namespace).
+ */
+function csharpResolveUsingName(index, written, enclosing) {
+    const text = String(written || '').replace(/\s+/g, '').replace(/^global::/, '');
+    if (!enclosing || !text) return text;
+    const first = text.split('.')[0].replace(/<.*$/s, '');
+    const { namespaces, types } = csharpDeclaredNames(index);
+    for (let parts = String(enclosing).split('.'); parts.length > 0; parts = parts.slice(0, -1)) {
+        const candidate = `${parts.join('.')}.${first}`;
+        if (namespaces.has(candidate) || types.has(candidate)) return `${parts.join('.')}.${text}`;
+    }
+    return text;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A using alias directive's written target with a leading alias declared in
+ * an enclosing scope substituted (fix #401): `using W = LC.Widget;` inside
+ * `namespace App` after a compilation-unit `using LC = Lib.Core;`.
+ */
+function csharpAliasExpandedModule(fileEntry, binding) {
+    let module = String(binding?.module || '');
+    const scope = binding?.namespace || '';
+    for (let hop = 0; hop < 4; hop++) {
+        const [head, ...rest] = module.split('.');
+        const outer = (fileEntry?.importBindings || []).find(other => other !== binding &&
+            other.kind === 'using' && other.name === head && other.module &&
+            (other.namespace || '') !== scope &&
+            ((other.namespace || '') === '' || scope.startsWith(`${other.namespace}.`)));
+        if (!outer || rest.length === 0) break;
+        module = [outer.module, ...rest].join('.');
+    }
+    return module;
+}
+
+/** A directive record's target with its generic arguments removed. */
+function csharpUsingTarget(text) {
+    return String(text || '').replace(/<.*$/s, '');
+}
+
+function csharpAddDirective(scope, index, { module, names, static: isStatic, namespace }) {
+    const target = csharpUsingTarget(csharpResolveUsingName(index, module, namespace));
+    if (!target) return;
+    const alias = (names || []).find(name => name && name !== '*');
+    if (alias) {
+        scope.aliases.set(alias, target);
+        if (!scope.aliasScopes) scope.aliasScopes = new Map();
+        scope.aliasScopes.set(alias, namespace || '');
+    }
+    else if (isStatic) scope.statics.add(target);
+    else scope.namespaces.add(target);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Using directives in effect in a C# file (fix #395): the file's own
+ * directives (resolved from the namespace each is written in), `global
+ * using` directives of every source file, and the <Using> items of the
+ * project files above it (`csharpProjectFileUsings`).
+ * Returns { namespaces: Set, statics: Set (type names), aliases: Map
+ * (alias -> target), unreadable } - unreadable when a project file could not
+ * be read (its items are unknown).
+ */
+function csharpUsings(index, filePath) {
+    return memoized(index, `\x01cs-usings\x00${filePath}`, () => {
+        const scope = { namespaces: new Set(), statics: new Set(), aliases: new Map(), unreadable: false };
+        const globals = memoized(index, '\x01cs-global-usings', () => {
+            const out = [];
+            for (const [, entry] of index.files) {
+                if (entry.language !== 'csharp') continue;
+                for (const detail of entry.importDetails || []) {
+                    if (detail.global && detail.module) out.push(detail);
+                }
+            }
+            return out;
+        });
+        for (const detail of globals) csharpAddDirective(scope, index, detail);
+        const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+        for (const detail of fileEntry?.importDetails || []) {
+            if (detail.type === 'using' && detail.module && !detail.global) {
+                csharpAddDirective(scope, index, detail);
+            }
+        }
+        for (const item of csharpProjectFileUsings(index, filePath)) {
+            if (item === null) { scope.unreadable = true; continue; }
+            csharpAddDirective(scope, index, item);
+        }
+        csharpExpandAliasTargets(scope);
+        return scope;
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * A using alias's target may begin with an alias declared in an enclosing
+ * scope (fix #401: `using LC = Lib.Core;` in the compilation unit, then
+ * `namespace App { using W = LC.Widget; }`). Aliases of the same body never
+ * see each other (C# spec, using alias directives).
+ */
+function csharpExpandAliasTargets(scope) {
+    const scopes = scope.aliasScopes;
+    if (!scopes || scope.aliases.size < 2) return;
+    const encloses = (outer, inner) => outer !== inner && (outer === '' || inner.startsWith(`${outer}.`));
+    for (let pass = 0; pass < 4; pass++) {
+        let changed = false;
+        for (const [alias, target] of scope.aliases) {
+            const [head, ...rest] = String(target).split('.');
+            if (head === alias || !scope.aliases.has(head)) continue;
+            if (!encloses(scopes.get(head) ?? '', scopes.get(alias) ?? '')) continue;
+            scope.aliases.set(alias, [scope.aliases.get(head), ...rest].join('.'));
+            changed = true;
+        }
+        if (!changed) break;
+    }
+}
+
+/** The directory whose `.git` marks the repository holding `dir`, or null. */
+function gitTopOf(index, dir) {
+    return memoized(index, `\x01git-top\x00${dir}`, () => {
+        for (let current = dir; ; current = path.dirname(current)) {
+            try { if (fs.existsSync(path.join(current, '.git'))) return current; } catch { /* keep walking */ }
+            if (current === path.dirname(current)) return null;
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * <Using> items of the MSBuild project files above a C# file: the .csproj
+ * and Directory.Build.props/targets of every directory from the file's up
+ * to the index root, and on up to the repository root when the index root
+ * lies inside one (fix #395: MSBuild imports Directory.Build.props from
+ * ancestor directories, so a sub-project indexed on its own still sees the
+ * repository's usings). `<Using Include="X"/>` is `global using X;`,
+ * `Static="true"` a `global using static`, `Alias="Z"` a `global using Z =`;
+ * null marks a file that could not be read.
+ */
+function csharpProjectFileUsings(index, filePath) {
+    const dirs = [];
+    const root = path.resolve(index.root);
+    let dir = path.dirname(filePath);
+    for (; ; dir = path.dirname(dir)) {
+        dirs.push(dir);
+        if (dir === root || !dir.startsWith(root) || dir === path.dirname(dir)) break;
+    }
+    if (dir === root) {
+        const top = gitTopOf(index, root);
+        if (top && top !== root && root.startsWith(top + path.sep)) {
+            for (let up = path.dirname(root); ; up = path.dirname(up)) {
+                dirs.push(up);
+                if (up === top || up === path.dirname(up)) break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return dirs.flatMap(current => memoized(index, `\x01cs-proj-usings\x00${current}`, () => {
+        let names;
+        try { names = fs.readdirSync(current); } catch { return []; }
+        const out = [];
+        for (const file of names.sort()) {
+            if (!/\.csproj$|^Directory\.Build\.(props|targets)$/.test(file)) continue;
+            let text;
+            try { text = fs.readFileSync(path.join(current, file), 'utf-8'); } catch { out.push(null); continue; }
+            for (const match of text.matchAll(/<Using\b([^>]*)>/g)) {
+                const include = /\bInclude\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/.exec(match[1]);
+                if (!include) continue;
+                const alias = /\bAlias\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/.exec(match[1]);
+                out.push({
+                    module: include[1].trim(),
+                    names: alias ? [alias[1].trim()] : ['*'],
+                    ...(/\bStatic\s*=\s*"true"/i.test(match[1]) && { static: true }),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    }));
+}
+
+/** Namespaces every C# file sees through `global using` directives and
+ * project-file items, plus null when a project file is unreadable. */
+function csharpGlobalUsings(index, filePath) {
+    const scope = csharpUsings(index, filePath);
+    return scope.unreadable ? [...scope.namespaces, null] : [...scope.namespaces];
+}
+
+// Rust `use` declarations are scoped to their module or block: an inline
+// `mod rand { use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32; }` binds nothing outside it.
+// Both lists are read per site: kept per symbols array (a rebuilt file has a
+// new one).
+const rustScopeLists = new WeakMap();
+function rustScopeListsOf(fileEntry) {
+    const symbols = fileEntry.symbols || [];
+    let lists = rustScopeLists.get(symbols);
+    if (!lists || lists.length !== symbols.length || lists.first !== symbols[0] ||
+        lists.last !== symbols[symbols.length - 1]) {
+        const spanning = symbols.filter(symbol => symbol.endLine > symbol.startLine);
+        lists = {
+            length: symbols.length,
+            first: symbols[0],
+            last: symbols[symbols.length - 1],
+            scopes: spanning.filter(symbol =>
+                symbol.type === 'module' || symbol.type === 'function' || symbol.type === 'method'),
+            modules: spanning.filter(symbol => symbol.type === 'module'),
+        };
+        rustScopeLists.set(symbols, lists);
+    }
+    return lists;
+}
+
+function rustScopes(fileEntry) {
+    return rustScopeListsOf(fileEntry).scopes;
+}
+
+function rustModuleScopes(fileEntry) {
+    return rustScopeListsOf(fileEntry).modules;
+}
+
+function innermostScope(scopes, line) {
+    let best = null;
+    for (const scope of scopes) {
+        if (scope.startLine <= line && scope.endLine >= line &&
+            (!best || scope.endLine - scope.startLine < best.endLine - best.startLine)) best = scope;
+    }
+    return best;
+}
+
+/** The site line as a memo key part: in a Rust file that declares or
+ * imports the name (its module and the `use` scopes around the site decide);
+ * otherwise the answer is the file's (fix #403: keyed per line, every
+ * `T::new()` site of a file recomputed it). */
+function rustScopedLine(index, filePath, line, name) {
+    if (line == null) return null;
+    const fileEntry = index.files.get(filePath);
+    if (fileEntry?.language !== 'rust') return null;
+    const declares = (index.symbols.get(name) || []).some(definition => definition.file === filePath &&
+        (TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type) || definition.type === 'type'));
+    const imports = (fileEntry.importBindings || []).some(binding =>
+        binding.name !== '*' && (binding.alias || binding.name) === name && binding.module);
+    return declares || imports ? line : null;
+}
+
+/** Bindings visible at `line`: those of the innermost enclosing scope that
+ * declares any (a scope's `use` shadows its parents'); none when the line is
+ * unknown and the bindings disagree in scope. */
+function rustBindingsInScope(fileEntry, bindings, line) {
+    const scopes = rustScopes(fileEntry);
+    const scopeOf = binding => binding.line == null ? null : innermostScope(scopes, binding.line);
+    if (line == null) {
+        return new Set(bindings.map(scopeOf)).size === 1 ? bindings : [];
+    }
+    let best = null;
+    let visible = [];
+    for (const binding of bindings) {
+        const scope = scopeOf(binding);
+        if (scope && !(scope.startLine <= line && scope.endLine >= line)) continue;
+        const span = scope ? scope.endLine - scope.startLine : Infinity;
+        if (best === null || span < best) { best = span; visible = [binding]; }
+        else if (span === best) visible.push(binding);
+    }
+    return visible;
+}
+
+function qualifiedDenotation(index, fileEntry, filePath, name, qualifier) {
+    const language = fileEntry.language;
+    switch (language) {
+        case 'rust':
+            return rustPathIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, qualifier, null)
+                ? { original: name, via: `${qualifier}::${name}` } : null;
+        case 'cpp': {
+            const root = String(qualifier).replace(/^::/, '').split('::')[0];
+            if (!langTraits(language)?.standardPathRoots?.includes(root)) return null;
+            // A project that declares the namespace itself (`namespace std`
+            // specializations) keeps its own resolution.
+            const declares = (index.symbols.get(name) || []).some(definition =>
+                String(definition.namespace || '').split('::')[0] === root);
+            return declares ? null : { original: name, via: `${qualifier}::${name}` };
+        }
+        case 'java': {
+            if (!/^[a-z_]/.test(qualifier)) return null;
+            const bindingIsType = (fileEntry.importBindings || []).some(binding =>
+                (binding.alias || binding.name) === qualifier.split('.')[0]);
+            if (bindingIsType) return null;
+            const verdict = bindingIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, { module: `${qualifier}.${name}`, name });
+            if (!verdict) return null;
+            return { original: name, via: `${qualifier}.${name}`, ...(verdict !== true && { certain: false }) };
+        }
+        case 'javascript': case 'typescript': case 'tsx': case 'python': {
+            const bindings = (fileEntry.importBindings || []).filter(binding =>
+                (binding.alias || binding.name) === qualifier && binding.module);
+            if (bindings.length === 0) return null;
+            if (!bindings.every(binding =>
+                ['import', 'namespace', 'require', 'default'].includes(binding.kind))) return null;
+            return bindings.every(binding => bindingIsExternal(index, fileEntry, filePath, binding))
+                ? { original: name, via: `${bindings[0].module}.${name}` } : null;
+        }
+        default:
+            return null;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The type a call record names in writing, or null.
+ * { name, qualifier, receiverTyped } - receiverTyped marks a receiver whose
+ * TYPE (not the callee name) was written: annotation or constructor.
+ */
+function siteWrittenType(index, fileEntry, call) {
+    const written = siteWrittenTypeRaw(index, fileEntry, call);
+    if (!written || written.qualifier || !langTraits(fileEntry.language)?.typeNameScoping ||
+        !projectTypeNamed(index, written.name)) return written;
+    // Java/C# (fix #372): an unqualified name is resolved by package or
+    // namespace scope, so the site's own spelling must be unqualified. The
+    // parser keeps the last segment of `new b.Thread()` / `b.Thread t`; the
+    // written text at the recorded span decides.
+    const span = written.receiverTyped
+        ? call.receiverTypeEvidence
+        : (call.isMethod ? null : call.callSite);
+    if (written.receiverTyped || !call.isMethod) {
+        const spelled = spelledTypeQualifier(index, fileEntry, span, written.name);
+        if (spelled === undefined) return { ...written, unscoped: true };
+        if (spelled) return { ...written, qualifier: spelled };
+    }
+    return written;
+}
+
+/** The qualifier a type name is spelled with at a recorded source span
+ * (`new b.Thread()` -> 'b', `Thread` -> null); undefined when unknown. */
+function spelledTypeQualifier(index, fileEntry, span, name) {
+    if (!span || !Number.isInteger(span.start) || !Number.isInteger(span.end)) return undefined;
+    const filePath = path.join(index.root, fileEntry.relativePath);
+    let content;
+    try { content = index._readFile(filePath); } catch { return undefined; }
+    if (typeof content !== 'string') return undefined;
+    const text = content.slice(span.start, span.end).replace(/^\s*new\b/, '')
+        .replace(/[<([{].*$/s, '').replace(/\s+/g, '');
+    if (text === name) return null;
+    if (!text.endsWith(`.${name}`)) return undefined;
+    return text.slice(0, -name.length - 1).replace(/^global::/, '') || undefined;
+}
+
+function siteWrittenTypeRaw(index, fileEntry, call) {
+    const language = fileEntry.language;
+    if (!call.isMethod) {
+        // Constructor-shaped call: the callee name is a type name.
+        if (!call.isConstructor && !(index.symbols.get(call.name) || []).some(definition =>
+            TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type))) return null;
+        return { name: call.name, qualifier: (call.isConstructor && call.receiver) || null, receiverTyped: false };
+    }
+    if (language === 'rust' && call.isPathCall && call.receiver && !call.receiverType) {
+        const segments = String(call.receiver).split('::').filter(Boolean);
+        const last = segments[segments.length - 1];
+        if (!last || !/^[A-Z]/.test(last) || last === 'Self') return null;
+        return { name: last, qualifier: segments.length > 1 ? segments.slice(0, -1).join('::') : null,
+            receiverTyped: false };
+    }
+    if (call.receiverIsTypeQualified && call.receiver && !call.receiverType &&
+        (language === 'java' || language === 'csharp')) {
+        return { name: call.receiver, qualifier: call.receiverTypeQualifier || null, receiverTyped: false };
+    }
+    if (call.receiverType && (call.receiverTypeSource === 'annotation' ||
+        call.receiverTypeSource === 'constructor')) {
+        // A C++ declaration's written namespace qualifies the declared type
+        // itself, not a pointee (`std::unique_ptr<file> p; p->f()`).
+        const namespace = call.receiverTypeNamespace &&
+            call.receiverTypeEvidence?.type === call.receiverType ? call.receiverTypeNamespace : null;
+        return { name: call.receiverType,
+            qualifier: call.receiverTypeQualifier || namespace || null, receiverTyped: true,
+            source: call.receiverTypeSource };
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+
+function ownerName(definition) {
+    if (TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type)) return definition.name;
+    return definition.className || String(definition.receiver || '').replace(/^[*&]\s*/, '') || null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a target definition's owner type denotes: 'project' (a project type
+ * definition), 'external' (an impl/extension on the external type), or
+ * 'unknown'.
+ */
+function ownerDenotation(index, definition, original) {
+    const key = `\x01owner\x00${definition.file}:${definition.startLine}:${definition.name}:${original}`;
+    return memoized(index, key, () => {
+        if (TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type)) return 'project';
+        const owner = ownerName(definition);
+        if (definition.implSelfQualifier) {
+            return externalTypeDenotation(index, definition.file, owner, definition.implSelfQualifier, definition.startLine)
+                ? 'external' : 'project';
+        }
+        // A project type that declares the external type as an ancestor
+        // (`class File extends java.io.File`) receives its dispatch.
+        const ownerDefs = (index.symbols.get(owner) || []).filter(candidate =>
+            TYPE_KINDS.has(candidate.type));
+        if (ownerDefs.some(candidate => (index._getInheritanceParents?.(owner, candidate.file) || [])
+            .some(parent => String(parent).split(/::|\./).pop() === original))) return 'external';
+        if (ownerDefs.some(candidate => candidate.file === definition.file)) return 'project';
+        if (externalTypeDenotation(index, definition.file, owner, null, definition.startLine)) return 'external';
+        return ownerDefs.length > 0 ? 'project' : 'unknown';
+    });
+}
+
+function projectTypeNamed(index, name) {
+    return (index.symbols.get(name) || []).some(definition => TYPE_KINDS.has(definition.type));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Verdict for a call site against candidate target definitions (the pinned
+ * targets on the caller side, every same-name callable on the callee side).
+ * Returns null (the gate does not apply) or one of:
+ *   { verdict: 'exclude', reason: 'external-receiver', via }
+ *   { verdict: 'dispatch', via }   an impl on the external type may supply it
+ *   { verdict: 'strip', via }      receiver typed by the external name: the
+ *                                  engine resolves it without that type
+ */
+function externalTypeGate(index, filePath, fileEntry, call, targetsOrThunk) {
+    if (!fileEntry || !targetsOrThunk) return null;
+    // Go: a receiver typed by an external package's type may be an interface
+    // every project type with the method set satisfies; the existing
+    // package-qualified physics routes it (possible dispatch).
+    if (fileEntry.language === 'go') return null;
+    const written = siteWrittenType(index, fileEntry, call);
+    if (!written) return null;
+    const denotation = externalTypeDenotation(index, filePath, written.name, written.qualifier, call.line,
+        { unscoped: written.unscoped === true });
+    if (!denotation) return null;
+    const { original, via } = denotation;
+    // Only a real collision needs the gate: without a project type of that
+    // name the engine's own resolution cannot conflate the two.
+    if (!projectTypeNamed(index, original)) return null;
+    const targets = typeof targetsOrThunk === 'function' ? targetsOrThunk() : targetsOrThunk;
+    if (!targets || targets.length === 0) return null;
+    const collision = [];
+    const others = [];
+    for (const target of targets) (ownerName(target) === original ? collision : others).push(target);
+    // An unresolvable non-standard package: the name is not the project
+    // type's, but a resolver gap cannot be ruled out - never confirmed,
+    // never excluded.
+    if (denotation.certain === false) return collision.length > 0 ? { verdict: 'unverified', via } : null;
+    // A target the same-name PROJECT type reaches (its ancestor, a trait it
+    // implements, a blanket impl) is where the engine could conflate the two
+    // types; the external type may reach it too, so it stays visible.
+    const related = written.receiverTyped
+        ? others.filter(target => reachableThroughNamesake(index, target, original)) : [];
+    if (collision.length === 0) return related.length > 0 ? { verdict: 'dispatch', via } : null;
+    let external = 0;
+    for (const target of collision) {
+        const verdict = ownerDenotation(index, target, original);
+        if (verdict === 'external') external++;
+        else if (verdict !== 'project') return written.receiverTyped ? { verdict: 'strip', via } : null;
+    }
+    if (external > 0) return { verdict: 'dispatch', via };
+    // Structural typing: an annotated external type admits any value of the
+    // right shape, so only a constructed receiver is exact.
+    if (written.receiverTyped && written.source !== 'constructor' &&
+        langTraits(fileEntry.language)?.typeSystem === 'structural') return { verdict: 'dispatch', via };
+    return related.length > 0
+        ? { verdict: 'strip', via }
+        : { verdict: 'exclude', reason: 'external-receiver', via };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Verdict for a receiver whose declared type (a field, written in its own
+ * file) denotes the external type `original`: 'exclude' when no target can
+ * be reached by a value of that type, 'dispatch' when an impl on the
+ * external type, a blanket impl, an extension method or a trait it may
+ * implement could supply one, 'unknown' otherwise. Structural typing admits
+ * any value of the right shape: always 'dispatch'.
+ */
+function externalReceiverVerdict(index, language, targets, original) {
+    if (!targets || targets.length === 0) return 'unknown';
+    if (langTraits(language)?.typeSystem !== 'nominal' || language === 'go') return 'dispatch';
+    let dispatch = false;
+    for (const target of targets) {
+        const owner = ownerName(target);
+        if (!owner) continue;
+        if (owner === original) {
+            const verdict = ownerDenotation(index, target, original);
+            if (verdict === 'external') dispatch = true;
+            else if (verdict !== 'project') return 'unknown';
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (target.isExtensionMethod || reachableByExternal(index, target, original)) dispatch = true;
+    }
+    return dispatch ? 'dispatch' : 'exclude';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Can a value of the external type `name` reach `target`? A blanket impl
+ * member; a trait member that some impl for `name`, or a blanket impl,
+ * provides; or a member of a project type that implements / extends the
+ * external type itself (`class MyList implements java.util.List`, `impl
+ * std::io::Write for MyWriter`) - the value may be such an instance.
+ */
+function reachableByExternal(index, target, name) {
+    const owner = ownerName(target);
+    if (target.ownerGenerics && genericParamNames(target.ownerGenerics).has(owner)) return true;
+    if (target.traitName === name) return true;
+    const key = `\x01extreach\x00${target.file}:${target.startLine}:${target.name}\x00${name}`;
+    return memoized(index, key, () => {
+        const sameName = index.symbols.get(target.name) || [];
+        if (sameName.some(candidate => candidate.traitName === owner && (candidate.className === name ||
+            (candidate.ownerGenerics && genericParamNames(candidate.ownerGenerics).has(candidate.className))))) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        const seen = new Set([owner]);
+        let level = (index.symbols.get(owner) || []).filter(d => TYPE_KINDS.has(d.type));
+        for (let depth = 0; depth < 8 && level.length > 0; depth++) {
+            const next = [];
+            for (const definition of level) {
+                for (const parent of index._getInheritanceParents?.(definition.name, definition.file) || []) {
+                    const parentName = String(parent).replace(/<.*$/s, '').split(/::|\./).pop();
+                    if (parentName === name) return true;
+                    if (seen.has(parentName)) continue;
+                    seen.add(parentName);
+                    next.push(...(index.symbols.get(parentName) || []).filter(d => TYPE_KINDS.has(d.type)));
+                }
+            }
+            level = next;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+}
+
+function genericParamNames(text) {
+    const inner = String(text || '').trim().replace(/^</, '').replace(/>$/, '');
+    const names = new Set();
+    let depth = 0;
+    let start = 0;
+    const parts = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < inner.length; i++) {
+        const ch = inner[i];
+        if (ch === '<' || ch === '(' || ch === '[') depth++;
+        else if (ch === '>' || ch === ')' || ch === ']') depth--;
+        else if (ch === ',' && depth === 0) { parts.push(inner.slice(start, i)); start = i + 1; }
+    }
+    parts.push(inner.slice(start));
+    for (const part of parts) {
+        const match = part.trim().match(/^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)/);
+        if (match && !part.trim().startsWith("'")) names.add(match[1]);
+    }
+    return names;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Could a value of the project type named `name` reach `target` other than
+ * as its owner: a blanket impl member (generic owner), a trait/interface the
+ * type implements, or an ancestor class? Name-level, bounded.
+ */
+function reachableThroughNamesake(index, target, name) {
+    const owner = ownerName(target);
+    if (!owner) return false;
+    const key = `\x01reach\x00${target.file}:${target.startLine}:${target.name}\x00${name}`;
+    return memoized(index, key, () => {
+        if (target.ownerGenerics && genericParamNames(target.ownerGenerics).has(owner)) return true;
+        if ((index.symbols.get(target.name) || []).some(candidate =>
+            candidate.className === name && candidate.traitName === owner)) return true;
+        const seen = new Set([name]);
+        let level = (index.symbols.get(name) || []).filter(d => TYPE_KINDS.has(d.type));
+        for (let depth = 0; depth < 8 && level.length > 0; depth++) {
+            const next = [];
+            for (const definition of level) {
+                for (const parent of index._getInheritanceParents?.(definition.name, definition.file) || []) {
+                    const parentName = String(parent).replace(/<.*$/s, '').split(/::|\./).pop();
+                    if (parentName === owner) return true;
+                    if (seen.has(parentName)) continue;
+                    seen.add(parentName);
+                    next.push(...(index.symbols.get(parentName) || []).filter(d => TYPE_KINDS.has(d.type)));
+                }
+            }
+            level = next;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * A producer call whose written type (type-qualified path / static factory /
+ * constructor) denotes an external type that shares its name with a project
+ * type: the external evidence string, else null. The value it produces was
+ * decided outside the project.
+ */
+function externalProducerVia(index, filePath, fileEntry, call) {
+    if (!fileEntry) return null;
+    const written = siteWrittenType(index, fileEntry, call);
+    if (!written || written.receiverTyped) return null;
+    const denotation = externalTypeDenotation(index, filePath, written.name, written.qualifier, call.line,
+        { unscoped: written.unscoped === true });
+    if (!denotation || denotation.certain === false || !projectTypeNamed(index, denotation.original)) return null;
+    return `${denotation.via}${fileEntry.language === 'rust' || fileEntry.language === 'cpp' ? '::' : '.'}${call.name}`;
+}
+
+/** A copy of the call whose external-typed receiver no longer names a type. */
+function stripExternalReceiverType(call, via) {
+    const stripped = { ...call, receiverExternalFlow: via };
+    delete stripped.receiverType;
+    delete stripped.receiverTypeSource;
+    delete stripped.receiverTypeEvidence;
+    delete stripped.receiverTypeQualifier;
+    return stripped;
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+    externalTypeDenotation,
+    externalReceiverVerdict,
+    externalProducerVia,
+    externalTypeGate,
+    stripExternalReceiverType,
+    siteWrittenType,
+    bindingIsExternal,
+    cargoDependencies,
+    csharpGlobalUsings,
+    csharpUsings,
+    csharpResolveUsingName,
+    csharpDeclaredNames,
+    rustBindingsInScope,
+    siteNamespaceOf,
+    projectNamespaces,
+};