typegpu 0.8.0 → 0.8.1

package/index.cjs.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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{ $gpuValueOf } from './shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type { WithGPUValue } from './types.ts';\n\nexport function getGPUValue(\n  object: unknown,\n): WithGPUValue<unknown>[typeof $gpuValueOf] | undefined {\n  return (object as WithGPUValue<unknown>)?.[$gpuValueOf];\n}\n","import type { AnyData } from '../data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport { snip, type Snippet } from '../data/snippet.ts';\nimport { getGPUValue } from '../getGPUValue.ts';\nimport { $internal, $ownSnippet, $resolve } from '../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport { getTypeForPropAccess } from '../tgsl/generationHelpers.ts';\nimport {\n  getOwnSnippet,\n  type SelfResolvable,\n  type WithOwnSnippet,\n} from '../types.ts';\n\nexport const valueProxyHandler: ProxyHandler<\n  SelfResolvable & WithOwnSnippet\n> = {\n  get(target, prop) {\n    if (prop in target) {\n      return Reflect.get(target, prop);\n    }\n\n    if (\n      prop === 'toString' ||\n      prop === Symbol.toStringTag ||\n      prop === Symbol.toPrimitive\n    ) {\n      return () => target.toString();\n    }\n\n    if (typeof prop === 'symbol') {\n      return undefined;\n    }\n\n    const targetSnippet = getOwnSnippet(target) as Snippet;\n    const targetDataType = targetSnippet.dataType as AnyData;\n    const propType = getTypeForPropAccess(targetDataType, String(prop));\n    if (propType.type === 'unknown') {\n      // Prop was not found, must be missing from this object\n      return undefined;\n    }\n\n    return new Proxy({\n      [$internal]: true,\n      [$resolve]: (ctx) =>\n        snip(`${ctx.resolve(target).value}.${String(prop)}`, propType),\n      get [$ownSnippet]() {\n        return snip(this, propType);\n      },\n      toString: () => `${String(target)}.${prop}`,\n    }, valueProxyHandler);\n  },\n};\n\nexport function getGpuValueRecursively<T>(value: unknown): T {\n  let unwrapped = value;\n\n  while (true) {\n    const gpuValue = getGPUValue(unwrapped);\n    if (!gpuValue) {\n      break;\n    }\n    unwrapped = gpuValue;\n  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'../../shared/utilityTypes.ts';\nimport type { ResolutionCtx } from '../../types.ts';\nimport { isAttribute } from '../vertexLayout/connectAttributesToShader.ts';\n\n/**\n * Schemas for which their `type` property directly\n * translates to the resulting WGSL code.\n */\nconst identityTypes = [\n  'bool',\n  'f32',\n  'f16',\n  'i32',\n  'u32',\n  'vec2f',\n  'vec3f',\n  'vec4f',\n  'vec2h',\n  'vec3h',\n  'vec4h',\n  'vec2i',\n  'vec3i',\n  'vec4i',\n  'vec2u',\n  'vec3u',\n  'vec4u',\n  'vec2<bool>',\n  'vec3<bool>',\n  'vec4<bool>',\n  'mat2x2f',\n  'mat3x3f',\n  'mat4x4f',\n  'texture_external',\n];\n\ntype IdentityType =\n  | Bool\n  | F32\n  | F16\n  | I32\n  | U32\n  | Vec2f\n  | Vec3f\n  | Vec4f\n  | Vec2h\n  | Vec3h\n  | Vec4h\n  | Vec2i\n  | Vec3i\n  | Vec4i\n  | Vec2u\n  | Vec3u\n  | Vec4u\n  | Vec2b\n  | Vec3b\n  | Vec4b\n  | Mat2x2f\n  | Mat3x3f\n  | Mat4x4f\n  | WgslExternalTexture;\n\nfunction isIdentityType(data: AnyWgslData): data is IdentityType {\n  return identityTypes.includes(data.type);\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves a single property of a struct.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param key - The key of the property.\n * @param property - The property itself.\n *\n * @returns The resolved property string.\n */\nfunction resolveStructProperty(\n  ctx: ResolutionCtx,\n  [key, property]: [string, BaseData],\n) {\n  if (!isValidIdentifier(key)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Property key '${key}' is a reserved WGSL word. Choose a different name.`,\n    );\n  }\n  return `  ${getAttributesString(property)}${key}: ${\n    ctx.resolve(property as AnyWgslData).value\n  },\\n`;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves a struct and adds its declaration to the resolution context.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param struct - The struct to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved struct name.\n */\nfunction resolveStruct(ctx: ResolutionCtx, struct: WgslStruct) {\n  if (struct[$internal].isAbstruct) {\n    throw new Error('Cannot resolve abstract struct types to WGSL.');\n  }\n  const id = ctx.getUniqueName(struct);\n\n  ctx.addDeclaration(`\\\nstruct ${id} {\n${\n    Object.entries(struct.propTypes as Record<string, BaseData>)\n      .map((prop) => resolveStructProperty(ctx, prop))\n      .join('')\n  }\\\n}`);\n\n  return id;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves an unstruct (struct that does not align data by default) to its struct data counterpart.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param unstruct - The unstruct to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved unstruct name.\n *\n * @example\n * ```ts\n * resolveUnstruct(ctx, {\n *   uv: d.float16x2, // -> d.vec2f after resolution\n *   color: d.snorm8x4, -> d.vec4f after resolution\n * });\n * ```\n */\nfunction resolveUnstruct(ctx: ResolutionCtx, unstruct: Unstruct) {\n  const id = ctx.getUniqueName(unstruct);\n\n  ctx.addDeclaration(`\\\nstruct ${id} {\n${\n    Object.entries(unstruct.propTypes as Record<string, BaseData>)\n      .map((prop) =>\n        isAttribute(prop[1])\n          ? resolveStructProperty(ctx, [\n            prop[0],\n            formatToWGSLType[prop[1].format],\n          ])\n          : resolveStructProperty(ctx, prop)\n      )\n      .join('')\n  }\n}`);\n\n  return id;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves an array.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param array - The array to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved array name along with its element type and count (if not runtime-sized).\n *\n * @example\n * ```ts\n * resolveArray(ctx, d.arrayOf(d.u32, 0)); // 'array<u32>' (not a real pattern, a function is preferred)\n * resolveArray(ctx, d.arrayOf(d.u32, 5)); // 'array<u32, 5>'\n * ```\n */\nfunction resolveArray(ctx: ResolutionCtx, array: WgslArray) {\n  const element = ctx.resolve(array.elementType as AnyWgslData).value;\n\n  return array.elementCount === 0\n    ? `array<${element}>`\n    : `array<${element}, ${array.elementCount}>`;\n}\n\nfunction resolveDisarray(ctx: ResolutionCtx, disarray: Disarray) {\n  const element = ctx.resolve(\n    isAttribute(disarray.elementType)\n      ? formatToWGSLType[disarray.elementType.format]\n      : (disarray.elementType as AnyWgslData),\n  ).value;\n\n  return disarray.elementCount === 0\n    ? `array<${element}>`\n    : `array<${element}, ${disarray.elementCount}>`;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves a WGSL data-type schema to a string.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param data - The data-type to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved data-type string.\n */\nexport function resolveData(ctx: ResolutionCtx, data: AnyData): string {\n  if (isLooseData(data)) {\n    if (data.type === 'unstruct') {\n      return resolveUnstruct(ctx, data);\n    }\n\n    if (data.type === 'disarray') {\n      return resolveDisarray(ctx, data);\n    }\n\n    if (data.type === 'loose-decorated') {\n      return ctx.resolve(\n        isAttribute(data.inner)\n          ? formatToWGSLType[data.inner.format]\n          : data.inner,\n      ).value;\n    }\n\n    return ctx.resolve(formatToWGSLType[data.type]).value;\n  }\n\n  if (isIdentityType(data)) {\n    return data.type;\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'struct') {\n    return resolveStruct(ctx, data);\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'array') {\n    return resolveArray(ctx, data);\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'atomic') {\n    return `atomic<${resolveData(ctx, data.inner)}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'decorated') {\n    return ctx.resolve(data.inner as AnyWgslData).value;\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'ptr') {\n    if (data.addressSpace === 'storage') {\n      return `ptr<storage, ${ctx.resolve(data.inner).value}, ${\n        data.access === 'read-write' ? 'read_write' : data.access\n      }>`;\n    }\n    return `ptr<${data.addressSpace}, ${ctx.resolve(data.inner).value}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (\n    data.type === 'abstractInt' ||\n    data.type === 'abstractFloat' ||\n    data.type === 'void' ||\n    data.type === 'u16'\n  ) {\n    throw new Error(`${data.type} has no representation in WGSL`);\n  }\n\n  if (isWgslStorageTexture(data)) {\n    return `${data.type}<${data.format}, ${accessModeMap[data.access]}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (isWgslTexture(data)) {\n    return data.type.startsWith('texture_depth')\n      ? data.type\n      : `${data.type}<${data.sampleType.type}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (isWgslComparisonSampler(data) || isWgslSampler(data)) {\n    return data.type;\n  }\n\n  assertExhaustive(data, 'resolveData');\n}\n","import { Measurer } from 'typed-binary';\nimport { roundUp } from '../mathUtils.ts';\nimport alignIO from './alignIO.ts';\nimport { alignmentOf, customAlignmentOf } from './alignmentOf.ts';\nimport { isUnstruct, type Unstruct } from './dataTypes.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from './sizeOf.ts';\nimport type { BaseData, WgslStruct } from './wgslTypes.ts';\n\nexport interface OffsetInfo {\n  offset: number;\n  size: number;\n  padding?: number | undefined;\n}\n\nconst cachedOffsets = new WeakMap<\n  WgslStruct | Unstruct,\n  Record<string, OffsetInfo>\n>();\n\nexport function offsetsForProps<T extends Record<string, BaseData>>(\n  struct: WgslStruct<T> | Unstruct<T>,\n): Record<keyof T, OffsetInfo> {\n  const cached = cachedOffsets.get(struct);\n  if (cached) {\n    return cached as Record<keyof T, OffsetInfo>;\n  }\n\n  const measurer = new Measurer();\n  const offsets = {} as Record<keyof T, OffsetInfo>;\n  let lastEntry: OffsetInfo | undefined;\n\n  for (const key in struct.propTypes) {\n    const prop = struct.propTypes[key];\n    if (prop === undefined) {\n      throw new Error(`Property ${key} is undefined in struct`);\n    }\n\n    const beforeAlignment = measurer.size;\n\n    alignIO(\n      measurer,\n      isUnstruct(struct) ? customAlignmentOf(prop) : alignmentOf(prop),\n    );\n\n    if (lastEntry) {\n      lastEntry.padding = measurer.size - beforeAlignment;\n    }\n\n    const propSize = sizeOf(prop);\n    offsets[key] = { offset: measurer.size, size: propSize };\n    lastEntry = offsets[key];\n    measurer.add(propSize);\n  }\n\n  if (lastEntry) {\n    lastEntry.padding = roundUp(sizeOf(struct), alignmentOf(struct)) -\n      measurer.size;\n  }\n\n  cachedOffsets.set(\n    struct as\n      | WgslStruct<Record<string, BaseData>>\n      | Unstruct<Record<string, BaseData>>,\n    offsets,\n  );\n\n  return offsets;\n}\n","import { roundUp } from '../mathUtils.ts';\nimport type { Infer } from '../shared/repr.ts';\nimport { alignmentOf } from './alignmentOf.ts';\nimport { isDisarray, isUnstruct } from './dataTypes.ts';\nimport { offsetsForProps } from './offsets.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from './sizeOf.ts';\nimport { formatToWGSLType, isPackedData } from './vertexFormatData.ts';\nimport * as wgsl from './wgslTypes.ts';\n\nexport const EVAL_ALLOWED_IN_ENV: boolean = (() => {\n  try {\n    new Function('return true');\n    return true;\n  } catch {\n    return false;\n  }\n})();\n\nconst compiledWriters = new WeakMap<\n  wgsl.BaseData,\n  (\n    output: DataView,\n    offset: number,\n    value: unknown,\n    littleEndian?: boolean,\n  ) => void\n>();\n\nconst typeToPrimitive = {\n  u32: 'u32',\n  vec2u: 'u32',\n  vec3u: 'u32',\n  vec4u: 'u32',\n  u16: 'u16',\n\n  i32: 'i32',\n  vec2i: 'i32',\n  vec3i: 'i32',\n  vec4i: 'i32',\n\n  f32: 'f32',\n  vec2f: 'f32',\n  vec3f: 'f32',\n  vec4f: 'f32',\n\n  f16: 'f16',\n  vec2h: 'f16',\n  vec3h: 'f16',\n  vec4h: 'f16',\n\n  mat2x2f: 'f32',\n  mat3x3f: 'f32',\n  mat4x4f: 'f32',\n} as const;\n\nconst vertexFormatToPrimitive = {\n  uint8: 'u8',\n  uint8x2: 'u8',\n  uint8x4: 'u8',\n  sint8: 'i8',\n  sint8x2: 'i8',\n  sint8x4: 'i8',\n  unorm8: 'u8',\n  unorm8x2: 'u8',\n  unorm8x4: 'u8',\n  snorm8: 'i8',\n  snorm8x2: 'i8',\n  snorm8x4: 'i8',\n  uint16: 'u16',\n  uint16x2: 'u16',\n  uint16x4: 'u16',\n  sint16: 'i16',\n  sint16x2: 'i16',\n  sint16x4: 'i16',\n  unorm16: 'u16',\n  unorm16x2: 'u16',\n  unorm16x4: 'u16',\n  snorm16: 'i16',\n  snorm16x2: 'i16',\n  snorm16x4: 'i16',\n  float16: 'f16',\n  float16x2: 'f16',\n  float16x4: 'f16',\n  float32: 'f32',\n  float32x2: 'f32',\n  float32x3: 'f32',\n  float32x4: 'f32',\n  uint32: 'u32',\n  uint32x2: 'u32',\n  uint32x3: 'u32',\n  uint32x4: 'u32',\n  sint32: 'i32',\n  sint32x2: 'i32',\n  sint32x3: 'i32',\n  sint32x4: 'i32',\n} as const;\n\nconst primitiveToWriteFunction = {\n  u32: 'setUint32',\n  i32: 'setInt32',\n  f32: 'setFloat32',\n  u16: 'setUint16',\n  i16: 'setInt16',\n  f16: 'setFloat16',\n  u8: 'setUint8',\n  i8: 'setInt8',\n} as const;\n\n/**\n * @privateRemarks\n * based on the `Channel Formats` table https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#texel-formats\n */\nconst vertexFormatValueTransform = {\n  unorm8: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 255)`,\n  unorm8x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 255)`,\n  unorm8x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 255)`,\n  snorm8: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 127)`,\n  snorm8x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 127)`,\n  snorm8x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 127)`,\n  unorm16: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 65535)`,\n  unorm16x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 65535)`,\n  unorm16x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 65535)`,\n  snorm16: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 32767)`,\n  snorm16x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 32767)`,\n  snorm16x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 32767)`,\n} as const;\n\nconst specialPackedFormats = {\n  'unorm10-10-10-2': {\n    writeFunction: 'setUint32',\n    generator: (offsetExpr: string, valueExpr: string) =>\n      `output.setUint32(${offsetExpr}, ((${valueExpr}.x*1023&0x3FF)<<22)|((${valueExpr}.y*1023&0x3FF)<<12)|((${valueExpr}.z*1023&0x3FF)<<2)|(${valueExpr}.w*3&3), littleEndian);\\n`,\n  },\n  'unorm8x4-bgra': {\n    writeFunction: 'setUint8',\n    generator: (offsetExpr: string, valueExpr: string) => {\n      const bgraComponents = ['z', 'y', 'x', 'w'];\n      let code = '';\n      for (let idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {\n        code +=\n          `output.setUint8((${offsetExpr} + ${idx}), Math.round(${valueExpr}.${\n            bgraComponents[idx]\n          } * 255), littleEndian);\\n`;\n      }\n      return code;\n    },\n  },\n} as const;\n\nexport function buildWriter(\n  node: wgsl.BaseData,\n  offsetExpr: string,\n  valueExpr: string,\n  depth = 0,\n): string {\n  const loopVar = ['i', 'j', 'k'][depth] || `i${depth}`;\n\n  if (wgsl.isAtomic(node) || wgsl.isDecorated(node)) {\n    return buildWriter(node.inner, offsetExpr, valueExpr, depth);\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isWgslStruct(node) || isUnstruct(node)) {\n    const propOffsets = offsetsForProps(node);\n    let code = '';\n    for (const [key, propOffset] of Object.entries(propOffsets)) {\n      const subSchema = node.propTypes[key];\n      if (!subSchema) continue;\n      code += buildWriter(\n        subSchema,\n        `(${offsetExpr} + ${propOffset.offset})`,\n        `${valueExpr}.${key}`,\n        depth,\n      );\n    }\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isWgslArray(node) || isDisarray(node)) {\n    const elementSize = roundUp(\n      sizeOf(node.elementType),\n      alignmentOf(node),\n    );\n    let code = '';\n\n    code +=\n      `for (let ${loopVar} = 0; ${loopVar} < ${node.elementCount}; ${loopVar}++) {\\n`;\n    code += buildWriter(\n      node.elementType,\n      `(${offsetExpr} + ${loopVar} * ${elementSize})`,\n      `${valueExpr}[${loopVar}]`,\n      depth + 1,\n    );\n    code += '}\\n';\n\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isVec(node)) {\n    const primitive = typeToPrimitive[node.type];\n    let code = '';\n    const writeFunc = primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive];\n    const components = ['x', 'y', 'z', 'w'];\n    const count = wgsl.isVec2(node) ? 2 : wgsl.isVec3(node) ? 3 : 4;\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n      code += `output.${writeFunc}((${offsetExpr} + ${i * 4}), ${valueExpr}.${\n        components[i]\n      }, littleEndian);\\n`;\n    }\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isMat(node)) {\n    const primitive = typeToPrimitive[node.type];\n    const writeFunc = primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive];\n\n    const matSize = wgsl.isMat2x2f(node) ? 2 : wgsl.isMat3x3f(node) ? 3 : 4;\n    const elementCount = matSize * matSize;\n    const rowStride = roundUp(matSize * 4, 8);\n\n    let code = '';\n    for (let idx = 0; idx < elementCount; idx++) {\n      const colIndex = Math.floor(idx / matSize);\n      const rowIndex = idx % matSize;\n      const byteOffset = colIndex * rowStride + rowIndex * 4;\n\n      code +=\n        `output.${writeFunc}((${offsetExpr} + ${byteOffset}), ${valueExpr}.columns[${colIndex}].${\n          ['x', 'y', 'z', 'w'][rowIndex]\n        }, littleEndian);\\n`;\n    }\n\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (isPackedData(node)) {\n    const formatName = node.type;\n\n    if (formatName in specialPackedFormats) {\n      const handler =\n        specialPackedFormats[formatName as keyof typeof specialPackedFormats];\n      return handler.generator(offsetExpr, valueExpr);\n    }\n\n    const primitive = vertexFormatToPrimitive[\n      formatName as keyof typeof vertexFormatToPrimitive\n    ];\n    const writeFunc = primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive];\n    const wgslType = formatToWGSLType[formatName];\n    const componentCount = wgsl.isVec4(wgslType)\n      ? 4\n      : wgsl.isVec3(wgslType)\n      ? 3\n      : wgsl.isVec2(wgslType)\n      ? 2\n      : 1;\n    const componentSize = primitive === 'u8' || primitive === 'i8'\n      ? 1\n      : primitive === 'u16' || primitive === 'i16' || primitive === 'f16'\n      ? 2\n      : 4;\n    const components = ['x', 'y', 'z', 'w'];\n    const transform = vertexFormatValueTransform[\n      formatName as keyof typeof vertexFormatValueTransform\n    ];\n\n    let code = '';\n    for (let idx = 0; idx < componentCount; idx++) {\n      const accessor = componentCount === 1\n        ? valueExpr\n        : `${valueExpr}.${components[idx]}`;\n      const value = transform ? transform(accessor) : accessor;\n      code += `output.${writeFunc}((${offsetExpr} + ${\n        idx * componentSize\n      }), ${value}, littleEndian);\\n`;\n    }\n\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (!Object.hasOwn(typeToPrimitive, node.type)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Primitive ${node.type} is unsupported by compiled writer`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const primitive = typeToPrimitive[node.type as keyof typeof typeToPrimitive];\n  return `output.${\n    primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive]\n  }(${offsetExpr}, ${valueExpr}, littleEndian);\\n`;\n}\n\nexport function getCompiledWriterForSchema<T extends wgsl.BaseData>(\n  schema: T,\n):\n  | ((\n    output: DataView,\n    offset: number,\n    value: Infer<T>,\n    littleEndian?: boolean,\n  ) => void)\n  | undefined {\n  if (!EVAL_ALLOWED_IN_ENV) {\n    console.warn(\n      'This environment does not allow eval - using default writer as fallback',\n    );\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  if (compiledWriters.has(schema)) {\n    return compiledWriters.get(schema) as (\n      output: DataView,\n      offset: number,\n      value: Infer<T>,\n      littleEndian?: boolean,\n    ) => void;\n  }\n\n  try {\n    const body = buildWriter(schema, 'offset', 'value', 0);\n\n    const fn = new Function(\n      'output',\n      'offset',\n      'value',\n      'littleEndian=true',\n      body,\n    ) as (\n      output: DataView,\n      offset: number,\n      value: Infer<T> | unknown,\n      littleEndian?: boolean,\n    ) => void;\n\n    compiledWriters.set(schema, fn);\n\n    return fn;\n  } catch (error) {\n    console.warn(\n      `Failed to compile writer for schema: ${schema}\\nReason: ${\n        error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)\n      }\\nFalling back to default writer`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n","import type { ISerialInput, ISerialOutput } from 'typed-binary';\nimport type { Infer, InferRecord } from '../shared/repr.ts';\nimport alignIO from './alignIO.ts';\nimport { alignmentOf, customAlignmentOf } from './alignmentOf.ts';\nimport type {\n  AnyConcreteData,\n  AnyData,\n  Disarray,\n  LooseDecorated,\n  Unstruct,\n} from './dataTypes.ts';\nimport { mat2x2f, mat3x3f, mat4x4f } from './matrix.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from './sizeOf.ts';\nimport {\n  vec2f,\n  vec2h,\n  vec2i,\n  vec2u,\n  vec3f,\n  vec3h,\n  vec3i,\n  vec3u,\n  vec4f,\n  vec4h,\n  vec4i,\n  vec4u,\n} from './vector.ts';\nimport type * as wgsl from './wgslTypes.ts';\n\ntype DataWriter<TSchema extends wgsl.BaseData> = (\n  output: ISerialOutput,\n  schema: TSchema,\n  value: Infer<TSchema>,\n) => void;\n\ntype DataReader<TSchema extends wgsl.BaseData> = (\n  input: ISerialInput,\n  schema: TSchema,\n) => Infer<TSchema>;\n\ntype CompleteDataWriters = {\n  [TType in AnyConcreteData['type']]: DataWriter<\n    Extract<AnyData, { readonly type: TType }>\n  >;\n};\n\ntype CompleteDataReaders = {\n  [TType in AnyConcreteData['type']]: DataReader<\n    Extract<AnyData, { readonly type: TType }>\n  >;\n};\n\nconst dataWriters = {\n  bool() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  f32(output, _schema: wgsl.F32, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value);\n  },\n\n  f16(output, _schema: wgsl.F16, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value);\n  },\n\n  i32(output, _schema: wgsl.I32, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt32(value);\n  },\n\n  u32(output, _schema: wgsl.U32, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint32(value);\n  },\n\n  u16(output, _schema: wgsl.U16, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint16(value);\n  },\n\n  vec2f(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n  },\n\n  vec2h(output, _, value: wgsl.v2h) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n  },\n\n  vec2i(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n  },\n\n  vec2u(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n  },\n\n  'vec2<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  vec3f(output, _, value: wgsl.v3f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n  },\n\n  vec3h(output, _, value: wgsl.v3h) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.z);\n  },\n\n  vec3i(output, _, value: wgsl.v3i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n  },\n\n  vec3u(output, _, value: wgsl.v3u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n  },\n\n  'vec3<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  vec4f(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.w);\n  },\n\n  vec4h(output, _, value: wgsl.v4h) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.w);\n  },\n\n  vec4i(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n    output.writeInt32(value.w);\n  },\n\n  vec4u(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n    output.writeUint32(value.w);\n  },\n\n  'vec4<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  mat2x2f(output, _, value: wgsl.m2x2f) {\n    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; ++i) {\n      output.writeFloat32(value[i] as number);\n    }\n  },\n\n  mat3x3f(output, _, value: wgsl.m3x3f) {\n    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; ++i) {\n      output.writeFloat32(value[i] as number);\n    }\n  },\n\n  mat4x4f(output, _, value: wgsl.m4x4f) {\n    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; ++i) {\n      output.writeFloat32(value[i] as number);\n    }\n  },\n\n  struct(\n    output,\n    schema: wgsl.WgslStruct,\n    value: InferRecord<Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>>,\n  ) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(schema.propTypes)) {\n      alignIO(output, alignmentOf(property as wgsl.BaseData));\n      writeData(output, property as wgsl.BaseData, value[key]);\n    }\n\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n  },\n\n  array(output, schema: wgsl.WgslArray, value: Infer<wgsl.BaseData>[]) {\n    if (schema.elementCount === 0) {\n      throw new Error('Cannot write using a runtime-sized schema.');\n    }\n\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(schema.elementCount, value.length); i++) {\n      alignIO(output, alignment);\n      writeData(output, schema.elementType, value[i]);\n    }\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n  },\n\n  ptr() {\n    throw new Error('Pointers are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  atomic(output, schema: wgsl.Atomic, value: number) {\n    dataWriters[schema.inner.type]?.(output, schema, value);\n  },\n\n  decorated(output, schema: wgsl.Decorated, value: unknown) {\n    const alignment = customAlignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    dataWriters[(schema.inner as AnyData)?.type]?.(output, schema.inner, value);\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n  },\n\n  // Loose Types\n\n  uint8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint8(value);\n  },\n  uint8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint8(value.x);\n    output.writeUint8(value.y);\n  },\n  uint8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint8(value.x);\n    output.writeUint8(value.y);\n    output.writeUint8(value.z);\n    output.writeUint8(value.w);\n  },\n  sint8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt8(value);\n  },\n  sint8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt8(value.x);\n    output.writeInt8(value.y);\n  },\n  sint8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt8(value.x);\n    output.writeInt8(value.y);\n    output.writeInt8(value.z);\n    output.writeInt8(value.w);\n  },\n  unorm8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value * 255));\n  },\n  unorm8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.x * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.y * 255));\n  },\n  unorm8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.x * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.y * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.z * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.w * 255));\n  },\n  snorm8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value * 127));\n  },\n  snorm8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.x * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.y * 127));\n  },\n  snorm8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.x * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.y * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.z * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.w * 127));\n  },\n  uint16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint16(value);\n  },\n  uint16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y);\n  },\n  uint16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y);\n    output.writeUint16(value.z);\n    output.writeUint16(value.w);\n  },\n  sint16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt16(value);\n  },\n  sint16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt16(value.x);\n    output.writeInt16(value.y);\n  },\n  sint16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt16(value.x);\n    output.writeInt16(value.y);\n    output.writeInt16(value.z);\n    output.writeInt16(value.w);\n  },\n  unorm16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint16(value * 65535);\n  },\n  unorm16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y * 65535);\n  },\n  unorm16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.z * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.w * 65535);\n  },\n  snorm16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value * 32767));\n  },\n  snorm16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.x * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.y * 32767));\n  },\n  snorm16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.x * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.y * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.z * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.w * 32767));\n  },\n  float16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value);\n  },\n  float16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n  },\n  float16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.w);\n  },\n  float32(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value);\n  },\n  float32x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n  },\n  float32x3(output, _, value: wgsl.v3f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n  },\n  float32x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.w);\n  },\n  uint32(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint32(value);\n  },\n  uint32x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n  },\n  uint32x3(output, _, value: wgsl.v3u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n  },\n  uint32x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n    output.writeUint32(value.w);\n  },\n  sint32(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt32(value);\n  },\n  sint32x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n  },\n  sint32x3(output, _, value: wgsl.v3i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n  },\n  sint32x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n    output.writeInt32(value.w);\n  },\n  'unorm10-10-10-2'(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    let packed = 0;\n    packed |= ((value.x * 1023) & 1023) << 22; // r (10 bits)\n    packed |= ((value.y * 1023) & 1023) << 12; // g (10 bits)\n    packed |= ((value.z * 1023) & 1023) << 2; // b (10 bits)\n    packed |= (value.w * 3) & 3; // a (2 bits)\n    output.writeUint32(packed);\n  },\n  'unorm8x4-bgra'(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeUint8(value.z * 255);\n    output.writeUint8(value.y * 255);\n    output.writeUint8(value.x * 255);\n    output.writeUint8(value.w * 255);\n  },\n\n  disarray(output, schema: Disarray, value: unknown[]) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(schema.elementCount, value.length); i++) {\n      alignIO(output, alignment);\n      dataWriters[(schema.elementType as AnyData)?.type]?.(\n        output,\n        schema.elementType,\n        value[i],\n      );\n    }\n\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n  },\n\n  unstruct(output, schema: Unstruct, value) {\n    const propTypes = schema.propTypes as Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>;\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(propTypes)) {\n      dataWriters[property.type]?.(output, property, value[key]);\n    }\n  },\n\n  'loose-decorated'(output, schema: LooseDecorated, value: unknown) {\n    const alignment = customAlignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    const writer = dataWriters[(schema.inner as AnyData)?.type];\n    writer?.(output, schema.inner, value);\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n    return value;\n  },\n  // TODO: Move texture IO logic here after we expand repr to have in/out variants\n} satisfies CompleteDataWriters as Record<\n  string,\n  (output: ISerialOutput, schema: unknown, value: unknown) => void\n>;\n\nexport function writeData<TData extends wgsl.BaseData>(\n  output: ISerialOutput,\n  schema: TData,\n  value: Infer<TData>,\n): void {\n  const writer = dataWriters[schema.type];\n  if (!writer) {\n    throw new Error(`Cannot write data of type '${schema.type}'.`);\n  }\n\n  writer(output, schema, value);\n}\n\nconst dataReaders = {\n  bool(): boolean {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  f32(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readFloat32();\n  },\n\n  f16(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readFloat16();\n  },\n\n  i32(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readInt32();\n  },\n\n  u32(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readUint32();\n  },\n\n  u16(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readUint16();\n  },\n\n  vec2f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v2f {\n    return vec2f(input.readFloat32(), input.readFloat32());\n  },\n\n  vec3f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3f {\n    return vec3f(input.readFloat32(), input.readFloat32(), input.readFloat32());\n  },\n\n  vec4f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4f {\n    return vec4f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  vec2h(input): wgsl.v2h {\n    return vec2h(input.readFloat16(), input.readFloat16());\n  },\n\n  vec3h(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3h {\n    return vec3h(input.readFloat16(), input.readFloat16(), input.readFloat16());\n  },\n\n  vec4h(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4h {\n    return vec4h(\n      input.readFloat16(),\n      input.readFloat16(),\n      input.readFloat16(),\n      input.readFloat16(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  vec2i(input): wgsl.v2i {\n    return vec2i(input.readInt32(), input.readInt32());\n  },\n\n  vec3i(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3i {\n    return vec3i(input.readInt32(), input.readInt32(), input.readInt32());\n  },\n\n  vec4i(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4i {\n    return vec4i(\n      input.readInt32(),\n      input.readInt32(),\n      input.readInt32(),\n      input.readInt32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  vec2u(input): wgsl.v2u {\n    return vec2u(input.readUint32(), input.readUint32());\n  },\n\n  vec3u(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3u {\n    return vec3u(input.readUint32(), input.readUint32(), input.readUint32());\n  },\n\n  vec4u(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4u {\n    return vec4u(\n      input.readUint32(),\n      input.readUint32(),\n      input.readUint32(),\n      input.readUint32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  'vec2<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  'vec3<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  'vec4<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  mat2x2f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.m2x2f {\n    return mat2x2f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  mat3x3f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.m3x3f {\n    const skipOneAfter = () => {\n      const value = input.readFloat32();\n      input.readFloat32(); // skipping;\n      return value;\n    };\n\n    return mat3x3f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      skipOneAfter(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      skipOneAfter(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      skipOneAfter(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  mat4x4f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.m4x4f {\n    return mat4x4f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  struct(input: ISerialInput, schema: wgsl.WgslStruct) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    const result = {} as Record<string, unknown>;\n\n    const propTypes = schema.propTypes as Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>;\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(propTypes)) {\n      alignIO(input, alignmentOf(property));\n      result[key] = readData(input, property);\n    }\n\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    return result as InferRecord<Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>>;\n  },\n\n  array(input, schema) {\n    if (schema.elementCount === 0) {\n      throw new Error('Cannot read using a runtime-sized schema.');\n    }\n\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    const elements: unknown[] = [];\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < schema.elementCount; i++) {\n      alignIO(input, alignment);\n      const elementType = schema.elementType as wgsl.AnyWgslData;\n      const value = readData(input, elementType);\n      elements.push(value);\n    }\n\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    return elements as never[];\n  },\n\n  ptr() {\n    throw new Error('Pointers are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  atomic(input, schema: wgsl.Atomic): number {\n    return readData(input, schema.inner);\n  },\n\n  decorated(input, schema: wgsl.Decorated) {\n    const alignment = customAlignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n\n    const beginning = input.currentByteOffset;\n    const value = readData(input, schema.inner);\n    input.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n    return value as never;\n  },\n\n  // Loose Types\n\n  uint8: (i) => i.readUint8(),\n  uint8x2: (i) => vec2u(i.readUint8(), i.readUint8()),\n  uint8x4: (i) =>\n    vec4u(i.readUint8(), i.readUint8(), i.readUint8(), i.readUint8()),\n  sint8: (i) => i.readInt8(),\n  sint8x2: (i) => {\n    return vec2i(i.readInt8(), i.readInt8());\n  },\n  sint8x4: (i) => vec4i(i.readInt8(), i.readInt8(), i.readInt8(), i.readInt8()),\n  unorm8: (i) => i.readUint8() / 255,\n  unorm8x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readUint8() / 255, i.readUint8() / 255),\n  unorm8x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n    ),\n  snorm8: (i) => i.readInt8() / 127,\n  snorm8x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readInt8() / 127, i.readInt8() / 127),\n  snorm8x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n    ),\n  uint16: (i) => i.readUint16(),\n  uint16x2: (i) => vec2u(i.readUint16(), i.readUint16()),\n  uint16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4u(i.readUint16(), i.readUint16(), i.readUint16(), i.readUint16()),\n  sint16: (i) => i.readInt16(),\n  sint16x2: (i) => vec2i(i.readInt16(), i.readInt16()),\n  sint16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4i(i.readInt16(), i.readInt16(), i.readInt16(), i.readInt16()),\n  unorm16: (i) => i.readUint16() / 65535,\n  unorm16x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readUint16() / 65535, i.readUint16() / 65535),\n  unorm16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n    ),\n  snorm16: (i) => i.readInt16() / 32767,\n  snorm16x2: (i): wgsl.v2f =>\n    vec2f(i.readInt16() / 32767, i.readInt16() / 32767),\n  snorm16x4: (i): wgsl.v4f =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n    ),\n  float16(i) {\n    return i.readFloat16();\n  },\n  float16x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16()),\n  float16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16()),\n  float32: (i) => i.readFloat32(),\n  float32x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32()),\n  float32x3: (i) => vec3f(i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32()),\n  float32x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32()),\n  uint32: (i) => i.readUint32(),\n  uint32x2: (i) => vec2u(i.readUint32(), i.readUint32()),\n  uint32x3: (i) => vec3u(i.readUint32(), i.readUint32(), i.readUint32()),\n  uint32x4: (i) =>\n    vec4u(i.readUint32(), i.readUint32(), i.readUint32(), i.readUint32()),\n  sint32: (i) => i.readInt32(),\n  sint32x2: (i) => vec2i(i.readInt32(), i.readInt32()),\n  sint32x3: (i) => vec3i(i.readInt32(), i.readInt32(), i.readInt32()),\n  sint32x4: (i) =>\n    vec4i(i.readInt32(), i.readInt32(), i.readInt32(), i.readInt32()),\n  'unorm10-10-10-2'(i) {\n    const packed = i.readUint32();\n    const r = (packed >> 22) / 1023;\n    const g = ((packed >> 12) & 1023) / 1023;\n    const b = ((packed >> 2) & 1023) / 1023;\n    const a = (packed & 3) / 3;\n    return vec4f(r, g, b, a);\n  },\n  'unorm8x4-bgra'(i) {\n    const b = i.readByte() / 255;\n    const g = i.readByte() / 255;\n    const r = i.readByte() / 255;\n    const a = i.readByte() / 255;\n    return vec4f(r, g, b, a);\n  },\n\n  unstruct(input, schema: Unstruct) {\n    const result = {} as Record<string, unknown>;\n\n    const propTypes = schema.propTypes as Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>;\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(propTypes)) {\n      result[key] = readData(input, property);\n    }\n\n    return result as InferRecord<Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>>;\n  },\n\n  disarray(input, schema: Disarray) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    const elements: unknown[] = [];\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < schema.elementCount; i++) {\n      alignIO(input, alignment);\n      elements.push(readData(input, schema.elementType));\n    }\n\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    return elements;\n  },\n\n  'loose-decorated'(input, schema: LooseDecorated) {\n    alignIO(input, customAlignmentOf(schema));\n\n    const beginning = input.currentByteOffset;\n    const value = readData(input, schema.inner);\n    input.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n    return value;\n  },\n  // TODO: Move texture IO logic here after we expand repr to have in/out variants\n} satisfies CompleteDataReaders;\n\nexport function readData<TData extends wgsl.BaseData>(\n  input: ISerialInput,\n  schema: TData,\n): Infer<TData> {\n  const reader = (dataReaders as Record<string, unknown>)[\n    schema.type\n  ] as DataReader<TData>;\n  if (!reader) {\n    throw new Error(`Cannot read data of type '${schema.type}'.`);\n  }\n\n  return reader(input, schema);\n}\n","import { BufferReader, BufferWriter, getSystemEndianness } from 'typed-binary';\nimport { getCompiledWriterForSchema } from '../../data/compiledIO.ts';\nimport { readData, writeData } from '../../data/dataIO.ts';\nimport type { AnyData } from '../../data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport { getWriteInstructions } from '../../data/partialIO.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from '../../data/sizeOf.ts';\nimport type { BaseData } from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport { isWgslData } from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport type { StorageFlag } from '../../extension.ts';\nimport type { TgpuNamable } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport { getName, setName } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport type {\n  Infer,\n  InferPartial,\n  IsValidIndexSchema,\n  IsValidStorageSchema,\n  IsValidUniformSchema,\n  IsValidVertexSchema,\n  MemIdentity,\n} from '../../shared/repr.ts';\nimport { $internal } from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type {\n  Prettify,\n  UnionToIntersection,\n} from '../../shared/utilityTypes.ts';\nimport { isGPUBuffer } from '../../types.ts';\nimport type { ExperimentalTgpuRoot } from '../root/rootTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  asMutable,\n  asReadonly,\n  asUniform,\n  type TgpuBufferMutable,\n  type TgpuBufferReadonly,\n  type TgpuBufferUniform,\n  type TgpuFixedBufferUsage,\n} from './bufferUsage.ts';\n\n// ----------\n// Public API\n// ----------\n\nexport interface UniformFlag {\n  usableAsUniform: true;\n}\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Use UniformFlag instead.\n */\nexport type Uniform = UniformFlag;\n\nexport interface VertexFlag {\n  usableAsVertex: true;\n}\n\nexport interface IndexFlag {\n  usableAsIndex: true;\n}\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Use VertexFlag instead.\n */\nexport type Vertex = VertexFlag;\n\ntype LiteralToUsageType<T extends 'uniform' | 'storage' | 'vertex' | 'index'> =\n  T extends 'uniform' ? UniformFlag\n    : T extends 'storage' ? StorageFlag\n    : T extends 'vertex' ? VertexFlag\n    : T extends 'index' ? IndexFlag\n    : never;\n\ntype ViewUsages<TBuffer extends TgpuBuffer<BaseData>> =\n  | (boolean extends TBuffer['usableAsUniform'] ? never : 'uniform')\n  | (boolean extends TBuffer['usableAsStorage'] ? never\n    : 'readonly' | 'mutable');\n\ntype UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData extends BaseData> = {\n  uniform: TgpuBufferUniform<TData> & TgpuFixedBufferUsage<TData>;\n  mutable: TgpuBufferMutable<TData> & TgpuFixedBufferUsage<TData>;\n  readonly: TgpuBufferReadonly<TData> & TgpuFixedBufferUsage<TData>;\n};\n\nconst usageToUsageConstructor = {\n  uniform: asUniform,\n  mutable: asMutable,\n  readonly: asReadonly,\n};\n\n/**\n * Done as an object to later Prettify it\n */\ntype InnerValidUsagesFor<T> = {\n  usage:\n    | (IsValidStorageSchema<T> extends true ? 'storage' : never)\n    | (IsValidUniformSchema<T> extends true ? 'uniform' : never)\n    | (IsValidVertexSchema<T> extends true ? 'vertex' : never)\n    | (IsValidIndexSchema<T> extends true ? 'index' : never);\n};\n\nexport type ValidUsagesFor<T> = InnerValidUsagesFor<T>['usage'];\n\nexport interface TgpuBuffer<TData extends BaseData> extends TgpuNamable {\n  readonly [$internal]: true;\n  readonly resourceType: 'buffer';\n  readonly dataType: TData;\n  readonly initial?: Infer<TData> | undefined;\n\n  readonly buffer: GPUBuffer;\n  readonly destroyed: boolean;\n\n  usableAsUniform: boolean;\n  usableAsStorage: boolean;\n  usableAsVertex: boolean;\n  usableAsIndex: boolean;\n\n  $usage<\n    T extends [\n      Prettify<InnerValidUsagesFor<TData>>['usage'],\n      ...Prettify<InnerValidUsagesFor<TData>>['usage'][],\n    ],\n  >(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToUsageType<T[number]>>;\n  $addFlags(flags: GPUBufferUsageFlags): this;\n\n  as<T extends ViewUsages<this>>(usage: T): UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData>[T];\n\n  compileWriter(): void;\n  write(data: Infer<TData>): void;\n  writePartial(data: InferPartial<TData>): void;\n  clear(): void;\n  copyFrom(srcBuffer: TgpuBuffer<MemIdentity<TData>>): void;\n  read(): Promise<Infer<TData>>;\n  destroy(): void;\n}\n\nexport function INTERNAL_createBuffer<TData extends AnyData>(\n  group: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n  typeSchema: TData,\n  initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n): TgpuBuffer<TData> {\n  if (!isWgslData(typeSchema)) {\n    return new TgpuBufferImpl(group, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer, [\n      'storage',\n      'uniform',\n    ]);\n  }\n\n  return new TgpuBufferImpl(group, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer);\n}\n\nexport function isBuffer<T extends TgpuBuffer<AnyData>>(\n  value: T | unknown,\n): value is T {\n  return (value as TgpuBuffer<AnyData>).resourceType === 'buffer';\n}\n\nexport function isUsableAsVertex<T extends TgpuBuffer<AnyData>>(\n  buffer: T,\n): buffer is T & VertexFlag {\n  return !!(buffer as unknown as VertexFlag).usableAsVertex;\n}\n\nexport function isUsableAsIndex<T extends TgpuBuffer<AnyData>>(\n  buffer: T,\n): buffer is T & IndexFlag {\n  return !!(buffer as unknown as IndexFlag).usableAsIndex;\n}\n\n// --------------\n// Implementation\n// --------------\nconst endianness = getSystemEndianness();\n\nclass TgpuBufferImpl<TData extends AnyData> implements TgpuBuffer<TData> {\n  public readonly [$internal] = true;\n  public readonly resourceType = 'buffer';\n  public flags: GPUBufferUsageFlags = GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST |\n    GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC;\n  private _buffer: GPUBuffer | null = null;\n  private _ownBuffer: boolean;\n  private _destroyed = false;\n  private _hostBuffer: ArrayBuffer | undefined;\n\n  readonly initial: Infer<TData> | undefined;\n\n  usableAsUniform = false;\n  usableAsStorage = false;\n  usableAsVertex = false;\n  usableAsIndex = false;\n\n  constructor(\n    private readonly _group: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    public readonly dataType: TData,\n    public readonly initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer | undefined,\n    private readonly _disallowedUsages?:\n      ('uniform' | 'storage' | 'vertex' | 'index')[],\n  ) {\n    if (isGPUBuffer(initialOrBuffer)) {\n      this._ownBuffer = false;\n      this._buffer = initialOrBuffer;\n    } else {\n      this._ownBuffer = true;\n      this.initial = initialOrBuffer;\n    }\n  }\n\n  get buffer() {\n    const device = this._group.device;\n\n    if (this._destroyed) {\n      throw new Error('This buffer has been destroyed');\n    }\n\n    if (!this._buffer) {\n      this._buffer = device.createBuffer({\n        size: sizeOf(this.dataType),\n        usage: this.flags,\n        mappedAtCreation: !!this.initial,\n        label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n      });\n\n      if (this.initial) {\n        this._writeToTarget(this._buffer.getMappedRange(), this.initial);\n        this._buffer.unmap();\n      }\n    }\n\n    return this._buffer;\n  }\n\n  get destroyed() {\n    return this._destroyed;\n  }\n\n  $name(label: string) {\n    setName(this, label);\n    if (this._buffer) {\n      this._buffer.label = label;\n    }\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  $usage<T extends ('uniform' | 'storage' | 'vertex' | 'index')[]>(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToUsageType<T[number]>> {\n    for (const usage of usages) {\n      if (this._disallowedUsages?.includes(usage)) {\n        throw new Error(\n          `Buffer of type ${this.dataType.type} cannot be used as ${usage}`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      this.flags |= usage === 'uniform' ? GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM : 0;\n      this.flags |= usage === 'storage' ? GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE : 0;\n      this.flags |= usage === 'vertex' ? GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX : 0;\n      this.flags |= usage === 'index' ? GPUBufferUsage.INDEX : 0;\n      this.usableAsUniform = this.usableAsUniform || usage === 'uniform';\n      this.usableAsStorage = this.usableAsStorage || usage === 'storage';\n      this.usableAsVertex = this.usableAsVertex || usage === 'vertex';\n      this.usableAsIndex = this.usableAsIndex || usage === 'index';\n    }\n    return this as this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToUsageType<T[number]>>;\n  }\n\n  $addFlags(flags: GPUBufferUsageFlags) {\n    if (!this._ownBuffer) {\n      throw new Error(\n        'Cannot add flags to a buffer that is not managed by TypeGPU.',\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (flags & GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ) {\n      this.flags = GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ;\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    if (flags & GPUBufferUsage.MAP_WRITE) {\n      this.flags = GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_WRITE;\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    this.flags |= flags;\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  compileWriter(): void {\n    getCompiledWriterForSchema(this.dataType);\n  }\n\n  private _writeToTarget(\n    target: ArrayBuffer,\n    data: Infer<TData>,\n  ): void {\n    const compiledWriter = getCompiledWriterForSchema(this.dataType);\n\n    if (compiledWriter) {\n      try {\n        compiledWriter(\n          new DataView(target),\n          0,\n          data,\n          endianness === 'little',\n        );\n        return;\n      } catch (error) {\n        console.error(\n          `Error when using compiled writer for buffer ${\n            getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'\n          } - this is likely a bug, please submit an issue at https://github.com/software-mansion/TypeGPU/issues\\nUsing fallback writer instead.`,\n          error,\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    writeData(new BufferWriter(target), this.dataType, data);\n  }\n\n  write(data: Infer<TData>): void {\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n    const device = this._group.device;\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      const mapped = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      this._writeToTarget(mapped, data);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const size = sizeOf(this.dataType);\n    if (!this._hostBuffer) {\n      this._hostBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(size);\n    }\n\n    // Flushing any commands yet to be encoded.\n    this._group.flush();\n\n    this._writeToTarget(this._hostBuffer, data);\n    device.queue.writeBuffer(gpuBuffer, 0, this._hostBuffer, 0, size);\n  }\n\n  public writePartial(data: InferPartial<TData>): void {\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n    const device = this._group.device;\n\n    const instructions = getWriteInstructions(this.dataType, data);\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      const mappedRange = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      const mappedView = new Uint8Array(mappedRange);\n\n      for (const instruction of instructions) {\n        mappedView.set(instruction.data, instruction.data.byteOffset);\n      }\n    } else {\n      for (const instruction of instructions) {\n        device.queue.writeBuffer(\n          gpuBuffer,\n          instruction.data.byteOffset,\n          instruction.data,\n          0,\n          instruction.data.byteLength,\n        );\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  public clear(): void {\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n    const device = this._group.device;\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      new Uint8Array(gpuBuffer.getMappedRange()).fill(0);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    // Flushing any commands yet to be encoded.\n    this._group.flush();\n\n    const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();\n    encoder.clearBuffer(gpuBuffer);\n    device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);\n  }\n\n  copyFrom(srcBuffer: TgpuBuffer<MemIdentity<TData>>): void {\n    if (this.buffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      throw new Error('Cannot copy to a mapped buffer.');\n    }\n\n    const size = sizeOf(this.dataType);\n    const encoder = this._group.commandEncoder;\n    encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(srcBuffer.buffer, 0, this.buffer, 0, size);\n  }\n\n  async read(): Promise<Infer<TData>> {\n    // Flushing any commands yet to be encoded.\n    this._group.flush();\n\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n    const device = this._group.device;\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      const mapped = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      return readData(new BufferReader(mapped), this.dataType);\n    }\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.usage & GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ) {\n      await gpuBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);\n      const mapped = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      const res = readData(new BufferReader(mapped), this.dataType);\n      gpuBuffer.unmap();\n      return res;\n    }\n\n    const stagingBuffer = device.createBuffer({\n      size: sizeOf(this.dataType),\n      usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ,\n    });\n\n    const commandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder();\n    commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(\n      gpuBuffer,\n      0,\n      stagingBuffer,\n      0,\n      sizeOf(this.dataType),\n    );\n\n    device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);\n    await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();\n    await stagingBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ, 0, sizeOf(this.dataType));\n\n    const res = readData(\n      new BufferReader(stagingBuffer.getMappedRange()),\n      this.dataType,\n    );\n\n    stagingBuffer.unmap();\n    stagingBuffer.destroy();\n\n    return res;\n  }\n\n  as<T extends ViewUsages<this>>(usage: T): UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData>[T] {\n    return usageToUsageConstructor[usage]?.(\n      this as never,\n    ) as UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData>[T];\n  }\n\n  destroy() {\n    if (this._destroyed) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this._destroyed = true;\n    if (this._ownBuffer) {\n      this._buffer?.destroy();\n    }\n  }\n\n  toString(): string {\n    return `buffer:${getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'}`;\n  }\n}\n","import {\n  getDeviceTextureFormatInfo,\n  textureFormats,\n} from './textureFormats.ts';\nimport type { ExternalImageSource } from './texture.ts';\n\nexport function getImageSourceDimensions(\n  source: ExternalImageSource,\n): { width: number; height: number } {\n  if ('displayWidth' in source && 'displayHeight' in source) {\n    return { width: source.displayWidth, height: source.displayHeight };\n  }\n  return { width: source.width as number, height: source.height as number };\n}\n\ntype CachedResources = {\n  vertexShader: GPUShaderModule;\n  fragmentShader: GPUShaderModule;\n  bindGroupLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;\n  pipelineLayout: GPUPipelineLayout;\n  sampler: GPUSampler;\n};\n\nconst deviceResourceCache = new WeakMap<\n  GPUDevice,\n  Map<string, CachedResources>\n>();\n\nfunction getDeviceCache(device: GPUDevice): Map<string, CachedResources> {\n  let cache = deviceResourceCache.get(device);\n  if (!cache) {\n    cache = new Map<string, CachedResources>();\n    deviceResourceCache.set(device, cache);\n  }\n  return cache;\n}\n\nexport function clearTextureUtilsCache(device: GPUDevice): void {\n  const cache = deviceResourceCache.get(device);\n  if (cache) {\n    cache.clear();\n  }\n}\n\nexport function generateTextureMipmaps(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  texture: GPUTexture,\n  baseMipLevel = 0,\n  mipLevels?: number,\n) {\n  if (texture.dimension !== '2d') {\n    throw new Error(\n      'Cannot generate mipmaps for non-2D textures: only 2D textures are currently supported.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  const actualMipLevels = mipLevels ?? (texture.mipLevelCount - baseMipLevel);\n  const formatInfo = getDeviceTextureFormatInfo(texture.format, device);\n\n  const hasFloatSampleType = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].some((type) =>\n    type === 'float' || type === 'unfilterable-float'\n  );\n\n  if (!hasFloatSampleType) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot generate mipmaps for format '${texture.format}': only float and unfilterable-float formats are currently supported.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (!formatInfo.canRenderAttachment) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot generate mipmaps for format '${texture.format}': format does not support render attachments.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Generate mipmaps for all layers\n  for (let layer = 0; layer < texture.depthOrArrayLayers; layer++) {\n    for (\n      let mip = baseMipLevel;\n      mip < baseMipLevel + actualMipLevels - 1;\n      mip++\n    ) {\n      const srcMipLevel = mip;\n      const dstMipLevel = mip + 1;\n\n      generateMipmapLevel(device, texture, srcMipLevel, dstMipLevel, layer);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport function resampleImage(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  targetTexture: GPUTexture,\n  image: ExternalImageSource,\n  layer?: number,\n) {\n  if (targetTexture.dimension === '3d') {\n    throw new Error(\n      'Cannot resample to 3D textures: only 2D textures are currently supported.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  const formatInfo = textureFormats[targetTexture.format];\n\n  const hasFloatSampleType = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].some((type) =>\n    type === 'float' || type === 'unfilterable-float'\n  );\n\n  if (!hasFloatSampleType) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot resample to format '${targetTexture.format}': only float and unfilterable-float formats are currently supported.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (!formatInfo.canRenderAttachment) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot resample to format '${targetTexture.format}': format does not support render attachments.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  return resampleWithRenderPipeline(device, targetTexture, image, layer);\n}\n\nfunction resampleWithRenderPipeline(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  targetTexture: GPUTexture,\n  image: ExternalImageSource,\n  layer = 0,\n) {\n  const formatInfo = textureFormats[targetTexture.format];\n  const canFilter = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].includes('float');\n\n  const cacheKey = `${canFilter ? 'filterable' : 'unfilterable'}`;\n\n  const deviceCache = getDeviceCache(device);\n  let cached = deviceCache.get(cacheKey);\n  if (!cached) {\n    const vertexShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\nstruct VertexOutput {\n  @builtin(position) pos: vec4f,\n  @location(0) uv: vec2f,\n}\n\n@vertex\nfn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {\n  let pos = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(-1, -1), vec2f(3, -1), vec2f(-1, 3));\n  let uv = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(2, 1), vec2f(0, -1));\n\n  var output: VertexOutput;\n  output.pos = vec4f(pos[vertexIndex], 0, 1);\n  output.uv = uv[vertexIndex];\n  return output;\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    const sampler = device.createSampler({\n      magFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n      minFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n    });\n\n    const bindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({\n      entries: [\n        {\n          binding: 0,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          texture: {\n            sampleType: 'float',\n          },\n        },\n        {\n          binding: 1,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          sampler: {\n            type: canFilter ? 'filtering' : 'non-filtering',\n          },\n        },\n      ],\n    });\n\n    const pipelineLayout = device.createPipelineLayout({\n      bindGroupLayouts: [bindGroupLayout],\n    });\n\n    const fragmentShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\n@group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;\n@group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;\n\n@fragment\nfn fs_main(@location(0) uv: vec2f) -> @location(0) vec4f {\n  ${\n        canFilter\n          ? 'return textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, uv);'\n          : `let texelCoord = vec2u(uv * vec2f(textureDimensions(inputTexture)));\n        return textureLoad(inputTexture, texelCoord, 0);`\n      }\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    cached = {\n      vertexShader,\n      fragmentShader,\n      bindGroupLayout,\n      pipelineLayout,\n      sampler,\n    };\n    deviceCache.set(cacheKey, cached);\n  }\n\n  const inputTexture = device.createTexture({\n    size: [...Object.values(getImageSourceDimensions(image))],\n    format: 'rgba8unorm',\n    usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT |\n      GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST,\n  });\n\n  const { width, height } = getImageSourceDimensions(image);\n  device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture(\n    { source: image },\n    { texture: inputTexture },\n    [width, height, 1],\n  );\n\n  const renderTexture = device.createTexture({\n    size: [targetTexture.width, targetTexture.height, 1],\n    format: targetTexture.format,\n    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC,\n  });\n\n  const pipeline = device.createRenderPipeline({\n    layout: cached.pipelineLayout,\n    vertex: {\n      module: cached.vertexShader,\n    },\n    fragment: {\n      module: cached.fragmentShader,\n      targets: [\n        {\n          format: targetTexture.format,\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    primitive: {\n      topology: 'triangle-list',\n    },\n  });\n\n  const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({\n    layout: cached.bindGroupLayout,\n    entries: [\n      {\n        binding: 0,\n        resource: inputTexture.createView(),\n      },\n      {\n        binding: 1,\n        resource: cached.sampler,\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();\n  const renderPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({\n    colorAttachments: [\n      {\n        view: renderTexture.createView(),\n        loadOp: 'clear',\n        storeOp: 'store',\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  renderPass.setPipeline(pipeline);\n  renderPass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);\n  renderPass.draw(3);\n  renderPass.end();\n\n  encoder.copyTextureToTexture(\n    { texture: renderTexture },\n    {\n      texture: targetTexture,\n      origin: { x: 0, y: 0, z: layer },\n    },\n    {\n      width: targetTexture.width,\n      height: targetTexture.height,\n      depthOrArrayLayers: 1,\n    },\n  );\n\n  device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);\n\n  inputTexture.destroy();\n  renderTexture.destroy();\n}\n\nfunction generateMipmapLevel(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  texture: GPUTexture,\n  srcMipLevel: number,\n  dstMipLevel: number,\n  layer?: number,\n) {\n  const formatInfo = getDeviceTextureFormatInfo(texture.format, device);\n  const canFilter = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].includes('float');\n\n  const cacheKey = `${canFilter ? 'filterable' : 'unfilterable'}`;\n\n  const deviceCache = getDeviceCache(device);\n  let cached = deviceCache.get(cacheKey);\n  if (!cached) {\n    const vertexShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\nstruct VertexOutput {\n  @builtin(position) pos: vec4f,\n  @location(0) uv: vec2f,\n}\n\n@vertex\nfn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {\n  let pos = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(-1, -1), vec2f(3, -1), vec2f(-1, 3));\n  let uv = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(2, 1), vec2f(0, -1));\n\n  var output: VertexOutput;\n  output.pos = vec4f(pos[vertexIndex], 0, 1);\n  output.uv = uv[vertexIndex];\n  return output;\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    const fragmentShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\n@group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;\n@group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;\n\n@fragment\nfn fs_main(@location(0) uv: vec2f) -> @location(0) vec4f {\n  return textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, uv);\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    const sampler = device.createSampler({\n      magFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n      minFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n    });\n\n    const bindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({\n      entries: [\n        {\n          binding: 0,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          texture: {\n            sampleType: canFilter ? 'float' : 'unfilterable-float',\n          },\n        },\n        {\n          binding: 1,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          sampler: {\n            type: canFilter ? 'filtering' : 'non-filtering',\n          },\n        },\n      ],\n    });\n\n    const pipelineLayout = device.createPipelineLayout({\n      bindGroupLayouts: [bindGroupLayout],\n    });\n\n    cached = {\n      vertexShader,\n      fragmentShader,\n      bindGroupLayout,\n      pipelineLayout,\n      sampler,\n    };\n    deviceCache.set(cacheKey, cached);\n  }\n\n  const pipeline = device.createRenderPipeline({\n    layout: cached.pipelineLayout,\n    vertex: {\n      module: cached.vertexShader,\n    },\n    fragment: {\n      module: cached.fragmentShader,\n      targets: [\n        {\n          format: texture.format,\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    primitive: {\n      topology: 'triangle-list',\n    },\n  });\n\n  const srcTextureView = texture.createView({\n    baseMipLevel: srcMipLevel,\n    dimension: '2d',\n    mipLevelCount: 1,\n    ...(layer !== undefined && {\n      baseArrayLayer: layer,\n      arrayLayerCount: 1,\n    }),\n  });\n\n  const dstTextureView = texture.createView({\n    baseMipLevel: dstMipLevel,\n    dimension: '2d',\n    mipLevelCount: 1,\n    ...(layer !== undefined && {\n      baseArrayLayer: layer,\n      arrayLayerCount: 1,\n    }),\n  });\n\n  const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({\n    layout: cached.bindGroupLayout,\n    entries: [\n      {\n        binding: 0,\n        resource: srcTextureView,\n      },\n      {\n        binding: 1,\n        resource: cached.sampler,\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();\n  const renderPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({\n    colorAttachments: [\n      {\n        view: dstTextureView,\n        loadOp: 'clear',\n        storeOp: 'store',\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  renderPass.setPipeline(pipeline);\n  renderPass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);\n  renderPass.draw(3);\n  renderPass.end();\n\n  device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);\n}\n","import {\n  isWgslStorageTexture,\n  textureDescriptorToSchema,\n  type TextureSchemaForDescriptor,\n  type WgslStorageTexture,\n  type WgslTexture,\n  type WgslTextureProps,\n} from '../../data/texture.ts';\nimport { inCodegenMode } from '../../execMode.ts';\nimport { type ResolvedSnippet, snip } from '../../data/snippet.ts';\nimport type { Vec4f, Vec4i, Vec4u } from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport type { TgpuNamable } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport { getName, setName } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport type { Infer, ValidateTextureViewSchema } from '../../shared/repr.ts';\nimport type {\n  TextureFormatInfo,\n  ViewDimensionToDimension,\n} from './textureFormats.ts';\nimport {\n  $gpuValueOf,\n  $internal,\n  $ownSnippet,\n  $repr,\n  $resolve,\n} from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type {\n  Default,\n  TypedArray,\n  UnionToIntersection,\n} from '../../shared/utilityTypes.ts';\nimport type { LayoutMembership } from '../../tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport type { ResolutionCtx, SelfResolvable } from '../../types.ts';\nimport type { ExperimentalTgpuRoot } from '../root/rootTypes.ts';\nimport { valueProxyHandler } from '../valueProxyUtils.ts';\nimport { type TextureFormats, textureFormats } from './textureFormats.ts';\nimport type { TextureProps } from './textureProps.ts';\nimport type { AllowedUsages, LiteralToExtensionMap } from './usageExtension.ts';\nimport {\n  generateTextureMipmaps,\n  getImageSourceDimensions,\n  resampleImage,\n} from './textureUtils.ts';\n\ntype TextureInternals = {\n  unwrap(): GPUTexture;\n};\n\ntype TextureViewInternals = {\n  readonly unwrap: (() => GPUTextureView) | undefined;\n};\n\n// ----------\n// Public API\n// ----------\n\nexport type TexelData = Vec4u | Vec4i | Vec4f;\n\nexport type ExternalImageSource =\n  | HTMLCanvasElement\n  | HTMLImageElement\n  | HTMLVideoElement\n  | ImageBitmap\n  | ImageData\n  | OffscreenCanvas\n  | VideoFrame;\n\ntype TgpuTextureViewDescriptor = {\n  /**\n   * Which {@link GPUTextureAspect | aspect(s)} of the texture are accessible to the texture view.\n   */\n  aspect?: GPUTextureAspect;\n  /**\n   * The first (most detailed) mipmap level accessible to the texture view.\n   */\n  baseMipLevel?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * How many mipmap levels, starting with {@link GPUTextureViewDescriptor#baseMipLevel}, are accessible to\n   * the texture view.\n   */\n  mipLevelCount?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * The index of the first array layer accessible to the texture view.\n   */\n  baseArrayLayer?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * How many array layers, starting with {@link GPUTextureViewDescriptor#baseArrayLayer}, are accessible\n   * to the texture view.\n   */\n  arrayLayerCount?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * The format of the texture view. Must be either the {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#format} of the\n   * texture or one of the {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#viewFormats} specified during its creation.\n   */\n  format?: GPUTextureFormat;\n};\n\ntype DefaultViewSchema<T extends Partial<TextureProps>> =\n  TextureSchemaForDescriptor<{\n    dimension: Default<T['dimension'], '2d'>;\n    sampleType: T['format'] extends keyof TextureFormats\n      ? TextureFormats[T['format']]['channelType']\n      : TextureFormats[keyof TextureFormats]['channelType'];\n    multisampled: Default<T['sampleCount'], 1> extends 1 ? false : true;\n  }>;\n\ntype BaseDimension<T extends string> = T extends keyof ViewDimensionToDimension\n  ? ViewDimensionToDimension[T]\n  : never;\n\ntype OptionalDimension<T extends string> = T extends\n  | '2d'\n  | '2d-array'\n  | 'cube'\n  | 'cube-array' ? { dimension?: BaseDimension<T> }\n  : { dimension: BaseDimension<T> };\n\ntype MultisampledProps<T extends WgslTexture> = T['multisampled'] extends true\n  ? OptionalDimension<T['dimension']> & { sampleCount: 4 }\n  : OptionalDimension<T['dimension']> & { sampleCount?: 1 };\n\nexport type PropsForSchema<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture> =\n  T extends WgslTexture ? {\n      size: readonly number[];\n      format: GPUTextureFormat;\n    } & MultisampledProps<T>\n    : T extends WgslStorageTexture ? {\n        size: readonly number[];\n        format: T['format'];\n      } & OptionalDimension<T['dimension']>\n    : never;\n\nfunction getDescriptorForProps<T extends TextureProps>(\n  props: T,\n): WgslTextureProps {\n  return {\n    dimension: (props.dimension ?? '2d') as Default<T['dimension'], '2d'>,\n    sampleType: textureFormats[props.format].channelType,\n    multisampled: !((props.sampleCount ?? 1) === 1) as Default<\n      T['sampleCount'],\n      1\n    > extends 1 ? false\n      : true,\n  };\n}\n\nexport type TextureAspect = 'color' | 'depth' | 'stencil';\nexport type DepthStencilFormats =\n  | 'depth24plus-stencil8'\n  | 'depth32float-stencil8';\nexport type DepthFormats = 'depth16unorm' | 'depth24plus' | 'depth32float';\nexport type StencilFormats = 'stencil8';\n\nexport type AspectsForFormat<T extends GPUTextureFormat> =\n  GPUTextureFormat extends T ? TextureAspect[]\n    : T extends DepthStencilFormats ? ('depth' | 'stencil')[]\n    : T extends DepthFormats ? 'depth'[]\n    : T extends StencilFormats ? 'stencil'[]\n    : 'color'[];\n\nfunction getAspectsForFormat<T extends GPUTextureFormat>(\n  format: T,\n): AspectsForFormat<T> {\n  if (format === 'depth24plus-stencil8' || format === 'depth32float-stencil8') {\n    return ['depth', 'stencil'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n  }\n  if (\n    format === 'depth16unorm' ||\n    format === 'depth24plus' ||\n    format === 'depth32float'\n  ) {\n    return ['depth'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n  }\n  if (format === 'stencil8') {\n    return ['stencil'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n  }\n  return ['color'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n}\n\ntype CopyCompatibleTexture<T extends TextureProps> = TgpuTexture<{\n  size: T['size'];\n  format: T['format'];\n  sampleCount?: T['sampleCount'];\n}>;\n\n/**\n * @param TProps all properties that distinguish this texture apart from other textures on the type level.\n */\nexport interface TgpuTexture<TProps extends TextureProps = TextureProps>\n  extends TgpuNamable {\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureInternals;\n  readonly resourceType: 'texture';\n  readonly props: TProps; // <- storing to be able to differentiate structurally between different textures.\n  readonly aspects: AspectsForFormat<TProps['format']>;\n  readonly destroyed: boolean;\n\n  // Extensions\n  readonly usableAsStorage: boolean;\n  readonly usableAsSampled: boolean;\n  readonly usableAsRender: boolean;\n\n  $usage<T extends AllowedUsages<TProps>[]>(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToExtensionMap[T[number]]>;\n\n  createView(\n    ...args: this['usableAsSampled'] extends true ? []\n      : [ValidateTextureViewSchema<this, WgslTexture>]\n  ): TgpuTextureView<DefaultViewSchema<TProps>>;\n  createView<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>(\n    schema: ValidateTextureViewSchema<this, T>,\n    viewDescriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture\n        ? T['sampleType']['type'] extends 'f32' ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never\n        : never;\n    },\n  ): TgpuTextureView<T>;\n\n  clear(mipLevel?: number | 'all'): void;\n  generateMipmaps(baseMipLevel?: number, mipLevels?: number): void;\n  write(source: ExternalImageSource | ExternalImageSource[]): void;\n  write(source: ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView, mipLevel?: number): void;\n  // TODO: support copies from GPUBuffers and TgpuBuffers\n  copyFrom<T extends CopyCompatibleTexture<TProps>>(source: T): void;\n\n  destroy(): void;\n}\n\nexport interface TgpuTextureView<\n  TSchema extends WgslStorageTexture | WgslTexture =\n    | WgslStorageTexture\n    | WgslTexture,\n> {\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureViewInternals;\n  readonly resourceType: 'texture-view';\n  readonly schema: TSchema;\n\n  readonly [$gpuValueOf]: Infer<TSchema>;\n  value: Infer<TSchema>;\n  $: Infer<TSchema>;\n}\n\nexport function INTERNAL_createTexture(\n  props: TextureProps,\n  branch: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n): TgpuTexture<TextureProps> {\n  return new TgpuTextureImpl(props, branch);\n}\n\nexport function isTexture<T extends TgpuTexture>(\n  value: unknown | T,\n): value is T {\n  return (value as T)?.resourceType === 'texture' && !!(value as T)[$internal];\n}\n\nexport function isTextureView<T extends TgpuTextureView>(\n  value: unknown | T,\n): value is T {\n  return (\n    (value as T)?.resourceType === 'texture-view' && !!(value as T)[$internal]\n  );\n}\n\n// --------------\n// Implementation\n// --------------\n\nclass TgpuTextureImpl<TProps extends TextureProps>\n  implements TgpuTexture<TProps> {\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureInternals;\n  readonly resourceType = 'texture';\n  readonly aspects: AspectsForFormat<this['props']['format']>;\n  usableAsSampled = false;\n  usableAsStorage = false;\n  usableAsRender = false;\n\n  #formatInfo: TextureFormatInfo;\n  // biome-ignore lint/correctness/noUnusedPrivateClassMembers: wdym, it is used 10 lines below\n  #byteSize: number;\n  #destroyed = false;\n  #flags = GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC;\n  #texture: GPUTexture | null = null;\n  #branch: ExperimentalTgpuRoot;\n\n  constructor(\n    public readonly props: TProps,\n    branch: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n  ) {\n    const format = props.format as TProps['format'];\n\n    this.#branch = branch;\n    this.#formatInfo = textureFormats[format];\n    this.#byteSize = (props.size[0] as number) *\n      (props.size[1] ?? 1) *\n      (props.size[2] ?? 1) *\n      this.#formatInfo.texelSize;\n    this.aspects = getAspectsForFormat(format);\n\n    this[$internal] = {\n      unwrap: () => {\n        if (this.#destroyed) {\n          throw new Error('This texture has been destroyed');\n        }\n\n        if (!this.#texture) {\n          this.#texture = branch.device.createTexture({\n            label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n            format: props.format,\n            size: props.size,\n            usage: this.#flags,\n            dimension: props.dimension ?? '2d',\n            viewFormats: props.viewFormats ?? [],\n            mipLevelCount: props.mipLevelCount ?? 1,\n            sampleCount: props.sampleCount ?? 1,\n          });\n        }\n\n        return this.#texture;\n      },\n    };\n  }\n\n  $name(label: string) {\n    setName(this, label);\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  $usage<T extends ('sampled' | 'storage' | 'render')[]>(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToExtensionMap[T[number]]> {\n    const hasStorage = usages.includes('storage');\n    const hasSampled = usages.includes('sampled');\n    const hasRender = usages.includes('render');\n    this.#flags |= hasSampled ? GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING : 0;\n    this.#flags |= hasStorage ? GPUTextureUsage.STORAGE_BINDING : 0;\n    this.#flags |= hasRender ? GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT : 0;\n    this.usableAsStorage ||= hasStorage;\n    this.usableAsSampled ||= hasSampled;\n    this.usableAsRender ||= hasRender;\n\n    return this as this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToExtensionMap[T[number]]>;\n  }\n\n  createView(\n    ...args: this['usableAsSampled'] extends true ? [] : [never]\n  ): TgpuTextureView<DefaultViewSchema<TProps>>;\n  createView<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>(\n    schema: never,\n    viewDescriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture\n        ? T['sampleType']['type'] extends 'f32' ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never\n        : never;\n    },\n  ): TgpuTextureView<T>;\n  createView<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>(\n    schema?: never,\n    viewDescriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture\n        ? T['sampleType']['type'] extends 'f32' ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never\n        : never;\n    },\n  ): TgpuTextureView<T> {\n    return new TgpuFixedTextureViewImpl(\n      schema ??\n        (textureDescriptorToSchema(getDescriptorForProps(this.props)) as T),\n      this as TgpuTexture,\n      viewDescriptor,\n    );\n  }\n\n  #clearMipLevel(mip = 0) {\n    const scale = 2 ** mip;\n    const [width, height, depth] = [\n      Math.max(1, Math.floor((this.props.size[0] ?? 1) / scale)),\n      Math.max(1, Math.floor((this.props.size[1] ?? 1) / scale)),\n      Math.max(1, Math.floor((this.props.size[2] ?? 1) / scale)),\n    ];\n\n    this.#branch.device.queue.writeTexture(\n      { texture: this[$internal].unwrap(), mipLevel: mip },\n      new Uint8Array(width * height * depth * this.#formatInfo.texelSize),\n      { bytesPerRow: this.#formatInfo.texelSize * width, rowsPerImage: height },\n      [width, height, depth],\n    );\n  }\n\n  clear(mipLevel: number | 'all' = 'all') {\n    if (mipLevel === 'all') {\n      const mipLevels = this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1;\n      for (let i = 0; i < mipLevels; i++) {\n        this.#clearMipLevel(i);\n      }\n    } else {\n      this.#clearMipLevel(mipLevel);\n    }\n  }\n\n  generateMipmaps(baseMipLevel = 0, mipLevels?: number) {\n    if (this.usableAsRender === false) {\n      throw new Error(\n        \"generateMipmaps called without specifying 'render' usage. Add it via the $usage('render') method.\",\n      );\n    }\n\n    const actualMipLevels = mipLevels ??\n      (this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1) - baseMipLevel;\n\n    if (actualMipLevels <= 1) {\n      console.warn(\n        `generateMipmaps is a no-op: would generate ${actualMipLevels} mip levels (base: ${baseMipLevel}, total: ${\n          this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1\n        })`,\n      );\n      return;\n    }\n\n    if (baseMipLevel >= (this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1)) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Base mip level ${baseMipLevel} is out of range. Texture has ${\n          this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1\n        } mip levels.`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    generateTextureMipmaps(\n      this.#branch.device,\n      this[$internal].unwrap(),\n      baseMipLevel,\n      actualMipLevels,\n    );\n  }\n\n  write(source: ExternalImageSource | ExternalImageSource[]): void;\n  write(source: ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView, mipLevel?: number): void;\n  write(\n    source:\n      | ExternalImageSource\n      | ExternalImageSource[]\n      | ArrayBuffer\n      | TypedArray\n      | DataView,\n    mipLevel = 0,\n  ) {\n    if (source instanceof ArrayBuffer || ArrayBuffer.isView(source)) {\n      this.#writeBufferData(source, mipLevel);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const dimension = this.props.dimension ?? '2d';\n    const isArray = Array.isArray(source);\n\n    if (!isArray) {\n      this.#writeSingleLayer(source, dimension === '3d' ? 0 : undefined);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const layerCount = this.props.size[2] ?? 1;\n    if (source.length > layerCount) {\n      console.warn(\n        `Too many image sources provided. Expected ${layerCount} layers, got ${source.length}. Extra sources will be ignored.`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    for (let layer = 0; layer < Math.min(source.length, layerCount); layer++) {\n      const bitmap = source[layer];\n      if (bitmap) {\n        this.#writeSingleLayer(bitmap, layer);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  #writeBufferData(\n    source: ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView,\n    mipLevel: number,\n  ) {\n    const mipWidth = Math.max(1, (this.props.size[0] as number) >> mipLevel);\n    const mipHeight = Math.max(1, (this.props.size[1] ?? 1) >> mipLevel);\n    const mipDepth = Math.max(1, (this.props.size[2] ?? 1) >> mipLevel);\n\n    const expectedSize = mipWidth * mipHeight * mipDepth *\n      this.#formatInfo.texelSize;\n    const actualSize = source.byteLength ?? (source as ArrayBuffer).byteLength;\n\n    if (actualSize !== expectedSize) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Buffer size mismatch. Expected ${expectedSize} bytes for mip level ${mipLevel}, got ${actualSize} bytes.`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    this.#branch.device.queue.writeTexture(\n      {\n        texture: this[$internal].unwrap(),\n        mipLevel,\n      },\n      source,\n      {\n        bytesPerRow: this.#formatInfo.texelSize * mipWidth,\n        rowsPerImage: mipHeight,\n      },\n      [mipWidth, mipHeight, mipDepth],\n    );\n  }\n\n  #writeSingleLayer(source: ExternalImageSource, layer?: number) {\n    const targetWidth = this.props.size[0] as number;\n    const targetHeight = (this.props.size[1] ?? 1) as number;\n    const { width: sourceWidth, height: sourceHeight } =\n      getImageSourceDimensions(source);\n    const needsResampling = sourceWidth !== targetWidth ||\n      sourceHeight !== targetHeight;\n\n    if (needsResampling) {\n      resampleImage(\n        this.#branch.device,\n        this[$internal].unwrap(),\n        source,\n        layer,\n      );\n      return;\n    }\n\n    this.#branch.device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture(\n      { source },\n      {\n        texture: this[$internal].unwrap(),\n        ...(layer !== undefined && { origin: { x: 0, y: 0, z: layer } }),\n      },\n      layer !== undefined ? [targetWidth, targetHeight, 1] : this.props.size,\n    );\n  }\n\n  copyFrom(source: CopyCompatibleTexture<TProps>) {\n    if (source.props.format !== this.props.format) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Texture format mismatch. Source texture has format ${source.props.format}, target texture has format ${this.props.format}`,\n      );\n    }\n    if (\n      source.props.size[0] !== this.props.size[0] ||\n      (source.props.size[1] ?? 1) !== (this.props.size[1] ?? 1) ||\n      (source.props.size[2] ?? 1) !== (this.props.size[2] ?? 1)\n    ) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Texture size mismatch. Source texture has size ${\n          source.props.size.join(\n            'x',\n          )\n        }, target texture has size ${this.props.size.join('x')}`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const commandEncoder = this.#branch.device.createCommandEncoder();\n    commandEncoder.copyTextureToTexture(\n      { texture: source[$internal].unwrap() },\n      { texture: this[$internal].unwrap() },\n      source.props.size,\n    );\n    this.#branch.device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);\n  }\n\n  get destroyed() {\n    return this.#destroyed;\n  }\n\n  destroy() {\n    if (this.#destroyed) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#destroyed = true;\n    this.#texture?.destroy();\n  }\n}\n\nclass TgpuFixedTextureViewImpl<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>\n  implements TgpuTextureView<T>, SelfResolvable, TgpuNamable {\n  /** Type-token, not available at runtime */\n  declare readonly [$repr]: Infer<T>;\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureViewInternals;\n  readonly resourceType = 'texture-view' as const;\n\n  #baseTexture: TgpuTexture;\n  #view: GPUTextureView | undefined;\n  #descriptor:\n    | (TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never;\n    })\n    | undefined;\n\n  constructor(\n    readonly schema: T,\n    baseTexture: TgpuTexture,\n    descriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor,\n  ) {\n    this.#baseTexture = baseTexture;\n    this.#descriptor = descriptor;\n\n    this[$internal] = {\n      unwrap: () => {\n        if (!this.#view) {\n          const schema = this.schema;\n          let descriptor: GPUTextureViewDescriptor;\n          if (isWgslStorageTexture(schema)) {\n            descriptor = {\n              label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n              format: this.#descriptor?.format ?? schema.format,\n              dimension: schema.dimension,\n            };\n          } else {\n            descriptor = {\n              label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n              format: this.#descriptor?.format ??\n                this.#baseTexture.props.format,\n              dimension: schema.dimension,\n            };\n          }\n\n          if (this.#descriptor?.mipLevelCount !== undefined) {\n            descriptor.mipLevelCount = this.#descriptor.mipLevelCount;\n          }\n          if (this.#descriptor?.arrayLayerCount !== undefined) {\n            descriptor.arrayLayerCount = this.#descriptor.arrayLayerCount;\n          }\n\n          this.#view = this.#baseTexture[$internal]\n            .unwrap()\n            .createView(descriptor);\n        }\n        return this.#view;\n      },\n    };\n  }\n\n  $name(label: string) {\n    setName(this, label);\n    if (this.#view) {\n      this.#view.label = label;\n    }\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  get [$gpuValueOf](): Infer<T> {\n    const schema = this.schema;\n\n    return new Proxy(\n      {\n        [$internal]: true,\n        get [$ownSnippet]() {\n          return snip(this, schema);\n        },\n        [$resolve]: (ctx) => ctx.resolve(this),\n        toString: () => `${this.toString()}.$`,\n      },\n      valueProxyHandler,\n    ) as unknown as Infer<T>;\n  }\n\n  get $(): Infer<T> {\n    if (inCodegenMode()) {\n      return this[$gpuValueOf];\n    }\n\n    throw new Error(\n      'Direct access to texture view values is possible only as part of a compute dispatch or draw call. Try .read() or .write() instead',\n    );\n  }\n\n  get value(): Infer<T> {\n    return this.$;\n  }\n\n  toString() {\n    return `textureView:${getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'}`;\n  }\n\n  [$resolve](ctx: ResolutionCtx): ResolvedSnippet {\n    const id = ctx.getUniqueName(this);\n    const { group, binding } = ctx.allocateFixedEntry(\n      isWgslStorageTexture(this.schema)\n        ? {\n          storageTexture: this.schema,\n        }\n        : {\n          texture: this.schema,\n          sampleType: this.#descriptor?.sampleType ??\n            this.schema.bindingSampleType[0],\n        },\n      this,\n    );\n\n    ctx.addDeclaration(\n      `@group(${group}) @binding(${binding}) var ${id}: ${\n        ctx.resolve(this.schema).value\n      };`,\n    );\n\n    return snip(id, this.schema);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class TgpuLaidOutTextureViewImpl<\n  T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture,\n> implements TgpuTextureView<T>, SelfResolvable {\n  /** Type-token, not available at runtime */\n  declare readonly [$repr]: Infer<T>;\n  readonly [$internal] = { unwrap: undefined };\n  readonly resourceType = 'texture-view' as const;\n  readonly #membership: LayoutMembership;\n\n  constructor(\n    readonly schema: T,\n    membership: LayoutMembership,\n  ) {\n    this.#membership = membership;\n    setName(this, membership.key);\n  }\n\n  toString() {\n    return `textureView:${getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'}`;\n  }\n\n  [$resolve](ctx: ResolutionCtx): ResolvedSnippet {\n    const id = ctx.getUniqueName(this);\n    const group = ctx.allocateLayoutEntry(this.#membership.layout);\n\n    ctx.addDeclaration(\n      `@group(${group}) @binding(${this.#membership.idx}) var ${id}: ${\n        ctx.resolve(this.schema).value\n      };`,\n    );\n\n    return snip(id, this.schema);\n  }\n\n  get [$gpuValueOf](): Infer<T> {\n    const schema = this.schema;\n    return new Proxy(\n      {\n        [$internal]: true,\n        get [$ownSnippet]() {\n          return snip(this, schema);\n        },\n        [$resolve]: (ctx) => ctx.resolve(this),\n        toString: () => `${this.toString()}.$`,\n      },\n      valueProxyHandler,\n    ) as unknown as Infer<T>;\n  }\n\n  get $(): Infer<T> {\n    if (inCodegenMode()) {\n      return this[$gpuValueOf];\n    }\n\n    throw new Error(\n      'Direct access to texture views values is possible only as part of a compute dispatch or draw call. Try .read() or .write() instead',\n    );\n  }\n\n  get value(): Infer<T> {\n    return this.$;\n  }\n}\n","import type { TgpuMutable } from '../../core/buffer/bufferShorthand.ts';\nimport { fn, type TgpuFn } from '../../core/function/tgpuFn.ts';\nimport { slot } from '../../core/slot/slot.ts';\nimport { privateVar } from '../../core/variable/tgpuVariable.ts';\nimport { mat2x2f, mat3x3f, mat4x4f } from '../../data/matrix.ts';\nimport { bool, f16, f32, i32, u32 } from '../../data/numeric.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from '../../data/sizeOf.ts';\nimport {\n  vec2b,\n  vec2f,\n  vec2h,\n  vec2i,\n  vec2u,\n  vec3b,\n  vec3f,\n  vec3h,\n  vec3i,\n  vec3u,\n  vec4b,\n  vec4f,\n  vec4h,\n  vec4i,\n  vec4u,\n} from '../../data/vector.ts';\nimport {\n  type AnyWgslData,\n  type Atomic,\n  isWgslArray,\n  isWgslStruct,\n  type U32,\n  type Void,\n  type WgslArray,\n} from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport { getName } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport type { LogGeneratorOptions, SerializedLogCallData } from './types.ts';\n\n// --------------\n// Serializer map\n// --------------\n\ntype SerializerMap = {\n  [K in AnyWgslData['type']]?: TgpuFn<\n    (args_0: Extract<AnyWgslData, { type: K }>) => Void\n  >;\n};\n\nconst dataBlockIndex = privateVar(u32, 0).$name('dataBlockIndex');\nconst dataByteIndex = privateVar(u32, 0).$name('dataByteIndex');\nconst dataBufferSlot = slot().$name('dataBuffer');\nconst nextByteIndex = fn([], u32)`() {\n  let i = dataByteIndex;\n  dataByteIndex = dataByteIndex + 1u;\n  return i;\n}`.$uses({ dataByteIndex })\n  .$name('nextByteIndex');\n\nconst nextU32 = 'dataBuffer[dataBlockIndex].serializedData[nextByteIndex()]';\n\nexport const serializerMap: SerializerMap = {\n  f32: fn([f32])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(n);\n}`,\n  f16: fn([f16])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(n), 0.0));\n}`,\n  i32: fn([i32])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(n);\n}`,\n  u32: fn([u32])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = n;\n}`,\n  bool: fn([bool])`(b) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(b);\n}`,\n  vec2f: fn([vec2f])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n}`,\n  vec3f: fn([vec3f])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n}`,\n  vec4f: fn([vec4f])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.w);\n}`,\n  vec2h: fn([vec2h])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.x), f32(v.y)));\n}`,\n  vec3h: fn([vec3h])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.x), f32(v.y)));\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.z), 0.0));\n}`,\n  vec4h: fn([vec4h])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.x), f32(v.y)));\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.z), f32(v.w)));\n}`,\n  vec2i: fn([vec2i])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n}`,\n  vec3i: fn([vec3i])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n}`,\n  vec4i: fn([vec4i])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.w);\n}`,\n  vec2u: fn([vec2u])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = v.x;\n  ${nextU32} = v.y;\n}`,\n  vec3u: fn([vec3u])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = v.x;\n  ${nextU32} = v.y;\n  ${nextU32} = v.z;\n}`,\n  vec4u: fn([vec4u])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = v.x;\n  ${nextU32} = v.y;\n  ${nextU32} = v.z;\n  ${nextU32} = v.w;\n}`,\n  'vec2<bool>': fn([vec2b])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.y);\n}`,\n  'vec3<bool>': fn([vec3b])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.z);\n}`,\n  'vec4<bool>': fn([vec4b])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.z);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.w);\n}`,\n  mat2x2f: fn([mat2x2f])`(m) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][1]);\n}`,\n  mat3x3f: fn([mat3x3f])`(m) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = 0u;\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = 0u;\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = 0u;\n}`,\n  mat4x4f: fn([mat4x4f])`(m) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][3]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][3]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][3]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][3]);\n}`,\n};\n\n// rename the functions and add externals\nfor (const [name, serializer] of Object.entries(serializerMap)) {\n  serializer\n    .$name(\n      `serialize${(name[0] as string).toLocaleUpperCase()}${name.slice(1)}`,\n    )\n    .$uses({ dataBlockIndex, nextByteIndex, dataBuffer: dataBufferSlot });\n}\n\n// -------\n// Helpers\n// -------\n\nfunction generateHeader(argTypes: AnyWgslData[]): string {\n  return `(${argTypes.map((_, i) => `_arg_${i}`).join(', ')})`;\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns a serializer TGPU function for a given WGSL data type.\n * If the data type is a base type, one of the preexisting functions (with the `dataBufferSlot` filled) is returned.\n * Otherwise, a new function is generated.\n *\n * @param dataType - The WGSL data type descriptor to return a serializer for\n * @param dataBuffer - A buffer to store serialized log call data (a necessary external for the returned function)\n */\nfunction getSerializer<T extends AnyWgslData>(\n  dataType: T,\n  dataBuffer: TgpuMutable<WgslArray<SerializedLogCallData>>,\n): TgpuFn<(args_0: T) => Void> {\n  const maybeSerializer = serializerMap[dataType.type];\n  if (maybeSerializer) {\n    return (maybeSerializer as TgpuFn<(args_0: T) => Void>).with(\n      dataBufferSlot,\n      dataBuffer,\n    );\n  }\n  if (isWgslStruct(dataType)) {\n    const props = Object.keys(dataType.propTypes);\n    const propTypes = Object.values(dataType.propTypes) as AnyWgslData[];\n    const propsSerializer = createCompoundSerializer(propTypes, dataBuffer);\n    return fn([dataType])`(arg) {\\n  propsSerializer(${\n      props.map((prop) => `arg.${prop}`).join(', ')\n    });\\n}`\n      .$uses({ propsSerializer })\n      .$name(`${getName(dataType) ?? 'struct'}Serializer`);\n  }\n  if (isWgslArray(dataType)) {\n    const elementType = dataType.elementType as AnyWgslData;\n    const length = dataType.elementCount;\n    const elementSerializer = getSerializer(elementType, dataBuffer);\n    return fn([dataType])`(arg) {\\n${\n      Array\n        .from({ length }, (_, i) => `  elementSerializer(arg[${i}]);`)\n        .join('\\n')\n    }\\n}`\n      .$uses({ elementSerializer })\n      .$name('arraySerializer');\n  }\n  throw new Error(`Cannot serialize data of type ${dataType.type}`);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a compound serializer TGPU function that serializes multiple arguments of different types to the data buffer.\n *\n * @param dataTypes - Array of WGSL data types that define the types of arguments to be serialized\n * @param dataBuffer - A buffer to store serialized log call data (a necessary external for the returned function)\n */\nfunction createCompoundSerializer(\n  dataTypes: AnyWgslData[],\n  dataBuffer: TgpuMutable<WgslArray<SerializedLogCallData>>,\n) {\n  const usedSerializers: Record<string, unknown> = {};\n\n  const shell = fn(dataTypes);\n  const header = generateHeader(dataTypes);\n  const body = dataTypes.map((arg, i) => {\n    usedSerializers[`serializer${i}`] = getSerializer(arg, dataBuffer);\n    return `  serializer${i}(_arg_${i});`;\n  }).join('\\n');\n\n  return shell`${header} {\\n${body}\\n}`\n    .$uses(usedSerializers)\n    .$name('compoundSerializer');\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a TGPU function that serializes data to the log buffer.\n *\n * @param id - Identifier for this logging function instance\n * @param dataTypes - Array of WGSL data types that will be logged by this function\n * @param dataBuffer - Mutable buffer array to store serialized log call data\n * @param indexBuffer - Atomic counter buffer to track the next available log data slot\n * @param logOptions - Configuration options\n */\nexport function createLoggingFunction(\n  id: number,\n  dataTypes: AnyWgslData[],\n  dataBuffer: TgpuMutable<WgslArray<SerializedLogCallData>>,\n  indexBuffer: TgpuMutable<Atomic<U32>>,\n  logOptions: Required<LogGeneratorOptions>,\n): TgpuFn {\n  const serializedSize = dataTypes.map(sizeOf).reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);\n  if (serializedSize > logOptions.logSizeLimit) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Logged data needs to fit in ${logOptions.logSizeLimit} bytes (one of the logs requires ${serializedSize} bytes). Consider increasing the limit by passing appropriate options to tgpu.init().`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const compoundSerializer = createCompoundSerializer(dataTypes, dataBuffer)\n    .$name(`log${id}serializer`);\n  const header = generateHeader(dataTypes);\n\n  return fn(dataTypes)`${header} {\n  dataBlockIndex = atomicAdd(&indexBuffer, 1);\n  if (dataBlockIndex >= ${logOptions.logCountLimit}) {\n    return;\n  }\n  dataBuffer[dataBlockIndex].id = ${id};\n  dataByteIndex = 0;\n\n  compoundSerializer${header};\n}`.$uses({\n      indexBuffer,\n      dataBuffer,\n      dataBlockIndex,\n      dataByteIndex,\n      compoundSerializer,\n    }).$name(`log${id}`);\n}\n","import { isTgpuFn } from './core/function/tgpuFn.ts';\nimport {\n  getUniqueName,\n  type Namespace,\n  type NamespaceInternal,\n} from './core/resolve/namespace.ts';\nimport { resolveData } from './core/resolve/resolveData.ts';\nimport { stitch } from './core/resolve/stitch.ts';\nimport { ConfigurableImpl } from './core/root/configurableImpl.ts';\nimport type {\n  Configurable,\n  ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n} from './core/root/rootTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  type Eventual,\n  isDerived,\n  isProviding,\n  isSlot,\n  type SlotValuePair,\n  type TgpuDerived,\n  type TgpuSlot,\n} from './core/slot/slotTypes.ts';\nimport { getAttributesString } from './data/attributes.ts';\nimport { type AnyData, isData, UnknownData } from './data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport { bool } from './data/numeric.ts';\nimport { type ResolvedSnippet, snip, type Snippet } from './data/snippet.ts';\nimport { isWgslArray, isWgslStruct, Void } from './data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  invariant,\n  MissingSlotValueError,\n  ResolutionError,\n  WgslTypeError,\n} from './errors.ts';\nimport { provideCtx, topLevelState } from './execMode.ts';\nimport { naturalsExcept } from './shared/generators.ts';\nimport { isMarkedInternal } from './shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type { Infer } from './shared/repr.ts';\nimport { safeStringify } from './shared/stringify.ts';\nimport { $internal, $providing, $resolve } from './shared/symbols.ts';\nimport {\n  bindGroupLayout,\n  type TgpuBindGroup,\n  TgpuBindGroupImpl,\n  type TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n  type TgpuLayoutEntry,\n} from './tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport {\n  LogGeneratorImpl,\n  LogGeneratorNullImpl,\n} from './tgsl/consoleLog/logGenerator.ts';\nimport type { LogGenerator, LogResources } from './tgsl/consoleLog/types.ts';\nimport { getBestConversion } from './tgsl/conversion.ts';\nimport {\n  coerceToSnippet,\n  concretize,\n  numericLiteralToSnippet,\n} from './tgsl/generationHelpers.ts';\nimport type { ShaderGenerator } from './tgsl/shaderGenerator.ts';\nimport wgslGenerator from './tgsl/wgslGenerator.ts';\nimport type {\n  ExecMode,\n  ExecState,\n  FnToWgslOptions,\n  FunctionScopeLayer,\n  ItemLayer,\n  ItemStateStack,\n  ResolutionCtx,\n  Wgsl,\n} from './types.ts';\nimport { CodegenState, isSelfResolvable, NormalState } from './types.ts';\nimport type { WgslExtension } from './wgslExtensions.ts';\nimport { hasTinyestMetadata } from './shared/meta.ts';\n\n/**\n * Inserted into bind group entry definitions that belong\n * to the automatically generated catch-all bind group.\n *\n * A non-occupied group index can only be determined after\n * every resource has been resolved, so this acts as a placeholder\n * to be replaced with an actual numeric index at the very end\n * of the resolution process.\n */\nconst CATCHALL_BIND_GROUP_IDX_MARKER = '#CATCHALL#';\n\nexport type ResolutionCtxImplOptions = {\n  readonly enableExtensions?: WgslExtension[] | undefined;\n  readonly shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator | undefined;\n  readonly config?: ((cfg: Configurable) => Configurable) | undefined;\n  readonly root?: ExperimentalTgpuRoot | undefined;\n  readonly namespace: Namespace;\n};\n\ntype SlotBindingLayer = {\n  type: 'slotBinding';\n  bindingMap: WeakMap<TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown>;\n};\n\ntype BlockScopeLayer = {\n  type: 'blockScope';\n  declarations: Map<string, Snippet>;\n};\n\nclass ItemStateStackImpl implements ItemStateStack {\n  private _stack: (\n    | ItemLayer\n    | SlotBindingLayer\n    | FunctionScopeLayer\n    | BlockScopeLayer\n  )[] = [];\n  private _itemDepth = 0;\n\n  get itemDepth(): number {\n    return this._itemDepth;\n  }\n\n  get topItem(): ItemLayer {\n    const state = this._stack[this._stack.length - 1];\n    if (!state || state.type !== 'item') {\n      throw new Error('Internal error, expected item layer to be on top.');\n    }\n    return state;\n  }\n\n  get topFunctionScope(): FunctionScopeLayer | undefined {\n    return this._stack.findLast((e) => e.type === 'functionScope');\n  }\n\n  pushItem() {\n    this._itemDepth++;\n    this._stack.push({\n      type: 'item',\n      usedSlots: new Set(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  popItem() {\n    this.pop('item');\n  }\n\n  pushSlotBindings(pairs: SlotValuePair<unknown>[]) {\n    this._stack.push({\n      type: 'slotBinding',\n      bindingMap: new WeakMap(pairs),\n    });\n  }\n\n  popSlotBindings() {\n    this.pop('slotBinding');\n  }\n\n  pushFunctionScope(\n    args: Snippet[],\n    argAliases: Record<string, Snippet>,\n    returnType: AnyData | undefined,\n    externalMap: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): FunctionScopeLayer {\n    const scope: FunctionScopeLayer = {\n      type: 'functionScope',\n      args,\n      argAliases,\n      returnType,\n      externalMap,\n      reportedReturnTypes: new Set(),\n    };\n\n    this._stack.push(scope);\n    return scope;\n  }\n\n  popFunctionScope() {\n    this.pop('functionScope');\n  }\n\n  pushBlockScope() {\n    this._stack.push({\n      type: 'blockScope',\n      declarations: new Map(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  popBlockScope() {\n    this.pop('blockScope');\n  }\n\n  pop(type?: (typeof this._stack)[number]['type']) {\n    const layer = this._stack[this._stack.length - 1];\n    if (!layer || (type && layer.type !== type)) {\n      throw new Error(`Internal error, expected a ${type} layer to be on top.`);\n    }\n\n    this._stack.pop();\n    if (type === 'item') {\n      this._itemDepth--;\n    }\n  }\n\n  readSlot<T>(slot: TgpuSlot<T>): T | undefined {\n    for (let i = this._stack.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n      const layer = this._stack[i];\n      if (layer?.type === 'item') {\n        // Binding not available yet, so this layer is dependent on the slot's value.\n        layer.usedSlots.add(slot);\n      } else if (layer?.type === 'slotBinding') {\n        const boundValue = layer.bindingMap.get(slot);\n\n        if (boundValue !== undefined) {\n          return boundValue as T;\n        }\n      } else if (\n        layer?.type === 'functionScope' ||\n        layer?.type === 'blockScope'\n      ) {\n        // Skip\n      } else {\n        throw new Error('Unknown layer type.');\n      }\n    }\n\n    return slot.defaultValue;\n  }\n\n  getSnippetById(id: string): Snippet | undefined {\n    for (let i = this._stack.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n      const layer = this._stack[i];\n\n      if (layer?.type === 'functionScope') {\n        const arg = layer.args.find((a) => a.value === id);\n        if (arg !== undefined) {\n          return arg;\n        }\n\n        if (layer.argAliases[id]) {\n          return layer.argAliases[id];\n        }\n\n        const external = layer.externalMap[id];\n\n        if (external !== undefined && external !== null) {\n          return coerceToSnippet(external);\n        }\n\n        // Since functions cannot access resources from the calling scope, we\n        // return early here.\n        return undefined;\n      }\n\n      if (layer?.type === 'blockScope') {\n        const snippet = layer.declarations.get(id);\n        if (snippet !== undefined) {\n          return snippet;\n        }\n      } else {\n        // Skip\n      }\n    }\n\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  defineBlockVariable(id: string, snippet: Snippet): void {\n    if (snippet.dataType.type === 'unknown') {\n      throw Error(`Tried to define variable '${id}' of unknown type`);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = this._stack.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n      const layer = this._stack[i];\n\n      if (layer?.type === 'blockScope') {\n        layer.declarations.set(id, snippet);\n        return;\n      }\n    }\n\n    throw new Error('No block scope found to define a variable in.');\n  }\n}\n\nconst INDENT = [\n  '', // 0\n  '  ', // 1\n  '    ', // 2\n  '      ', // 3\n  '        ', // 4\n  '          ', // 5\n  '            ', // 6\n  '              ', // 7\n  '                ', // 8\n];\n\nconst N = INDENT.length - 1;\n\nexport class IndentController {\n  identLevel = 0;\n\n  get pre(): string {\n    return (\n      INDENT[this.identLevel] ??\n        (INDENT[N] as string).repeat(this.identLevel / N) +\n          INDENT[this.identLevel % N]\n    );\n  }\n\n  indent(): string {\n    const str = this.pre;\n    this.identLevel++;\n    return str;\n  }\n\n  dedent(): string {\n    this.identLevel--;\n    return this.pre;\n  }\n\n  withResetLevel<T>(callback: () => T): T {\n    const savedLevel = this.identLevel;\n    this.identLevel = 0;\n    try {\n      return callback();\n    } finally {\n      this.identLevel = savedLevel;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\ninterface FixedBindingConfig {\n  layoutEntry: TgpuLayoutEntry;\n  resource: object;\n}\n\nexport class ResolutionCtxImpl implements ResolutionCtx {\n  readonly #namespace: NamespaceInternal;\n  readonly #shaderGenerator: ShaderGenerator;\n\n  private readonly _indentController = new IndentController();\n  private readonly _itemStateStack = new ItemStateStackImpl();\n  readonly #modeStack: ExecState[] = [];\n  private readonly _declarations: string[] = [];\n  private _varyingLocations: Record<string, number> | undefined;\n  readonly #currentlyResolvedItems: WeakSet<object> = new WeakSet();\n  readonly #logGenerator: LogGenerator;\n\n  get varyingLocations() {\n    return this._varyingLocations;\n  }\n\n  readonly [$internal] = {\n    itemStateStack: this._itemStateStack,\n  };\n\n  // -- Bindings\n  /**\n   * A map from registered bind group layouts to random strings put in\n   * place of their group index. The whole tree has to be traversed to\n   * collect every use of a typed bind group layout, since they can be\n   * explicitly imposed group indices, and they cannot collide.\n   */\n  public readonly bindGroupLayoutsToPlaceholderMap = new Map<\n    TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n    string\n  >();\n  private _nextFreeLayoutPlaceholderIdx = 0;\n  public readonly fixedBindings: FixedBindingConfig[] = [];\n  // --\n\n  public readonly enableExtensions: WgslExtension[] | undefined;\n  public expectedType: AnyData | undefined;\n\n  constructor(opts: ResolutionCtxImplOptions) {\n    this.enableExtensions = opts.enableExtensions;\n    this.#shaderGenerator = opts.shaderGenerator ?? wgslGenerator;\n    this.#logGenerator = opts.root\n      ? new LogGeneratorImpl(opts.root)\n      : new LogGeneratorNullImpl();\n    this.#namespace = opts.namespace[$internal];\n  }\n\n  getUniqueName(resource: object): string {\n    return getUniqueName(this.#namespace, resource);\n  }\n\n  makeNameValid(name: string): string {\n    return this.#namespace.nameRegistry.makeValid(name);\n  }\n\n  get pre(): string {\n    return this._indentController.pre;\n  }\n\n  get topFunctionReturnType() {\n    const scope = this._itemStateStack.topFunctionScope;\n    invariant(scope, 'Internal error, expected function scope to be present.');\n    return scope.returnType;\n  }\n\n  get shelllessRepo() {\n    return this.#namespace.shelllessRepo;\n  }\n\n  indent(): string {\n    return this._indentController.indent();\n  }\n\n  dedent(): string {\n    return this._indentController.dedent();\n  }\n\n  withResetIndentLevel<T>(callback: () => T): T {\n    return this._indentController.withResetLevel(callback);\n  }\n\n  getById(id: string): Snippet | null {\n    const item = this._itemStateStack.getSnippetById(id);\n\n    if (item === undefined) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    return item;\n  }\n\n  defineVariable(id: string, snippet: Snippet) {\n    this._itemStateStack.defineBlockVariable(id, snippet);\n  }\n\n  reportReturnType(dataType: AnyData) {\n    const scope = this._itemStateStack.topFunctionScope;\n    invariant(scope, 'Internal error, expected function scope to be present.');\n    scope.reportedReturnTypes.add(dataType);\n  }\n\n  pushBlockScope() {\n    this._itemStateStack.pushBlockScope();\n  }\n\n  popBlockScope() {\n    this._itemStateStack.popBlockScope();\n  }\n\n  generateLog(op: string, args: Snippet[]): Snippet {\n    return this.#logGenerator.generateLog(this, op, args);\n  }\n\n  get logResources(): LogResources | undefined {\n    return this.#logGenerator.logResources;\n  }\n\n  fnToWgsl(\n    options: FnToWgslOptions,\n  ): { head: Wgsl; body: Wgsl; returnType: AnyData } {\n    const scope = this._itemStateStack.pushFunctionScope(\n      options.args,\n      options.argAliases,\n      options.returnType,\n      options.externalMap,\n    );\n\n    try {\n      this.#shaderGenerator.initGenerator(this);\n      const body = this.#shaderGenerator.functionDefinition(options.body);\n\n      let returnType = options.returnType;\n      if (!returnType) {\n        const returnTypes = [...scope.reportedReturnTypes];\n        if (returnTypes.length === 0) {\n          returnType = Void;\n        } else {\n          const conversion = getBestConversion(returnTypes);\n          if (conversion && !conversion.hasImplicitConversions) {\n            returnType = conversion.targetType;\n          }\n        }\n\n        if (!returnType) {\n          throw new Error(\n            `Expected function to have a single return type, got [${\n              returnTypes.join(', ')\n            }]. Cast explicitly to the desired type.`,\n          );\n        }\n\n        returnType = concretize(returnType);\n      }\n\n      return {\n        head: resolveFunctionHeader(this, options.args, returnType),\n        body,\n        returnType,\n      };\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popFunctionScope();\n    }\n  }\n\n  addDeclaration(declaration: string): void {\n    this._declarations.push(declaration);\n  }\n\n  allocateLayoutEntry(layout: TgpuBindGroupLayout): string {\n    const memoMap = this.bindGroupLayoutsToPlaceholderMap;\n    let placeholderKey = memoMap.get(layout);\n\n    if (!placeholderKey) {\n      placeholderKey = `#BIND_GROUP_LAYOUT_${this\n        ._nextFreeLayoutPlaceholderIdx++}#`;\n      memoMap.set(layout, placeholderKey);\n    }\n\n    return placeholderKey;\n  }\n\n  allocateFixedEntry(\n    layoutEntry: TgpuLayoutEntry,\n    resource: object,\n  ): { group: string; binding: number } {\n    const binding = this.fixedBindings.length;\n    this.fixedBindings.push({ layoutEntry, resource });\n\n    return {\n      group: CATCHALL_BIND_GROUP_IDX_MARKER,\n      binding,\n    };\n  }\n\n  readSlot<T>(slot: TgpuSlot<T>): T {\n    const value = this._itemStateStack.readSlot(slot);\n\n    if (value === undefined) {\n      throw new MissingSlotValueError(slot);\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  withSlots<T>(pairs: SlotValuePair<unknown>[], callback: () => T): T {\n    this._itemStateStack.pushSlotBindings(pairs);\n\n    try {\n      return callback();\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popSlotBindings();\n    }\n  }\n\n  withVaryingLocations<T>(\n    locations: Record<string, number>,\n    callback: () => T,\n  ): T {\n    this._varyingLocations = locations;\n\n    try {\n      return callback();\n    } finally {\n      this._varyingLocations = undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  unwrap<T>(eventual: Eventual<T>): T {\n    if (isProviding(eventual)) {\n      return this.withSlots(\n        eventual[$providing].pairs,\n        () => this.unwrap(eventual[$providing].inner) as T,\n      );\n    }\n\n    let maybeEventual = eventual;\n\n    // Unwrapping all layers of slots.\n    while (true) {\n      if (isSlot(maybeEventual)) {\n        maybeEventual = this.readSlot(maybeEventual);\n      } else if (isDerived(maybeEventual)) {\n        maybeEventual = this._getOrCompute(maybeEventual);\n      } else {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return maybeEventual;\n  }\n\n  _getOrCompute<T>(derived: TgpuDerived<T>): T {\n    // All memoized versions of `derived`\n    const instances = this.#namespace.memoizedDerived.get(derived) ?? [];\n\n    this._itemStateStack.pushItem();\n\n    try {\n      for (const instance of instances) {\n        const slotValuePairs = [...instance.slotToValueMap.entries()];\n\n        if (\n          slotValuePairs.every(([slot, expectedValue]) =>\n            slot.areEqual(this._itemStateStack.readSlot(slot), expectedValue)\n          )\n        ) {\n          return instance.result as T;\n        }\n      }\n\n      // If we got here, no item with the given slot-to-value combo exists in cache yet\n      // Getting out of codegen or simulation mode so we can execute JS normally.\n      this.pushMode(new NormalState());\n\n      let result: T;\n      try {\n        result = derived['~compute']();\n      } finally {\n        this.popMode('normal');\n      }\n\n      // We know which slots the item used while resolving\n      const slotToValueMap = new Map<TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown>();\n      for (const usedSlot of this._itemStateStack.topItem.usedSlots) {\n        slotToValueMap.set(usedSlot, this._itemStateStack.readSlot(usedSlot));\n      }\n\n      instances.push({ slotToValueMap, result });\n      this.#namespace.memoizedDerived.set(derived, instances);\n      return result;\n    } catch (err) {\n      if (err instanceof ResolutionError) {\n        throw err.appendToTrace(derived);\n      }\n\n      throw new ResolutionError(err, [derived]);\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popItem();\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * @param item The item whose resolution should be either retrieved from the cache (if there is a cache hit), or resolved.\n   */\n  _getOrInstantiate(item: object): ResolvedSnippet {\n    // All memoized versions of `item`\n    const instances = this.#namespace.memoizedResolves.get(item) ?? [];\n\n    this._itemStateStack.pushItem();\n\n    try {\n      for (const instance of instances) {\n        const slotValuePairs = [...instance.slotToValueMap.entries()];\n\n        if (\n          slotValuePairs.every(([slot, expectedValue]) =>\n            slot.areEqual(this._itemStateStack.readSlot(slot), expectedValue)\n          )\n        ) {\n          return instance.result;\n        }\n      }\n\n      // If we got here, no item with the given slot-to-value combo exists in cache yet\n      let result: ResolvedSnippet;\n      if (isData(item)) {\n        result = snip(resolveData(this, item), Void);\n      } else if (isDerived(item) || isSlot(item)) {\n        result = this.resolve(this.unwrap(item));\n      } else if (isSelfResolvable(item)) {\n        result = item[$resolve](this);\n      } else if (hasTinyestMetadata(item)) {\n        // Resolving a function with tinyest metadata directly means calling it with no arguments, since\n        // we cannot infer the types of the arguments from a WGSL string.\n        const shellless = this.#namespace.shelllessRepo.get(\n          item,\n          /* no arguments */ undefined,\n        );\n        if (!shellless) {\n          throw new Error(\n            `Couldn't resolve ${item.name}. Make sure it's a function that accepts no arguments, or call it from another TypeGPU function.`,\n          );\n        }\n\n        return this.withResetIndentLevel(() => this.resolve(shellless));\n      } else {\n        throw new TypeError(\n          `Unresolvable internal value: ${safeStringify(item)}`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      // We know which slots the item used while resolving\n      const slotToValueMap = new Map<TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown>();\n      for (const usedSlot of this._itemStateStack.topItem.usedSlots) {\n        slotToValueMap.set(usedSlot, this._itemStateStack.readSlot(usedSlot));\n      }\n\n      instances.push({ slotToValueMap, result });\n      this.#namespace.memoizedResolves.set(item, instances);\n\n      return result;\n    } catch (err) {\n      if (err instanceof ResolutionError) {\n        throw err.appendToTrace(item);\n      }\n\n      throw new ResolutionError(err, [item]);\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popItem();\n    }\n  }\n\n  resolve(\n    item: unknown,\n    schema?: AnyData | UnknownData | undefined,\n    exact = false,\n  ): ResolvedSnippet {\n    if (isTgpuFn(item) || hasTinyestMetadata(item)) {\n      if (\n        this.#currentlyResolvedItems.has(item) &&\n        !this.#namespace.memoizedResolves.has(item)\n      ) {\n        throw new Error(\n          `Recursive function ${item} detected. Recursion is not allowed on the GPU.`,\n        );\n      }\n      this.#currentlyResolvedItems.add(item as object);\n    }\n\n    if (isProviding(item)) {\n      return this.withSlots(\n        item[$providing].pairs,\n        () => this.resolve(item[$providing].inner, schema, exact),\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (isMarkedInternal(item) || hasTinyestMetadata(item)) {\n      // Top-level resolve\n      if (this._itemStateStack.itemDepth === 0) {\n        try {\n          this.pushMode(new CodegenState());\n          const result = provideCtx(this, () => this._getOrInstantiate(item));\n          return snip(\n            `${[...this._declarations].join('\\n\\n')}${result.value}`,\n            Void,\n          );\n        } finally {\n          this.popMode('codegen');\n        }\n      }\n\n      return this._getOrInstantiate(item);\n    }\n\n    // This is a value that comes from the outside, maybe we can coerce it\n    if (typeof item === 'number') {\n      const reinterpretedType = exact\n        ? schema\n        : numericLiteralToSnippet(item).dataType;\n      const realSchema = schema ?? numericLiteralToSnippet(item).dataType;\n      invariant(\n        reinterpretedType,\n        'Schema has to be defined for resolving numbers',\n      );\n      invariant(\n        realSchema.type !== 'unknown',\n        'Schema has to be known for resolving numbers',\n      );\n\n      if (reinterpretedType.type === 'abstractInt') {\n        return snip(`${item}`, realSchema);\n      }\n      if (reinterpretedType.type === 'u32') {\n        return snip(`${item}u`, realSchema);\n      }\n      if (reinterpretedType.type === 'i32') {\n        return snip(`${item}i`, realSchema);\n      }\n\n      const exp = item.toExponential();\n      const decimal =\n        reinterpretedType.type === 'abstractFloat' && Number.isInteger(item)\n          ? `${item}.`\n          : `${item}`;\n\n      // Just picking the shorter one\n      const base = exp.length < decimal.length ? exp : decimal;\n      if (reinterpretedType.type === 'f32') {\n        return snip(`${base}f`, realSchema);\n      }\n      if (reinterpretedType.type === 'f16') {\n        return snip(`${base}h`, realSchema);\n      }\n      return snip(base, realSchema);\n    }\n\n    if (typeof item === 'boolean') {\n      return snip(item ? 'true' : 'false', bool);\n    }\n\n    if (typeof item === 'string') {\n      // Already resolved\n      return snip(item, Void);\n    }\n\n    if (schema && isWgslArray(schema)) {\n      if (!Array.isArray(item)) {\n        throw new WgslTypeError(\n          `Cannot coerce ${item} into value of type '${schema}'`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      if (schema.elementCount !== item.length) {\n        throw new WgslTypeError(\n          `Cannot create value of type '${schema}' from an array of length: ${item.length}`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      const elementTypeString = this.resolve(schema.elementType);\n      return snip(\n        stitch`array<${elementTypeString}, ${schema.elementCount}>(${\n          item.map((element) => snip(element, schema.elementType as AnyData))\n        })`,\n        schema,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (Array.isArray(item)) {\n      return snip(\n        stitch`array(${item.map((element) => this.resolve(element))})`,\n        UnknownData,\n      ) as ResolvedSnippet;\n    }\n\n    if (schema && isWgslStruct(schema)) {\n      return snip(\n        stitch`${this.resolve(schema)}(${\n          Object.entries(schema.propTypes).map(([key, propType]) =>\n            snip((item as Infer<typeof schema>)[key], propType as AnyData)\n          )\n        })`,\n        schema,\n      );\n    }\n\n    throw new WgslTypeError(\n      `Value ${item} (as json: ${safeStringify(item)}) is not resolvable${\n        schema ? ` to type ${schema.type}` : ''\n      }`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  pushMode(mode: ExecState) {\n    this.#modeStack.push(mode);\n  }\n\n  popMode(expected?: ExecMode) {\n    const mode = this.#modeStack.pop();\n    if (expected !== undefined) {\n      invariant(mode?.type === expected, 'Unexpected mode');\n    }\n  }\n\n  get mode(): ExecState {\n    return this.#modeStack[this.#modeStack.length - 1] ?? topLevelState;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * The results of a WGSL resolution.\n *\n * @param code - The resolved code.\n * @param usedBindGroupLayouts - List of used `tgpu.bindGroupLayout`s.\n * @param catchall - Automatically constructed bind group for buffer usages and buffer shorthands, preceded by its index.\n * @param logResources - Buffers and information about used console.logs needed to decode the raw data.\n */\nexport interface ResolutionResult {\n  code: string;\n  usedBindGroupLayouts: TgpuBindGroupLayout[];\n  catchall: [number, TgpuBindGroup] | undefined;\n  logResources: LogResources | undefined;\n}\n\nexport function resolve(\n  item: Wgsl,\n  options: ResolutionCtxImplOptions,\n): ResolutionResult {\n  const ctx = new ResolutionCtxImpl(options);\n  const snippet = options.config\n    ? ctx.withSlots(\n      options.config(new ConfigurableImpl([])).bindings,\n      () => ctx.resolve(item),\n    )\n    : ctx.resolve(item);\n  let code = snippet.value;\n\n  const memoMap = ctx.bindGroupLayoutsToPlaceholderMap;\n  const usedBindGroupLayouts: TgpuBindGroupLayout[] = [];\n  const takenIndices = new Set<number>(\n    [...memoMap.keys()]\n      .map((layout) => layout.index)\n      .filter((v): v is number => v !== undefined),\n  );\n\n  const automaticIds = naturalsExcept(takenIndices);\n\n  const layoutEntries = ctx.fixedBindings.map(\n    (binding, idx) =>\n      [String(idx), binding.layoutEntry] as [string, TgpuLayoutEntry],\n  );\n\n  const createCatchallGroup = () => {\n    const catchallIdx = automaticIds.next().value;\n    const catchallLayout = bindGroupLayout(Object.fromEntries(layoutEntries));\n    usedBindGroupLayouts[catchallIdx] = catchallLayout;\n    code = code.replaceAll(CATCHALL_BIND_GROUP_IDX_MARKER, String(catchallIdx));\n\n    return [\n      catchallIdx,\n      new TgpuBindGroupImpl(\n        catchallLayout,\n        Object.fromEntries(\n          ctx.fixedBindings.map(\n            (binding, idx) =>\n              // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: <it's fine>\n              [String(idx), binding.resource] as [string, any],\n          ),\n        ),\n      ),\n    ] as [number, TgpuBindGroup];\n  };\n\n  // Retrieving the catch-all binding index first, because it's inherently\n  // the least swapped bind group (fixed and cannot be swapped).\n  const catchall = layoutEntries.length > 0 ? createCatchallGroup() : undefined;\n\n  for (const [layout, placeholder] of memoMap.entries()) {\n    const idx = layout.index ?? automaticIds.next().value;\n    usedBindGroupLayouts[idx] = layout;\n    code = code.replaceAll(placeholder, String(idx));\n  }\n\n  if (options.enableExtensions && options.enableExtensions.length > 0) {\n    const extensions = options.enableExtensions.map((ext) => `enable ${ext};`);\n    code = `${extensions.join('\\n')}\\n\\n${code}`;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    code,\n    usedBindGroupLayouts,\n    catchall,\n    logResources: ctx.logResources,\n  };\n}\n\nexport function resolveFunctionHeader(\n  ctx: ResolutionCtx,\n  args: Snippet[],\n  returnType: AnyData,\n) {\n  const argList = args\n    .map((arg) => `${arg.value}: ${ctx.resolve(arg.dataType as AnyData).value}`)\n    .join(', ');\n\n  return returnType.type !== 'void'\n    ? `(${argList}) -> ${getAttributesString(returnType)}${\n      ctx.resolve(returnType).value\n    } `\n    : `(${argList}) `;\n}\n","import type { AnyData } from '../../data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport { getResolutionCtx, provideCtx } from '../../execMode.ts';\nimport { ResolutionCtxImpl } from '../../resolutionCtx.ts';\nimport wgslGenerator from '../../tgsl/wgslGenerator.ts';\nimport { SimulationState } from '../../types.ts';\nimport type { TgpuBuffer } from '../buffer/buffer.ts';\nimport { namespace } from '../resolve/namespace.ts';\nimport type { TgpuVar } from '../variable/tgpuVariable.ts';\n\ninterface SimulationResult<T> {\n  value: T;\n\n  buffers: Map<TgpuBuffer<AnyData>, unknown>;\n  privateVars: Map<TgpuVar<'private', AnyData>, unknown>[][][];\n  workgroupVars: Map<TgpuVar<'workgroup', AnyData>, unknown>[][][];\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs the provided callback in a simulated environment, giving\n * it access to buffers and variables as if it were running on the GPU.\n *\n * The result of the simulation is returned, and does not affect the actual GPU state,\n * nor does it carry over to other simulations.\n *\n * @param callback The callback to run in the simulated environment.\n * @returns An object containing the result of the simulation, and\n *          the final state of the environment.\n *\n * @example\n * const counter = tgpu.privateVar(d.u32);\n *\n * const result = tgpu.simulate(() => {\n *  counter.$ += 1;\n *  counter.$ += 2;\n *  return counter.$;\n * });\n *\n * console.log(result.value); // 3\n */\nexport function simulate<T>(callback: () => T): SimulationResult<T> {\n  // We could already be inside a resolution context, for example\n  // during derived computation, where users would like to precompute\n  // something that happens to require simulation.\n  const ctx = getResolutionCtx() ?? new ResolutionCtxImpl({\n    // Not relevant\n    namespace: namespace(),\n    shaderGenerator: wgslGenerator,\n  });\n\n  // Statically locked to one \"thread\" for now\n  const workgroups: readonly [number, number, number] = [1, 1, 1];\n  const workgroupSize: readonly [number, number, number] = [1, 1, 1];\n  const threads = [\n    workgroups[0] * workgroupSize[0],\n    workgroups[1] * workgroupSize[1],\n    workgroups[2] * workgroupSize[2],\n  ] as const;\n\n  const buffers = new Map<TgpuBuffer<AnyData>, unknown>();\n\n  const workgroupVars = Array.from(\n    { length: workgroups[0] },\n    () =>\n      Array.from(\n        { length: workgroups[1] },\n        () => Array.from({ length: workgroups[2] }, () => new Map()),\n      ),\n  );\n\n  const privateVars = Array.from(\n    { length: threads[0] },\n    () =>\n      Array.from(\n        { length: threads[1] },\n        () => Array.from({ length: threads[2] }, () => new Map()),\n      ),\n  );\n\n  const simStates = Array.from(\n    { length: threads[0] },\n    (_, i) =>\n      Array.from(\n        { length: threads[1] },\n        (_, j) =>\n          Array.from({ length: threads[2] }, (_, k) => {\n            const wi = Math.floor(i / workgroupSize[0]);\n            const wj = Math.floor(j / workgroupSize[1]);\n            const wk = Math.floor(k / workgroupSize[2]);\n            return new SimulationState(buffers, {\n              // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: it's there, trust me\n              private: privateVars[i]![j]![k]!,\n              // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: it's there, trust me\n              workgroup: workgroupVars[wi]![wj]![wk]!,\n            });\n          }),\n      ),\n  );\n\n  // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: it's there, trust me\n  ctx.pushMode(simStates[0]![0]![0]!);\n  try {\n    const value = provideCtx(ctx, callback);\n    return {\n      value,\n      buffers,\n      privateVars,\n      workgroupVars,\n    };\n  } finally {\n    ctx.popMode('simulate');\n  }\n}\n","import {\n  type AnyComputeBuiltin,\n  builtin,\n  type OmitBuiltins,\n} from '../../builtin.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createQuerySet,\n  isQuerySet,\n  type TgpuQuerySet,\n} from '../../core/querySet/querySet.ts';\nimport type { AnyData, Disarray } from '../../data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport type {\n  AnyWgslData,\n  BaseData,\n  U16,\n  U32,\n  v3u,\n  Vec3u,\n  WgslArray,\n} from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  invariant,\n  MissingBindGroupsError,\n  MissingVertexBuffersError,\n} from '../../errors.ts';\nimport { WeakMemo } from '../../memo.ts';\nimport { clearTextureUtilsCache } from '../texture/textureUtils.ts';\nimport type { Infer } from '../../shared/repr.ts';\nimport { $internal } from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type { AnyVertexAttribs } from '../../shared/vertexFormat.ts';\nimport type {\n  ExtractBindGroupInputFromLayout,\n  TgpuBindGroup,\n  TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n  TgpuLayoutEntry,\n} from '../../tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport {\n  isBindGroup,\n  isBindGroupLayout,\n  TgpuBindGroupImpl,\n} from '../../tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport type { LogGeneratorOptions } from '../../tgsl/consoleLog/types.ts';\nimport type { ShaderGenerator } from '../../tgsl/shaderGenerator.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createBuffer,\n  isBuffer,\n  type TgpuBuffer,\n  type VertexFlag,\n} from '../buffer/buffer.ts';\nimport {\n  TgpuBufferShorthandImpl,\n  type TgpuMutable,\n  type TgpuReadonly,\n  type TgpuUniform,\n} from '../buffer/bufferShorthand.ts';\nimport type { TgpuBufferUsage } from '../buffer/bufferUsage.ts';\nimport type { IOLayout } from '../function/fnTypes.ts';\nimport { computeFn, type TgpuComputeFn } from '../function/tgpuComputeFn.ts';\nimport { fn, type TgpuFn } from '../function/tgpuFn.ts';\nimport type { TgpuFragmentFn } from '../function/tgpuFragmentFn.ts';\nimport type { TgpuVertexFn } from '../function/tgpuVertexFn.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createComputePipeline,\n  type TgpuComputePipeline,\n} from '../pipeline/computePipeline.ts';\nimport {\n  type AnyFragmentTargets,\n  INTERNAL_createRenderPipeline,\n  type RenderPipelineCoreOptions,\n  type TgpuRenderPipeline,\n} from '../pipeline/renderPipeline.ts';\nimport { isComputePipeline, isRenderPipeline } from '../pipeline/typeGuards.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createComparisonSampler,\n  INTERNAL_createSampler,\n  isComparisonSampler,\n  isSampler,\n  type TgpuComparisonSampler,\n  type TgpuFixedComparisonSampler,\n  type TgpuFixedSampler,\n  type TgpuSampler,\n} from '../sampler/sampler.ts';\nimport type {\n  WgslComparisonSamplerProps,\n  WgslSamplerProps,\n} from '../../data/sampler.ts';\nimport {\n  isAccessor,\n  type TgpuAccessor,\n  type TgpuSlot,\n} from '../slot/slotTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createTexture,\n  isTexture,\n  isTextureView,\n  type TgpuTexture,\n  type TgpuTextureView,\n} from '../texture/texture.ts';\nimport type { LayoutToAllowedAttribs } from '../vertexLayout/vertexAttribute.ts';\nimport {\n  isVertexLayout,\n  type TgpuVertexLayout,\n} from '../vertexLayout/vertexLayout.ts';\nimport { ConfigurableImpl } from './configurableImpl.ts';\nimport type {\n  Configurable,\n  CreateTextureOptions,\n  CreateTextureResult,\n  ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n  RenderPass,\n  TgpuGuardedComputePipeline,\n  TgpuRoot,\n  WithBinding,\n  WithCompute,\n  WithFragment,\n  WithVertex,\n} from './rootTypes.ts';\nimport { vec3f, vec3u } from '../../data/vector.ts';\nimport { u32 } from '../../data/numeric.ts';\nimport { ceil } from '../../std/numeric.ts';\nimport { allEq } from '../../std/boolean.ts';\n\n/**\n * Changes the given array to a vec of 3 numbers, filling missing values with 1.\n */\nfunction toVec3(arr: readonly (number | undefined)[]): v3u {\n  if (arr.includes(0)) {\n    throw new Error('Size and workgroupSize cannot contain zeroes.');\n  }\n  return vec3u(arr[0] ?? 1, arr[1] ?? 1, arr[2] ?? 1);\n}\n\nconst workgroupSizeConfigs = [\n  vec3u(1, 1, 1),\n  vec3u(256, 1, 1),\n  vec3u(16, 16, 1),\n  vec3u(8, 8, 4),\n] as const;\n\nexport class TgpuGuardedComputePipelineImpl<TArgs extends number[]>\n  implements TgpuGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs> {\n  #root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot;\n  #pipeline: TgpuComputePipeline;\n  #sizeUniform: TgpuUniform<Vec3u>;\n  #workgroupSize: v3u;\n\n  #lastSize: v3u;\n\n  constructor(\n    root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    pipeline: TgpuComputePipeline,\n    sizeUniform: TgpuUniform<Vec3u>,\n    workgroupSize: v3u,\n  ) {\n    this.#root = root;\n    this.#pipeline = pipeline;\n    this.#sizeUniform = sizeUniform;\n    this.#workgroupSize = workgroupSize;\n    this.#lastSize = vec3u();\n  }\n\n  with(bindGroup: TgpuBindGroup): TgpuGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs> {\n    return new TgpuGuardedComputePipelineImpl(\n      this.#root,\n      this.#pipeline.with(bindGroup),\n      this.#sizeUniform,\n      this.#workgroupSize,\n    );\n  }\n\n  dispatchThreads(...threads: TArgs): void {\n    const sanitizedSize = toVec3(threads);\n    const workgroupCount = ceil(\n      vec3f(sanitizedSize).div(vec3f(this.#workgroupSize)),\n    );\n    if (!allEq(sanitizedSize, this.#lastSize)) {\n      // Only updating the size if it has changed from the last\n      // invocation. This removes the need for flushing.\n      this.#lastSize = sanitizedSize;\n      this.#sizeUniform.write(sanitizedSize);\n    }\n    this.#pipeline.dispatchWorkgroups(\n      workgroupCount.x,\n      workgroupCount.y,\n      workgroupCount.z,\n    );\n    // Yeah, i know we flush here... but it's only a matter of time!\n    this.#root.flush();\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithBindingImpl implements WithBinding {\n  constructor(\n    private readonly _getRoot: () => ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    private readonly _slotBindings: [TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown][],\n  ) {}\n\n  with<T extends AnyWgslData>(\n    slot: TgpuSlot<T> | TgpuAccessor<T>,\n    value: T | TgpuFn<() => T> | TgpuBufferUsage<T> | Infer<T>,\n  ): WithBinding {\n    return new WithBindingImpl(this._getRoot, [\n      ...this._slotBindings,\n      [isAccessor(slot) ? slot.slot : slot, value],\n    ]);\n  }\n\n  withCompute<ComputeIn extends Record<string, AnyComputeBuiltin>>(\n    entryFn: TgpuComputeFn<ComputeIn>,\n  ): WithCompute {\n    return new WithComputeImpl(this._getRoot(), this._slotBindings, entryFn);\n  }\n\n  createGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs extends number[]>(\n    callback: (...args: TArgs) => undefined,\n  ): TgpuGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs> {\n    const root = this._getRoot();\n\n    if (callback.length >= 4) {\n      throw new Error(\n        'Guarded compute callback only supports up to three dimensions.',\n      );\n    }\n\n    const workgroupSize = workgroupSizeConfigs[callback.length] as v3u;\n    const wrappedCallback = fn([u32, u32, u32])(\n      callback as (...args: number[]) => void,\n    );\n\n    const sizeUniform = root.createUniform(vec3u);\n\n    // WGSL instead of JS because we do not run unplugin\n    // before shipping the typegpu package\n    const mainCompute = computeFn({\n      workgroupSize,\n      in: { id: builtin.globalInvocationId },\n    })`{\n  if (any(in.id >= sizeUniform)) {\n    return;\n  }\n  wrappedCallback(in.id.x, in.id.y, in.id.z);\n}`.$uses({ sizeUniform, wrappedCallback });\n\n    const pipeline = this\n      .withCompute(mainCompute)\n      .createPipeline();\n\n    return new TgpuGuardedComputePipelineImpl(\n      root,\n      pipeline,\n      sizeUniform,\n      workgroupSize,\n    );\n  }\n\n  withVertex<VertexIn extends IOLayout>(\n    vertexFn: TgpuVertexFn,\n    attribs: LayoutToAllowedAttribs<OmitBuiltins<VertexIn>>,\n  ): WithVertex {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({\n      branch: this._getRoot(),\n      primitiveState: undefined,\n      depthStencilState: undefined,\n      slotBindings: this._slotBindings,\n      vertexFn,\n      vertexAttribs: attribs as AnyVertexAttribs,\n      multisampleState: undefined,\n    });\n  }\n\n  pipe(transform: (cfg: Configurable) => Configurable): WithBinding {\n    const newCfg = transform(new ConfigurableImpl([]));\n    return new WithBindingImpl(this._getRoot, [\n      ...this._slotBindings,\n      ...newCfg.bindings,\n    ]);\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithComputeImpl implements WithCompute {\n  constructor(\n    private readonly _root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    private readonly _slotBindings: [TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown][],\n    private readonly _entryFn: TgpuComputeFn,\n  ) {}\n\n  createPipeline(): TgpuComputePipeline {\n    return INTERNAL_createComputePipeline(\n      this._root,\n      this._slotBindings,\n      this._entryFn,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithVertexImpl implements WithVertex {\n  constructor(\n    private readonly _options: Omit<\n      RenderPipelineCoreOptions,\n      'fragmentFn' | 'targets'\n    >,\n  ) {}\n\n  withFragment(\n    fragmentFn: TgpuFragmentFn | 'n/a',\n    targets: AnyFragmentTargets | 'n/a',\n    _mismatch?: unknown,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    invariant(typeof fragmentFn !== 'string', 'Just type mismatch validation');\n    invariant(typeof targets !== 'string', 'Just type mismatch validation');\n\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({\n      ...this._options,\n      fragmentFn,\n      targets,\n    });\n  }\n\n  withPrimitive(\n    primitiveState:\n      | GPUPrimitiveState\n      | Omit<GPUPrimitiveState, 'stripIndexFormat'> & {\n        stripIndexFormat?: U32 | U16;\n      }\n      | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({ ...this._options, primitiveState });\n  }\n\n  withDepthStencil(\n    depthStencilState: GPUDepthStencilState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({ ...this._options, depthStencilState });\n  }\n\n  withMultisample(\n    multisampleState: GPUMultisampleState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({ ...this._options, multisampleState });\n  }\n\n  createPipeline(): TgpuRenderPipeline {\n    return INTERNAL_createRenderPipeline({\n      ...this._options,\n      fragmentFn: null,\n      targets: null,\n    });\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithFragmentImpl implements WithFragment {\n  constructor(private readonly _options: RenderPipelineCoreOptions) {}\n\n  withPrimitive(\n    primitiveState:\n      | GPUPrimitiveState\n      | Omit<GPUPrimitiveState, 'stripIndexFormat'> & {\n        stripIndexFormat?: U32 | U16;\n      }\n      | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({ ...this._options, primitiveState });\n  }\n\n  withDepthStencil(\n    depthStencilState: GPUDepthStencilState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({ ...this._options, depthStencilState });\n  }\n\n  withMultisample(\n    multisampleState: GPUMultisampleState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({ ...this._options, multisampleState });\n  }\n\n  createPipeline(): TgpuRenderPipeline {\n    return INTERNAL_createRenderPipeline(this._options);\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Holds all data that is necessary to facilitate CPU and GPU communication.\n * Programs that share a root can interact via GPU buffers.\n */\nclass TgpuRootImpl extends WithBindingImpl\n  implements TgpuRoot, ExperimentalTgpuRoot {\n  '~unstable': Omit<ExperimentalTgpuRoot, keyof TgpuRoot>;\n\n  private _unwrappedBindGroupLayouts = new WeakMemo(\n    (key: TgpuBindGroupLayout) => key.unwrap(this),\n  );\n  private _unwrappedBindGroups = new WeakMemo((key: TgpuBindGroup) =>\n    key.unwrap(this)\n  );\n\n  private _commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder | null = null;\n\n  [$internal]: {\n    logOptions: LogGeneratorOptions;\n  };\n\n  constructor(\n    public readonly device: GPUDevice,\n    public readonly nameRegistrySetting: 'random' | 'strict',\n    private readonly _ownDevice: boolean,\n    logOptions: LogGeneratorOptions,\n    public readonly shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator,\n  ) {\n    super(() => this, []);\n\n    this['~unstable'] = this;\n    this[$internal] = {\n      logOptions,\n    };\n  }\n\n  get commandEncoder() {\n    if (!this._commandEncoder) {\n      this._commandEncoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder();\n    }\n\n    return this._commandEncoder;\n  }\n\n  get enabledFeatures() {\n    return new Set(this.device.features) as ReadonlySet<GPUFeatureName>;\n  }\n\n  createBuffer<TData extends AnyData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuBuffer<TData> {\n    return INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer);\n  }\n\n  createUniform<TData extends AnyWgslData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuUniform<TData> {\n    const buffer = INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer)\n      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: i'm sure it's fine\n      .$usage('uniform' as any);\n\n    return new TgpuBufferShorthandImpl('uniform', buffer);\n  }\n\n  createMutable<TData extends AnyWgslData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuMutable<TData> {\n    const buffer = INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer)\n      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: i'm sure it's fine\n      .$usage('storage' as any);\n\n    return new TgpuBufferShorthandImpl('mutable', buffer);\n  }\n\n  createReadonly<TData extends AnyWgslData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuReadonly<TData> {\n    const buffer = INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer)\n      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: i'm sure it's fine\n      .$usage('storage' as any);\n\n    return new TgpuBufferShorthandImpl('readonly', buffer);\n  }\n\n  createQuerySet<T extends GPUQueryType>(\n    type: T,\n    count: number,\n    rawQuerySet?: GPUQuerySet,\n  ): TgpuQuerySet<T> {\n    return INTERNAL_createQuerySet(this, type, count, rawQuerySet);\n  }\n\n  createBindGroup<\n    Entries extends Record<string, TgpuLayoutEntry | null> = Record<\n      string,\n      TgpuLayoutEntry | null\n    >,\n  >(\n    layout: TgpuBindGroupLayout<Entries>,\n    entries: ExtractBindGroupInputFromLayout<Entries>,\n  ) {\n    return new TgpuBindGroupImpl(layout, entries);\n  }\n\n  destroy() {\n    clearTextureUtilsCache(this.device);\n\n    if (this._ownDevice) {\n      this.device.destroy();\n    }\n  }\n\n  createTexture<\n    TWidth extends number,\n    THeight extends number,\n    TDepth extends number,\n    TSize extends\n      | readonly [TWidth]\n      | readonly [TWidth, THeight]\n      | readonly [TWidth, THeight, TDepth],\n    TFormat extends GPUTextureFormat,\n    TMipLevelCount extends number,\n    TSampleCount extends number,\n    TViewFormats extends GPUTextureFormat[],\n    TDimension extends GPUTextureDimension,\n  >(\n    props: CreateTextureOptions<\n      TSize,\n      TFormat,\n      TMipLevelCount,\n      TSampleCount,\n      TViewFormats,\n      TDimension\n    >,\n  ): TgpuTexture<\n    CreateTextureResult<\n      TSize,\n      TFormat,\n      TMipLevelCount,\n      TSampleCount,\n      TViewFormats,\n      TDimension\n    >\n  > {\n    const texture = INTERNAL_createTexture(props, this);\n    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: <too much type wrangling>\n    return texture as any;\n  }\n\n  createSampler(props: WgslSamplerProps): TgpuFixedSampler {\n    return INTERNAL_createSampler(props, this);\n  }\n\n  createComparisonSampler(\n    props: WgslComparisonSamplerProps,\n  ): TgpuFixedComparisonSampler {\n    return INTERNAL_createComparisonSampler(props, this);\n  }\n\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuComputePipeline): GPUComputePipeline;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuRenderPipeline): GPURenderPipeline;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuBindGroupLayout): GPUBindGroupLayout;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuBindGroup): GPUBindGroup;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuBuffer<AnyData>): GPUBuffer;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuTexture): GPUTexture;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuTextureView): GPUTextureView;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuVertexLayout): GPUVertexBufferLayout;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuSampler): GPUSampler;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuComparisonSampler): GPUSampler;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuQuerySet<GPUQueryType>): GPUQuerySet;\n  unwrap(\n    resource:\n      | TgpuComputePipeline\n      | TgpuRenderPipeline\n      | TgpuBindGroupLayout\n      | TgpuBindGroup\n      | TgpuBuffer<AnyData>\n      | TgpuTexture\n      | TgpuTextureView\n      | TgpuVertexLayout\n      | TgpuSampler\n      | TgpuComparisonSampler\n      | TgpuQuerySet<GPUQueryType>,\n  ):\n    | GPUComputePipeline\n    | GPURenderPipeline\n    | GPUBindGroupLayout\n    | GPUBindGroup\n    | GPUBuffer\n    | GPUTexture\n    | GPUTextureView\n    | GPUVertexBufferLayout\n    | GPUSampler\n    | GPUQuerySet {\n    if (isComputePipeline(resource)) {\n      return resource[$internal].rawPipeline;\n    }\n\n    if (isRenderPipeline(resource)) {\n      return resource[$internal].core.unwrap().pipeline;\n    }\n\n    if (isBindGroupLayout(resource)) {\n      return this._unwrappedBindGroupLayouts.getOrMake(resource);\n    }\n\n    if (isBindGroup(resource)) {\n      return this._unwrappedBindGroups.getOrMake(resource);\n    }\n\n    if (isBuffer(resource)) {\n      return resource.buffer;\n    }\n\n    if (isTexture(resource)) {\n      return resource[$internal].unwrap();\n    }\n\n    if (isTextureView(resource)) {\n      if (!resource[$internal].unwrap) {\n        throw new Error(\n          'Cannot unwrap laid-out texture view as it has no underlying resource.',\n        );\n      }\n      return resource[$internal].unwrap();\n    }\n\n    if (isVertexLayout(resource)) {\n      return resource.vertexLayout;\n    }\n\n    if (isSampler(resource) || isComparisonSampler(resource)) {\n      if (resource[$internal].unwrap) {\n        return resource[$internal].unwrap();\n      }\n      throw new Error('Cannot unwrap laid-out sampler.');\n    }\n\n    if (isQuerySet(resource)) {\n      return resource.querySet;\n    }\n\n    throw new Error(`Unknown resource type: ${resource}`);\n  }\n\n  beginRenderPass(\n    descriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor,\n    callback: (pass: RenderPass) => void,\n  ): void {\n    const pass = this.commandEncoder.beginRenderPass(descriptor);\n\n    const bindGroups = new Map<\n      TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n      TgpuBindGroup | GPUBindGroup\n    >();\n    const vertexBuffers = new Map<\n      TgpuVertexLayout,\n      {\n        buffer:\n          | (TgpuBuffer<WgslArray<BaseData> | Disarray<BaseData>> & VertexFlag)\n          | GPUBuffer;\n        offset?: number | undefined;\n        size?: number | undefined;\n      }\n    >();\n\n    let currentPipeline: TgpuRenderPipeline | undefined;\n\n    const setupPassBeforeDraw = () => {\n      if (!currentPipeline) {\n        throw new Error('Cannot draw without a call to pass.setPipeline');\n      }\n\n      const { core, priors } = currentPipeline[$internal];\n      const memo = core.unwrap();\n\n      pass.setPipeline(memo.pipeline);\n\n      const missingBindGroups = new Set(memo.usedBindGroupLayouts);\n      memo.usedBindGroupLayouts.forEach((layout, idx) => {\n        if (memo.catchall && idx === memo.catchall[0]) {\n          // Catch-all\n          pass.setBindGroup(idx, this.unwrap(memo.catchall[1]));\n          missingBindGroups.delete(layout);\n        } else {\n          const bindGroup = priors.bindGroupLayoutMap?.get(layout) ??\n            bindGroups.get(layout);\n          if (bindGroup !== undefined) {\n            missingBindGroups.delete(layout);\n            if (isBindGroup(bindGroup)) {\n              pass.setBindGroup(idx, this.unwrap(bindGroup));\n            } else {\n              pass.setBindGroup(idx, bindGroup);\n            }\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      const missingVertexLayouts = new Set<TgpuVertexLayout>();\n      core.usedVertexLayouts.forEach((vertexLayout, idx) => {\n        const priorBuffer = priors.vertexLayoutMap?.get(vertexLayout);\n        const opts = priorBuffer\n          ? {\n            buffer: priorBuffer,\n            offset: undefined,\n            size: undefined,\n          }\n          : vertexBuffers.get(vertexLayout);\n\n        if (!opts || !opts.buffer) {\n          missingVertexLayouts.add(vertexLayout);\n        } else if (isBuffer(opts.buffer)) {\n          pass.setVertexBuffer(\n            idx,\n            this.unwrap(opts.buffer),\n            opts.offset,\n            opts.size,\n          );\n        } else {\n          pass.setVertexBuffer(idx, opts.buffer, opts.offset, opts.size);\n        }\n      });\n\n      if (missingBindGroups.size > 0) {\n        throw new MissingBindGroupsError(missingBindGroups);\n      }\n\n      if (missingVertexLayouts.size > 0) {\n        throw new MissingVertexBuffersError(missingVertexLayouts);\n      }\n    };\n\n    callback({\n      setViewport(...args) {\n        pass.setViewport(...args);\n      },\n      setScissorRect(...args) {\n        pass.setScissorRect(...args);\n      },\n      setBlendConstant(...args) {\n        pass.setBlendConstant(...args);\n      },\n      setStencilReference(...args) {\n        pass.setStencilReference(...args);\n      },\n      beginOcclusionQuery(...args) {\n        pass.beginOcclusionQuery(...args);\n      },\n      endOcclusionQuery(...args) {\n        pass.endOcclusionQuery(...args);\n      },\n      executeBundles(...args) {\n        pass.executeBundles(...args);\n      },\n      setPipeline(pipeline) {\n        currentPipeline = pipeline;\n      },\n\n      setIndexBuffer: (buffer, indexFormat, offset, size) => {\n        if (isBuffer(buffer)) {\n          pass.setIndexBuffer(this.unwrap(buffer), indexFormat, offset, size);\n        } else {\n          pass.setIndexBuffer(buffer, indexFormat, offset, size);\n        }\n      },\n\n      setVertexBuffer(vertexLayout, buffer, offset, size) {\n        vertexBuffers.set(vertexLayout, { buffer, offset, size });\n      },\n\n      setBindGroup(bindGroupLayout, bindGroup) {\n        bindGroups.set(bindGroupLayout, bindGroup);\n      },\n\n      draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);\n      },\n\n      drawIndexed(...args) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.drawIndexed(...args);\n      },\n\n      drawIndirect(...args) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.drawIndirect(...args);\n      },\n\n      drawIndexedIndirect(...args) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.drawIndexedIndirect(...args);\n      },\n    });\n\n    pass.end();\n  }\n\n  flush() {\n    if (!this._commandEncoder) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    this.device.queue.submit([this._commandEncoder.finish()]);\n    this._commandEncoder = null;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Options passed into {@link init}.\n */\nexport type InitOptions = {\n  adapter?: GPURequestAdapterOptions | undefined;\n  device?:\n    | GPUDeviceDescriptor & { optionalFeatures?: Iterable<GPUFeatureName> }\n    | undefined;\n  /** @default 'random' */\n  unstable_names?: 'random' | 'strict' | undefined;\n  /**\n   * A custom shader code generator, used when resolving TGSL.\n   * If not provided, the default WGSL generator will be used.\n   */\n  shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator | undefined;\n  unstable_logOptions?: LogGeneratorOptions;\n};\n\n/**\n * Options passed into {@link initFromDevice}.\n */\nexport type InitFromDeviceOptions = {\n  device: GPUDevice;\n  /** @default 'random' */\n  unstable_names?: 'random' | 'strict' | undefined;\n  /**\n   * A custom shader code generator, used when resolving TGSL.\n   * If not provided, the default WGSL generator will be used.\n   */\n  shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator | undefined;\n  unstable_logOptions?: LogGeneratorOptions;\n};\n\n/**\n * Requests a new GPU device and creates a root around it.\n * If a specific device should be used instead, use @see initFromDevice.\n *\n * @example\n * When given no options, the function will ask the browser for a suitable GPU device.\n * ```ts\n * const root = await tgpu.init();\n * ```\n *\n * @example\n * If there are specific options that should be used when requesting a device, you can pass those in.\n * ```ts\n * const adapterOptions: GPURequestAdapterOptions = ...;\n * const deviceDescriptor: GPUDeviceDescriptor = ...;\n * const root = await tgpu.init({ adapter: adapterOptions, device: deviceDescriptor });\n * ```\n */\nexport async function init(options?: InitOptions): Promise<TgpuRoot> {\n  const {\n    adapter: adapterOpt,\n    device: deviceOpt,\n    unstable_names: names = 'random',\n    unstable_logOptions,\n  } = options ?? {};\n\n  if (!navigator.gpu) {\n    throw new Error('WebGPU is not supported by this browser.');\n  }\n\n  const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter(adapterOpt);\n\n  if (!adapter) {\n    throw new Error('Could not find a compatible GPU');\n  }\n\n  const availableFeatures: GPUFeatureName[] = [];\n  for (const feature of deviceOpt?.requiredFeatures ?? []) {\n    if (!adapter.features.has(feature)) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Requested feature \"${feature}\" is not supported by the adapter.`,\n      );\n    }\n    availableFeatures.push(feature);\n  }\n  for (const feature of deviceOpt?.optionalFeatures ?? []) {\n    if (adapter.features.has(feature)) {\n      availableFeatures.push(feature);\n    } else {\n      console.warn(\n        `Optional feature \"${feature}\" is not supported by the adapter.`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  const device = await adapter.requestDevice({\n    ...deviceOpt,\n    requiredFeatures: availableFeatures,\n  });\n\n  return new TgpuRootImpl(\n    device,\n    names,\n    true,\n    unstable_logOptions ?? {},\n    options?.shaderGenerator,\n  );\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a root from the given device, instead of requesting it like @see init.\n *\n * @example\n * ```ts\n * const device: GPUDevice = ...;\n * const root = tgpu.initFromDevice({ device });\n * ```\n */\nexport function initFromDevice(options: InitFromDeviceOptions): TgpuRoot {\n  const {\n    device,\n    unstable_names: names = 'random',\n    unstable_logOptions,\n  } = options ?? {};\n\n  return new TgpuRootImpl(\n    device,\n    names,\n    false,\n    unstable_logOptions ?? {},\n    options?.shaderGenerator,\n  );\n}\n"]}
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{ type ResolvedSnippet, snip } from '../../data/snippet.ts';\nimport { Void } from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport { $internal, $resolve } from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type { ResolutionCtx, SelfResolvable } from '../../types.ts';\nimport {\n  applyExternals,\n  type ExternalMap,\n  replaceExternalsInWgsl,\n} from '../resolve/externals.ts';\n\n// ----------\n// Public API\n// ----------\n\n/**\n * Extra declaration that shall be included in final WGSL code,\n * when resolving objects that use it.\n */\nexport interface TgpuDeclare {\n  $uses(dependencyMap: Record<string, unknown>): this;\n}\n\n/**\n * Allows defining extra declarations that shall be included in the final WGSL code,\n * when resolving objects that use them.\n *\n * Using this API is generally discouraged, as it shouldn't be necessary in any common scenario.\n * It was developed to ensure full compatibility of TypeGPU programs with current and future versions of WGSL.\n */\nexport function declare(declaration: string): TgpuDeclare {\n  return new TgpuDeclareImpl(declaration);\n}\n\n// --------------\n// Implementation\n// --------------\n\nclass TgpuDeclareImpl implements TgpuDeclare, SelfResolvable {\n  readonly [$internal] = true;\n  private externalsToApply: ExternalMap[] = [];\n\n  constructor(private declaration: string) {}\n\n  $uses(dependencyMap: Record<string, unknown>): this {\n    this.externalsToApply.push(dependencyMap);\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  [$resolve](ctx: ResolutionCtx): ResolvedSnippet {\n    const externalMap: ExternalMap = {};\n\n    for (const externals of this.externalsToApply) {\n      applyExternals(externalMap, externals);\n    }\n\n    const replacedDeclaration = replaceExternalsInWgsl(\n      ctx,\n      externalMap,\n      this.declaration,\n    );\n\n    ctx.addDeclaration(replacedDeclaration);\n    return snip('', Void);\n  }\n\n  toString() {\n    return `declare: ${this.declaration}`;\n  }\n}\n","import { getAttributesString } from '../../data/attributes.ts';\nimport {\n  type AnyData,\n  type Disarray,\n  isLooseData,\n  type Unstruct,\n} from '../../data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport { isWgslComparisonSampler, isWgslSampler } from '../../data/sampler.ts';\nimport {\n  accessModeMap,\n  isWgslStorageTexture,\n  isWgslTexture,\n  type WgslExternalTexture,\n} from '../../data/texture.ts';\n\nimport { formatToWGSLType } from '../../data/vertexFormatData.ts';\nimport type {\n  AnyWgslData,\n  BaseData,\n  Bool,\n  F16,\n  F32,\n  I32,\n  Mat2x2f,\n  Mat3x3f,\n  Mat4x4f,\n  U32,\n  Vec2b,\n  Vec2f,\n  Vec2h,\n  Vec2i,\n  Vec2u,\n  Vec3b,\n  Vec3f,\n  Vec3h,\n  Vec3i,\n  Vec3u,\n  Vec4b,\n  Vec4f,\n  Vec4h,\n  Vec4i,\n  Vec4u,\n  WgslArray,\n  WgslStruct,\n} from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport { isValidIdentifier } from '../../nameRegistry.ts';\nimport { $internal } from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport { assertExhaustive } from '../../shared/utilityTypes.ts';\nimport type { ResolutionCtx } from '../../types.ts';\nimport { isAttribute } from '../vertexLayout/connectAttributesToShader.ts';\n\n/**\n * Schemas for which their `type` property directly\n * translates to the resulting WGSL code.\n */\nconst identityTypes = [\n  'bool',\n  'f32',\n  'f16',\n  'i32',\n  'u32',\n  'vec2f',\n  'vec3f',\n  'vec4f',\n  'vec2h',\n  'vec3h',\n  'vec4h',\n  'vec2i',\n  'vec3i',\n  'vec4i',\n  'vec2u',\n  'vec3u',\n  'vec4u',\n  'vec2<bool>',\n  'vec3<bool>',\n  'vec4<bool>',\n  'mat2x2f',\n  'mat3x3f',\n  'mat4x4f',\n  'texture_external',\n];\n\ntype IdentityType =\n  | Bool\n  | F32\n  | F16\n  | I32\n  | U32\n  | Vec2f\n  | Vec3f\n  | Vec4f\n  | Vec2h\n  | Vec3h\n  | Vec4h\n  | Vec2i\n  | Vec3i\n  | Vec4i\n  | Vec2u\n  | Vec3u\n  | Vec4u\n  | Vec2b\n  | Vec3b\n  | Vec4b\n  | Mat2x2f\n  | Mat3x3f\n  | Mat4x4f\n  | WgslExternalTexture;\n\nfunction isIdentityType(data: AnyWgslData): data is IdentityType {\n  return identityTypes.includes(data.type);\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves a single property of a struct.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param key - The key of the property.\n * @param property - The property itself.\n *\n * @returns The resolved property string.\n */\nfunction resolveStructProperty(\n  ctx: ResolutionCtx,\n  [key, property]: [string, BaseData],\n) {\n  if (!isValidIdentifier(key)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Property key '${key}' is a reserved WGSL word. Choose a different name.`,\n    );\n  }\n  return `  ${getAttributesString(property)}${key}: ${\n    ctx.resolve(property as AnyWgslData).value\n  },\\n`;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves a struct and adds its declaration to the resolution context.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param struct - The struct to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved struct name.\n */\nfunction resolveStruct(ctx: ResolutionCtx, struct: WgslStruct) {\n  if (struct[$internal].isAbstruct) {\n    throw new Error('Cannot resolve abstract struct types to WGSL.');\n  }\n  const id = ctx.getUniqueName(struct);\n\n  ctx.addDeclaration(`\\\nstruct ${id} {\n${\n    Object.entries(struct.propTypes as Record<string, BaseData>)\n      .map((prop) => resolveStructProperty(ctx, prop))\n      .join('')\n  }\\\n}`);\n\n  return id;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves an unstruct (struct that does not align data by default) to its struct data counterpart.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param unstruct - The unstruct to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved unstruct name.\n *\n * @example\n * ```ts\n * resolveUnstruct(ctx, {\n *   uv: d.float16x2, // -> d.vec2f after resolution\n *   color: d.snorm8x4, -> d.vec4f after resolution\n * });\n * ```\n */\nfunction resolveUnstruct(ctx: ResolutionCtx, unstruct: Unstruct) {\n  const id = ctx.getUniqueName(unstruct);\n\n  ctx.addDeclaration(`\\\nstruct ${id} {\n${\n    Object.entries(unstruct.propTypes as Record<string, BaseData>)\n      .map((prop) =>\n        isAttribute(prop[1])\n          ? resolveStructProperty(ctx, [\n            prop[0],\n            formatToWGSLType[prop[1].format],\n          ])\n          : resolveStructProperty(ctx, prop)\n      )\n      .join('')\n  }\n}`);\n\n  return id;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves an array.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param array - The array to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved array name along with its element type and count (if not runtime-sized).\n *\n * @example\n * ```ts\n * resolveArray(ctx, d.arrayOf(d.u32, 0)); // 'array<u32>' (not a real pattern, a function is preferred)\n * resolveArray(ctx, d.arrayOf(d.u32, 5)); // 'array<u32, 5>'\n * ```\n */\nfunction resolveArray(ctx: ResolutionCtx, array: WgslArray) {\n  const element = ctx.resolve(array.elementType as AnyWgslData).value;\n\n  return array.elementCount === 0\n    ? `array<${element}>`\n    : `array<${element}, ${array.elementCount}>`;\n}\n\nfunction resolveDisarray(ctx: ResolutionCtx, disarray: Disarray) {\n  const element = ctx.resolve(\n    isAttribute(disarray.elementType)\n      ? formatToWGSLType[disarray.elementType.format]\n      : (disarray.elementType as AnyWgslData),\n  ).value;\n\n  return disarray.elementCount === 0\n    ? `array<${element}>`\n    : `array<${element}, ${disarray.elementCount}>`;\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolves a WGSL data-type schema to a string.\n * @param ctx - The resolution context.\n * @param data - The data-type to resolve.\n *\n * @returns The resolved data-type string.\n */\nexport function resolveData(ctx: ResolutionCtx, data: AnyData): string {\n  if (isLooseData(data)) {\n    if (data.type === 'unstruct') {\n      return resolveUnstruct(ctx, data);\n    }\n\n    if (data.type === 'disarray') {\n      return resolveDisarray(ctx, data);\n    }\n\n    if (data.type === 'loose-decorated') {\n      return ctx.resolve(\n        isAttribute(data.inner)\n          ? formatToWGSLType[data.inner.format]\n          : data.inner,\n      ).value;\n    }\n\n    return ctx.resolve(formatToWGSLType[data.type]).value;\n  }\n\n  if (isIdentityType(data)) {\n    return data.type;\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'struct') {\n    return resolveStruct(ctx, data);\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'array') {\n    return resolveArray(ctx, data);\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'atomic') {\n    return `atomic<${resolveData(ctx, data.inner)}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'decorated') {\n    return ctx.resolve(data.inner as AnyWgslData).value;\n  }\n\n  if (data.type === 'ptr') {\n    if (data.addressSpace === 'storage') {\n      return `ptr<storage, ${ctx.resolve(data.inner).value}, ${\n        data.access === 'read-write' ? 'read_write' : data.access\n      }>`;\n    }\n    return `ptr<${data.addressSpace}, ${ctx.resolve(data.inner).value}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (\n    data.type === 'abstractInt' ||\n    data.type === 'abstractFloat' ||\n    data.type === 'void' ||\n    data.type === 'u16'\n  ) {\n    throw new Error(`${data.type} has no representation in WGSL`);\n  }\n\n  if (isWgslStorageTexture(data)) {\n    return `${data.type}<${data.format}, ${accessModeMap[data.access]}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (isWgslTexture(data)) {\n    return data.type.startsWith('texture_depth')\n      ? data.type\n      : `${data.type}<${data.sampleType.type}>`;\n  }\n\n  if (isWgslComparisonSampler(data) || isWgslSampler(data)) {\n    return data.type;\n  }\n\n  assertExhaustive(data, 'resolveData');\n}\n","import type { IMeasurer, ISerialInput, ISerialOutput } from 'typed-binary';\n\n/**\n * @param io the IO to align\n * @param baseAlignment must be power of 2\n */\nfunction alignIO(\n  io: ISerialInput | ISerialOutput | IMeasurer,\n  baseAlignment: number,\n) {\n  const currentPos = 'size' in io ? io.size : io.currentByteOffset;\n\n  const bitMask = baseAlignment - 1;\n  const offset = currentPos & bitMask;\n\n  if ('skipBytes' in io) {\n    io.skipBytes((baseAlignment - offset) & bitMask);\n  } else {\n    io.add((baseAlignment - offset) & bitMask);\n  }\n}\n\nexport default alignIO;\n","import { roundUp } from '../mathUtils.ts';\nimport type { Infer } from '../shared/repr.ts';\nimport { alignmentOf } from './alignmentOf.ts';\nimport { isDisarray, isUnstruct } from './dataTypes.ts';\nimport { offsetsForProps } from './offsets.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from './sizeOf.ts';\nimport { formatToWGSLType, isPackedData } from './vertexFormatData.ts';\nimport * as wgsl from './wgslTypes.ts';\n\nexport const EVAL_ALLOWED_IN_ENV: boolean = (() => {\n  try {\n    new Function('return true');\n    return true;\n  } catch {\n    return false;\n  }\n})();\n\nconst compiledWriters = new WeakMap<\n  wgsl.BaseData,\n  (\n    output: DataView,\n    offset: number,\n    value: unknown,\n    littleEndian?: boolean,\n  ) => void\n>();\n\nconst typeToPrimitive = {\n  u32: 'u32',\n  vec2u: 'u32',\n  vec3u: 'u32',\n  vec4u: 'u32',\n  u16: 'u16',\n\n  i32: 'i32',\n  vec2i: 'i32',\n  vec3i: 'i32',\n  vec4i: 'i32',\n\n  f32: 'f32',\n  vec2f: 'f32',\n  vec3f: 'f32',\n  vec4f: 'f32',\n\n  f16: 'f16',\n  vec2h: 'f16',\n  vec3h: 'f16',\n  vec4h: 'f16',\n\n  mat2x2f: 'f32',\n  mat3x3f: 'f32',\n  mat4x4f: 'f32',\n} as const;\n\nconst vertexFormatToPrimitive = {\n  uint8: 'u8',\n  uint8x2: 'u8',\n  uint8x4: 'u8',\n  sint8: 'i8',\n  sint8x2: 'i8',\n  sint8x4: 'i8',\n  unorm8: 'u8',\n  unorm8x2: 'u8',\n  unorm8x4: 'u8',\n  snorm8: 'i8',\n  snorm8x2: 'i8',\n  snorm8x4: 'i8',\n  uint16: 'u16',\n  uint16x2: 'u16',\n  uint16x4: 'u16',\n  sint16: 'i16',\n  sint16x2: 'i16',\n  sint16x4: 'i16',\n  unorm16: 'u16',\n  unorm16x2: 'u16',\n  unorm16x4: 'u16',\n  snorm16: 'i16',\n  snorm16x2: 'i16',\n  snorm16x4: 'i16',\n  float16: 'f16',\n  float16x2: 'f16',\n  float16x4: 'f16',\n  float32: 'f32',\n  float32x2: 'f32',\n  float32x3: 'f32',\n  float32x4: 'f32',\n  uint32: 'u32',\n  uint32x2: 'u32',\n  uint32x3: 'u32',\n  uint32x4: 'u32',\n  sint32: 'i32',\n  sint32x2: 'i32',\n  sint32x3: 'i32',\n  sint32x4: 'i32',\n} as const;\n\nconst primitiveToWriteFunction = {\n  u32: 'setUint32',\n  i32: 'setInt32',\n  f32: 'setFloat32',\n  u16: 'setUint16',\n  i16: 'setInt16',\n  f16: 'setFloat16',\n  u8: 'setUint8',\n  i8: 'setInt8',\n} as const;\n\n/**\n * @privateRemarks\n * based on the `Channel Formats` table https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#texel-formats\n */\nconst vertexFormatValueTransform = {\n  unorm8: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 255)`,\n  unorm8x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 255)`,\n  unorm8x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 255)`,\n  snorm8: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 127)`,\n  snorm8x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 127)`,\n  snorm8x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 127)`,\n  unorm16: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 65535)`,\n  unorm16x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 65535)`,\n  unorm16x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 65535)`,\n  snorm16: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 32767)`,\n  snorm16x2: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 32767)`,\n  snorm16x4: (value: string) => `Math.round(${value} * 32767)`,\n} as const;\n\nconst specialPackedFormats = {\n  'unorm10-10-10-2': {\n    writeFunction: 'setUint32',\n    generator: (offsetExpr: string, valueExpr: string) =>\n      `output.setUint32(${offsetExpr}, ((${valueExpr}.x*1023&0x3FF)<<22)|((${valueExpr}.y*1023&0x3FF)<<12)|((${valueExpr}.z*1023&0x3FF)<<2)|(${valueExpr}.w*3&3), littleEndian);\\n`,\n  },\n  'unorm8x4-bgra': {\n    writeFunction: 'setUint8',\n    generator: (offsetExpr: string, valueExpr: string) => {\n      const bgraComponents = ['z', 'y', 'x', 'w'];\n      let code = '';\n      for (let idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {\n        code +=\n          `output.setUint8((${offsetExpr} + ${idx}), Math.round(${valueExpr}.${\n            bgraComponents[idx]\n          } * 255), littleEndian);\\n`;\n      }\n      return code;\n    },\n  },\n} as const;\n\nexport function buildWriter(\n  node: wgsl.BaseData,\n  offsetExpr: string,\n  valueExpr: string,\n  depth = 0,\n): string {\n  const loopVar = ['i', 'j', 'k'][depth] || `i${depth}`;\n\n  if (wgsl.isAtomic(node) || wgsl.isDecorated(node)) {\n    return buildWriter(node.inner, offsetExpr, valueExpr, depth);\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isWgslStruct(node) || isUnstruct(node)) {\n    const propOffsets = offsetsForProps(node);\n    let code = '';\n    for (const [key, propOffset] of Object.entries(propOffsets)) {\n      const subSchema = node.propTypes[key];\n      if (!subSchema) continue;\n      code += buildWriter(\n        subSchema,\n        `(${offsetExpr} + ${propOffset.offset})`,\n        `${valueExpr}.${key}`,\n        depth,\n      );\n    }\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isWgslArray(node) || isDisarray(node)) {\n    const elementSize = roundUp(\n      sizeOf(node.elementType),\n      alignmentOf(node),\n    );\n    let code = '';\n\n    code +=\n      `for (let ${loopVar} = 0; ${loopVar} < ${node.elementCount}; ${loopVar}++) {\\n`;\n    code += buildWriter(\n      node.elementType,\n      `(${offsetExpr} + ${loopVar} * ${elementSize})`,\n      `${valueExpr}[${loopVar}]`,\n      depth + 1,\n    );\n    code += '}\\n';\n\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isVec(node)) {\n    const primitive = typeToPrimitive[node.type];\n    let code = '';\n    const writeFunc = primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive];\n    const components = ['x', 'y', 'z', 'w'];\n    const count = wgsl.isVec2(node) ? 2 : wgsl.isVec3(node) ? 3 : 4;\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n      code += `output.${writeFunc}((${offsetExpr} + ${i * 4}), ${valueExpr}.${\n        components[i]\n      }, littleEndian);\\n`;\n    }\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (wgsl.isMat(node)) {\n    const primitive = typeToPrimitive[node.type];\n    const writeFunc = primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive];\n\n    const matSize = wgsl.isMat2x2f(node) ? 2 : wgsl.isMat3x3f(node) ? 3 : 4;\n    const elementCount = matSize * matSize;\n    const rowStride = roundUp(matSize * 4, 8);\n\n    let code = '';\n    for (let idx = 0; idx < elementCount; idx++) {\n      const colIndex = Math.floor(idx / matSize);\n      const rowIndex = idx % matSize;\n      const byteOffset = colIndex * rowStride + rowIndex * 4;\n\n      code +=\n        `output.${writeFunc}((${offsetExpr} + ${byteOffset}), ${valueExpr}.columns[${colIndex}].${\n          ['x', 'y', 'z', 'w'][rowIndex]\n        }, littleEndian);\\n`;\n    }\n\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (isPackedData(node)) {\n    const formatName = node.type;\n\n    if (formatName in specialPackedFormats) {\n      const handler =\n        specialPackedFormats[formatName as keyof typeof specialPackedFormats];\n      return handler.generator(offsetExpr, valueExpr);\n    }\n\n    const primitive = vertexFormatToPrimitive[\n      formatName as keyof typeof vertexFormatToPrimitive\n    ];\n    const writeFunc = primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive];\n    const wgslType = formatToWGSLType[formatName];\n    const componentCount = wgsl.isVec4(wgslType)\n      ? 4\n      : wgsl.isVec3(wgslType)\n      ? 3\n      : wgsl.isVec2(wgslType)\n      ? 2\n      : 1;\n    const componentSize = primitive === 'u8' || primitive === 'i8'\n      ? 1\n      : primitive === 'u16' || primitive === 'i16' || primitive === 'f16'\n      ? 2\n      : 4;\n    const components = ['x', 'y', 'z', 'w'];\n    const transform = vertexFormatValueTransform[\n      formatName as keyof typeof vertexFormatValueTransform\n    ];\n\n    let code = '';\n    for (let idx = 0; idx < componentCount; idx++) {\n      const accessor = componentCount === 1\n        ? valueExpr\n        : `${valueExpr}.${components[idx]}`;\n      const value = transform ? transform(accessor) : accessor;\n      code += `output.${writeFunc}((${offsetExpr} + ${\n        idx * componentSize\n      }), ${value}, littleEndian);\\n`;\n    }\n\n    return code;\n  }\n\n  if (!Object.hasOwn(typeToPrimitive, node.type)) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Primitive ${node.type} is unsupported by compiled writer`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const primitive = typeToPrimitive[node.type as keyof typeof typeToPrimitive];\n  return `output.${\n    primitiveToWriteFunction[primitive]\n  }(${offsetExpr}, ${valueExpr}, littleEndian);\\n`;\n}\n\nexport function getCompiledWriterForSchema<T extends wgsl.BaseData>(\n  schema: T,\n):\n  | ((\n    output: DataView,\n    offset: number,\n    value: Infer<T>,\n    littleEndian?: boolean,\n  ) => void)\n  | undefined {\n  if (!EVAL_ALLOWED_IN_ENV) {\n    console.warn(\n      'This environment does not allow eval - using default writer as fallback',\n    );\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  if (compiledWriters.has(schema)) {\n    return compiledWriters.get(schema) as (\n      output: DataView,\n      offset: number,\n      value: Infer<T>,\n      littleEndian?: boolean,\n    ) => void;\n  }\n\n  try {\n    const body = buildWriter(schema, 'offset', 'value', 0);\n\n    const fn = new Function(\n      'output',\n      'offset',\n      'value',\n      'littleEndian=true',\n      body,\n    ) as (\n      output: DataView,\n      offset: number,\n      value: Infer<T> | unknown,\n      littleEndian?: boolean,\n    ) => void;\n\n    compiledWriters.set(schema, fn);\n\n    return fn;\n  } catch (error) {\n    console.warn(\n      `Failed to compile writer for schema: ${schema}\\nReason: ${\n        error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)\n      }\\nFalling back to default writer`,\n    );\n  }\n}\n","import type { ISerialInput, ISerialOutput } from 'typed-binary';\nimport type { Infer, InferRecord } from '../shared/repr.ts';\nimport alignIO from './alignIO.ts';\nimport { alignmentOf, customAlignmentOf } from './alignmentOf.ts';\nimport type {\n  AnyConcreteData,\n  AnyData,\n  Disarray,\n  LooseDecorated,\n  Unstruct,\n} from './dataTypes.ts';\nimport { mat2x2f, mat3x3f, mat4x4f } from './matrix.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from './sizeOf.ts';\nimport {\n  vec2f,\n  vec2h,\n  vec2i,\n  vec2u,\n  vec3f,\n  vec3h,\n  vec3i,\n  vec3u,\n  vec4f,\n  vec4h,\n  vec4i,\n  vec4u,\n} from './vector.ts';\nimport type * as wgsl from './wgslTypes.ts';\n\ntype DataWriter<TSchema extends wgsl.BaseData> = (\n  output: ISerialOutput,\n  schema: TSchema,\n  value: Infer<TSchema>,\n) => void;\n\ntype DataReader<TSchema extends wgsl.BaseData> = (\n  input: ISerialInput,\n  schema: TSchema,\n) => Infer<TSchema>;\n\ntype CompleteDataWriters = {\n  [TType in AnyConcreteData['type']]: DataWriter<\n    Extract<AnyData, { readonly type: TType }>\n  >;\n};\n\ntype CompleteDataReaders = {\n  [TType in AnyConcreteData['type']]: DataReader<\n    Extract<AnyData, { readonly type: TType }>\n  >;\n};\n\nconst dataWriters = {\n  bool() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  f32(output, _schema: wgsl.F32, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value);\n  },\n\n  f16(output, _schema: wgsl.F16, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value);\n  },\n\n  i32(output, _schema: wgsl.I32, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt32(value);\n  },\n\n  u32(output, _schema: wgsl.U32, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint32(value);\n  },\n\n  u16(output, _schema: wgsl.U16, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint16(value);\n  },\n\n  vec2f(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n  },\n\n  vec2h(output, _, value: wgsl.v2h) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n  },\n\n  vec2i(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n  },\n\n  vec2u(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n  },\n\n  'vec2<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  vec3f(output, _, value: wgsl.v3f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n  },\n\n  vec3h(output, _, value: wgsl.v3h) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.z);\n  },\n\n  vec3i(output, _, value: wgsl.v3i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n  },\n\n  vec3u(output, _, value: wgsl.v3u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n  },\n\n  'vec3<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  vec4f(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.w);\n  },\n\n  vec4h(output, _, value: wgsl.v4h) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.w);\n  },\n\n  vec4i(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n    output.writeInt32(value.w);\n  },\n\n  vec4u(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n    output.writeUint32(value.w);\n  },\n\n  'vec4<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  mat2x2f(output, _, value: wgsl.m2x2f) {\n    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; ++i) {\n      output.writeFloat32(value[i] as number);\n    }\n  },\n\n  mat3x3f(output, _, value: wgsl.m3x3f) {\n    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; ++i) {\n      output.writeFloat32(value[i] as number);\n    }\n  },\n\n  mat4x4f(output, _, value: wgsl.m4x4f) {\n    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; ++i) {\n      output.writeFloat32(value[i] as number);\n    }\n  },\n\n  struct(\n    output,\n    schema: wgsl.WgslStruct,\n    value: InferRecord<Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>>,\n  ) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(schema.propTypes)) {\n      alignIO(output, alignmentOf(property as wgsl.BaseData));\n      writeData(output, property as wgsl.BaseData, value[key]);\n    }\n\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n  },\n\n  array(output, schema: wgsl.WgslArray, value: Infer<wgsl.BaseData>[]) {\n    if (schema.elementCount === 0) {\n      throw new Error('Cannot write using a runtime-sized schema.');\n    }\n\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(schema.elementCount, value.length); i++) {\n      alignIO(output, alignment);\n      writeData(output, schema.elementType, value[i]);\n    }\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n  },\n\n  ptr() {\n    throw new Error('Pointers are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  atomic(output, schema: wgsl.Atomic, value: number) {\n    dataWriters[schema.inner.type]?.(output, schema, value);\n  },\n\n  decorated(output, schema: wgsl.Decorated, value: unknown) {\n    const alignment = customAlignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    dataWriters[(schema.inner as AnyData)?.type]?.(output, schema.inner, value);\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n  },\n\n  // Loose Types\n\n  uint8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint8(value);\n  },\n  uint8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint8(value.x);\n    output.writeUint8(value.y);\n  },\n  uint8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint8(value.x);\n    output.writeUint8(value.y);\n    output.writeUint8(value.z);\n    output.writeUint8(value.w);\n  },\n  sint8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt8(value);\n  },\n  sint8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt8(value.x);\n    output.writeInt8(value.y);\n  },\n  sint8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt8(value.x);\n    output.writeInt8(value.y);\n    output.writeInt8(value.z);\n    output.writeInt8(value.w);\n  },\n  unorm8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value * 255));\n  },\n  unorm8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.x * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.y * 255));\n  },\n  unorm8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.x * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.y * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.z * 255));\n    output.writeUint8(Math.round(value.w * 255));\n  },\n  snorm8(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value * 127));\n  },\n  snorm8x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.x * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.y * 127));\n  },\n  snorm8x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.x * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.y * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.z * 127));\n    output.writeInt8(Math.round(value.w * 127));\n  },\n  uint16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint16(value);\n  },\n  uint16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y);\n  },\n  uint16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y);\n    output.writeUint16(value.z);\n    output.writeUint16(value.w);\n  },\n  sint16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt16(value);\n  },\n  sint16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt16(value.x);\n    output.writeInt16(value.y);\n  },\n  sint16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt16(value.x);\n    output.writeInt16(value.y);\n    output.writeInt16(value.z);\n    output.writeInt16(value.w);\n  },\n  unorm16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint16(value * 65535);\n  },\n  unorm16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y * 65535);\n  },\n  unorm16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeUint16(value.x * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.y * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.z * 65535);\n    output.writeUint16(value.w * 65535);\n  },\n  snorm16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value * 32767));\n  },\n  snorm16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.x * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.y * 32767));\n  },\n  snorm16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.x * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.y * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.z * 32767));\n    output.writeInt16(Math.round(value.w * 32767));\n  },\n  float16(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value);\n  },\n  float16x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n  },\n  float16x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeFloat16(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat16(value.w);\n  },\n  float32(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value);\n  },\n  float32x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n  },\n  float32x3(output, _, value: wgsl.v3f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n  },\n  float32x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeFloat32(value.x);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.y);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.z);\n    output.writeFloat32(value.w);\n  },\n  uint32(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeUint32(value);\n  },\n  uint32x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n  },\n  uint32x3(output, _, value: wgsl.v3u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n  },\n  uint32x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4u) {\n    output.writeUint32(value.x);\n    output.writeUint32(value.y);\n    output.writeUint32(value.z);\n    output.writeUint32(value.w);\n  },\n  sint32(output, _, value: number) {\n    output.writeInt32(value);\n  },\n  sint32x2(output, _, value: wgsl.v2i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n  },\n  sint32x3(output, _, value: wgsl.v3i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n  },\n  sint32x4(output, _, value: wgsl.v4i) {\n    output.writeInt32(value.x);\n    output.writeInt32(value.y);\n    output.writeInt32(value.z);\n    output.writeInt32(value.w);\n  },\n  'unorm10-10-10-2'(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    let packed = 0;\n    packed |= ((value.x * 1023) & 1023) << 22; // r (10 bits)\n    packed |= ((value.y * 1023) & 1023) << 12; // g (10 bits)\n    packed |= ((value.z * 1023) & 1023) << 2; // b (10 bits)\n    packed |= (value.w * 3) & 3; // a (2 bits)\n    output.writeUint32(packed);\n  },\n  'unorm8x4-bgra'(output, _, value: wgsl.v4f) {\n    output.writeUint8(value.z * 255);\n    output.writeUint8(value.y * 255);\n    output.writeUint8(value.x * 255);\n    output.writeUint8(value.w * 255);\n  },\n\n  disarray(output, schema: Disarray, value: unknown[]) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(schema.elementCount, value.length); i++) {\n      alignIO(output, alignment);\n      dataWriters[(schema.elementType as AnyData)?.type]?.(\n        output,\n        schema.elementType,\n        value[i],\n      );\n    }\n\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n  },\n\n  unstruct(output, schema: Unstruct, value) {\n    const propTypes = schema.propTypes as Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>;\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(propTypes)) {\n      dataWriters[property.type]?.(output, property, value[key]);\n    }\n  },\n\n  'loose-decorated'(output, schema: LooseDecorated, value: unknown) {\n    const alignment = customAlignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(output, alignment);\n\n    const beginning = output.currentByteOffset;\n    const writer = dataWriters[(schema.inner as AnyData)?.type];\n    writer?.(output, schema.inner, value);\n    output.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n    return value;\n  },\n  // TODO: Move texture IO logic here after we expand repr to have in/out variants\n} satisfies CompleteDataWriters as Record<\n  string,\n  (output: ISerialOutput, schema: unknown, value: unknown) => void\n>;\n\nexport function writeData<TData extends wgsl.BaseData>(\n  output: ISerialOutput,\n  schema: TData,\n  value: Infer<TData>,\n): void {\n  const writer = dataWriters[schema.type];\n  if (!writer) {\n    throw new Error(`Cannot write data of type '${schema.type}'.`);\n  }\n\n  writer(output, schema, value);\n}\n\nconst dataReaders = {\n  bool(): boolean {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  f32(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readFloat32();\n  },\n\n  f16(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readFloat16();\n  },\n\n  i32(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readInt32();\n  },\n\n  u32(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readUint32();\n  },\n\n  u16(input: ISerialInput): number {\n    return input.readUint16();\n  },\n\n  vec2f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v2f {\n    return vec2f(input.readFloat32(), input.readFloat32());\n  },\n\n  vec3f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3f {\n    return vec3f(input.readFloat32(), input.readFloat32(), input.readFloat32());\n  },\n\n  vec4f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4f {\n    return vec4f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  vec2h(input): wgsl.v2h {\n    return vec2h(input.readFloat16(), input.readFloat16());\n  },\n\n  vec3h(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3h {\n    return vec3h(input.readFloat16(), input.readFloat16(), input.readFloat16());\n  },\n\n  vec4h(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4h {\n    return vec4h(\n      input.readFloat16(),\n      input.readFloat16(),\n      input.readFloat16(),\n      input.readFloat16(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  vec2i(input): wgsl.v2i {\n    return vec2i(input.readInt32(), input.readInt32());\n  },\n\n  vec3i(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3i {\n    return vec3i(input.readInt32(), input.readInt32(), input.readInt32());\n  },\n\n  vec4i(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4i {\n    return vec4i(\n      input.readInt32(),\n      input.readInt32(),\n      input.readInt32(),\n      input.readInt32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  vec2u(input): wgsl.v2u {\n    return vec2u(input.readUint32(), input.readUint32());\n  },\n\n  vec3u(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v3u {\n    return vec3u(input.readUint32(), input.readUint32(), input.readUint32());\n  },\n\n  vec4u(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.v4u {\n    return vec4u(\n      input.readUint32(),\n      input.readUint32(),\n      input.readUint32(),\n      input.readUint32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  'vec2<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  'vec3<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  'vec4<bool>'() {\n    throw new Error('Booleans are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  mat2x2f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.m2x2f {\n    return mat2x2f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  mat3x3f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.m3x3f {\n    const skipOneAfter = () => {\n      const value = input.readFloat32();\n      input.readFloat32(); // skipping;\n      return value;\n    };\n\n    return mat3x3f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      skipOneAfter(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      skipOneAfter(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      skipOneAfter(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  mat4x4f(input: ISerialInput): wgsl.m4x4f {\n    return mat4x4f(\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      //\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n      input.readFloat32(),\n    );\n  },\n\n  struct(input: ISerialInput, schema: wgsl.WgslStruct) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    const result = {} as Record<string, unknown>;\n\n    const propTypes = schema.propTypes as Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>;\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(propTypes)) {\n      alignIO(input, alignmentOf(property));\n      result[key] = readData(input, property);\n    }\n\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    return result as InferRecord<Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>>;\n  },\n\n  array(input, schema) {\n    if (schema.elementCount === 0) {\n      throw new Error('Cannot read using a runtime-sized schema.');\n    }\n\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    const elements: unknown[] = [];\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < schema.elementCount; i++) {\n      alignIO(input, alignment);\n      const elementType = schema.elementType as wgsl.AnyWgslData;\n      const value = readData(input, elementType);\n      elements.push(value);\n    }\n\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    return elements as never[];\n  },\n\n  ptr() {\n    throw new Error('Pointers are not host-shareable');\n  },\n\n  atomic(input, schema: wgsl.Atomic): number {\n    return readData(input, schema.inner);\n  },\n\n  decorated(input, schema: wgsl.Decorated) {\n    const alignment = customAlignmentOf(schema);\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n\n    const beginning = input.currentByteOffset;\n    const value = readData(input, schema.inner);\n    input.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n    return value as never;\n  },\n\n  // Loose Types\n\n  uint8: (i) => i.readUint8(),\n  uint8x2: (i) => vec2u(i.readUint8(), i.readUint8()),\n  uint8x4: (i) =>\n    vec4u(i.readUint8(), i.readUint8(), i.readUint8(), i.readUint8()),\n  sint8: (i) => i.readInt8(),\n  sint8x2: (i) => {\n    return vec2i(i.readInt8(), i.readInt8());\n  },\n  sint8x4: (i) => vec4i(i.readInt8(), i.readInt8(), i.readInt8(), i.readInt8()),\n  unorm8: (i) => i.readUint8() / 255,\n  unorm8x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readUint8() / 255, i.readUint8() / 255),\n  unorm8x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n      i.readUint8() / 255,\n    ),\n  snorm8: (i) => i.readInt8() / 127,\n  snorm8x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readInt8() / 127, i.readInt8() / 127),\n  snorm8x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n      i.readInt8() / 127,\n    ),\n  uint16: (i) => i.readUint16(),\n  uint16x2: (i) => vec2u(i.readUint16(), i.readUint16()),\n  uint16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4u(i.readUint16(), i.readUint16(), i.readUint16(), i.readUint16()),\n  sint16: (i) => i.readInt16(),\n  sint16x2: (i) => vec2i(i.readInt16(), i.readInt16()),\n  sint16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4i(i.readInt16(), i.readInt16(), i.readInt16(), i.readInt16()),\n  unorm16: (i) => i.readUint16() / 65535,\n  unorm16x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readUint16() / 65535, i.readUint16() / 65535),\n  unorm16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n      i.readUint16() / 65535,\n    ),\n  snorm16: (i) => i.readInt16() / 32767,\n  snorm16x2: (i): wgsl.v2f =>\n    vec2f(i.readInt16() / 32767, i.readInt16() / 32767),\n  snorm16x4: (i): wgsl.v4f =>\n    vec4f(\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n      i.readInt16() / 32767,\n    ),\n  float16(i) {\n    return i.readFloat16();\n  },\n  float16x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16()),\n  float16x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16(), i.readFloat16()),\n  float32: (i) => i.readFloat32(),\n  float32x2: (i) => vec2f(i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32()),\n  float32x3: (i) => vec3f(i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32()),\n  float32x4: (i) =>\n    vec4f(i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32(), i.readFloat32()),\n  uint32: (i) => i.readUint32(),\n  uint32x2: (i) => vec2u(i.readUint32(), i.readUint32()),\n  uint32x3: (i) => vec3u(i.readUint32(), i.readUint32(), i.readUint32()),\n  uint32x4: (i) =>\n    vec4u(i.readUint32(), i.readUint32(), i.readUint32(), i.readUint32()),\n  sint32: (i) => i.readInt32(),\n  sint32x2: (i) => vec2i(i.readInt32(), i.readInt32()),\n  sint32x3: (i) => vec3i(i.readInt32(), i.readInt32(), i.readInt32()),\n  sint32x4: (i) =>\n    vec4i(i.readInt32(), i.readInt32(), i.readInt32(), i.readInt32()),\n  'unorm10-10-10-2'(i) {\n    const packed = i.readUint32();\n    const r = (packed >> 22) / 1023;\n    const g = ((packed >> 12) & 1023) / 1023;\n    const b = ((packed >> 2) & 1023) / 1023;\n    const a = (packed & 3) / 3;\n    return vec4f(r, g, b, a);\n  },\n  'unorm8x4-bgra'(i) {\n    const b = i.readByte() / 255;\n    const g = i.readByte() / 255;\n    const r = i.readByte() / 255;\n    const a = i.readByte() / 255;\n    return vec4f(r, g, b, a);\n  },\n\n  unstruct(input, schema: Unstruct) {\n    const result = {} as Record<string, unknown>;\n\n    const propTypes = schema.propTypes as Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>;\n    for (const [key, property] of Object.entries(propTypes)) {\n      result[key] = readData(input, property);\n    }\n\n    return result as InferRecord<Record<string, wgsl.BaseData>>;\n  },\n\n  disarray(input, schema: Disarray) {\n    const alignment = alignmentOf(schema);\n    const elements: unknown[] = [];\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < schema.elementCount; i++) {\n      alignIO(input, alignment);\n      elements.push(readData(input, schema.elementType));\n    }\n\n    alignIO(input, alignment);\n    return elements;\n  },\n\n  'loose-decorated'(input, schema: LooseDecorated) {\n    alignIO(input, customAlignmentOf(schema));\n\n    const beginning = input.currentByteOffset;\n    const value = readData(input, schema.inner);\n    input.seekTo(beginning + sizeOf(schema));\n    return value;\n  },\n  // TODO: Move texture IO logic here after we expand repr to have in/out variants\n} satisfies CompleteDataReaders;\n\nexport function readData<TData extends wgsl.BaseData>(\n  input: ISerialInput,\n  schema: TData,\n): Infer<TData> {\n  const reader = (dataReaders as Record<string, unknown>)[\n    schema.type\n  ] as DataReader<TData>;\n  if (!reader) {\n    throw new Error(`Cannot read data of type '${schema.type}'.`);\n  }\n\n  return reader(input, schema);\n}\n","import { BufferReader, BufferWriter, getSystemEndianness } from 'typed-binary';\nimport { getCompiledWriterForSchema } from '../../data/compiledIO.ts';\nimport { readData, writeData } from '../../data/dataIO.ts';\nimport type { AnyData } from '../../data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport { getWriteInstructions } from '../../data/partialIO.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from '../../data/sizeOf.ts';\nimport type { BaseData } from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport { isWgslData } from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport type { StorageFlag } from '../../extension.ts';\nimport type { TgpuNamable } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport { getName, setName } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport type {\n  Infer,\n  InferPartial,\n  IsValidIndexSchema,\n  IsValidStorageSchema,\n  IsValidUniformSchema,\n  IsValidVertexSchema,\n  MemIdentity,\n} from '../../shared/repr.ts';\nimport { $internal } from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type {\n  Prettify,\n  UnionToIntersection,\n} from '../../shared/utilityTypes.ts';\nimport { isGPUBuffer } from '../../types.ts';\nimport type { ExperimentalTgpuRoot } from '../root/rootTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  asMutable,\n  asReadonly,\n  asUniform,\n  type TgpuBufferMutable,\n  type TgpuBufferReadonly,\n  type TgpuBufferUniform,\n  type TgpuFixedBufferUsage,\n} from './bufferUsage.ts';\n\n// ----------\n// Public API\n// ----------\n\nexport interface UniformFlag {\n  usableAsUniform: true;\n}\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Use UniformFlag instead.\n */\nexport type Uniform = UniformFlag;\n\nexport interface VertexFlag {\n  usableAsVertex: true;\n}\n\nexport interface IndexFlag {\n  usableAsIndex: true;\n}\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Use VertexFlag instead.\n */\nexport type Vertex = VertexFlag;\n\ntype LiteralToUsageType<T extends 'uniform' | 'storage' | 'vertex' | 'index'> =\n  T extends 'uniform' ? UniformFlag\n    : T extends 'storage' ? StorageFlag\n    : T extends 'vertex' ? VertexFlag\n    : T extends 'index' ? IndexFlag\n    : never;\n\ntype ViewUsages<TBuffer extends TgpuBuffer<BaseData>> =\n  | (boolean extends TBuffer['usableAsUniform'] ? never : 'uniform')\n  | (boolean extends TBuffer['usableAsStorage'] ? never\n    : 'readonly' | 'mutable');\n\ntype UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData extends BaseData> = {\n  uniform: TgpuBufferUniform<TData> & TgpuFixedBufferUsage<TData>;\n  mutable: TgpuBufferMutable<TData> & TgpuFixedBufferUsage<TData>;\n  readonly: TgpuBufferReadonly<TData> & TgpuFixedBufferUsage<TData>;\n};\n\nconst usageToUsageConstructor = {\n  uniform: asUniform,\n  mutable: asMutable,\n  readonly: asReadonly,\n};\n\n/**\n * Done as an object to later Prettify it\n */\ntype InnerValidUsagesFor<T> = {\n  usage:\n    | (IsValidStorageSchema<T> extends true ? 'storage' : never)\n    | (IsValidUniformSchema<T> extends true ? 'uniform' : never)\n    | (IsValidVertexSchema<T> extends true ? 'vertex' : never)\n    | (IsValidIndexSchema<T> extends true ? 'index' : never);\n};\n\nexport type ValidUsagesFor<T> = InnerValidUsagesFor<T>['usage'];\n\nexport interface TgpuBuffer<TData extends BaseData> extends TgpuNamable {\n  readonly [$internal]: true;\n  readonly resourceType: 'buffer';\n  readonly dataType: TData;\n  readonly initial?: Infer<TData> | undefined;\n\n  readonly buffer: GPUBuffer;\n  readonly destroyed: boolean;\n\n  usableAsUniform: boolean;\n  usableAsStorage: boolean;\n  usableAsVertex: boolean;\n  usableAsIndex: boolean;\n\n  $usage<\n    T extends [\n      Prettify<InnerValidUsagesFor<TData>>['usage'],\n      ...Prettify<InnerValidUsagesFor<TData>>['usage'][],\n    ],\n  >(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToUsageType<T[number]>>;\n  $addFlags(flags: GPUBufferUsageFlags): this;\n\n  as<T extends ViewUsages<this>>(usage: T): UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData>[T];\n\n  compileWriter(): void;\n  write(data: Infer<TData>): void;\n  writePartial(data: InferPartial<TData>): void;\n  clear(): void;\n  copyFrom(srcBuffer: TgpuBuffer<MemIdentity<TData>>): void;\n  read(): Promise<Infer<TData>>;\n  destroy(): void;\n}\n\nexport function INTERNAL_createBuffer<TData extends AnyData>(\n  group: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n  typeSchema: TData,\n  initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n): TgpuBuffer<TData> {\n  if (!isWgslData(typeSchema)) {\n    return new TgpuBufferImpl(group, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer, [\n      'storage',\n      'uniform',\n    ]);\n  }\n\n  return new TgpuBufferImpl(group, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer);\n}\n\nexport function isBuffer<T extends TgpuBuffer<AnyData>>(\n  value: T | unknown,\n): value is T {\n  return (value as TgpuBuffer<AnyData>).resourceType === 'buffer';\n}\n\nexport function isUsableAsVertex<T extends TgpuBuffer<AnyData>>(\n  buffer: T,\n): buffer is T & VertexFlag {\n  return !!(buffer as unknown as VertexFlag).usableAsVertex;\n}\n\nexport function isUsableAsIndex<T extends TgpuBuffer<AnyData>>(\n  buffer: T,\n): buffer is T & IndexFlag {\n  return !!(buffer as unknown as IndexFlag).usableAsIndex;\n}\n\n// --------------\n// Implementation\n// --------------\nconst endianness = getSystemEndianness();\n\nclass TgpuBufferImpl<TData extends AnyData> implements TgpuBuffer<TData> {\n  public readonly [$internal] = true;\n  public readonly resourceType = 'buffer';\n  public flags: GPUBufferUsageFlags = GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST |\n    GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC;\n\n  readonly #device: GPUDevice;\n  private _buffer: GPUBuffer | null = null;\n  private _ownBuffer: boolean;\n  private _destroyed = false;\n  private _hostBuffer: ArrayBuffer | undefined;\n\n  readonly initial: Infer<TData> | undefined;\n\n  usableAsUniform = false;\n  usableAsStorage = false;\n  usableAsVertex = false;\n  usableAsIndex = false;\n\n  constructor(\n    root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    public readonly dataType: TData,\n    public readonly initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer | undefined,\n    private readonly _disallowedUsages?:\n      ('uniform' | 'storage' | 'vertex' | 'index')[],\n  ) {\n    this.#device = root.device;\n    if (isGPUBuffer(initialOrBuffer)) {\n      this._ownBuffer = false;\n      this._buffer = initialOrBuffer;\n    } else {\n      this._ownBuffer = true;\n      this.initial = initialOrBuffer;\n    }\n  }\n\n  get buffer() {\n    if (this._destroyed) {\n      throw new Error('This buffer has been destroyed');\n    }\n\n    if (!this._buffer) {\n      this._buffer = this.#device.createBuffer({\n        size: sizeOf(this.dataType),\n        usage: this.flags,\n        mappedAtCreation: !!this.initial,\n        label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n      });\n\n      if (this.initial) {\n        this._writeToTarget(this._buffer.getMappedRange(), this.initial);\n        this._buffer.unmap();\n      }\n    }\n\n    return this._buffer;\n  }\n\n  get destroyed() {\n    return this._destroyed;\n  }\n\n  $name(label: string) {\n    setName(this, label);\n    if (this._buffer) {\n      this._buffer.label = label;\n    }\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  $usage<T extends ('uniform' | 'storage' | 'vertex' | 'index')[]>(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToUsageType<T[number]>> {\n    for (const usage of usages) {\n      if (this._disallowedUsages?.includes(usage)) {\n        throw new Error(\n          `Buffer of type ${this.dataType.type} cannot be used as ${usage}`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      this.flags |= usage === 'uniform' ? GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM : 0;\n      this.flags |= usage === 'storage' ? GPUBufferUsage.STORAGE : 0;\n      this.flags |= usage === 'vertex' ? GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX : 0;\n      this.flags |= usage === 'index' ? GPUBufferUsage.INDEX : 0;\n      this.usableAsUniform = this.usableAsUniform || usage === 'uniform';\n      this.usableAsStorage = this.usableAsStorage || usage === 'storage';\n      this.usableAsVertex = this.usableAsVertex || usage === 'vertex';\n      this.usableAsIndex = this.usableAsIndex || usage === 'index';\n    }\n    return this as this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToUsageType<T[number]>>;\n  }\n\n  $addFlags(flags: GPUBufferUsageFlags) {\n    if (!this._ownBuffer) {\n      throw new Error(\n        'Cannot add flags to a buffer that is not managed by TypeGPU.',\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (flags & GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ) {\n      this.flags = GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ;\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    if (flags & GPUBufferUsage.MAP_WRITE) {\n      this.flags = GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_WRITE;\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    this.flags |= flags;\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  compileWriter(): void {\n    getCompiledWriterForSchema(this.dataType);\n  }\n\n  private _writeToTarget(\n    target: ArrayBuffer,\n    data: Infer<TData>,\n  ): void {\n    const compiledWriter = getCompiledWriterForSchema(this.dataType);\n\n    if (compiledWriter) {\n      try {\n        compiledWriter(\n          new DataView(target),\n          0,\n          data,\n          endianness === 'little',\n        );\n        return;\n      } catch (error) {\n        console.error(\n          `Error when using compiled writer for buffer ${\n            getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'\n          } - this is likely a bug, please submit an issue at https://github.com/software-mansion/TypeGPU/issues\\nUsing fallback writer instead.`,\n          error,\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    writeData(new BufferWriter(target), this.dataType, data);\n  }\n\n  write(data: Infer<TData>): void {\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      const mapped = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      this._writeToTarget(mapped, data);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const size = sizeOf(this.dataType);\n    if (!this._hostBuffer) {\n      this._hostBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(size);\n    }\n\n    this._writeToTarget(this._hostBuffer, data);\n    this.#device.queue.writeBuffer(gpuBuffer, 0, this._hostBuffer, 0, size);\n  }\n\n  public writePartial(data: InferPartial<TData>): void {\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n\n    const instructions = getWriteInstructions(this.dataType, data);\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      const mappedRange = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      const mappedView = new Uint8Array(mappedRange);\n\n      for (const instruction of instructions) {\n        mappedView.set(instruction.data, instruction.data.byteOffset);\n      }\n    } else {\n      for (const instruction of instructions) {\n        this.#device.queue.writeBuffer(\n          gpuBuffer,\n          instruction.data.byteOffset,\n          instruction.data,\n          0,\n          instruction.data.byteLength,\n        );\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  public clear(): void {\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      new Uint8Array(gpuBuffer.getMappedRange()).fill(0);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const encoder = this.#device.createCommandEncoder();\n    encoder.clearBuffer(gpuBuffer);\n    this.#device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);\n  }\n\n  copyFrom(srcBuffer: TgpuBuffer<MemIdentity<TData>>): void {\n    if (this.buffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      throw new Error('Cannot copy to a mapped buffer.');\n    }\n\n    const size = sizeOf(this.dataType);\n    const encoder = this.#device.createCommandEncoder();\n    encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(srcBuffer.buffer, 0, this.buffer, 0, size);\n    this.#device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);\n  }\n\n  async read(): Promise<Infer<TData>> {\n    const gpuBuffer = this.buffer;\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.mapState === 'mapped') {\n      const mapped = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      return readData(new BufferReader(mapped), this.dataType);\n    }\n\n    if (gpuBuffer.usage & GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ) {\n      await gpuBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);\n      const mapped = gpuBuffer.getMappedRange();\n      const res = readData(new BufferReader(mapped), this.dataType);\n      gpuBuffer.unmap();\n      return res;\n    }\n\n    const stagingBuffer = this.#device.createBuffer({\n      size: sizeOf(this.dataType),\n      usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ,\n    });\n\n    const commandEncoder = this.#device.createCommandEncoder();\n    commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(\n      gpuBuffer,\n      0,\n      stagingBuffer,\n      0,\n      sizeOf(this.dataType),\n    );\n\n    this.#device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);\n    await stagingBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ, 0, sizeOf(this.dataType));\n\n    const res = readData(\n      new BufferReader(stagingBuffer.getMappedRange()),\n      this.dataType,\n    );\n\n    stagingBuffer.unmap();\n    stagingBuffer.destroy();\n\n    return res;\n  }\n\n  as<T extends ViewUsages<this>>(usage: T): UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData>[T] {\n    return usageToUsageConstructor[usage]?.(\n      this as never,\n    ) as UsageTypeToBufferUsage<TData>[T];\n  }\n\n  destroy() {\n    if (this._destroyed) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this._destroyed = true;\n    if (this._ownBuffer) {\n      this._buffer?.destroy();\n    }\n  }\n\n  toString(): string {\n    return `buffer:${getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'}`;\n  }\n}\n","import {\n  getDeviceTextureFormatInfo,\n  textureFormats,\n} from './textureFormats.ts';\nimport type { ExternalImageSource } from './texture.ts';\n\nexport function getImageSourceDimensions(\n  source: ExternalImageSource,\n): { width: number; height: number } {\n  if ('displayWidth' in source && 'displayHeight' in source) {\n    return { width: source.displayWidth, height: source.displayHeight };\n  }\n  return { width: source.width as number, height: source.height as number };\n}\n\ntype CachedResources = {\n  vertexShader: GPUShaderModule;\n  fragmentShader: GPUShaderModule;\n  bindGroupLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout;\n  pipelineLayout: GPUPipelineLayout;\n  sampler: GPUSampler;\n};\n\nconst deviceResourceCache = new WeakMap<\n  GPUDevice,\n  Map<string, CachedResources>\n>();\n\nfunction getDeviceCache(device: GPUDevice): Map<string, CachedResources> {\n  let cache = deviceResourceCache.get(device);\n  if (!cache) {\n    cache = new Map<string, CachedResources>();\n    deviceResourceCache.set(device, cache);\n  }\n  return cache;\n}\n\nexport function clearTextureUtilsCache(device: GPUDevice): void {\n  const cache = deviceResourceCache.get(device);\n  if (cache) {\n    cache.clear();\n  }\n}\n\nexport function generateTextureMipmaps(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  texture: GPUTexture,\n  baseMipLevel = 0,\n  mipLevels?: number,\n) {\n  if (texture.dimension !== '2d') {\n    throw new Error(\n      'Cannot generate mipmaps for non-2D textures: only 2D textures are currently supported.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  const actualMipLevels = mipLevels ?? (texture.mipLevelCount - baseMipLevel);\n  const formatInfo = getDeviceTextureFormatInfo(texture.format, device);\n\n  const hasFloatSampleType = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].some((type) =>\n    type === 'float' || type === 'unfilterable-float'\n  );\n\n  if (!hasFloatSampleType) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot generate mipmaps for format '${texture.format}': only float and unfilterable-float formats are currently supported.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (!formatInfo.canRenderAttachment) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot generate mipmaps for format '${texture.format}': format does not support render attachments.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  // Generate mipmaps for all layers\n  for (let layer = 0; layer < texture.depthOrArrayLayers; layer++) {\n    for (\n      let mip = baseMipLevel;\n      mip < baseMipLevel + actualMipLevels - 1;\n      mip++\n    ) {\n      const srcMipLevel = mip;\n      const dstMipLevel = mip + 1;\n\n      generateMipmapLevel(device, texture, srcMipLevel, dstMipLevel, layer);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport function resampleImage(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  targetTexture: GPUTexture,\n  image: ExternalImageSource,\n  layer?: number,\n) {\n  if (targetTexture.dimension === '3d') {\n    throw new Error(\n      'Cannot resample to 3D textures: only 2D textures are currently supported.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  const formatInfo = textureFormats[targetTexture.format];\n\n  const hasFloatSampleType = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].some((type) =>\n    type === 'float' || type === 'unfilterable-float'\n  );\n\n  if (!hasFloatSampleType) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot resample to format '${targetTexture.format}': only float and unfilterable-float formats are currently supported.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (!formatInfo.canRenderAttachment) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Cannot resample to format '${targetTexture.format}': format does not support render attachments.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  return resampleWithRenderPipeline(device, targetTexture, image, layer);\n}\n\nfunction resampleWithRenderPipeline(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  targetTexture: GPUTexture,\n  image: ExternalImageSource,\n  layer = 0,\n) {\n  const formatInfo = textureFormats[targetTexture.format];\n  const canFilter = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].includes('float');\n\n  const cacheKey = `${canFilter ? 'filterable' : 'unfilterable'}`;\n\n  const deviceCache = getDeviceCache(device);\n  let cached = deviceCache.get(cacheKey);\n  if (!cached) {\n    const vertexShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\nstruct VertexOutput {\n  @builtin(position) pos: vec4f,\n  @location(0) uv: vec2f,\n}\n\n@vertex\nfn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {\n  let pos = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(-1, -1), vec2f(3, -1), vec2f(-1, 3));\n  let uv = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(2, 1), vec2f(0, -1));\n\n  var output: VertexOutput;\n  output.pos = vec4f(pos[vertexIndex], 0, 1);\n  output.uv = uv[vertexIndex];\n  return output;\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    const sampler = device.createSampler({\n      magFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n      minFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n    });\n\n    const bindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({\n      entries: [\n        {\n          binding: 0,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          texture: {\n            sampleType: 'float',\n          },\n        },\n        {\n          binding: 1,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          sampler: {\n            type: canFilter ? 'filtering' : 'non-filtering',\n          },\n        },\n      ],\n    });\n\n    const pipelineLayout = device.createPipelineLayout({\n      bindGroupLayouts: [bindGroupLayout],\n    });\n\n    const fragmentShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\n@group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;\n@group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;\n\n@fragment\nfn fs_main(@location(0) uv: vec2f) -> @location(0) vec4f {\n  ${\n        canFilter\n          ? 'return textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, uv);'\n          : `let texelCoord = vec2u(uv * vec2f(textureDimensions(inputTexture)));\n        return textureLoad(inputTexture, texelCoord, 0);`\n      }\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    cached = {\n      vertexShader,\n      fragmentShader,\n      bindGroupLayout,\n      pipelineLayout,\n      sampler,\n    };\n    deviceCache.set(cacheKey, cached);\n  }\n\n  const inputTexture = device.createTexture({\n    size: [...Object.values(getImageSourceDimensions(image))],\n    format: 'rgba8unorm',\n    usage: GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT |\n      GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST,\n  });\n\n  const { width, height } = getImageSourceDimensions(image);\n  device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture(\n    { source: image },\n    { texture: inputTexture },\n    [width, height, 1],\n  );\n\n  const renderTexture = device.createTexture({\n    size: [targetTexture.width, targetTexture.height, 1],\n    format: targetTexture.format,\n    usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC,\n  });\n\n  const pipeline = device.createRenderPipeline({\n    layout: cached.pipelineLayout,\n    vertex: {\n      module: cached.vertexShader,\n    },\n    fragment: {\n      module: cached.fragmentShader,\n      targets: [\n        {\n          format: targetTexture.format,\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    primitive: {\n      topology: 'triangle-list',\n    },\n  });\n\n  const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({\n    layout: cached.bindGroupLayout,\n    entries: [\n      {\n        binding: 0,\n        resource: inputTexture.createView(),\n      },\n      {\n        binding: 1,\n        resource: cached.sampler,\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();\n  const renderPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({\n    colorAttachments: [\n      {\n        view: renderTexture.createView(),\n        loadOp: 'clear',\n        storeOp: 'store',\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  renderPass.setPipeline(pipeline);\n  renderPass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);\n  renderPass.draw(3);\n  renderPass.end();\n\n  encoder.copyTextureToTexture(\n    { texture: renderTexture },\n    {\n      texture: targetTexture,\n      origin: { x: 0, y: 0, z: layer },\n    },\n    {\n      width: targetTexture.width,\n      height: targetTexture.height,\n      depthOrArrayLayers: 1,\n    },\n  );\n\n  device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);\n\n  inputTexture.destroy();\n  renderTexture.destroy();\n}\n\nfunction generateMipmapLevel(\n  device: GPUDevice,\n  texture: GPUTexture,\n  srcMipLevel: number,\n  dstMipLevel: number,\n  layer?: number,\n) {\n  const formatInfo = getDeviceTextureFormatInfo(texture.format, device);\n  const canFilter = [...formatInfo.sampleTypes].includes('float');\n\n  const cacheKey = `${canFilter ? 'filterable' : 'unfilterable'}`;\n\n  const deviceCache = getDeviceCache(device);\n  let cached = deviceCache.get(cacheKey);\n  if (!cached) {\n    const vertexShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\nstruct VertexOutput {\n  @builtin(position) pos: vec4f,\n  @location(0) uv: vec2f,\n}\n\n@vertex\nfn vs_main(@builtin(vertex_index) vertexIndex: u32) -> VertexOutput {\n  let pos = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(-1, -1), vec2f(3, -1), vec2f(-1, 3));\n  let uv = array<vec2f, 3>(vec2f(0, 1), vec2f(2, 1), vec2f(0, -1));\n\n  var output: VertexOutput;\n  output.pos = vec4f(pos[vertexIndex], 0, 1);\n  output.uv = uv[vertexIndex];\n  return output;\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    const fragmentShader = device.createShaderModule({\n      code: `\n@group(0) @binding(0) var inputTexture: texture_2d<f32>;\n@group(0) @binding(1) var inputSampler: sampler;\n\n@fragment\nfn fs_main(@location(0) uv: vec2f) -> @location(0) vec4f {\n  return textureSample(inputTexture, inputSampler, uv);\n}\n      `,\n    });\n\n    const sampler = device.createSampler({\n      magFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n      minFilter: canFilter ? 'linear' : 'nearest',\n    });\n\n    const bindGroupLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({\n      entries: [\n        {\n          binding: 0,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          texture: {\n            sampleType: canFilter ? 'float' : 'unfilterable-float',\n          },\n        },\n        {\n          binding: 1,\n          visibility: GPUShaderStage.FRAGMENT,\n          sampler: {\n            type: canFilter ? 'filtering' : 'non-filtering',\n          },\n        },\n      ],\n    });\n\n    const pipelineLayout = device.createPipelineLayout({\n      bindGroupLayouts: [bindGroupLayout],\n    });\n\n    cached = {\n      vertexShader,\n      fragmentShader,\n      bindGroupLayout,\n      pipelineLayout,\n      sampler,\n    };\n    deviceCache.set(cacheKey, cached);\n  }\n\n  const pipeline = device.createRenderPipeline({\n    layout: cached.pipelineLayout,\n    vertex: {\n      module: cached.vertexShader,\n    },\n    fragment: {\n      module: cached.fragmentShader,\n      targets: [\n        {\n          format: texture.format,\n        },\n      ],\n    },\n    primitive: {\n      topology: 'triangle-list',\n    },\n  });\n\n  const srcTextureView = texture.createView({\n    baseMipLevel: srcMipLevel,\n    dimension: '2d',\n    mipLevelCount: 1,\n    ...(layer !== undefined && {\n      baseArrayLayer: layer,\n      arrayLayerCount: 1,\n    }),\n  });\n\n  const dstTextureView = texture.createView({\n    baseMipLevel: dstMipLevel,\n    dimension: '2d',\n    mipLevelCount: 1,\n    ...(layer !== undefined && {\n      baseArrayLayer: layer,\n      arrayLayerCount: 1,\n    }),\n  });\n\n  const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({\n    layout: cached.bindGroupLayout,\n    entries: [\n      {\n        binding: 0,\n        resource: srcTextureView,\n      },\n      {\n        binding: 1,\n        resource: cached.sampler,\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();\n  const renderPass = encoder.beginRenderPass({\n    colorAttachments: [\n      {\n        view: dstTextureView,\n        loadOp: 'clear',\n        storeOp: 'store',\n      },\n    ],\n  });\n\n  renderPass.setPipeline(pipeline);\n  renderPass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);\n  renderPass.draw(3);\n  renderPass.end();\n\n  device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);\n}\n","import {\n  isWgslStorageTexture,\n  textureDescriptorToSchema,\n  type TextureSchemaForDescriptor,\n  type WgslStorageTexture,\n  type WgslTexture,\n  type WgslTextureProps,\n} from '../../data/texture.ts';\nimport { inCodegenMode } from '../../execMode.ts';\nimport { type ResolvedSnippet, snip } from '../../data/snippet.ts';\nimport type { Vec4f, Vec4i, Vec4u } from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport type { TgpuNamable } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport { getName, setName } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport type { Infer, ValidateTextureViewSchema } from '../../shared/repr.ts';\nimport type {\n  TextureFormatInfo,\n  ViewDimensionToDimension,\n} from './textureFormats.ts';\nimport {\n  $gpuValueOf,\n  $internal,\n  $ownSnippet,\n  $repr,\n  $resolve,\n} from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type {\n  Default,\n  TypedArray,\n  UnionToIntersection,\n} from '../../shared/utilityTypes.ts';\nimport type { LayoutMembership } from '../../tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport type { ResolutionCtx, SelfResolvable } from '../../types.ts';\nimport type { ExperimentalTgpuRoot } from '../root/rootTypes.ts';\nimport { valueProxyHandler } from '../valueProxyUtils.ts';\nimport { type TextureFormats, textureFormats } from './textureFormats.ts';\nimport type { TextureProps } from './textureProps.ts';\nimport type { AllowedUsages, LiteralToExtensionMap } from './usageExtension.ts';\nimport {\n  generateTextureMipmaps,\n  getImageSourceDimensions,\n  resampleImage,\n} from './textureUtils.ts';\n\ntype TextureInternals = {\n  unwrap(): GPUTexture;\n};\n\ntype TextureViewInternals = {\n  readonly unwrap: (() => GPUTextureView) | undefined;\n};\n\n// ----------\n// Public API\n// ----------\n\nexport type TexelData = Vec4u | Vec4i | Vec4f;\n\nexport type ExternalImageSource =\n  | HTMLCanvasElement\n  | HTMLImageElement\n  | HTMLVideoElement\n  | ImageBitmap\n  | ImageData\n  | OffscreenCanvas\n  | VideoFrame;\n\ntype TgpuTextureViewDescriptor = {\n  /**\n   * Which {@link GPUTextureAspect | aspect(s)} of the texture are accessible to the texture view.\n   */\n  aspect?: GPUTextureAspect;\n  /**\n   * The first (most detailed) mipmap level accessible to the texture view.\n   */\n  baseMipLevel?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * How many mipmap levels, starting with {@link GPUTextureViewDescriptor#baseMipLevel}, are accessible to\n   * the texture view.\n   */\n  mipLevelCount?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * The index of the first array layer accessible to the texture view.\n   */\n  baseArrayLayer?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * How many array layers, starting with {@link GPUTextureViewDescriptor#baseArrayLayer}, are accessible\n   * to the texture view.\n   */\n  arrayLayerCount?: GPUIntegerCoordinate;\n  /**\n   * The format of the texture view. Must be either the {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#format} of the\n   * texture or one of the {@link GPUTextureDescriptor#viewFormats} specified during its creation.\n   */\n  format?: GPUTextureFormat;\n};\n\ntype DefaultViewSchema<T extends Partial<TextureProps>> =\n  TextureSchemaForDescriptor<{\n    dimension: Default<T['dimension'], '2d'>;\n    sampleType: T['format'] extends keyof TextureFormats\n      ? TextureFormats[T['format']]['channelType']\n      : TextureFormats[keyof TextureFormats]['channelType'];\n    multisampled: Default<T['sampleCount'], 1> extends 1 ? false : true;\n  }>;\n\ntype BaseDimension<T extends string> = T extends keyof ViewDimensionToDimension\n  ? ViewDimensionToDimension[T]\n  : never;\n\ntype OptionalDimension<T extends string> = T extends\n  | '2d'\n  | '2d-array'\n  | 'cube'\n  | 'cube-array' ? { dimension?: BaseDimension<T> }\n  : { dimension: BaseDimension<T> };\n\ntype MultisampledProps<T extends WgslTexture> = T['multisampled'] extends true\n  ? OptionalDimension<T['dimension']> & { sampleCount: 4 }\n  : OptionalDimension<T['dimension']> & { sampleCount?: 1 };\n\nexport type PropsForSchema<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture> =\n  T extends WgslTexture ? {\n      size: readonly number[];\n      format: GPUTextureFormat;\n    } & MultisampledProps<T>\n    : T extends WgslStorageTexture ? {\n        size: readonly number[];\n        format: T['format'];\n      } & OptionalDimension<T['dimension']>\n    : never;\n\nfunction getDescriptorForProps<T extends TextureProps>(\n  props: T,\n): WgslTextureProps {\n  return {\n    dimension: (props.dimension ?? '2d') as Default<T['dimension'], '2d'>,\n    sampleType: textureFormats[props.format].channelType,\n    multisampled: !((props.sampleCount ?? 1) === 1) as Default<\n      T['sampleCount'],\n      1\n    > extends 1 ? false\n      : true,\n  };\n}\n\nexport type TextureAspect = 'color' | 'depth' | 'stencil';\nexport type DepthStencilFormats =\n  | 'depth24plus-stencil8'\n  | 'depth32float-stencil8';\nexport type DepthFormats = 'depth16unorm' | 'depth24plus' | 'depth32float';\nexport type StencilFormats = 'stencil8';\n\nexport type AspectsForFormat<T extends GPUTextureFormat> =\n  GPUTextureFormat extends T ? TextureAspect[]\n    : T extends DepthStencilFormats ? ('depth' | 'stencil')[]\n    : T extends DepthFormats ? 'depth'[]\n    : T extends StencilFormats ? 'stencil'[]\n    : 'color'[];\n\nfunction getAspectsForFormat<T extends GPUTextureFormat>(\n  format: T,\n): AspectsForFormat<T> {\n  if (format === 'depth24plus-stencil8' || format === 'depth32float-stencil8') {\n    return ['depth', 'stencil'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n  }\n  if (\n    format === 'depth16unorm' ||\n    format === 'depth24plus' ||\n    format === 'depth32float'\n  ) {\n    return ['depth'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n  }\n  if (format === 'stencil8') {\n    return ['stencil'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n  }\n  return ['color'] as AspectsForFormat<T>;\n}\n\ntype CopyCompatibleTexture<T extends TextureProps> = TgpuTexture<{\n  size: T['size'];\n  format: T['format'];\n  sampleCount?: T['sampleCount'];\n}>;\n\n/**\n * @param TProps all properties that distinguish this texture apart from other textures on the type level.\n */\nexport interface TgpuTexture<TProps extends TextureProps = TextureProps>\n  extends TgpuNamable {\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureInternals;\n  readonly resourceType: 'texture';\n  readonly props: TProps; // <- storing to be able to differentiate structurally between different textures.\n  readonly aspects: AspectsForFormat<TProps['format']>;\n  readonly destroyed: boolean;\n\n  // Extensions\n  readonly usableAsStorage: boolean;\n  readonly usableAsSampled: boolean;\n  readonly usableAsRender: boolean;\n\n  $usage<T extends AllowedUsages<TProps>[]>(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToExtensionMap[T[number]]>;\n\n  createView(\n    ...args: this['usableAsSampled'] extends true ? []\n      : [ValidateTextureViewSchema<this, WgslTexture>]\n  ): TgpuTextureView<DefaultViewSchema<TProps>>;\n  createView<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>(\n    schema: ValidateTextureViewSchema<this, T>,\n    viewDescriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture\n        ? T['sampleType']['type'] extends 'f32' ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never\n        : never;\n    },\n  ): TgpuTextureView<T>;\n\n  clear(mipLevel?: number | 'all'): void;\n  generateMipmaps(baseMipLevel?: number, mipLevels?: number): void;\n  write(source: ExternalImageSource | ExternalImageSource[]): void;\n  write(source: ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView, mipLevel?: number): void;\n  // TODO: support copies from GPUBuffers and TgpuBuffers\n  copyFrom<T extends CopyCompatibleTexture<TProps>>(source: T): void;\n\n  destroy(): void;\n}\n\nexport interface TgpuTextureView<\n  TSchema extends WgslStorageTexture | WgslTexture =\n    | WgslStorageTexture\n    | WgslTexture,\n> {\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureViewInternals;\n  readonly resourceType: 'texture-view';\n  readonly schema: TSchema;\n\n  readonly [$gpuValueOf]: Infer<TSchema>;\n  value: Infer<TSchema>;\n  $: Infer<TSchema>;\n}\n\nexport function INTERNAL_createTexture(\n  props: TextureProps,\n  branch: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n): TgpuTexture<TextureProps> {\n  return new TgpuTextureImpl(props, branch);\n}\n\nexport function isTexture<T extends TgpuTexture>(\n  value: unknown | T,\n): value is T {\n  return (value as T)?.resourceType === 'texture' && !!(value as T)[$internal];\n}\n\nexport function isTextureView<T extends TgpuTextureView>(\n  value: unknown | T,\n): value is T {\n  return (\n    (value as T)?.resourceType === 'texture-view' && !!(value as T)[$internal]\n  );\n}\n\n// --------------\n// Implementation\n// --------------\n\nclass TgpuTextureImpl<TProps extends TextureProps>\n  implements TgpuTexture<TProps> {\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureInternals;\n  readonly resourceType = 'texture';\n  readonly aspects: AspectsForFormat<this['props']['format']>;\n  usableAsSampled = false;\n  usableAsStorage = false;\n  usableAsRender = false;\n\n  #formatInfo: TextureFormatInfo;\n  // biome-ignore lint/correctness/noUnusedPrivateClassMembers: wdym, it is used 10 lines below\n  #byteSize: number;\n  #destroyed = false;\n  #flags = GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST | GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC;\n  #texture: GPUTexture | null = null;\n  #branch: ExperimentalTgpuRoot;\n\n  constructor(\n    public readonly props: TProps,\n    branch: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n  ) {\n    const format = props.format as TProps['format'];\n\n    this.#branch = branch;\n    this.#formatInfo = textureFormats[format];\n    this.#byteSize = (props.size[0] as number) *\n      (props.size[1] ?? 1) *\n      (props.size[2] ?? 1) *\n      this.#formatInfo.texelSize;\n    this.aspects = getAspectsForFormat(format);\n\n    this[$internal] = {\n      unwrap: () => {\n        if (this.#destroyed) {\n          throw new Error('This texture has been destroyed');\n        }\n\n        if (!this.#texture) {\n          this.#texture = branch.device.createTexture({\n            label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n            format: props.format,\n            size: props.size,\n            usage: this.#flags,\n            dimension: props.dimension ?? '2d',\n            viewFormats: props.viewFormats ?? [],\n            mipLevelCount: props.mipLevelCount ?? 1,\n            sampleCount: props.sampleCount ?? 1,\n          });\n        }\n\n        return this.#texture;\n      },\n    };\n  }\n\n  $name(label: string) {\n    setName(this, label);\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  $usage<T extends ('sampled' | 'storage' | 'render')[]>(\n    ...usages: T\n  ): this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToExtensionMap[T[number]]> {\n    const hasStorage = usages.includes('storage');\n    const hasSampled = usages.includes('sampled');\n    const hasRender = usages.includes('render');\n    this.#flags |= hasSampled ? GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING : 0;\n    this.#flags |= hasStorage ? GPUTextureUsage.STORAGE_BINDING : 0;\n    this.#flags |= hasRender ? GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT : 0;\n    this.usableAsStorage ||= hasStorage;\n    this.usableAsSampled ||= hasSampled;\n    this.usableAsRender ||= hasRender;\n\n    return this as this & UnionToIntersection<LiteralToExtensionMap[T[number]]>;\n  }\n\n  createView(\n    ...args: this['usableAsSampled'] extends true ? [] : [never]\n  ): TgpuTextureView<DefaultViewSchema<TProps>>;\n  createView<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>(\n    schema: never,\n    viewDescriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture\n        ? T['sampleType']['type'] extends 'f32' ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never\n        : never;\n    },\n  ): TgpuTextureView<T>;\n  createView<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>(\n    schema?: never,\n    viewDescriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture\n        ? T['sampleType']['type'] extends 'f32' ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never\n        : never;\n    },\n  ): TgpuTextureView<T> {\n    return new TgpuFixedTextureViewImpl(\n      schema ??\n        (textureDescriptorToSchema(getDescriptorForProps(this.props)) as T),\n      this as TgpuTexture,\n      viewDescriptor,\n    );\n  }\n\n  #clearMipLevel(mip = 0) {\n    const scale = 2 ** mip;\n    const [width, height, depth] = [\n      Math.max(1, Math.floor((this.props.size[0] ?? 1) / scale)),\n      Math.max(1, Math.floor((this.props.size[1] ?? 1) / scale)),\n      Math.max(1, Math.floor((this.props.size[2] ?? 1) / scale)),\n    ];\n\n    this.#branch.device.queue.writeTexture(\n      { texture: this[$internal].unwrap(), mipLevel: mip },\n      new Uint8Array(width * height * depth * this.#formatInfo.texelSize),\n      { bytesPerRow: this.#formatInfo.texelSize * width, rowsPerImage: height },\n      [width, height, depth],\n    );\n  }\n\n  clear(mipLevel: number | 'all' = 'all') {\n    if (mipLevel === 'all') {\n      const mipLevels = this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1;\n      for (let i = 0; i < mipLevels; i++) {\n        this.#clearMipLevel(i);\n      }\n    } else {\n      this.#clearMipLevel(mipLevel);\n    }\n  }\n\n  generateMipmaps(baseMipLevel = 0, mipLevels?: number) {\n    if (this.usableAsRender === false) {\n      throw new Error(\n        \"generateMipmaps called without specifying 'render' usage. Add it via the $usage('render') method.\",\n      );\n    }\n\n    const actualMipLevels = mipLevels ??\n      (this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1) - baseMipLevel;\n\n    if (actualMipLevels <= 1) {\n      console.warn(\n        `generateMipmaps is a no-op: would generate ${actualMipLevels} mip levels (base: ${baseMipLevel}, total: ${\n          this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1\n        })`,\n      );\n      return;\n    }\n\n    if (baseMipLevel >= (this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1)) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Base mip level ${baseMipLevel} is out of range. Texture has ${\n          this.props.mipLevelCount ?? 1\n        } mip levels.`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    generateTextureMipmaps(\n      this.#branch.device,\n      this[$internal].unwrap(),\n      baseMipLevel,\n      actualMipLevels,\n    );\n  }\n\n  write(source: ExternalImageSource | ExternalImageSource[]): void;\n  write(source: ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView, mipLevel?: number): void;\n  write(\n    source:\n      | ExternalImageSource\n      | ExternalImageSource[]\n      | ArrayBuffer\n      | TypedArray\n      | DataView,\n    mipLevel = 0,\n  ) {\n    if (source instanceof ArrayBuffer || ArrayBuffer.isView(source)) {\n      this.#writeBufferData(source, mipLevel);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const dimension = this.props.dimension ?? '2d';\n    const isArray = Array.isArray(source);\n\n    if (!isArray) {\n      this.#writeSingleLayer(source, dimension === '3d' ? 0 : undefined);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const layerCount = this.props.size[2] ?? 1;\n    if (source.length > layerCount) {\n      console.warn(\n        `Too many image sources provided. Expected ${layerCount} layers, got ${source.length}. Extra sources will be ignored.`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    for (let layer = 0; layer < Math.min(source.length, layerCount); layer++) {\n      const bitmap = source[layer];\n      if (bitmap) {\n        this.#writeSingleLayer(bitmap, layer);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  #writeBufferData(\n    source: ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView,\n    mipLevel: number,\n  ) {\n    const mipWidth = Math.max(1, (this.props.size[0] as number) >> mipLevel);\n    const mipHeight = Math.max(1, (this.props.size[1] ?? 1) >> mipLevel);\n    const mipDepth = Math.max(1, (this.props.size[2] ?? 1) >> mipLevel);\n\n    const expectedSize = mipWidth * mipHeight * mipDepth *\n      this.#formatInfo.texelSize;\n    const actualSize = source.byteLength ?? (source as ArrayBuffer).byteLength;\n\n    if (actualSize !== expectedSize) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Buffer size mismatch. Expected ${expectedSize} bytes for mip level ${mipLevel}, got ${actualSize} bytes.`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    this.#branch.device.queue.writeTexture(\n      {\n        texture: this[$internal].unwrap(),\n        mipLevel,\n      },\n      source,\n      {\n        bytesPerRow: this.#formatInfo.texelSize * mipWidth,\n        rowsPerImage: mipHeight,\n      },\n      [mipWidth, mipHeight, mipDepth],\n    );\n  }\n\n  #writeSingleLayer(source: ExternalImageSource, layer?: number) {\n    const targetWidth = this.props.size[0] as number;\n    const targetHeight = (this.props.size[1] ?? 1) as number;\n    const { width: sourceWidth, height: sourceHeight } =\n      getImageSourceDimensions(source);\n    const needsResampling = sourceWidth !== targetWidth ||\n      sourceHeight !== targetHeight;\n\n    if (needsResampling) {\n      resampleImage(\n        this.#branch.device,\n        this[$internal].unwrap(),\n        source,\n        layer,\n      );\n      return;\n    }\n\n    this.#branch.device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture(\n      { source },\n      {\n        texture: this[$internal].unwrap(),\n        ...(layer !== undefined && { origin: { x: 0, y: 0, z: layer } }),\n      },\n      layer !== undefined ? [targetWidth, targetHeight, 1] : this.props.size,\n    );\n  }\n\n  copyFrom(source: CopyCompatibleTexture<TProps>) {\n    if (source.props.format !== this.props.format) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Texture format mismatch. Source texture has format ${source.props.format}, target texture has format ${this.props.format}`,\n      );\n    }\n    if (\n      source.props.size[0] !== this.props.size[0] ||\n      (source.props.size[1] ?? 1) !== (this.props.size[1] ?? 1) ||\n      (source.props.size[2] ?? 1) !== (this.props.size[2] ?? 1)\n    ) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Texture size mismatch. Source texture has size ${\n          source.props.size.join(\n            'x',\n          )\n        }, target texture has size ${this.props.size.join('x')}`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const commandEncoder = this.#branch.device.createCommandEncoder();\n    commandEncoder.copyTextureToTexture(\n      { texture: source[$internal].unwrap() },\n      { texture: this[$internal].unwrap() },\n      source.props.size,\n    );\n    this.#branch.device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);\n  }\n\n  get destroyed() {\n    return this.#destroyed;\n  }\n\n  destroy() {\n    if (this.#destroyed) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#destroyed = true;\n    this.#texture?.destroy();\n  }\n}\n\nclass TgpuFixedTextureViewImpl<T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture>\n  implements TgpuTextureView<T>, SelfResolvable, TgpuNamable {\n  /** Type-token, not available at runtime */\n  declare readonly [$repr]: Infer<T>;\n  readonly [$internal]: TextureViewInternals;\n  readonly resourceType = 'texture-view' as const;\n\n  #baseTexture: TgpuTexture;\n  #view: GPUTextureView | undefined;\n  #descriptor:\n    | (TgpuTextureViewDescriptor & {\n      sampleType?: T extends WgslTexture ? 'float' | 'unfilterable-float'\n        : never;\n    })\n    | undefined;\n\n  constructor(\n    readonly schema: T,\n    baseTexture: TgpuTexture,\n    descriptor?: TgpuTextureViewDescriptor,\n  ) {\n    this.#baseTexture = baseTexture;\n    this.#descriptor = descriptor;\n\n    this[$internal] = {\n      unwrap: () => {\n        if (!this.#view) {\n          const schema = this.schema;\n          let descriptor: GPUTextureViewDescriptor;\n          if (isWgslStorageTexture(schema)) {\n            descriptor = {\n              label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n              format: this.#descriptor?.format ?? schema.format,\n              dimension: schema.dimension,\n            };\n          } else {\n            descriptor = {\n              label: getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>',\n              format: this.#descriptor?.format ??\n                this.#baseTexture.props.format,\n              dimension: schema.dimension,\n            };\n          }\n\n          if (this.#descriptor?.mipLevelCount !== undefined) {\n            descriptor.mipLevelCount = this.#descriptor.mipLevelCount;\n          }\n          if (this.#descriptor?.arrayLayerCount !== undefined) {\n            descriptor.arrayLayerCount = this.#descriptor.arrayLayerCount;\n          }\n\n          this.#view = this.#baseTexture[$internal]\n            .unwrap()\n            .createView(descriptor);\n        }\n        return this.#view;\n      },\n    };\n  }\n\n  $name(label: string) {\n    setName(this, label);\n    if (this.#view) {\n      this.#view.label = label;\n    }\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  get [$gpuValueOf](): Infer<T> {\n    const schema = this.schema;\n\n    return new Proxy(\n      {\n        [$internal]: true,\n        get [$ownSnippet]() {\n          return snip(this, schema);\n        },\n        [$resolve]: (ctx) => ctx.resolve(this),\n        toString: () => `${this.toString()}.$`,\n      },\n      valueProxyHandler,\n    ) as unknown as Infer<T>;\n  }\n\n  get $(): Infer<T> {\n    if (inCodegenMode()) {\n      return this[$gpuValueOf];\n    }\n\n    throw new Error(\n      'Direct access to texture view values is possible only as part of a compute dispatch or draw call. Try .read() or .write() instead',\n    );\n  }\n\n  get value(): Infer<T> {\n    return this.$;\n  }\n\n  toString() {\n    return `textureView:${getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'}`;\n  }\n\n  [$resolve](ctx: ResolutionCtx): ResolvedSnippet {\n    const id = ctx.getUniqueName(this);\n    const { group, binding } = ctx.allocateFixedEntry(\n      isWgslStorageTexture(this.schema)\n        ? {\n          storageTexture: this.schema,\n        }\n        : {\n          texture: this.schema,\n          sampleType: this.#descriptor?.sampleType ??\n            this.schema.bindingSampleType[0],\n        },\n      this,\n    );\n\n    ctx.addDeclaration(\n      `@group(${group}) @binding(${binding}) var ${id}: ${\n        ctx.resolve(this.schema).value\n      };`,\n    );\n\n    return snip(id, this.schema);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class TgpuLaidOutTextureViewImpl<\n  T extends WgslTexture | WgslStorageTexture,\n> implements TgpuTextureView<T>, SelfResolvable {\n  /** Type-token, not available at runtime */\n  declare readonly [$repr]: Infer<T>;\n  readonly [$internal] = { unwrap: undefined };\n  readonly resourceType = 'texture-view' as const;\n  readonly #membership: LayoutMembership;\n\n  constructor(\n    readonly schema: T,\n    membership: LayoutMembership,\n  ) {\n    this.#membership = membership;\n    setName(this, membership.key);\n  }\n\n  toString() {\n    return `textureView:${getName(this) ?? '<unnamed>'}`;\n  }\n\n  [$resolve](ctx: ResolutionCtx): ResolvedSnippet {\n    const id = ctx.getUniqueName(this);\n    const group = ctx.allocateLayoutEntry(this.#membership.layout);\n\n    ctx.addDeclaration(\n      `@group(${group}) @binding(${this.#membership.idx}) var ${id}: ${\n        ctx.resolve(this.schema).value\n      };`,\n    );\n\n    return snip(id, this.schema);\n  }\n\n  get [$gpuValueOf](): Infer<T> {\n    const schema = this.schema;\n    return new Proxy(\n      {\n        [$internal]: true,\n        get [$ownSnippet]() {\n          return snip(this, schema);\n        },\n        [$resolve]: (ctx) => ctx.resolve(this),\n        toString: () => `${this.toString()}.$`,\n      },\n      valueProxyHandler,\n    ) as unknown as Infer<T>;\n  }\n\n  get $(): Infer<T> {\n    if (inCodegenMode()) {\n      return this[$gpuValueOf];\n    }\n\n    throw new Error(\n      'Direct access to texture views values is possible only as part of a compute dispatch or draw call. Try .read() or .write() instead',\n    );\n  }\n\n  get value(): Infer<T> {\n    return this.$;\n  }\n}\n","import type { TgpuMutable } from '../../core/buffer/bufferShorthand.ts';\nimport { fn, type TgpuFn } from '../../core/function/tgpuFn.ts';\nimport { slot } from '../../core/slot/slot.ts';\nimport { privateVar } from '../../core/variable/tgpuVariable.ts';\nimport { mat2x2f, mat3x3f, mat4x4f } from '../../data/matrix.ts';\nimport { bool, f16, f32, i32, u32 } from '../../data/numeric.ts';\nimport { sizeOf } from '../../data/sizeOf.ts';\nimport {\n  vec2b,\n  vec2f,\n  vec2h,\n  vec2i,\n  vec2u,\n  vec3b,\n  vec3f,\n  vec3h,\n  vec3i,\n  vec3u,\n  vec4b,\n  vec4f,\n  vec4h,\n  vec4i,\n  vec4u,\n} from '../../data/vector.ts';\nimport {\n  type AnyWgslData,\n  type Atomic,\n  isWgslArray,\n  isWgslStruct,\n  type U32,\n  type Void,\n  type WgslArray,\n} from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport { getName } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport type { LogGeneratorOptions, SerializedLogCallData } from './types.ts';\n\n// --------------\n// Serializer map\n// --------------\n\ntype SerializerMap = {\n  [K in AnyWgslData['type']]?: TgpuFn<\n    (args_0: Extract<AnyWgslData, { type: K }>) => Void\n  >;\n};\n\nconst dataBlockIndex = privateVar(u32, 0).$name('dataBlockIndex');\nconst dataByteIndex = privateVar(u32, 0).$name('dataByteIndex');\nconst dataBufferSlot = slot().$name('dataBuffer');\nconst nextByteIndex = fn([], u32)`() {\n  let i = dataByteIndex;\n  dataByteIndex = dataByteIndex + 1u;\n  return i;\n}`.$uses({ dataByteIndex })\n  .$name('nextByteIndex');\n\nconst nextU32 = 'dataBuffer[dataBlockIndex].serializedData[nextByteIndex()]';\n\nexport const serializerMap: SerializerMap = {\n  f32: fn([f32])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(n);\n}`,\n  f16: fn([f16])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(n), 0.0));\n}`,\n  i32: fn([i32])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(n);\n}`,\n  u32: fn([u32])`(n) => {\n  ${nextU32} = n;\n}`,\n  bool: fn([bool])`(b) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(b);\n}`,\n  vec2f: fn([vec2f])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n}`,\n  vec3f: fn([vec3f])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n}`,\n  vec4f: fn([vec4f])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.w);\n}`,\n  vec2h: fn([vec2h])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.x), f32(v.y)));\n}`,\n  vec3h: fn([vec3h])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.x), f32(v.y)));\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.z), 0.0));\n}`,\n  vec4h: fn([vec4h])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.x), f32(v.y)));\n  ${nextU32} = pack2x16float(vec2f(f32(v.z), f32(v.w)));\n}`,\n  vec2i: fn([vec2i])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n}`,\n  vec3i: fn([vec3i])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n}`,\n  vec4i: fn([vec4i])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.z);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(v.w);\n}`,\n  vec2u: fn([vec2u])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = v.x;\n  ${nextU32} = v.y;\n}`,\n  vec3u: fn([vec3u])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = v.x;\n  ${nextU32} = v.y;\n  ${nextU32} = v.z;\n}`,\n  vec4u: fn([vec4u])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = v.x;\n  ${nextU32} = v.y;\n  ${nextU32} = v.z;\n  ${nextU32} = v.w;\n}`,\n  'vec2<bool>': fn([vec2b])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.y);\n}`,\n  'vec3<bool>': fn([vec3b])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.z);\n}`,\n  'vec4<bool>': fn([vec4b])`(v) => {\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.x);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.y);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.z);\n  ${nextU32} = u32(v.w);\n}`,\n  mat2x2f: fn([mat2x2f])`(m) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][1]);\n}`,\n  mat3x3f: fn([mat3x3f])`(m) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = 0u;\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = 0u;\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = 0u;\n}`,\n  mat4x4f: fn([mat4x4f])`(m) => {\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[0][3]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[1][3]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[2][3]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][0]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][1]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][2]);\n  ${nextU32} = bitcast<u32>(m[3][3]);\n}`,\n};\n\n// rename the functions and add externals\nfor (const [name, serializer] of Object.entries(serializerMap)) {\n  serializer\n    .$name(\n      `serialize${(name[0] as string).toLocaleUpperCase()}${name.slice(1)}`,\n    )\n    .$uses({ dataBlockIndex, nextByteIndex, dataBuffer: dataBufferSlot });\n}\n\n// -------\n// Helpers\n// -------\n\nfunction generateHeader(argTypes: AnyWgslData[]): string {\n  return `(${argTypes.map((_, i) => `_arg_${i}`).join(', ')})`;\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns a serializer TGPU function for a given WGSL data type.\n * If the data type is a base type, one of the preexisting functions (with the `dataBufferSlot` filled) is returned.\n * Otherwise, a new function is generated.\n *\n * @param dataType - The WGSL data type descriptor to return a serializer for\n * @param dataBuffer - A buffer to store serialized log call data (a necessary external for the returned function)\n */\nfunction getSerializer<T extends AnyWgslData>(\n  dataType: T,\n  dataBuffer: TgpuMutable<WgslArray<SerializedLogCallData>>,\n): TgpuFn<(args_0: T) => Void> {\n  const maybeSerializer = serializerMap[dataType.type];\n  if (maybeSerializer) {\n    return (maybeSerializer as TgpuFn<(args_0: T) => Void>).with(\n      dataBufferSlot,\n      dataBuffer,\n    );\n  }\n  if (isWgslStruct(dataType)) {\n    const props = Object.keys(dataType.propTypes);\n    const propTypes = Object.values(dataType.propTypes) as AnyWgslData[];\n    const propsSerializer = createCompoundSerializer(propTypes, dataBuffer);\n    return fn([dataType])`(arg) {\\n  propsSerializer(${\n      props.map((prop) => `arg.${prop}`).join(', ')\n    });\\n}`\n      .$uses({ propsSerializer })\n      .$name(`${getName(dataType) ?? 'struct'}Serializer`);\n  }\n  if (isWgslArray(dataType)) {\n    const elementType = dataType.elementType as AnyWgslData;\n    const length = dataType.elementCount;\n    const elementSerializer = getSerializer(elementType, dataBuffer);\n    return fn([dataType])`(arg) {\\n${\n      Array\n        .from({ length }, (_, i) => `  elementSerializer(arg[${i}]);`)\n        .join('\\n')\n    }\\n}`\n      .$uses({ elementSerializer })\n      .$name('arraySerializer');\n  }\n  throw new Error(`Cannot serialize data of type ${dataType.type}`);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a compound serializer TGPU function that serializes multiple arguments of different types to the data buffer.\n *\n * @param dataTypes - Array of WGSL data types that define the types of arguments to be serialized\n * @param dataBuffer - A buffer to store serialized log call data (a necessary external for the returned function)\n */\nfunction createCompoundSerializer(\n  dataTypes: AnyWgslData[],\n  dataBuffer: TgpuMutable<WgslArray<SerializedLogCallData>>,\n) {\n  const usedSerializers: Record<string, unknown> = {};\n\n  const shell = fn(dataTypes);\n  const header = generateHeader(dataTypes);\n  const body = dataTypes.map((arg, i) => {\n    usedSerializers[`serializer${i}`] = getSerializer(arg, dataBuffer);\n    return `  serializer${i}(_arg_${i});`;\n  }).join('\\n');\n\n  return shell`${header} {\\n${body}\\n}`\n    .$uses(usedSerializers)\n    .$name('compoundSerializer');\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a TGPU function that serializes data to the log buffer.\n *\n * @param id - Identifier for this logging function instance\n * @param dataTypes - Array of WGSL data types that will be logged by this function\n * @param dataBuffer - Mutable buffer array to store serialized log call data\n * @param indexBuffer - Atomic counter buffer to track the next available log data slot\n * @param logOptions - Configuration options\n */\nexport function createLoggingFunction(\n  id: number,\n  dataTypes: AnyWgslData[],\n  dataBuffer: TgpuMutable<WgslArray<SerializedLogCallData>>,\n  indexBuffer: TgpuMutable<Atomic<U32>>,\n  logOptions: Required<LogGeneratorOptions>,\n): TgpuFn {\n  const serializedSize = dataTypes.map(sizeOf).reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);\n  if (serializedSize > logOptions.logSizeLimit) {\n    throw new Error(\n      `Logged data needs to fit in ${logOptions.logSizeLimit} bytes (one of the logs requires ${serializedSize} bytes). Consider increasing the limit by passing appropriate options to tgpu.init().`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const compoundSerializer = createCompoundSerializer(dataTypes, dataBuffer)\n    .$name(`log${id}serializer`);\n  const header = generateHeader(dataTypes);\n\n  return fn(dataTypes)`${header} {\n  dataBlockIndex = atomicAdd(&indexBuffer, 1);\n  if (dataBlockIndex >= ${logOptions.logCountLimit}) {\n    return;\n  }\n  dataBuffer[dataBlockIndex].id = ${id};\n  dataByteIndex = 0;\n\n  compoundSerializer${header};\n}`.$uses({\n      indexBuffer,\n      dataBuffer,\n      dataBlockIndex,\n      dataByteIndex,\n      compoundSerializer,\n    }).$name(`log${id}`);\n}\n","import { isTgpuFn } from './core/function/tgpuFn.ts';\nimport {\n  getUniqueName,\n  type Namespace,\n  type NamespaceInternal,\n} from './core/resolve/namespace.ts';\nimport { resolveData } from './core/resolve/resolveData.ts';\nimport { stitch } from './core/resolve/stitch.ts';\nimport { ConfigurableImpl } from './core/root/configurableImpl.ts';\nimport type {\n  Configurable,\n  ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n} from './core/root/rootTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  type Eventual,\n  isDerived,\n  isProviding,\n  isSlot,\n  type SlotValuePair,\n  type TgpuDerived,\n  type TgpuSlot,\n} from './core/slot/slotTypes.ts';\nimport { getAttributesString } from './data/attributes.ts';\nimport { type AnyData, isData, UnknownData } from './data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport { bool } from './data/numeric.ts';\nimport { type ResolvedSnippet, snip, type Snippet } from './data/snippet.ts';\nimport { isWgslArray, isWgslStruct, Void } from './data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  invariant,\n  MissingSlotValueError,\n  ResolutionError,\n  WgslTypeError,\n} from './errors.ts';\nimport { provideCtx, topLevelState } from './execMode.ts';\nimport { naturalsExcept } from './shared/generators.ts';\nimport { isMarkedInternal } from './shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type { Infer } from './shared/repr.ts';\nimport { safeStringify } from './shared/stringify.ts';\nimport { $internal, $providing, $resolve } from './shared/symbols.ts';\nimport {\n  bindGroupLayout,\n  type TgpuBindGroup,\n  TgpuBindGroupImpl,\n  type TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n  type TgpuLayoutEntry,\n} from './tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport {\n  LogGeneratorImpl,\n  LogGeneratorNullImpl,\n} from './tgsl/consoleLog/logGenerator.ts';\nimport type { LogGenerator, LogResources } from './tgsl/consoleLog/types.ts';\nimport { getBestConversion } from './tgsl/conversion.ts';\nimport {\n  coerceToSnippet,\n  concretize,\n  numericLiteralToSnippet,\n} from './tgsl/generationHelpers.ts';\nimport type { ShaderGenerator } from './tgsl/shaderGenerator.ts';\nimport wgslGenerator from './tgsl/wgslGenerator.ts';\nimport type {\n  ExecMode,\n  ExecState,\n  FnToWgslOptions,\n  FunctionScopeLayer,\n  ItemLayer,\n  ItemStateStack,\n  ResolutionCtx,\n  Wgsl,\n} from './types.ts';\nimport { CodegenState, isSelfResolvable, NormalState } from './types.ts';\nimport type { WgslExtension } from './wgslExtensions.ts';\nimport { hasTinyestMetadata } from './shared/meta.ts';\n\n/**\n * Inserted into bind group entry definitions that belong\n * to the automatically generated catch-all bind group.\n *\n * A non-occupied group index can only be determined after\n * every resource has been resolved, so this acts as a placeholder\n * to be replaced with an actual numeric index at the very end\n * of the resolution process.\n */\nconst CATCHALL_BIND_GROUP_IDX_MARKER = '#CATCHALL#';\n\nexport type ResolutionCtxImplOptions = {\n  readonly enableExtensions?: WgslExtension[] | undefined;\n  readonly shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator | undefined;\n  readonly config?: ((cfg: Configurable) => Configurable) | undefined;\n  readonly root?: ExperimentalTgpuRoot | undefined;\n  readonly namespace: Namespace;\n};\n\ntype SlotBindingLayer = {\n  type: 'slotBinding';\n  bindingMap: WeakMap<TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown>;\n};\n\ntype BlockScopeLayer = {\n  type: 'blockScope';\n  declarations: Map<string, Snippet>;\n};\n\nclass ItemStateStackImpl implements ItemStateStack {\n  private _stack: (\n    | ItemLayer\n    | SlotBindingLayer\n    | FunctionScopeLayer\n    | BlockScopeLayer\n  )[] = [];\n  private _itemDepth = 0;\n\n  get itemDepth(): number {\n    return this._itemDepth;\n  }\n\n  get topItem(): ItemLayer {\n    const state = this._stack[this._stack.length - 1];\n    if (!state || state.type !== 'item') {\n      throw new Error('Internal error, expected item layer to be on top.');\n    }\n    return state;\n  }\n\n  get topFunctionScope(): FunctionScopeLayer | undefined {\n    return this._stack.findLast((e) => e.type === 'functionScope');\n  }\n\n  pushItem() {\n    this._itemDepth++;\n    this._stack.push({\n      type: 'item',\n      usedSlots: new Set(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  popItem() {\n    this.pop('item');\n  }\n\n  pushSlotBindings(pairs: SlotValuePair<unknown>[]) {\n    this._stack.push({\n      type: 'slotBinding',\n      bindingMap: new WeakMap(pairs),\n    });\n  }\n\n  popSlotBindings() {\n    this.pop('slotBinding');\n  }\n\n  pushFunctionScope(\n    args: Snippet[],\n    argAliases: Record<string, Snippet>,\n    returnType: AnyData | undefined,\n    externalMap: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): FunctionScopeLayer {\n    const scope: FunctionScopeLayer = {\n      type: 'functionScope',\n      args,\n      argAliases,\n      returnType,\n      externalMap,\n      reportedReturnTypes: new Set(),\n    };\n\n    this._stack.push(scope);\n    return scope;\n  }\n\n  popFunctionScope() {\n    this.pop('functionScope');\n  }\n\n  pushBlockScope() {\n    this._stack.push({\n      type: 'blockScope',\n      declarations: new Map(),\n    });\n  }\n\n  popBlockScope() {\n    this.pop('blockScope');\n  }\n\n  pop(type?: (typeof this._stack)[number]['type']) {\n    const layer = this._stack[this._stack.length - 1];\n    if (!layer || (type && layer.type !== type)) {\n      throw new Error(`Internal error, expected a ${type} layer to be on top.`);\n    }\n\n    this._stack.pop();\n    if (type === 'item') {\n      this._itemDepth--;\n    }\n  }\n\n  readSlot<T>(slot: TgpuSlot<T>): T | undefined {\n    for (let i = this._stack.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n      const layer = this._stack[i];\n      if (layer?.type === 'item') {\n        // Binding not available yet, so this layer is dependent on the slot's value.\n        layer.usedSlots.add(slot);\n      } else if (layer?.type === 'slotBinding') {\n        const boundValue = layer.bindingMap.get(slot);\n\n        if (boundValue !== undefined) {\n          return boundValue as T;\n        }\n      } else if (\n        layer?.type === 'functionScope' ||\n        layer?.type === 'blockScope'\n      ) {\n        // Skip\n      } else {\n        throw new Error('Unknown layer type.');\n      }\n    }\n\n    return slot.defaultValue;\n  }\n\n  getSnippetById(id: string): Snippet | undefined {\n    for (let i = this._stack.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n      const layer = this._stack[i];\n\n      if (layer?.type === 'functionScope') {\n        const arg = layer.args.find((a) => a.value === id);\n        if (arg !== undefined) {\n          return arg;\n        }\n\n        if (layer.argAliases[id]) {\n          return layer.argAliases[id];\n        }\n\n        const external = layer.externalMap[id];\n\n        if (external !== undefined && external !== null) {\n          return coerceToSnippet(external);\n        }\n\n        // Since functions cannot access resources from the calling scope, we\n        // return early here.\n        return undefined;\n      }\n\n      if (layer?.type === 'blockScope') {\n        const snippet = layer.declarations.get(id);\n        if (snippet !== undefined) {\n          return snippet;\n        }\n      } else {\n        // Skip\n      }\n    }\n\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  defineBlockVariable(id: string, snippet: Snippet): void {\n    if (snippet.dataType.type === 'unknown') {\n      throw Error(`Tried to define variable '${id}' of unknown type`);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = this._stack.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {\n      const layer = this._stack[i];\n\n      if (layer?.type === 'blockScope') {\n        layer.declarations.set(id, snippet);\n        return;\n      }\n    }\n\n    throw new Error('No block scope found to define a variable in.');\n  }\n}\n\nconst INDENT = [\n  '', // 0\n  '  ', // 1\n  '    ', // 2\n  '      ', // 3\n  '        ', // 4\n  '          ', // 5\n  '            ', // 6\n  '              ', // 7\n  '                ', // 8\n];\n\nconst N = INDENT.length - 1;\n\nexport class IndentController {\n  identLevel = 0;\n\n  get pre(): string {\n    return (\n      INDENT[this.identLevel] ??\n        (INDENT[N] as string).repeat(this.identLevel / N) +\n          INDENT[this.identLevel % N]\n    );\n  }\n\n  indent(): string {\n    const str = this.pre;\n    this.identLevel++;\n    return str;\n  }\n\n  dedent(): string {\n    this.identLevel--;\n    return this.pre;\n  }\n\n  withResetLevel<T>(callback: () => T): T {\n    const savedLevel = this.identLevel;\n    this.identLevel = 0;\n    try {\n      return callback();\n    } finally {\n      this.identLevel = savedLevel;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\ninterface FixedBindingConfig {\n  layoutEntry: TgpuLayoutEntry;\n  resource: object;\n}\n\nexport class ResolutionCtxImpl implements ResolutionCtx {\n  readonly #namespace: NamespaceInternal;\n  readonly #shaderGenerator: ShaderGenerator;\n\n  private readonly _indentController = new IndentController();\n  private readonly _itemStateStack = new ItemStateStackImpl();\n  readonly #modeStack: ExecState[] = [];\n  private readonly _declarations: string[] = [];\n  private _varyingLocations: Record<string, number> | undefined;\n  readonly #currentlyResolvedItems: WeakSet<object> = new WeakSet();\n  readonly #logGenerator: LogGenerator;\n\n  get varyingLocations() {\n    return this._varyingLocations;\n  }\n\n  readonly [$internal] = {\n    itemStateStack: this._itemStateStack,\n  };\n\n  // -- Bindings\n  /**\n   * A map from registered bind group layouts to random strings put in\n   * place of their group index. The whole tree has to be traversed to\n   * collect every use of a typed bind group layout, since they can be\n   * explicitly imposed group indices, and they cannot collide.\n   */\n  public readonly bindGroupLayoutsToPlaceholderMap = new Map<\n    TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n    string\n  >();\n  private _nextFreeLayoutPlaceholderIdx = 0;\n  public readonly fixedBindings: FixedBindingConfig[] = [];\n  // --\n\n  public readonly enableExtensions: WgslExtension[] | undefined;\n  public expectedType: AnyData | undefined;\n\n  constructor(opts: ResolutionCtxImplOptions) {\n    this.enableExtensions = opts.enableExtensions;\n    this.#shaderGenerator = opts.shaderGenerator ?? wgslGenerator;\n    this.#logGenerator = opts.root\n      ? new LogGeneratorImpl(opts.root)\n      : new LogGeneratorNullImpl();\n    this.#namespace = opts.namespace[$internal];\n  }\n\n  getUniqueName(resource: object): string {\n    return getUniqueName(this.#namespace, resource);\n  }\n\n  makeNameValid(name: string): string {\n    return this.#namespace.nameRegistry.makeValid(name);\n  }\n\n  get pre(): string {\n    return this._indentController.pre;\n  }\n\n  get topFunctionReturnType() {\n    const scope = this._itemStateStack.topFunctionScope;\n    invariant(scope, 'Internal error, expected function scope to be present.');\n    return scope.returnType;\n  }\n\n  get shelllessRepo() {\n    return this.#namespace.shelllessRepo;\n  }\n\n  indent(): string {\n    return this._indentController.indent();\n  }\n\n  dedent(): string {\n    return this._indentController.dedent();\n  }\n\n  withResetIndentLevel<T>(callback: () => T): T {\n    return this._indentController.withResetLevel(callback);\n  }\n\n  getById(id: string): Snippet | null {\n    const item = this._itemStateStack.getSnippetById(id);\n\n    if (item === undefined) {\n      return null;\n    }\n\n    return item;\n  }\n\n  defineVariable(id: string, snippet: Snippet) {\n    this._itemStateStack.defineBlockVariable(id, snippet);\n  }\n\n  reportReturnType(dataType: AnyData) {\n    const scope = this._itemStateStack.topFunctionScope;\n    invariant(scope, 'Internal error, expected function scope to be present.');\n    scope.reportedReturnTypes.add(dataType);\n  }\n\n  pushBlockScope() {\n    this._itemStateStack.pushBlockScope();\n  }\n\n  popBlockScope() {\n    this._itemStateStack.popBlockScope();\n  }\n\n  generateLog(op: string, args: Snippet[]): Snippet {\n    return this.#logGenerator.generateLog(this, op, args);\n  }\n\n  get logResources(): LogResources | undefined {\n    return this.#logGenerator.logResources;\n  }\n\n  fnToWgsl(\n    options: FnToWgslOptions,\n  ): { head: Wgsl; body: Wgsl; returnType: AnyData } {\n    const scope = this._itemStateStack.pushFunctionScope(\n      options.args,\n      options.argAliases,\n      options.returnType,\n      options.externalMap,\n    );\n\n    try {\n      this.#shaderGenerator.initGenerator(this);\n      const body = this.#shaderGenerator.functionDefinition(options.body);\n\n      let returnType = options.returnType;\n      if (!returnType) {\n        const returnTypes = [...scope.reportedReturnTypes];\n        if (returnTypes.length === 0) {\n          returnType = Void;\n        } else {\n          const conversion = getBestConversion(returnTypes);\n          if (conversion && !conversion.hasImplicitConversions) {\n            returnType = conversion.targetType;\n          }\n        }\n\n        if (!returnType) {\n          throw new Error(\n            `Expected function to have a single return type, got [${\n              returnTypes.join(', ')\n            }]. Cast explicitly to the desired type.`,\n          );\n        }\n\n        returnType = concretize(returnType);\n      }\n\n      return {\n        head: resolveFunctionHeader(this, options.args, returnType),\n        body,\n        returnType,\n      };\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popFunctionScope();\n    }\n  }\n\n  addDeclaration(declaration: string): void {\n    this._declarations.push(declaration);\n  }\n\n  allocateLayoutEntry(layout: TgpuBindGroupLayout): string {\n    const memoMap = this.bindGroupLayoutsToPlaceholderMap;\n    let placeholderKey = memoMap.get(layout);\n\n    if (!placeholderKey) {\n      placeholderKey = `#BIND_GROUP_LAYOUT_${this\n        ._nextFreeLayoutPlaceholderIdx++}#`;\n      memoMap.set(layout, placeholderKey);\n    }\n\n    return placeholderKey;\n  }\n\n  allocateFixedEntry(\n    layoutEntry: TgpuLayoutEntry,\n    resource: object,\n  ): { group: string; binding: number } {\n    const binding = this.fixedBindings.length;\n    this.fixedBindings.push({ layoutEntry, resource });\n\n    return {\n      group: CATCHALL_BIND_GROUP_IDX_MARKER,\n      binding,\n    };\n  }\n\n  readSlot<T>(slot: TgpuSlot<T>): T {\n    const value = this._itemStateStack.readSlot(slot);\n\n    if (value === undefined) {\n      throw new MissingSlotValueError(slot);\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  }\n\n  withSlots<T>(pairs: SlotValuePair<unknown>[], callback: () => T): T {\n    this._itemStateStack.pushSlotBindings(pairs);\n\n    try {\n      return callback();\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popSlotBindings();\n    }\n  }\n\n  withVaryingLocations<T>(\n    locations: Record<string, number>,\n    callback: () => T,\n  ): T {\n    this._varyingLocations = locations;\n\n    try {\n      return callback();\n    } finally {\n      this._varyingLocations = undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  unwrap<T>(eventual: Eventual<T>): T {\n    if (isProviding(eventual)) {\n      return this.withSlots(\n        eventual[$providing].pairs,\n        () => this.unwrap(eventual[$providing].inner) as T,\n      );\n    }\n\n    let maybeEventual = eventual;\n\n    // Unwrapping all layers of slots.\n    while (true) {\n      if (isSlot(maybeEventual)) {\n        maybeEventual = this.readSlot(maybeEventual);\n      } else if (isDerived(maybeEventual)) {\n        maybeEventual = this._getOrCompute(maybeEventual);\n      } else {\n        break;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return maybeEventual;\n  }\n\n  _getOrCompute<T>(derived: TgpuDerived<T>): T {\n    // All memoized versions of `derived`\n    const instances = this.#namespace.memoizedDerived.get(derived) ?? [];\n\n    this._itemStateStack.pushItem();\n\n    try {\n      for (const instance of instances) {\n        const slotValuePairs = [...instance.slotToValueMap.entries()];\n\n        if (\n          slotValuePairs.every(([slot, expectedValue]) =>\n            slot.areEqual(this._itemStateStack.readSlot(slot), expectedValue)\n          )\n        ) {\n          return instance.result as T;\n        }\n      }\n\n      // If we got here, no item with the given slot-to-value combo exists in cache yet\n      // Getting out of codegen or simulation mode so we can execute JS normally.\n      this.pushMode(new NormalState());\n\n      let result: T;\n      try {\n        result = derived['~compute']();\n      } finally {\n        this.popMode('normal');\n      }\n\n      // We know which slots the item used while resolving\n      const slotToValueMap = new Map<TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown>();\n      for (const usedSlot of this._itemStateStack.topItem.usedSlots) {\n        slotToValueMap.set(usedSlot, this._itemStateStack.readSlot(usedSlot));\n      }\n\n      instances.push({ slotToValueMap, result });\n      this.#namespace.memoizedDerived.set(derived, instances);\n      return result;\n    } catch (err) {\n      if (err instanceof ResolutionError) {\n        throw err.appendToTrace(derived);\n      }\n\n      throw new ResolutionError(err, [derived]);\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popItem();\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * @param item The item whose resolution should be either retrieved from the cache (if there is a cache hit), or resolved.\n   */\n  _getOrInstantiate(item: object): ResolvedSnippet {\n    // All memoized versions of `item`\n    const instances = this.#namespace.memoizedResolves.get(item) ?? [];\n\n    this._itemStateStack.pushItem();\n\n    try {\n      for (const instance of instances) {\n        const slotValuePairs = [...instance.slotToValueMap.entries()];\n\n        if (\n          slotValuePairs.every(([slot, expectedValue]) =>\n            slot.areEqual(this._itemStateStack.readSlot(slot), expectedValue)\n          )\n        ) {\n          return instance.result;\n        }\n      }\n\n      // If we got here, no item with the given slot-to-value combo exists in cache yet\n      let result: ResolvedSnippet;\n      if (isData(item)) {\n        result = snip(resolveData(this, item), Void);\n      } else if (isDerived(item) || isSlot(item)) {\n        result = this.resolve(this.unwrap(item));\n      } else if (isSelfResolvable(item)) {\n        result = item[$resolve](this);\n      } else if (hasTinyestMetadata(item)) {\n        // Resolving a function with tinyest metadata directly means calling it with no arguments, since\n        // we cannot infer the types of the arguments from a WGSL string.\n        const shellless = this.#namespace.shelllessRepo.get(\n          item,\n          /* no arguments */ undefined,\n        );\n        if (!shellless) {\n          throw new Error(\n            `Couldn't resolve ${item.name}. Make sure it's a function that accepts no arguments, or call it from another TypeGPU function.`,\n          );\n        }\n\n        return this.withResetIndentLevel(() => this.resolve(shellless));\n      } else {\n        throw new TypeError(\n          `Unresolvable internal value: ${safeStringify(item)}`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      // We know which slots the item used while resolving\n      const slotToValueMap = new Map<TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown>();\n      for (const usedSlot of this._itemStateStack.topItem.usedSlots) {\n        slotToValueMap.set(usedSlot, this._itemStateStack.readSlot(usedSlot));\n      }\n\n      instances.push({ slotToValueMap, result });\n      this.#namespace.memoizedResolves.set(item, instances);\n\n      return result;\n    } catch (err) {\n      if (err instanceof ResolutionError) {\n        throw err.appendToTrace(item);\n      }\n\n      throw new ResolutionError(err, [item]);\n    } finally {\n      this._itemStateStack.popItem();\n    }\n  }\n\n  resolve(\n    item: unknown,\n    schema?: AnyData | UnknownData | undefined,\n  ): ResolvedSnippet {\n    if (isTgpuFn(item) || hasTinyestMetadata(item)) {\n      if (\n        this.#currentlyResolvedItems.has(item) &&\n        !this.#namespace.memoizedResolves.has(item)\n      ) {\n        throw new Error(\n          `Recursive function ${item} detected. Recursion is not allowed on the GPU.`,\n        );\n      }\n      this.#currentlyResolvedItems.add(item as object);\n    }\n\n    if (isProviding(item)) {\n      return this.withSlots(\n        item[$providing].pairs,\n        () => this.resolve(item[$providing].inner, schema),\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (isMarkedInternal(item) || hasTinyestMetadata(item)) {\n      // Top-level resolve\n      if (this._itemStateStack.itemDepth === 0) {\n        try {\n          this.pushMode(new CodegenState());\n          const result = provideCtx(this, () => this._getOrInstantiate(item));\n          return snip(\n            `${[...this._declarations].join('\\n\\n')}${result.value}`,\n            Void,\n          );\n        } finally {\n          this.popMode('codegen');\n        }\n      }\n\n      return this._getOrInstantiate(item);\n    }\n\n    // This is a value that comes from the outside, maybe we can coerce it\n    if (typeof item === 'number') {\n      const realSchema = schema ?? numericLiteralToSnippet(item).dataType;\n      invariant(\n        realSchema.type !== 'unknown',\n        'Schema has to be known for resolving numbers',\n      );\n\n      if (realSchema.type === 'abstractInt') {\n        return snip(`${item}`, realSchema);\n      }\n      if (realSchema.type === 'u32') {\n        return snip(`${item}u`, realSchema);\n      }\n      if (realSchema.type === 'i32') {\n        return snip(`${item}i`, realSchema);\n      }\n\n      const exp = item.toExponential();\n      const decimal =\n        realSchema.type === 'abstractFloat' && Number.isInteger(item)\n          ? `${item}.`\n          : `${item}`;\n\n      // Just picking the shorter one\n      const base = exp.length < decimal.length ? exp : decimal;\n      if (realSchema.type === 'f32') {\n        return snip(`${base}f`, realSchema);\n      }\n      if (realSchema.type === 'f16') {\n        return snip(`${base}h`, realSchema);\n      }\n      return snip(base, realSchema);\n    }\n\n    if (typeof item === 'boolean') {\n      return snip(item ? 'true' : 'false', bool);\n    }\n\n    if (typeof item === 'string') {\n      // Already resolved\n      return snip(item, Void);\n    }\n\n    if (schema && isWgslArray(schema)) {\n      if (!Array.isArray(item)) {\n        throw new WgslTypeError(\n          `Cannot coerce ${item} into value of type '${schema}'`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      if (schema.elementCount !== item.length) {\n        throw new WgslTypeError(\n          `Cannot create value of type '${schema}' from an array of length: ${item.length}`,\n        );\n      }\n\n      const elementTypeString = this.resolve(schema.elementType);\n      return snip(\n        stitch`array<${elementTypeString}, ${schema.elementCount}>(${\n          item.map((element) => snip(element, schema.elementType as AnyData))\n        })`,\n        schema,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (Array.isArray(item)) {\n      return snip(\n        stitch`array(${item.map((element) => this.resolve(element))})`,\n        UnknownData,\n      ) as ResolvedSnippet;\n    }\n\n    if (schema && isWgslStruct(schema)) {\n      return snip(\n        stitch`${this.resolve(schema)}(${\n          Object.entries(schema.propTypes).map(([key, propType]) =>\n            snip((item as Infer<typeof schema>)[key], propType as AnyData)\n          )\n        })`,\n        schema,\n      );\n    }\n\n    throw new WgslTypeError(\n      `Value ${item} (as json: ${safeStringify(item)}) is not resolvable${\n        schema ? ` to type ${schema.type}` : ''\n      }`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  pushMode(mode: ExecState) {\n    this.#modeStack.push(mode);\n  }\n\n  popMode(expected?: ExecMode) {\n    const mode = this.#modeStack.pop();\n    if (expected !== undefined) {\n      invariant(mode?.type === expected, 'Unexpected mode');\n    }\n  }\n\n  get mode(): ExecState {\n    return this.#modeStack[this.#modeStack.length - 1] ?? topLevelState;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * The results of a WGSL resolution.\n *\n * @param code - The resolved code.\n * @param usedBindGroupLayouts - List of used `tgpu.bindGroupLayout`s.\n * @param catchall - Automatically constructed bind group for buffer usages and buffer shorthands, preceded by its index.\n * @param logResources - Buffers and information about used console.logs needed to decode the raw data.\n */\nexport interface ResolutionResult {\n  code: string;\n  usedBindGroupLayouts: TgpuBindGroupLayout[];\n  catchall: [number, TgpuBindGroup] | undefined;\n  logResources: LogResources | undefined;\n}\n\nexport function resolve(\n  item: Wgsl,\n  options: ResolutionCtxImplOptions,\n): ResolutionResult {\n  const ctx = new ResolutionCtxImpl(options);\n  const snippet = options.config\n    ? ctx.withSlots(\n      options.config(new ConfigurableImpl([])).bindings,\n      () => ctx.resolve(item),\n    )\n    : ctx.resolve(item);\n  let code = snippet.value;\n\n  const memoMap = ctx.bindGroupLayoutsToPlaceholderMap;\n  const usedBindGroupLayouts: TgpuBindGroupLayout[] = [];\n  const takenIndices = new Set<number>(\n    [...memoMap.keys()]\n      .map((layout) => layout.index)\n      .filter((v): v is number => v !== undefined),\n  );\n\n  const automaticIds = naturalsExcept(takenIndices);\n\n  const layoutEntries = ctx.fixedBindings.map(\n    (binding, idx) =>\n      [String(idx), binding.layoutEntry] as [string, TgpuLayoutEntry],\n  );\n\n  const createCatchallGroup = () => {\n    const catchallIdx = automaticIds.next().value;\n    const catchallLayout = bindGroupLayout(Object.fromEntries(layoutEntries));\n    usedBindGroupLayouts[catchallIdx] = catchallLayout;\n    code = code.replaceAll(CATCHALL_BIND_GROUP_IDX_MARKER, String(catchallIdx));\n\n    return [\n      catchallIdx,\n      new TgpuBindGroupImpl(\n        catchallLayout,\n        Object.fromEntries(\n          ctx.fixedBindings.map(\n            (binding, idx) =>\n              // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: <it's fine>\n              [String(idx), binding.resource] as [string, any],\n          ),\n        ),\n      ),\n    ] as [number, TgpuBindGroup];\n  };\n\n  // Retrieving the catch-all binding index first, because it's inherently\n  // the least swapped bind group (fixed and cannot be swapped).\n  const catchall = layoutEntries.length > 0 ? createCatchallGroup() : undefined;\n\n  for (const [layout, placeholder] of memoMap.entries()) {\n    const idx = layout.index ?? automaticIds.next().value;\n    usedBindGroupLayouts[idx] = layout;\n    code = code.replaceAll(placeholder, String(idx));\n  }\n\n  if (options.enableExtensions && options.enableExtensions.length > 0) {\n    const extensions = options.enableExtensions.map((ext) => `enable ${ext};`);\n    code = `${extensions.join('\\n')}\\n\\n${code}`;\n  }\n\n  return {\n    code,\n    usedBindGroupLayouts,\n    catchall,\n    logResources: ctx.logResources,\n  };\n}\n\nexport function resolveFunctionHeader(\n  ctx: ResolutionCtx,\n  args: Snippet[],\n  returnType: AnyData,\n) {\n  const argList = args\n    .map((arg) => `${arg.value}: ${ctx.resolve(arg.dataType as AnyData).value}`)\n    .join(', ');\n\n  return returnType.type !== 'void'\n    ? `(${argList}) -> ${getAttributesString(returnType)}${\n      ctx.resolve(returnType).value\n    } `\n    : `(${argList}) `;\n}\n","import { setName, type TgpuNamable } from '../../shared/meta.ts';\nimport type { ExperimentalTgpuRoot } from '../../core/root/rootTypes.ts';\nimport { $internal } from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\n\nexport interface TgpuQuerySet<T extends GPUQueryType> extends TgpuNamable {\n  readonly resourceType: 'query-set';\n  readonly type: T;\n  readonly count: number;\n\n  readonly querySet: GPUQuerySet;\n  readonly destroyed: boolean;\n  readonly available: boolean;\n\n  readonly [$internal]: {\n    readonly readBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    readonly resolveBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n  };\n\n  resolve(): void;\n  read(): Promise<bigint[]>;\n  destroy(): void;\n}\n\nexport function INTERNAL_createQuerySet<T extends GPUQueryType>(\n  group: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n  type: T,\n  count: number,\n  rawQuerySet?: GPUQuerySet,\n): TgpuQuerySet<T> {\n  return new TgpuQuerySetImpl(group, type, count, rawQuerySet);\n}\n\nexport function isQuerySet<T extends GPUQueryType>(\n  value: unknown,\n): value is TgpuQuerySet<T> {\n  const maybe = value as TgpuQuerySet<T>;\n  return maybe?.resourceType === 'query-set' && !!maybe[$internal];\n}\n\nclass TgpuQuerySetImpl<T extends GPUQueryType> implements TgpuQuerySet<T> {\n  public readonly resourceType = 'query-set' as const;\n\n  readonly #device: GPUDevice;\n  private _querySet: GPUQuerySet | null = null;\n  private readonly _ownQuerySet: boolean;\n  private _destroyed = false;\n  private _available = true;\n  private _readBuffer: GPUBuffer | null = null;\n  private _resolveBuffer: GPUBuffer | null = null;\n\n  constructor(\n    root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    public readonly type: T,\n    public readonly count: number,\n    private readonly rawQuerySet?: GPUQuerySet,\n  ) {\n    this.#device = root.device;\n    this._ownQuerySet = !rawQuerySet;\n    this._querySet = rawQuerySet || null;\n  }\n\n  get querySet(): GPUQuerySet {\n    if (this._destroyed) {\n      throw new Error('This QuerySet has been destroyed.');\n    }\n    if (this.rawQuerySet) {\n      return this.rawQuerySet;\n    }\n    if (this._querySet) {\n      return this._querySet;\n    }\n\n    this._querySet = this.#device.createQuerySet({\n      type: this.type,\n      count: this.count,\n    });\n    return this._querySet;\n  }\n\n  get destroyed(): boolean {\n    return this._destroyed;\n  }\n\n  get available(): boolean {\n    return this._available;\n  }\n\n  get [$internal]() {\n    const self = this;\n    return {\n      get readBuffer(): GPUBuffer {\n        if (!self._readBuffer) {\n          self._readBuffer = self.#device.createBuffer({\n            size: self.count * BigUint64Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,\n            usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ,\n          });\n        }\n        return self._readBuffer;\n      },\n      get resolveBuffer(): GPUBuffer {\n        if (!self._resolveBuffer) {\n          self._resolveBuffer = self.#device.createBuffer({\n            size: self.count * BigUint64Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,\n            usage: GPUBufferUsage.QUERY_RESOLVE | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_SRC,\n          });\n        }\n        return self._resolveBuffer;\n      },\n    };\n  }\n\n  $name(label: string) {\n    setName(this, label);\n    if (this._querySet) {\n      this._querySet.label = label;\n    }\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  resolve(): void {\n    if (this._destroyed) {\n      throw new Error('This QuerySet has been destroyed.');\n    }\n    if (!this._available) {\n      throw new Error('This QuerySet is busy resolving or reading.');\n    }\n\n    const commandEncoder = this.#device.createCommandEncoder();\n    commandEncoder.resolveQuerySet(\n      this.querySet,\n      0,\n      this.count,\n      this[$internal].resolveBuffer,\n      0,\n    );\n    this.#device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);\n  }\n\n  async read(): Promise<bigint[]> {\n    if (!this._resolveBuffer) {\n      throw new Error('QuerySet must be resolved before reading.');\n    }\n\n    this._available = false;\n    try {\n      const commandEncoder = this.#device.createCommandEncoder();\n      commandEncoder.copyBufferToBuffer(\n        this[$internal].resolveBuffer,\n        0,\n        this[$internal].readBuffer,\n        0,\n        this.count * BigUint64Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,\n      );\n      this.#device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);\n\n      const readBuffer = this[$internal].readBuffer;\n      await readBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);\n      const data = new BigUint64Array(readBuffer.getMappedRange().slice());\n      readBuffer.unmap();\n      return Array.from(data);\n    } finally {\n      this._available = true;\n    }\n  }\n\n  destroy(): void {\n    if (this._destroyed) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this._destroyed = true;\n\n    if (this._querySet && this._ownQuerySet) {\n      this._querySet.destroy();\n    }\n    this._readBuffer?.destroy();\n    this._resolveBuffer?.destroy();\n    this._readBuffer = this._resolveBuffer = null;\n  }\n}\n","import {\n  type AnyComputeBuiltin,\n  builtin,\n  type OmitBuiltins,\n} from '../../builtin.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createQuerySet,\n  isQuerySet,\n  type TgpuQuerySet,\n} from '../../core/querySet/querySet.ts';\nimport type { AnyData, Disarray } from '../../data/dataTypes.ts';\nimport type {\n  AnyWgslData,\n  BaseData,\n  U16,\n  U32,\n  v3u,\n  Vec3u,\n  WgslArray,\n} from '../../data/wgslTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  invariant,\n  MissingBindGroupsError,\n  MissingVertexBuffersError,\n} from '../../errors.ts';\nimport { WeakMemo } from '../../memo.ts';\nimport { clearTextureUtilsCache } from '../texture/textureUtils.ts';\nimport type { Infer } from '../../shared/repr.ts';\nimport { $internal } from '../../shared/symbols.ts';\nimport type { AnyVertexAttribs } from '../../shared/vertexFormat.ts';\nimport type {\n  ExtractBindGroupInputFromLayout,\n  TgpuBindGroup,\n  TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n  TgpuLayoutEntry,\n} from '../../tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport {\n  isBindGroup,\n  isBindGroupLayout,\n  TgpuBindGroupImpl,\n} from '../../tgpuBindGroupLayout.ts';\nimport type { LogGeneratorOptions } from '../../tgsl/consoleLog/types.ts';\nimport type { ShaderGenerator } from '../../tgsl/shaderGenerator.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createBuffer,\n  isBuffer,\n  type TgpuBuffer,\n  type VertexFlag,\n} from '../buffer/buffer.ts';\nimport {\n  TgpuBufferShorthandImpl,\n  type TgpuMutable,\n  type TgpuReadonly,\n  type TgpuUniform,\n} from '../buffer/bufferShorthand.ts';\nimport type { TgpuBufferUsage } from '../buffer/bufferUsage.ts';\nimport type { IOLayout } from '../function/fnTypes.ts';\nimport { computeFn, type TgpuComputeFn } from '../function/tgpuComputeFn.ts';\nimport { fn, type TgpuFn } from '../function/tgpuFn.ts';\nimport type { TgpuFragmentFn } from '../function/tgpuFragmentFn.ts';\nimport type { TgpuVertexFn } from '../function/tgpuVertexFn.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createComputePipeline,\n  type TgpuComputePipeline,\n} from '../pipeline/computePipeline.ts';\nimport {\n  type AnyFragmentTargets,\n  INTERNAL_createRenderPipeline,\n  type RenderPipelineCoreOptions,\n  type TgpuRenderPipeline,\n} from '../pipeline/renderPipeline.ts';\nimport { isComputePipeline, isRenderPipeline } from '../pipeline/typeGuards.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createComparisonSampler,\n  INTERNAL_createSampler,\n  isComparisonSampler,\n  isSampler,\n  type TgpuComparisonSampler,\n  type TgpuFixedComparisonSampler,\n  type TgpuFixedSampler,\n  type TgpuSampler,\n} from '../sampler/sampler.ts';\nimport type {\n  WgslComparisonSamplerProps,\n  WgslSamplerProps,\n} from '../../data/sampler.ts';\nimport {\n  isAccessor,\n  type TgpuAccessor,\n  type TgpuSlot,\n} from '../slot/slotTypes.ts';\nimport {\n  INTERNAL_createTexture,\n  isTexture,\n  isTextureView,\n  type TgpuTexture,\n  type TgpuTextureView,\n} from '../texture/texture.ts';\nimport type { LayoutToAllowedAttribs } from '../vertexLayout/vertexAttribute.ts';\nimport {\n  isVertexLayout,\n  type TgpuVertexLayout,\n} from '../vertexLayout/vertexLayout.ts';\nimport { ConfigurableImpl } from './configurableImpl.ts';\nimport type {\n  Configurable,\n  CreateTextureOptions,\n  CreateTextureResult,\n  ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n  RenderPass,\n  TgpuGuardedComputePipeline,\n  TgpuRoot,\n  WithBinding,\n  WithCompute,\n  WithFragment,\n  WithVertex,\n} from './rootTypes.ts';\nimport { vec3f, vec3u } from '../../data/vector.ts';\nimport { u32 } from '../../data/numeric.ts';\nimport { ceil } from '../../std/numeric.ts';\nimport { allEq } from '../../std/boolean.ts';\n\n/**\n * Changes the given array to a vec of 3 numbers, filling missing values with 1.\n */\nfunction toVec3(arr: readonly (number | undefined)[]): v3u {\n  if (arr.includes(0)) {\n    throw new Error('Size and workgroupSize cannot contain zeroes.');\n  }\n  return vec3u(arr[0] ?? 1, arr[1] ?? 1, arr[2] ?? 1);\n}\n\nconst workgroupSizeConfigs = [\n  vec3u(1, 1, 1),\n  vec3u(256, 1, 1),\n  vec3u(16, 16, 1),\n  vec3u(8, 8, 4),\n] as const;\n\nexport class TgpuGuardedComputePipelineImpl<TArgs extends number[]>\n  implements TgpuGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs> {\n  #root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot;\n  #pipeline: TgpuComputePipeline;\n  #sizeUniform: TgpuUniform<Vec3u>;\n  #workgroupSize: v3u;\n\n  #lastSize: v3u;\n\n  constructor(\n    root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    pipeline: TgpuComputePipeline,\n    sizeUniform: TgpuUniform<Vec3u>,\n    workgroupSize: v3u,\n  ) {\n    this.#root = root;\n    this.#pipeline = pipeline;\n    this.#sizeUniform = sizeUniform;\n    this.#workgroupSize = workgroupSize;\n    this.#lastSize = vec3u();\n  }\n\n  with(bindGroup: TgpuBindGroup): TgpuGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs> {\n    return new TgpuGuardedComputePipelineImpl(\n      this.#root,\n      this.#pipeline.with(bindGroup),\n      this.#sizeUniform,\n      this.#workgroupSize,\n    );\n  }\n\n  dispatchThreads(...threads: TArgs): void {\n    const sanitizedSize = toVec3(threads);\n    const workgroupCount = ceil(\n      vec3f(sanitizedSize).div(vec3f(this.#workgroupSize)),\n    );\n    if (!allEq(sanitizedSize, this.#lastSize)) {\n      // Only updating the size if it has changed from the last\n      // invocation. This removes the need for flushing.\n      this.#lastSize = sanitizedSize;\n      this.#sizeUniform.write(sanitizedSize);\n    }\n    this.#pipeline.dispatchWorkgroups(\n      workgroupCount.x,\n      workgroupCount.y,\n      workgroupCount.z,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithBindingImpl implements WithBinding {\n  constructor(\n    private readonly _getRoot: () => ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    private readonly _slotBindings: [TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown][],\n  ) {}\n\n  with<T extends AnyWgslData>(\n    slot: TgpuSlot<T> | TgpuAccessor<T>,\n    value: T | TgpuFn<() => T> | TgpuBufferUsage<T> | Infer<T>,\n  ): WithBinding {\n    return new WithBindingImpl(this._getRoot, [\n      ...this._slotBindings,\n      [isAccessor(slot) ? slot.slot : slot, value],\n    ]);\n  }\n\n  withCompute<ComputeIn extends Record<string, AnyComputeBuiltin>>(\n    entryFn: TgpuComputeFn<ComputeIn>,\n  ): WithCompute {\n    return new WithComputeImpl(this._getRoot(), this._slotBindings, entryFn);\n  }\n\n  createGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs extends number[]>(\n    callback: (...args: TArgs) => undefined,\n  ): TgpuGuardedComputePipeline<TArgs> {\n    const root = this._getRoot();\n\n    if (callback.length >= 4) {\n      throw new Error(\n        'Guarded compute callback only supports up to three dimensions.',\n      );\n    }\n\n    const workgroupSize = workgroupSizeConfigs[callback.length] as v3u;\n    const wrappedCallback = fn([u32, u32, u32])(\n      callback as (...args: number[]) => void,\n    );\n\n    const sizeUniform = root.createUniform(vec3u);\n\n    // WGSL instead of JS because we do not run unplugin\n    // before shipping the typegpu package\n    const mainCompute = computeFn({\n      workgroupSize,\n      in: { id: builtin.globalInvocationId },\n    })`{\n  if (any(in.id >= sizeUniform)) {\n    return;\n  }\n  wrappedCallback(in.id.x, in.id.y, in.id.z);\n}`.$uses({ sizeUniform, wrappedCallback });\n\n    const pipeline = this\n      .withCompute(mainCompute)\n      .createPipeline();\n\n    return new TgpuGuardedComputePipelineImpl(\n      root,\n      pipeline,\n      sizeUniform,\n      workgroupSize,\n    );\n  }\n\n  withVertex<VertexIn extends IOLayout>(\n    vertexFn: TgpuVertexFn,\n    attribs: LayoutToAllowedAttribs<OmitBuiltins<VertexIn>>,\n  ): WithVertex {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({\n      branch: this._getRoot(),\n      primitiveState: undefined,\n      depthStencilState: undefined,\n      slotBindings: this._slotBindings,\n      vertexFn,\n      vertexAttribs: attribs as AnyVertexAttribs,\n      multisampleState: undefined,\n    });\n  }\n\n  pipe(transform: (cfg: Configurable) => Configurable): WithBinding {\n    const newCfg = transform(new ConfigurableImpl([]));\n    return new WithBindingImpl(this._getRoot, [\n      ...this._slotBindings,\n      ...newCfg.bindings,\n    ]);\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithComputeImpl implements WithCompute {\n  constructor(\n    private readonly _root: ExperimentalTgpuRoot,\n    private readonly _slotBindings: [TgpuSlot<unknown>, unknown][],\n    private readonly _entryFn: TgpuComputeFn,\n  ) {}\n\n  createPipeline(): TgpuComputePipeline {\n    return INTERNAL_createComputePipeline(\n      this._root,\n      this._slotBindings,\n      this._entryFn,\n    );\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithVertexImpl implements WithVertex {\n  constructor(\n    private readonly _options: Omit<\n      RenderPipelineCoreOptions,\n      'fragmentFn' | 'targets'\n    >,\n  ) {}\n\n  withFragment(\n    fragmentFn: TgpuFragmentFn | 'n/a',\n    targets: AnyFragmentTargets | 'n/a',\n    _mismatch?: unknown,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    invariant(typeof fragmentFn !== 'string', 'Just type mismatch validation');\n    invariant(typeof targets !== 'string', 'Just type mismatch validation');\n\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({\n      ...this._options,\n      fragmentFn,\n      targets,\n    });\n  }\n\n  withPrimitive(\n    primitiveState:\n      | GPUPrimitiveState\n      | Omit<GPUPrimitiveState, 'stripIndexFormat'> & {\n        stripIndexFormat?: U32 | U16;\n      }\n      | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({ ...this._options, primitiveState });\n  }\n\n  withDepthStencil(\n    depthStencilState: GPUDepthStencilState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({ ...this._options, depthStencilState });\n  }\n\n  withMultisample(\n    multisampleState: GPUMultisampleState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithVertexImpl({ ...this._options, multisampleState });\n  }\n\n  createPipeline(): TgpuRenderPipeline {\n    return INTERNAL_createRenderPipeline({\n      ...this._options,\n      fragmentFn: null,\n      targets: null,\n    });\n  }\n}\n\nclass WithFragmentImpl implements WithFragment {\n  constructor(private readonly _options: RenderPipelineCoreOptions) {}\n\n  withPrimitive(\n    primitiveState:\n      | GPUPrimitiveState\n      | Omit<GPUPrimitiveState, 'stripIndexFormat'> & {\n        stripIndexFormat?: U32 | U16;\n      }\n      | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({ ...this._options, primitiveState });\n  }\n\n  withDepthStencil(\n    depthStencilState: GPUDepthStencilState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({ ...this._options, depthStencilState });\n  }\n\n  withMultisample(\n    multisampleState: GPUMultisampleState | undefined,\n  ): WithFragment {\n    return new WithFragmentImpl({ ...this._options, multisampleState });\n  }\n\n  createPipeline(): TgpuRenderPipeline {\n    return INTERNAL_createRenderPipeline(this._options);\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Holds all data that is necessary to facilitate CPU and GPU communication.\n * Programs that share a root can interact via GPU buffers.\n */\nclass TgpuRootImpl extends WithBindingImpl\n  implements TgpuRoot, ExperimentalTgpuRoot {\n  '~unstable': Omit<ExperimentalTgpuRoot, keyof TgpuRoot>;\n\n  private _unwrappedBindGroupLayouts = new WeakMemo(\n    (key: TgpuBindGroupLayout) => key.unwrap(this),\n  );\n  private _unwrappedBindGroups = new WeakMemo((key: TgpuBindGroup) =>\n    key.unwrap(this)\n  );\n\n  [$internal]: {\n    logOptions: LogGeneratorOptions;\n  };\n\n  constructor(\n    public readonly device: GPUDevice,\n    public readonly nameRegistrySetting: 'random' | 'strict',\n    private readonly _ownDevice: boolean,\n    logOptions: LogGeneratorOptions,\n    public readonly shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator,\n  ) {\n    super(() => this, []);\n\n    this['~unstable'] = this;\n    this[$internal] = {\n      logOptions,\n    };\n  }\n\n  get enabledFeatures() {\n    return new Set(this.device.features) as ReadonlySet<GPUFeatureName>;\n  }\n\n  createBuffer<TData extends AnyData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuBuffer<TData> {\n    return INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer);\n  }\n\n  createUniform<TData extends AnyWgslData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuUniform<TData> {\n    const buffer = INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer)\n      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: i'm sure it's fine\n      .$usage('uniform' as any);\n\n    return new TgpuBufferShorthandImpl('uniform', buffer);\n  }\n\n  createMutable<TData extends AnyWgslData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuMutable<TData> {\n    const buffer = INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer)\n      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: i'm sure it's fine\n      .$usage('storage' as any);\n\n    return new TgpuBufferShorthandImpl('mutable', buffer);\n  }\n\n  createReadonly<TData extends AnyWgslData>(\n    typeSchema: TData,\n    initialOrBuffer?: Infer<TData> | GPUBuffer,\n  ): TgpuReadonly<TData> {\n    const buffer = INTERNAL_createBuffer(this, typeSchema, initialOrBuffer)\n      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: i'm sure it's fine\n      .$usage('storage' as any);\n\n    return new TgpuBufferShorthandImpl('readonly', buffer);\n  }\n\n  createQuerySet<T extends GPUQueryType>(\n    type: T,\n    count: number,\n    rawQuerySet?: GPUQuerySet,\n  ): TgpuQuerySet<T> {\n    return INTERNAL_createQuerySet(this, type, count, rawQuerySet);\n  }\n\n  createBindGroup<\n    Entries extends Record<string, TgpuLayoutEntry | null> = Record<\n      string,\n      TgpuLayoutEntry | null\n    >,\n  >(\n    layout: TgpuBindGroupLayout<Entries>,\n    entries: ExtractBindGroupInputFromLayout<Entries>,\n  ) {\n    return new TgpuBindGroupImpl(layout, entries);\n  }\n\n  destroy() {\n    clearTextureUtilsCache(this.device);\n\n    if (this._ownDevice) {\n      this.device.destroy();\n    }\n  }\n\n  createTexture<\n    TWidth extends number,\n    THeight extends number,\n    TDepth extends number,\n    TSize extends\n      | readonly [TWidth]\n      | readonly [TWidth, THeight]\n      | readonly [TWidth, THeight, TDepth],\n    TFormat extends GPUTextureFormat,\n    TMipLevelCount extends number,\n    TSampleCount extends number,\n    TViewFormats extends GPUTextureFormat[],\n    TDimension extends GPUTextureDimension,\n  >(\n    props: CreateTextureOptions<\n      TSize,\n      TFormat,\n      TMipLevelCount,\n      TSampleCount,\n      TViewFormats,\n      TDimension\n    >,\n  ): TgpuTexture<\n    CreateTextureResult<\n      TSize,\n      TFormat,\n      TMipLevelCount,\n      TSampleCount,\n      TViewFormats,\n      TDimension\n    >\n  > {\n    const texture = INTERNAL_createTexture(props, this);\n    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: <too much type wrangling>\n    return texture as any;\n  }\n\n  createSampler(props: WgslSamplerProps): TgpuFixedSampler {\n    return INTERNAL_createSampler(props, this);\n  }\n\n  createComparisonSampler(\n    props: WgslComparisonSamplerProps,\n  ): TgpuFixedComparisonSampler {\n    return INTERNAL_createComparisonSampler(props, this);\n  }\n\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuComputePipeline): GPUComputePipeline;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuRenderPipeline): GPURenderPipeline;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuBindGroupLayout): GPUBindGroupLayout;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuBindGroup): GPUBindGroup;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuBuffer<AnyData>): GPUBuffer;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuTexture): GPUTexture;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuTextureView): GPUTextureView;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuVertexLayout): GPUVertexBufferLayout;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuSampler): GPUSampler;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuComparisonSampler): GPUSampler;\n  unwrap(resource: TgpuQuerySet<GPUQueryType>): GPUQuerySet;\n  unwrap(\n    resource:\n      | TgpuComputePipeline\n      | TgpuRenderPipeline\n      | TgpuBindGroupLayout\n      | TgpuBindGroup\n      | TgpuBuffer<AnyData>\n      | TgpuTexture\n      | TgpuTextureView\n      | TgpuVertexLayout\n      | TgpuSampler\n      | TgpuComparisonSampler\n      | TgpuQuerySet<GPUQueryType>,\n  ):\n    | GPUComputePipeline\n    | GPURenderPipeline\n    | GPUBindGroupLayout\n    | GPUBindGroup\n    | GPUBuffer\n    | GPUTexture\n    | GPUTextureView\n    | GPUVertexBufferLayout\n    | GPUSampler\n    | GPUQuerySet {\n    if (isComputePipeline(resource)) {\n      return resource[$internal].rawPipeline;\n    }\n\n    if (isRenderPipeline(resource)) {\n      return resource[$internal].core.unwrap().pipeline;\n    }\n\n    if (isBindGroupLayout(resource)) {\n      return this._unwrappedBindGroupLayouts.getOrMake(resource);\n    }\n\n    if (isBindGroup(resource)) {\n      return this._unwrappedBindGroups.getOrMake(resource);\n    }\n\n    if (isBuffer(resource)) {\n      return resource.buffer;\n    }\n\n    if (isTexture(resource)) {\n      return resource[$internal].unwrap();\n    }\n\n    if (isTextureView(resource)) {\n      if (!resource[$internal].unwrap) {\n        throw new Error(\n          'Cannot unwrap laid-out texture view as it has no underlying resource.',\n        );\n      }\n      return resource[$internal].unwrap();\n    }\n\n    if (isVertexLayout(resource)) {\n      return resource.vertexLayout;\n    }\n\n    if (isSampler(resource) || isComparisonSampler(resource)) {\n      if (resource[$internal].unwrap) {\n        return resource[$internal].unwrap();\n      }\n      throw new Error('Cannot unwrap laid-out sampler.');\n    }\n\n    if (isQuerySet(resource)) {\n      return resource.querySet;\n    }\n\n    throw new Error(`Unknown resource type: ${resource}`);\n  }\n\n  beginRenderPass(\n    descriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor,\n    callback: (pass: RenderPass) => void,\n  ): void {\n    const commandEncoder = this.device.createCommandEncoder();\n    const pass = commandEncoder.beginRenderPass(descriptor);\n\n    const bindGroups = new Map<\n      TgpuBindGroupLayout,\n      TgpuBindGroup | GPUBindGroup\n    >();\n    const vertexBuffers = new Map<\n      TgpuVertexLayout,\n      {\n        buffer:\n          | (TgpuBuffer<WgslArray<BaseData> | Disarray<BaseData>> & VertexFlag)\n          | GPUBuffer;\n        offset?: number | undefined;\n        size?: number | undefined;\n      }\n    >();\n\n    let currentPipeline: TgpuRenderPipeline | undefined;\n\n    const setupPassBeforeDraw = () => {\n      if (!currentPipeline) {\n        throw new Error('Cannot draw without a call to pass.setPipeline');\n      }\n\n      const { core, priors } = currentPipeline[$internal];\n      const memo = core.unwrap();\n\n      pass.setPipeline(memo.pipeline);\n\n      const missingBindGroups = new Set(memo.usedBindGroupLayouts);\n      memo.usedBindGroupLayouts.forEach((layout, idx) => {\n        if (memo.catchall && idx === memo.catchall[0]) {\n          // Catch-all\n          pass.setBindGroup(idx, this.unwrap(memo.catchall[1]));\n          missingBindGroups.delete(layout);\n        } else {\n          const bindGroup = priors.bindGroupLayoutMap?.get(layout) ??\n            bindGroups.get(layout);\n          if (bindGroup !== undefined) {\n            missingBindGroups.delete(layout);\n            if (isBindGroup(bindGroup)) {\n              pass.setBindGroup(idx, this.unwrap(bindGroup));\n            } else {\n              pass.setBindGroup(idx, bindGroup);\n            }\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      const missingVertexLayouts = new Set<TgpuVertexLayout>();\n      core.usedVertexLayouts.forEach((vertexLayout, idx) => {\n        const priorBuffer = priors.vertexLayoutMap?.get(vertexLayout);\n        const opts = priorBuffer\n          ? {\n            buffer: priorBuffer,\n            offset: undefined,\n            size: undefined,\n          }\n          : vertexBuffers.get(vertexLayout);\n\n        if (!opts || !opts.buffer) {\n          missingVertexLayouts.add(vertexLayout);\n        } else if (isBuffer(opts.buffer)) {\n          pass.setVertexBuffer(\n            idx,\n            this.unwrap(opts.buffer),\n            opts.offset,\n            opts.size,\n          );\n        } else {\n          pass.setVertexBuffer(idx, opts.buffer, opts.offset, opts.size);\n        }\n      });\n\n      if (missingBindGroups.size > 0) {\n        throw new MissingBindGroupsError(missingBindGroups);\n      }\n\n      if (missingVertexLayouts.size > 0) {\n        throw new MissingVertexBuffersError(missingVertexLayouts);\n      }\n    };\n\n    callback({\n      setViewport(...args) {\n        pass.setViewport(...args);\n      },\n      setScissorRect(...args) {\n        pass.setScissorRect(...args);\n      },\n      setBlendConstant(...args) {\n        pass.setBlendConstant(...args);\n      },\n      setStencilReference(...args) {\n        pass.setStencilReference(...args);\n      },\n      beginOcclusionQuery(...args) {\n        pass.beginOcclusionQuery(...args);\n      },\n      endOcclusionQuery(...args) {\n        pass.endOcclusionQuery(...args);\n      },\n      executeBundles(...args) {\n        pass.executeBundles(...args);\n      },\n      setPipeline(pipeline) {\n        currentPipeline = pipeline;\n      },\n\n      setIndexBuffer: (buffer, indexFormat, offset, size) => {\n        if (isBuffer(buffer)) {\n          pass.setIndexBuffer(this.unwrap(buffer), indexFormat, offset, size);\n        } else {\n          pass.setIndexBuffer(buffer, indexFormat, offset, size);\n        }\n      },\n\n      setVertexBuffer(vertexLayout, buffer, offset, size) {\n        vertexBuffers.set(vertexLayout, { buffer, offset, size });\n      },\n\n      setBindGroup(bindGroupLayout, bindGroup) {\n        bindGroups.set(bindGroupLayout, bindGroup);\n      },\n\n      draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.draw(vertexCount, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);\n      },\n\n      drawIndexed(...args) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.drawIndexed(...args);\n      },\n\n      drawIndirect(...args) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.drawIndirect(...args);\n      },\n\n      drawIndexedIndirect(...args) {\n        setupPassBeforeDraw();\n        pass.drawIndexedIndirect(...args);\n      },\n    });\n\n    pass.end();\n    this.device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);\n  }\n\n  flush() {\n    console.warn('flush() has been deprecated, and has no effect.');\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Options passed into {@link init}.\n */\nexport type InitOptions = {\n  adapter?: GPURequestAdapterOptions | undefined;\n  device?:\n    | GPUDeviceDescriptor & { optionalFeatures?: Iterable<GPUFeatureName> }\n    | undefined;\n  /** @default 'random' */\n  unstable_names?: 'random' | 'strict' | undefined;\n  /**\n   * A custom shader code generator, used when resolving TGSL.\n   * If not provided, the default WGSL generator will be used.\n   */\n  shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator | undefined;\n  unstable_logOptions?: LogGeneratorOptions;\n};\n\n/**\n * Options passed into {@link initFromDevice}.\n */\nexport type InitFromDeviceOptions = {\n  device: GPUDevice;\n  /** @default 'random' */\n  unstable_names?: 'random' | 'strict' | undefined;\n  /**\n   * A custom shader code generator, used when resolving TGSL.\n   * If not provided, the default WGSL generator will be used.\n   */\n  shaderGenerator?: ShaderGenerator | undefined;\n  unstable_logOptions?: LogGeneratorOptions;\n};\n\n/**\n * Requests a new GPU device and creates a root around it.\n * If a specific device should be used instead, use @see initFromDevice.\n *\n * @example\n * When given no options, the function will ask the browser for a suitable GPU device.\n * ```ts\n * const root = await tgpu.init();\n * ```\n *\n * @example\n * If there are specific options that should be used when requesting a device, you can pass those in.\n * ```ts\n * const adapterOptions: GPURequestAdapterOptions = ...;\n * const deviceDescriptor: GPUDeviceDescriptor = ...;\n * const root = await tgpu.init({ adapter: adapterOptions, device: deviceDescriptor });\n * ```\n */\nexport async function init(options?: InitOptions): Promise<TgpuRoot> {\n  const {\n    adapter: adapterOpt,\n    device: deviceOpt,\n    unstable_names: names = 'random',\n    unstable_logOptions,\n  } = options ?? {};\n\n  if (!navigator.gpu) {\n    throw new Error('WebGPU is not supported by this browser.');\n  }\n\n  const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter(adapterOpt);\n\n  if (!adapter) {\n    throw new Error('Could not find a compatible GPU');\n  }\n\n  const availableFeatures: GPUFeatureName[] = [];\n  for (const feature of deviceOpt?.requiredFeatures ?? []) {\n    if (!adapter.features.has(feature)) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Requested feature \"${feature}\" is not supported by the adapter.`,\n      );\n    }\n    availableFeatures.push(feature);\n  }\n  for (const feature of deviceOpt?.optionalFeatures ?? []) {\n    if (adapter.features.has(feature)) {\n      availableFeatures.push(feature);\n    } else {\n      console.warn(\n        `Optional feature \"${feature}\" is not supported by the adapter.`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  const device = await adapter.requestDevice({\n    ...deviceOpt,\n    requiredFeatures: availableFeatures,\n  });\n\n  return new TgpuRootImpl(\n    device,\n    names,\n    true,\n    unstable_logOptions ?? {},\n    options?.shaderGenerator,\n  );\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a root from the given device, instead of requesting it like @see init.\n *\n * @example\n * ```ts\n * const device: GPUDevice = ...;\n * const root = tgpu.initFromDevice({ device });\n * ```\n */\nexport function initFromDevice(options: InitFromDeviceOptions): TgpuRoot {\n  const {\n    device,\n    unstable_names: names = 'random',\n    unstable_logOptions,\n  } = options ?? {};\n\n  return new TgpuRootImpl(\n    device,\n    names,\n    false,\n    unstable_logOptions ?? {},\n    options?.shaderGenerator,\n  );\n}\n"]}