typia 9.2.0 → 9.3.0-dev.20250511

package/src/schemas/metadata/Metadata.ts

@@ -1,687 +1,687 @@
-import { ClassProperties } from "../../typings/ClassProperties";
-
-import { ArrayUtil } from "../../utils/ArrayUtil";
-
-import { IMetadata } from "./IMetadata";
-import { IMetadataDictionary } from "./IMetadataDictionary";
-import { IMetadataTypeTag } from "./IMetadataTypeTag";
-import { MetadataAlias } from "./MetadataAlias";
-import { MetadataArray } from "./MetadataArray";
-import { MetadataAtomic } from "./MetadataAtomic";
-import { MetadataConstant } from "./MetadataConstant";
-import { MetadataEscaped } from "./MetadataEscaped";
-import { MetadataFunction } from "./MetadataFunction";
-import { MetadataMap } from "./MetadataMap";
-import { MetadataNative } from "./MetadataNative";
-import { MetadataObject } from "./MetadataObject";
-import { MetadataObjectType } from "./MetadataObjectType";
-import { MetadataSet } from "./MetadataSet";
-import { MetadataTemplate } from "./MetadataTemplate";
-import { MetadataTuple } from "./MetadataTuple";
-
-export class Metadata {
-  public any: boolean;
-  public required: boolean;
-  public optional: boolean;
-  public nullable: boolean;
-
-  public escaped: MetadataEscaped | null;
-  public atomics: MetadataAtomic[];
-  public constants: MetadataConstant[];
-  public templates: MetadataTemplate[];
-
-  public rest: Metadata | null;
-  public aliases: MetadataAlias[];
-  public arrays: MetadataArray[];
-  public tuples: MetadataTuple[];
-  public objects: MetadataObject[];
-  public functions: MetadataFunction[];
-
-  public natives: MetadataNative[];
-  public sets: MetadataSet[];
-  public maps: MetadataMap[];
-
-  /** @internal */ private name_?: string;
-  /** @internal */ private parent_resolved_: boolean = false;
-  /** @internal */ public union_index?: number;
-  /** @internal */ public fixed_?: number | null;
-  /** @internal */ public boolean_literal_intersected_?: boolean;
-  /** @internal */ private is_sequence_?: boolean;
-
-  /* -----------------------------------------------------------
-    CONSTRUCTORS
-  ----------------------------------------------------------- */
-  /**
-   * @hidden
-   */
-  private constructor(props: ClassProperties<Metadata>) {
-    this.any = props.any;
-    this.required = props.required;
-    this.optional = props.optional;
-    this.nullable = props.nullable;
-    this.functions = props.functions;
-
-    this.escaped = props.escaped;
-    this.atomics = props.atomics;
-    this.constants = props.constants;
-    this.templates = props.templates;
-
-    this.rest = props.rest;
-    this.arrays = props.arrays;
-    this.tuples = props.tuples;
-    this.objects = props.objects;
-    this.aliases = props.aliases;
-
-    this.natives = props.natives;
-    this.sets = props.sets;
-    this.maps = props.maps;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  public static create(props: ClassProperties<Metadata>): Metadata {
-    return new Metadata(props);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  public static initialize(parentResolved: boolean = false): Metadata {
-    const meta: Metadata = Metadata.create({
-      any: false,
-      nullable: false,
-      required: true,
-      optional: false,
-
-      escaped: null,
-      constants: [],
-      atomics: [],
-      templates: [],
-      arrays: [],
-      tuples: [],
-      objects: [],
-      aliases: [],
-      functions: [],
-
-      rest: null,
-      natives: [],
-      sets: [],
-      maps: [],
-    });
-    meta.parent_resolved_ = parentResolved;
-    return meta;
-  }
-
-  public toJSON(): IMetadata {
-    return {
-      any: this.any,
-      required: this.required,
-      optional: this.optional,
-      nullable: this.nullable,
-      functions: this.functions.map((f) => f.toJSON()),
-
-      atomics: this.atomics.map((a) => a.toJSON()),
-      constants: this.constants.map((c) => c.toJSON()),
-      templates: this.templates.map((tpl) => tpl.toJSON()),
-      escaped: this.escaped ? this.escaped.toJSON() : null,
-
-      rest: this.rest ? this.rest.toJSON() : null,
-      arrays: this.arrays.map((array) => array.toJSON()),
-      tuples: this.tuples.map((tuple) => tuple.toJSON()),
-      objects: this.objects.map((obj) => obj.toJSON()),
-      aliases: this.aliases.map((alias) => alias.toJSON()),
-
-      natives: this.natives.map((native) => native.toJSON()),
-      sets: this.sets.map((set) => set.toJSON()),
-      maps: this.maps.map((map) => map.toJSON()),
-    };
-  }
-
-  public static from(meta: IMetadata, dict: IMetadataDictionary): Metadata {
-    return Metadata.create({
-      any: meta.any,
-      required: meta.required,
-      optional: meta.optional,
-      nullable: meta.nullable,
-      functions: meta.functions.map((f) => MetadataFunction.from(f, dict)),
-
-      constants: meta.constants.map(MetadataConstant.from),
-      atomics: meta.atomics.map(MetadataAtomic.from),
-      templates: meta.templates.map((tpl) => MetadataTemplate.from(tpl, dict)),
-      escaped: meta.escaped ? MetadataEscaped.from(meta.escaped, dict) : null,
-
-      rest: meta.rest ? this.from(meta.rest, dict) : null,
-      arrays: meta.arrays.map((ref) => {
-        const type = dict.arrays.get(ref.name);
-        if (type === undefined)
-          throw new RangeError(
-            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find array "${ref.name}".`,
-          );
-        return MetadataArray.create({
-          type,
-          tags: ref.tags.map((row) => row.slice()),
-        });
-      }),
-      tuples: meta.tuples.map((t) => {
-        const type = dict.tuples.get(t.name);
-        if (type === undefined)
-          throw new RangeError(
-            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find tuple "${t.name}".`,
-          );
-        return MetadataTuple.create({
-          type,
-          tags: t.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
-        });
-      }),
-      objects: meta.objects.map((obj) => {
-        const found = dict.objects.get(obj.name);
-        if (found === undefined)
-          throw new RangeError(
-            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find object "${name}".`,
-          );
-        return MetadataObject.create({
-          type: found,
-          tags: obj.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
-        });
-      }),
-      aliases: meta.aliases.map((alias) => {
-        const type = dict.aliases.get(alias.name);
-        if (type === undefined)
-          throw new RangeError(
-            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find alias "${alias}".`,
-          );
-        return MetadataAlias.create({
-          type,
-          tags: alias.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
-        });
-      }),
-      natives: meta.natives.map((native) => MetadataNative.create(native)),
-      sets: meta.sets.map((set) =>
-        MetadataSet.create({
-          value: Metadata.from(set.value, dict),
-          tags: set.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
-        }),
-      ),
-      maps: meta.maps.map((map) =>
-        MetadataMap.create({
-          key: this.from(map.key, dict),
-          value: this.from(map.value, dict),
-          tags: map.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
-        }),
-      ),
-    });
-  }
-
-  /* -----------------------------------------------------------
-    ACCESSORS
-  ----------------------------------------------------------- */
-  public getName(): string {
-    return (this.name_ ??= getName(this));
-  }
-
-  public empty(): boolean {
-    return this.bucket() === 0 || this.size() === 0;
-  }
-
-  public size(): number {
-    return (
-      (this.any ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.escaped ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.rest ? this.rest.size() : 0) +
-      this.templates.length +
-      this.atomics.length +
-      this.constants.map((c) => c.values.length).reduce((x, y) => x + y, 0) +
-      this.arrays.length +
-      this.tuples.length +
-      this.natives.length +
-      this.maps.length +
-      this.sets.length +
-      this.objects.length +
-      this.functions.length +
-      this.aliases.length
-    );
-  }
-
-  public bucket(): number {
-    return (
-      (this.any ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.escaped ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.templates.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.atomics.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.constants.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.rest ? this.rest.size() : 0) +
-      (this.arrays.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.tuples.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.natives.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.sets.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.maps.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.objects.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.functions.length ? 1 : 0) +
-      (this.aliases.length ? 1 : 0)
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  public isSequence(): boolean {
-    return (this.is_sequence_ ??= (() => {
-      const exists = (tags: IMetadataTypeTag[][]): boolean =>
-        tags.some((row) => {
-          const sequence = row.find(
-            (t) =>
-              t.kind === "sequence" &&
-              typeof (t.schema as any)?.["x-protobuf-sequence"] === "number",
-          );
-          if (sequence === undefined) return false;
-          const value: number = Number(
-            (sequence.schema as any)["x-protobuf-sequence"],
-          );
-          return !Number.isNaN(value);
-        });
-      return (
-        this.atomics.some((atomic) => exists(atomic.tags)) &&
-        this.constants.some((c) =>
-          c.values.some((v) => exists(v.tags ?? [])),
-        ) &&
-        this.templates.some((tpl) => exists(tpl.tags)) &&
-        this.arrays.some((array) => exists(array.tags)) &&
-        this.objects.some((object) => exists(object.tags)) &&
-        this.natives.some(
-          (native) => native.name === "Uint8Array" && exists(native.tags),
-        )
-      );
-    })());
-  }
-
-  public isConstant(): boolean {
-    return this.bucket() === (this.constants.length ? 1 : 0);
-  }
-
-  public isRequired(): boolean {
-    return this.required === true && this.optional === false;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  public isUnionBucket(): boolean {
-    const size: number = this.bucket();
-    const emended: number =
-      !!this.atomics.length && !!this.constants.length ? size - 1 : size;
-    return emended > 1;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  public getSoleLiteral(): string | null {
-    if (
-      this.size() === 1 &&
-      this.constants.length === 1 &&
-      this.constants[0]!.type === "string" &&
-      this.constants[0]!.values.length === 1
-    )
-      return this.constants[0]!.values[0]!.value as string;
-    else return null;
-  }
-
-  public isSoleLiteral(): boolean {
-    return this.getSoleLiteral() !== null;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  public isParentResolved(): boolean {
-    return this.parent_resolved_;
-  }
-}
-export namespace Metadata {
-  export const intersects = (x: Metadata, y: Metadata): boolean => {
-    // CHECK ANY & OPTIONAL
-    if (x.any || y.any) return true;
-    if (x.isRequired() === false && false === y.isRequired()) return true;
-    if (x.nullable === true && true === y.nullable) return true;
-    if (!!x.functions.length && !!y.functions.length === true) return true;
-
-    //----
-    // INSTANCES
-    //----
-    // ARRAYS
-    if (x.arrays.length && y.arrays.length) return true;
-    if (x.tuples.length && y.tuples.length) return true;
-    if (x.objects.length && y.objects.length) return true;
-    if (x.aliases.length && y.aliases.length) return true;
-
-    // NATIVES
-    if (x.natives.length && y.natives.length)
-      if (x.natives.some((xn) => y.natives.some((yn) => xn === yn)))
-        return true;
-
-    // ESCAPED
-    if (x.escaped && y.escaped)
-      return (
-        intersects(x.escaped.original, y.escaped.original) ||
-        intersects(x.escaped.returns, y.escaped.returns)
-      );
-
-    //----
-    // VALUES
-    //----
-    // ATOMICS
-    for (const atomic of x.atomics) {
-      if (y.atomics.some((ya) => atomic.type === ya.type)) return true;
-      if (y.constants.some((yc) => atomic.type === yc.type)) return true;
-    }
-
-    // CONSTANTS
-    for (const constant of x.constants) {
-      const atomic: MetadataAtomic | undefined = y.atomics.find(
-        (elem) => elem.type === constant.type,
-      );
-      if (atomic !== undefined) return true;
-
-      const opposite: MetadataConstant | undefined = y.constants.find(
-        (elem) => elem.type === constant.type,
-      );
-      if (opposite === undefined) continue;
-
-      const values: Set<any> = new Set([
-        ...constant.values.map((e) => e.value),
-        ...opposite.values.map((e) => e.value),
-      ]);
-      if (values.size !== constant.values.length + opposite.values.length)
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // TEMPLATES
-    if (!!x.templates.length && y.atomics.some((ya) => ya.type === "string"))
-      return true;
-    else if (
-      !!y.templates.length &&
-      x.atomics.some((xa) => xa.type === "string")
-    )
-      return true;
-    return false;
-  };
-
-  export const covers = (
-    x: Metadata,
-    y: Metadata,
-    level: number = 0,
-    escaped: boolean = false,
-  ): boolean => {
-    // CHECK ANY
-    if (x === y) return false;
-    else if (x.any) return true;
-    else if (y.any) return false;
-
-    if (escaped === false) {
-      if (x.escaped === null && y.escaped !== null) return false;
-      else if (
-        x.escaped !== null &&
-        y.escaped !== null &&
-        (!covers(x.escaped.original, y.escaped.original, level, true) ||
-          !covers(x.escaped.returns, y.escaped.returns, level, true))
-      )
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    //----
-    // INSTANCES
-    //----
-    if (level === 0) {
-      // ARRAYS
-      for (const ya of y.arrays)
-        if (
-          !x.arrays.some((xa) =>
-            covers(xa.type.value, ya.type.value, level + 1),
-          )
-        ) {
-          return false;
-        }
-
-      // TUPLES
-      for (const yt of y.tuples)
-        if (
-          yt.type.elements.length !== 0 &&
-          x.tuples.some(
-            (xt) =>
-              xt.type.elements.length >= yt.type.elements.length &&
-              xt.type.elements
-                .slice(yt.type.elements.length)
-                .every((xv, i) => covers(xv, yt.type.elements[i]!, level + 1)),
-          ) === false
-        )
-          return false;
-    }
-
-    // OBJECTS
-    for (const yo of y.objects)
-      if (
-        x.objects.some((xo) => MetadataObjectType.covers(xo.type, yo.type)) ===
-        false
-      )
-        return false;
-
-    // ALIASES
-    for (const yd of y.aliases)
-      if (x.aliases.some((xd) => xd.type.name === yd.type.name) === false)
-        return false;
-
-    // NATIVES
-    for (const yn of y.natives)
-      if (x.natives.some((xn) => xn === yn) === false) return false;
-
-    // SETS
-    for (const ys of y.sets)
-      if (x.sets.some((xs) => covers(xs.value, ys.value)) === false)
-        return false;
-
-    //----
-    // VALUES
-    //----
-    // ATOMICS
-    if (
-      y.atomics.some(
-        (ya) => x.atomics.some((xa) => xa.type === ya.type) === false,
-      )
-    )
-      return false;
-
-    // CONSTANTS
-    for (const yc of y.constants) {
-      if (x.atomics.some((atom) => yc.type === atom.type)) continue;
-      const xc: MetadataConstant | undefined = x.constants.find(
-        (elem) => elem.type === yc.type,
-      );
-      if (xc === undefined) return false;
-      else if (
-        (yc.values.map((e) => e.value) as number[]).some(
-          (yv) => xc.values.includes(yv as never) === false,
-        )
-      )
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // FUNCTIONAL
-    if (!!x.functions.length === false && !!y.functions.length) return false;
-
-    // SUCCESS
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  export const merge = (x: Metadata, y: Metadata): Metadata => {
-    const output: Metadata = Metadata.create({
-      any: x.any || y.any,
-      nullable: x.nullable || y.nullable,
-      required: x.required && y.required,
-      optional: x.optional || y.optional,
-      functions: x.functions.length ? x.functions : y.functions, // @todo
-      escaped:
-        x.escaped !== null && y.escaped !== null
-          ? MetadataEscaped.create({
-              original: merge(x.escaped.original, y.escaped.original),
-              returns: merge(x.escaped.returns, y.escaped.returns),
-            })
-          : (x.escaped ?? y.escaped),
-      atomics: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.atomics,
-        equals: (x, y) => x.type === y.type,
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.atomics),
-      constants: [...x.constants],
-      templates: x.templates.slice(),
-      rest:
-        x.rest !== null && y.rest !== null
-          ? merge(x.rest, y.rest)
-          : (x.rest ?? y.rest),
-      arrays: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.arrays,
-        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.arrays),
-      tuples: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.tuples,
-        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.tuples),
-      objects: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.objects,
-        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.objects),
-      aliases: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.aliases,
-        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.aliases),
-      natives: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.natives,
-        equals: (x, y) => x.name === y.name,
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.natives),
-      sets: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.sets,
-        equals: (x, y) => x.value.getName() === y.value.getName(),
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.sets),
-      maps: mergeTaggedTypes({
-        container: x.maps,
-        equals: (x, y) =>
-          x.key.getName() === y.key.getName() &&
-          x.value.getName() === y.value.getName(),
-        getter: (x) => x.tags,
-      })(y.maps),
-    });
-    for (const constant of y.constants) {
-      const target: MetadataConstant = ArrayUtil.take(
-        output.constants,
-        (elem) => elem.type === constant.type,
-        () =>
-          MetadataConstant.create({
-            type: constant.type,
-            values: [],
-          }),
-      );
-      for (const value of constant.values)
-        ArrayUtil.add(target.values, value, (a, b) => a.value === b.value);
-    }
-    return output;
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  export const unalias = (w: Metadata) => {
-    const visited: Set<Metadata> = new Set();
-    while (
-      w.size() === 1 &&
-      w.nullable === false &&
-      w.isRequired() === true &&
-      w.aliases.length === 1
-    ) {
-      if (visited.has(w)) break;
-      w = w.aliases[0]!.type.value;
-      visited.add(w);
-    }
-    return w;
-  };
-}
-
-const getName = (metadata: Metadata): string => {
-  if (metadata.any === true) return "any";
-
-  const elements: string[] = [];
-
-  // OPTIONAL
-  if (metadata.nullable === true) elements.push("null");
-  if (metadata.isRequired() === false) elements.push("undefined");
-
-  // ATOMIC
-  for (const atom of metadata.atomics) {
-    elements.push(atom.getName());
-  }
-  for (const constant of metadata.constants)
-    for (const value of constant.values) elements.push(value.getName());
-  for (const template of metadata.templates) elements.push(template.getName());
-
-  // NATIVES
-  for (const native of metadata.natives) elements.push(native.getName());
-  for (const set of metadata.sets) elements.push(set.getName());
-  for (const map of metadata.maps) elements.push(map.getName());
-
-  // INSTANCES
-  if (metadata.rest !== null) elements.push(`...${metadata.rest.getName()}`);
-  for (const tuple of metadata.tuples) elements.push(tuple.type.name);
-  for (const array of metadata.arrays) elements.push(array.getName());
-  for (const object of metadata.objects) elements.push(object.getName());
-  for (const alias of metadata.aliases) elements.push(alias.getName());
-  if (metadata.escaped !== null) elements.push(metadata.escaped.getName());
-
-  // RETURNS
-  if (elements.length === 0) return "unknown";
-  else if (elements.length === 1) return elements[0]!;
-
-  elements.sort();
-  return `(${elements.join(" | ")})`;
-};
-
-const mergeTaggedTypes =
-  <T>(props: {
-    container: T[];
-    equals: (x: T, y: T) => boolean;
-    getter: (x: T) => IMetadataTypeTag[][];
-  }) =>
-  (opposite: T[]) => {
-    const output: T[] = [...props.container];
-    for (const elem of opposite) {
-      const equal = props.container.find((x) => props.equals(x, elem));
-      if (equal === undefined) {
-        output.push(elem);
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      const matrix: string[][] = props
-        .getter(equal)
-        .map((tags) => tags.map((t) => t.name))
-        .sort();
-      for (const tags of props.getter(elem)) {
-        const names: string[] = tags.map((t) => t.name).sort();
-        if (
-          matrix.some(
-            (m) =>
-              m.length === names.length && m.every((s, i) => s === names[i]),
-          )
-        )
-          continue;
-        props.getter(equal).push(tags);
-      }
-    }
-    return output;
-  };
+import { ClassProperties } from "../../typings/ClassProperties";
+
+import { ArrayUtil } from "../../utils/ArrayUtil";
+
+import { IMetadata } from "./IMetadata";
+import { IMetadataDictionary } from "./IMetadataDictionary";
+import { IMetadataTypeTag } from "./IMetadataTypeTag";
+import { MetadataAlias } from "./MetadataAlias";
+import { MetadataArray } from "./MetadataArray";
+import { MetadataAtomic } from "./MetadataAtomic";
+import { MetadataConstant } from "./MetadataConstant";
+import { MetadataEscaped } from "./MetadataEscaped";
+import { MetadataFunction } from "./MetadataFunction";
+import { MetadataMap } from "./MetadataMap";
+import { MetadataNative } from "./MetadataNative";
+import { MetadataObject } from "./MetadataObject";
+import { MetadataObjectType } from "./MetadataObjectType";
+import { MetadataSet } from "./MetadataSet";
+import { MetadataTemplate } from "./MetadataTemplate";
+import { MetadataTuple } from "./MetadataTuple";
+
+export class Metadata {
+  public any: boolean;
+  public required: boolean;
+  public optional: boolean;
+  public nullable: boolean;
+
+  public escaped: MetadataEscaped | null;
+  public atomics: MetadataAtomic[];
+  public constants: MetadataConstant[];
+  public templates: MetadataTemplate[];
+
+  public rest: Metadata | null;
+  public aliases: MetadataAlias[];
+  public arrays: MetadataArray[];
+  public tuples: MetadataTuple[];
+  public objects: MetadataObject[];
+  public functions: MetadataFunction[];
+
+  public natives: MetadataNative[];
+  public sets: MetadataSet[];
+  public maps: MetadataMap[];
+
+  /** @internal */ private name_?: string;
+  /** @internal */ private parent_resolved_: boolean = false;
+  /** @internal */ public union_index?: number;
+  /** @internal */ public fixed_?: number | null;
+  /** @internal */ public boolean_literal_intersected_?: boolean;
+  /** @internal */ private is_sequence_?: boolean;
+
+  /* -----------------------------------------------------------
+    CONSTRUCTORS
+  ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /**
+   * @hidden
+   */
+  private constructor(props: ClassProperties<Metadata>) {
+    this.any = props.any;
+    this.required = props.required;
+    this.optional = props.optional;
+    this.nullable = props.nullable;
+    this.functions = props.functions;
+
+    this.escaped = props.escaped;
+    this.atomics = props.atomics;
+    this.constants = props.constants;
+    this.templates = props.templates;
+
+    this.rest = props.rest;
+    this.arrays = props.arrays;
+    this.tuples = props.tuples;
+    this.objects = props.objects;
+    this.aliases = props.aliases;
+
+    this.natives = props.natives;
+    this.sets = props.sets;
+    this.maps = props.maps;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  public static create(props: ClassProperties<Metadata>): Metadata {
+    return new Metadata(props);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  public static initialize(parentResolved: boolean = false): Metadata {
+    const meta: Metadata = Metadata.create({
+      any: false,
+      nullable: false,
+      required: true,
+      optional: false,
+
+      escaped: null,
+      constants: [],
+      atomics: [],
+      templates: [],
+      arrays: [],
+      tuples: [],
+      objects: [],
+      aliases: [],
+      functions: [],
+
+      rest: null,
+      natives: [],
+      sets: [],
+      maps: [],
+    });
+    meta.parent_resolved_ = parentResolved;
+    return meta;
+  }
+
+  public toJSON(): IMetadata {
+    return {
+      any: this.any,
+      required: this.required,
+      optional: this.optional,
+      nullable: this.nullable,
+      functions: this.functions.map((f) => f.toJSON()),
+
+      atomics: this.atomics.map((a) => a.toJSON()),
+      constants: this.constants.map((c) => c.toJSON()),
+      templates: this.templates.map((tpl) => tpl.toJSON()),
+      escaped: this.escaped ? this.escaped.toJSON() : null,
+
+      rest: this.rest ? this.rest.toJSON() : null,
+      arrays: this.arrays.map((array) => array.toJSON()),
+      tuples: this.tuples.map((tuple) => tuple.toJSON()),
+      objects: this.objects.map((obj) => obj.toJSON()),
+      aliases: this.aliases.map((alias) => alias.toJSON()),
+
+      natives: this.natives.map((native) => native.toJSON()),
+      sets: this.sets.map((set) => set.toJSON()),
+      maps: this.maps.map((map) => map.toJSON()),
+    };
+  }
+
+  public static from(meta: IMetadata, dict: IMetadataDictionary): Metadata {
+    return Metadata.create({
+      any: meta.any,
+      required: meta.required,
+      optional: meta.optional,
+      nullable: meta.nullable,
+      functions: meta.functions.map((f) => MetadataFunction.from(f, dict)),
+
+      constants: meta.constants.map(MetadataConstant.from),
+      atomics: meta.atomics.map(MetadataAtomic.from),
+      templates: meta.templates.map((tpl) => MetadataTemplate.from(tpl, dict)),
+      escaped: meta.escaped ? MetadataEscaped.from(meta.escaped, dict) : null,
+
+      rest: meta.rest ? this.from(meta.rest, dict) : null,
+      arrays: meta.arrays.map((ref) => {
+        const type = dict.arrays.get(ref.name);
+        if (type === undefined)
+          throw new RangeError(
+            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find array "${ref.name}".`,
+          );
+        return MetadataArray.create({
+          type,
+          tags: ref.tags.map((row) => row.slice()),
+        });
+      }),
+      tuples: meta.tuples.map((t) => {
+        const type = dict.tuples.get(t.name);
+        if (type === undefined)
+          throw new RangeError(
+            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find tuple "${t.name}".`,
+          );
+        return MetadataTuple.create({
+          type,
+          tags: t.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
+        });
+      }),
+      objects: meta.objects.map((obj) => {
+        const found = dict.objects.get(obj.name);
+        if (found === undefined)
+          throw new RangeError(
+            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find object "${name}".`,
+          );
+        return MetadataObject.create({
+          type: found,
+          tags: obj.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
+        });
+      }),
+      aliases: meta.aliases.map((alias) => {
+        const type = dict.aliases.get(alias.name);
+        if (type === undefined)
+          throw new RangeError(
+            `Error on Metadata.from(): failed to find alias "${alias}".`,
+          );
+        return MetadataAlias.create({
+          type,
+          tags: alias.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
+        });
+      }),
+      natives: meta.natives.map((native) => MetadataNative.create(native)),
+      sets: meta.sets.map((set) =>
+        MetadataSet.create({
+          value: Metadata.from(set.value, dict),
+          tags: set.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
+        }),
+      ),
+      maps: meta.maps.map((map) =>
+        MetadataMap.create({
+          key: this.from(map.key, dict),
+          value: this.from(map.value, dict),
+          tags: map.tags.map((r) => r.slice()),
+        }),
+      ),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /* -----------------------------------------------------------
+    ACCESSORS
+  ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+  public getName(): string {
+    return (this.name_ ??= getName(this));
+  }
+
+  public empty(): boolean {
+    return this.bucket() === 0 || this.size() === 0;
+  }
+
+  public size(): number {
+    return (
+      (this.any ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.escaped ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.rest ? this.rest.size() : 0) +
+      this.templates.length +
+      this.atomics.length +
+      this.constants.map((c) => c.values.length).reduce((x, y) => x + y, 0) +
+      this.arrays.length +
+      this.tuples.length +
+      this.natives.length +
+      this.maps.length +
+      this.sets.length +
+      this.objects.length +
+      this.functions.length +
+      this.aliases.length
+    );
+  }
+
+  public bucket(): number {
+    return (
+      (this.any ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.escaped ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.templates.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.atomics.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.constants.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.rest ? this.rest.size() : 0) +
+      (this.arrays.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.tuples.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.natives.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.sets.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.maps.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.objects.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.functions.length ? 1 : 0) +
+      (this.aliases.length ? 1 : 0)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  public isSequence(): boolean {
+    return (this.is_sequence_ ??= (() => {
+      const exists = (tags: IMetadataTypeTag[][]): boolean =>
+        tags.some((row) => {
+          const sequence = row.find(
+            (t) =>
+              t.kind === "sequence" &&
+              typeof (t.schema as any)?.["x-protobuf-sequence"] === "number",
+          );
+          if (sequence === undefined) return false;
+          const value: number = Number(
+            (sequence.schema as any)["x-protobuf-sequence"],
+          );
+          return !Number.isNaN(value);
+        });
+      return (
+        this.atomics.some((atomic) => exists(atomic.tags)) &&
+        this.constants.some((c) =>
+          c.values.some((v) => exists(v.tags ?? [])),
+        ) &&
+        this.templates.some((tpl) => exists(tpl.tags)) &&
+        this.arrays.some((array) => exists(array.tags)) &&
+        this.objects.some((object) => exists(object.tags)) &&
+        this.natives.some(
+          (native) => native.name === "Uint8Array" && exists(native.tags),
+        )
+      );
+    })());
+  }
+
+  public isConstant(): boolean {
+    return this.bucket() === (this.constants.length ? 1 : 0);
+  }
+
+  public isRequired(): boolean {
+    return this.required === true && this.optional === false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  public isUnionBucket(): boolean {
+    const size: number = this.bucket();
+    const emended: number =
+      !!this.atomics.length && !!this.constants.length ? size - 1 : size;
+    return emended > 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  public getSoleLiteral(): string | null {
+    if (
+      this.size() === 1 &&
+      this.constants.length === 1 &&
+      this.constants[0]!.type === "string" &&
+      this.constants[0]!.values.length === 1
+    )
+      return this.constants[0]!.values[0]!.value as string;
+    else return null;
+  }
+
+  public isSoleLiteral(): boolean {
+    return this.getSoleLiteral() !== null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  public isParentResolved(): boolean {
+    return this.parent_resolved_;
+  }
+}
+export namespace Metadata {
+  export const intersects = (x: Metadata, y: Metadata): boolean => {
+    // CHECK ANY & OPTIONAL
+    if (x.any || y.any) return true;
+    if (x.isRequired() === false && false === y.isRequired()) return true;
+    if (x.nullable === true && true === y.nullable) return true;
+    if (!!x.functions.length && !!y.functions.length === true) return true;
+
+    //----
+    // INSTANCES
+    //----
+    // ARRAYS
+    if (x.arrays.length && y.arrays.length) return true;
+    if (x.tuples.length && y.tuples.length) return true;
+    if (x.objects.length && y.objects.length) return true;
+    if (x.aliases.length && y.aliases.length) return true;
+
+    // NATIVES
+    if (x.natives.length && y.natives.length)
+      if (x.natives.some((xn) => y.natives.some((yn) => xn === yn)))
+        return true;
+
+    // ESCAPED
+    if (x.escaped && y.escaped)
+      return (
+        intersects(x.escaped.original, y.escaped.original) ||
+        intersects(x.escaped.returns, y.escaped.returns)
+      );
+
+    //----
+    // VALUES
+    //----
+    // ATOMICS
+    for (const atomic of x.atomics) {
+      if (y.atomics.some((ya) => atomic.type === ya.type)) return true;
+      if (y.constants.some((yc) => atomic.type === yc.type)) return true;
+    }
+
+    // CONSTANTS
+    for (const constant of x.constants) {
+      const atomic: MetadataAtomic | undefined = y.atomics.find(
+        (elem) => elem.type === constant.type,
+      );
+      if (atomic !== undefined) return true;
+
+      const opposite: MetadataConstant | undefined = y.constants.find(
+        (elem) => elem.type === constant.type,
+      );
+      if (opposite === undefined) continue;
+
+      const values: Set<any> = new Set([
+        ...constant.values.map((e) => e.value),
+        ...opposite.values.map((e) => e.value),
+      ]);
+      if (values.size !== constant.values.length + opposite.values.length)
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // TEMPLATES
+    if (!!x.templates.length && y.atomics.some((ya) => ya.type === "string"))
+      return true;
+    else if (
+      !!y.templates.length &&
+      x.atomics.some((xa) => xa.type === "string")
+    )
+      return true;
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  export const covers = (
+    x: Metadata,
+    y: Metadata,
+    level: number = 0,
+    escaped: boolean = false,
+  ): boolean => {
+    // CHECK ANY
+    if (x === y) return false;
+    else if (x.any) return true;
+    else if (y.any) return false;
+
+    if (escaped === false) {
+      if (x.escaped === null && y.escaped !== null) return false;
+      else if (
+        x.escaped !== null &&
+        y.escaped !== null &&
+        (!covers(x.escaped.original, y.escaped.original, level, true) ||
+          !covers(x.escaped.returns, y.escaped.returns, level, true))
+      )
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    //----
+    // INSTANCES
+    //----
+    if (level === 0) {
+      // ARRAYS
+      for (const ya of y.arrays)
+        if (
+          !x.arrays.some((xa) =>
+            covers(xa.type.value, ya.type.value, level + 1),
+          )
+        ) {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+      // TUPLES
+      for (const yt of y.tuples)
+        if (
+          yt.type.elements.length !== 0 &&
+          x.tuples.some(
+            (xt) =>
+              xt.type.elements.length >= yt.type.elements.length &&
+              xt.type.elements
+                .slice(yt.type.elements.length)
+                .every((xv, i) => covers(xv, yt.type.elements[i]!, level + 1)),
+          ) === false
+        )
+          return false;
+    }
+
+    // OBJECTS
+    for (const yo of y.objects)
+      if (
+        x.objects.some((xo) => MetadataObjectType.covers(xo.type, yo.type)) ===
+        false
+      )
+        return false;
+
+    // ALIASES
+    for (const yd of y.aliases)
+      if (x.aliases.some((xd) => xd.type.name === yd.type.name) === false)
+        return false;
+
+    // NATIVES
+    for (const yn of y.natives)
+      if (x.natives.some((xn) => xn === yn) === false) return false;
+
+    // SETS
+    for (const ys of y.sets)
+      if (x.sets.some((xs) => covers(xs.value, ys.value)) === false)
+        return false;
+
+    //----
+    // VALUES
+    //----
+    // ATOMICS
+    if (
+      y.atomics.some(
+        (ya) => x.atomics.some((xa) => xa.type === ya.type) === false,
+      )
+    )
+      return false;
+
+    // CONSTANTS
+    for (const yc of y.constants) {
+      if (x.atomics.some((atom) => yc.type === atom.type)) continue;
+      const xc: MetadataConstant | undefined = x.constants.find(
+        (elem) => elem.type === yc.type,
+      );
+      if (xc === undefined) return false;
+      else if (
+        (yc.values.map((e) => e.value) as number[]).some(
+          (yv) => xc.values.includes(yv as never) === false,
+        )
+      )
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // FUNCTIONAL
+    if (!!x.functions.length === false && !!y.functions.length) return false;
+
+    // SUCCESS
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  export const merge = (x: Metadata, y: Metadata): Metadata => {
+    const output: Metadata = Metadata.create({
+      any: x.any || y.any,
+      nullable: x.nullable || y.nullable,
+      required: x.required && y.required,
+      optional: x.optional || y.optional,
+      functions: x.functions.length ? x.functions : y.functions, // @todo
+      escaped:
+        x.escaped !== null && y.escaped !== null
+          ? MetadataEscaped.create({
+              original: merge(x.escaped.original, y.escaped.original),
+              returns: merge(x.escaped.returns, y.escaped.returns),
+            })
+          : (x.escaped ?? y.escaped),
+      atomics: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.atomics,
+        equals: (x, y) => x.type === y.type,
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.atomics),
+      constants: [...x.constants],
+      templates: x.templates.slice(),
+      rest:
+        x.rest !== null && y.rest !== null
+          ? merge(x.rest, y.rest)
+          : (x.rest ?? y.rest),
+      arrays: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.arrays,
+        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.arrays),
+      tuples: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.tuples,
+        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.tuples),
+      objects: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.objects,
+        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.objects),
+      aliases: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.aliases,
+        equals: (x, y) => x.type.name === y.type.name,
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.aliases),
+      natives: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.natives,
+        equals: (x, y) => x.name === y.name,
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.natives),
+      sets: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.sets,
+        equals: (x, y) => x.value.getName() === y.value.getName(),
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.sets),
+      maps: mergeTaggedTypes({
+        container: x.maps,
+        equals: (x, y) =>
+          x.key.getName() === y.key.getName() &&
+          x.value.getName() === y.value.getName(),
+        getter: (x) => x.tags,
+      })(y.maps),
+    });
+    for (const constant of y.constants) {
+      const target: MetadataConstant = ArrayUtil.take(
+        output.constants,
+        (elem) => elem.type === constant.type,
+        () =>
+          MetadataConstant.create({
+            type: constant.type,
+            values: [],
+          }),
+      );
+      for (const value of constant.values)
+        ArrayUtil.add(target.values, value, (a, b) => a.value === b.value);
+    }
+    return output;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  export const unalias = (w: Metadata) => {
+    const visited: Set<Metadata> = new Set();
+    while (
+      w.size() === 1 &&
+      w.nullable === false &&
+      w.isRequired() === true &&
+      w.aliases.length === 1
+    ) {
+      if (visited.has(w)) break;
+      w = w.aliases[0]!.type.value;
+      visited.add(w);
+    }
+    return w;
+  };
+}
+
+const getName = (metadata: Metadata): string => {
+  if (metadata.any === true) return "any";
+
+  const elements: string[] = [];
+
+  // OPTIONAL
+  if (metadata.nullable === true) elements.push("null");
+  if (metadata.isRequired() === false) elements.push("undefined");
+
+  // ATOMIC
+  for (const atom of metadata.atomics) {
+    elements.push(atom.getName());
+  }
+  for (const constant of metadata.constants)
+    for (const value of constant.values) elements.push(value.getName());
+  for (const template of metadata.templates) elements.push(template.getName());
+
+  // NATIVES
+  for (const native of metadata.natives) elements.push(native.getName());
+  for (const set of metadata.sets) elements.push(set.getName());
+  for (const map of metadata.maps) elements.push(map.getName());
+
+  // INSTANCES
+  if (metadata.rest !== null) elements.push(`...${metadata.rest.getName()}`);
+  for (const tuple of metadata.tuples) elements.push(tuple.type.name);
+  for (const array of metadata.arrays) elements.push(array.getName());
+  for (const object of metadata.objects) elements.push(object.getName());
+  for (const alias of metadata.aliases) elements.push(alias.getName());
+  if (metadata.escaped !== null) elements.push(metadata.escaped.getName());
+
+  // RETURNS
+  if (elements.length === 0) return "unknown";
+  else if (elements.length === 1) return elements[0]!;
+
+  elements.sort();
+  return `(${elements.join(" | ")})`;
+};
+
+const mergeTaggedTypes =
+  <T>(props: {
+    container: T[];
+    equals: (x: T, y: T) => boolean;
+    getter: (x: T) => IMetadataTypeTag[][];
+  }) =>
+  (opposite: T[]) => {
+    const output: T[] = [...props.container];
+    for (const elem of opposite) {
+      const equal = props.container.find((x) => props.equals(x, elem));
+      if (equal === undefined) {
+        output.push(elem);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const matrix: string[][] = props
+        .getter(equal)
+        .map((tags) => tags.map((t) => t.name))
+        .sort();
+      for (const tags of props.getter(elem)) {
+        const names: string[] = tags.map((t) => t.name).sort();
+        if (
+          matrix.some(
+            (m) =>
+              m.length === names.length && m.every((s, i) => s === names[i]),
+          )
+        )
+          continue;
+        props.getter(equal).push(tags);
+      }
+    }
+    return output;
+  };