typegpu 0.11.8 → 0.12.0

package/tgsl/wgslGenerator.js

@@ -1,792 +1,1389 @@
-import { $gpuCallable, $internal, $providing, isMarkedInternal } from "../shared/symbols.js";
-import { Void, isBool, isNaturallyEphemeral, isNumericSchema, isPtr, isVec, isWgslArray, isWgslStruct } from "../data/wgslTypes.js";
-import { safeStringify } from "../shared/stringify.js";
-import { getName } from "../shared/meta.js";
-import { UnknownData, unptr } from "../data/dataTypes.js";
-import { fallthroughCopyOrigin, isAlias, snip } from "../data/snippet.js";
-import { ResolutionError, WgslTypeError, invariant } from "../errors.js";
-import { isGPUCallable, isKnownAtComptime } from "../types.js";
+import * as tinyest from 'tinyest';
 import { stitch } from "../core/resolve/stitch.js";
-import { createPtrFromOrigin, implicitFrom, ptrFn } from "../data/ptr.js";
-import { RefOperator, _ref } from "../data/ref.js";
-import { convertStructValues, convertToCommonType, tryConvertSnippet } from "./conversion.js";
+import { arrayOf } from "../data/array.js";
+import { UnknownData, unptr } from "../data/dataTypes.js";
 import { bool, i32, u32 } from "../data/numeric.js";
-import { ArrayExpression, coerceToSnippet, concretize, numericLiteralToSnippet } from "./generationHelpers.js";
 import { vec2u, vec3u, vec4u } from "../data/vector.js";
-import { getAttributesString } from "../data/attributes.js";
-import { AutoStruct } from "../data/autoStruct.js";
+import { fallthroughCopyOrigin, isAlias, snip, } from "../data/snippet.js";
+import * as wgsl from "../data/wgslTypes.js";
+import { invariant, ResolutionError, WgslTypeError } from "../errors.js";
+import { getName } from "../shared/meta.js";
+import { $gpuCallable, $internal, $providing, isMarkedInternal } from "../shared/symbols.js";
+import { safeStringify } from "../shared/stringify.js";
+import { pow } from "../std/numeric.js";
 import { add, div, mul, neg, sub } from "../std/operators.js";
-import { isInfixDispatch } from "./infixDispatch.js";
-import { accessProp } from "./accessProp.js";
+import { eq, ne, lt, le, gt, ge, not } from "../std/boolean.js";
+import { isGPUCallable, isKnownAtComptime, } from "../types.js";
+import { convertStructValues, convertToCommonType, tryConvertSnippet } from "./conversion.js";
+import { ArrayExpression, coerceToSnippet, concretize, numericLiteralToSnippet, } from "./generationHelpers.js";
 import { accessIndex } from "./accessIndex.js";
+import { accessProp } from "./accessProp.js";
+import { resolveData } from "../core/resolve/resolveData.js";
+import { createPtrFromOrigin, implicitFrom, ptrFn } from "../data/ptr.js";
+import { _ref, RefOperator } from "../data/ref.js";
 import { constant } from "../core/constant/tgpuConstant.js";
+import { unroll, UnrollableIterable } from "../core/unroll/tgpuUnroll.js";
 import { isGenericFn } from "../core/function/tgpuFn.js";
-import { arrayOf } from "../data/array.js";
-import { pow } from "../std/numeric.js";
-import { resolveData } from "../core/resolve/resolveData.js";
-import { UnrollableIterable, unroll } from "../core/unroll/tgpuUnroll.js";
+import { AutoStruct } from "../data/autoStruct.js";
 import { mathToStd, supportedLogOps } from "./jsPolyfills.js";
+import * as forOfUtils from "./forOfUtils.js";
 import { isTgpuRange } from "../std/range.js";
-import { getElementSnippet, getElementType, getLoopVarKind, getRangeSnippets } from "./forOfUtils.js";
 import { stringifyNode } from "../shared/tseynit.js";
+import { getAttributesString } from "../data/attributes.js";
 import { validSelectBranchTypes } from "../std/boolean.js";
-import * as tinyest from "tinyest";
-
-//#region src/tgsl/wgslGenerator.ts
+import { isInfixDispatch } from "./infixDispatch.js";
+import { logger } from "../tgpuLogger.js";
 const { NodeTypeCatalog: NODE } = tinyest;
 const parenthesizedOps = [
-	"==",
-	"!=",
-	"===",
-	"!==",
-	"<",
-	"<=",
-	">",
-	">=",
-	"<<",
-	">>",
-	"+",
-	"-",
-	"*",
-	"/",
-	"%",
-	"|",
-	"^",
-	"&",
-	"&&",
-	"||"
-];
-const binaryLogicalOps = [
-	"&&",
-	"||",
-	"==",
-	"!=",
-	"===",
-	"!==",
-	"<",
-	"<=",
-	">",
-	">="
-];
-const bitShiftOps = [
-	"<<",
-	">>",
-	"<<=",
-	">>="
+    '==',
+    '!=',
+    '===',
+    '!==',
+    '<',
+    '<=',
+    '>',
+    '>=',
+    '<<',
+    '>>',
+    '>>>',
+    '+',
+    '-',
+    '*',
+    '/',
+    '%',
+    '|',
+    '^',
+    '&',
 ];
+const binaryLogicalOps = ['&&', '||', '==', '!=', '===', '!==', '<', '<=', '>', '>='];
+const binaryRelationalOpToStdMap = {
+    '===': eq.toString(),
+    '!==': ne.toString(),
+    '<': lt.toString(),
+    '<=': le.toString(),
+    '>': gt.toString(),
+    '>=': ge.toString(),
+};
+const bitShiftOps = ['<<', '>>', '<<=', '>>=', '>>>', '>>>='];
 const OP_MAP = {
-	"===": "==",
-	"!==": "!=",
-	get ">>>"() {
-		throw new Error("The `>>>` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get in() {
-		throw new Error("The `in` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get instanceof() {
-		throw new Error("The `instanceof` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get "|>"() {
-		throw new Error("The `|>` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get "??"() {
-		throw new Error("The `??` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get ">>>="() {
-		throw new Error("The `>>>=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get "**="() {
-		throw new Error("The `**=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get "??="() {
-		throw new Error("The `??=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get "&&="() {
-		throw new Error("The `&&=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	},
-	get "||="() {
-		throw new Error("The `||=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.");
-	}
+    //
+    // binary
+    //
+    '===': '==',
+    '!==': '!=',
+    '>>>': '>>',
+    get in() {
+        throw new Error('The `in` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
+    get instanceof() {
+        throw new Error('The `instanceof` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
+    get '|>'() {
+        throw new Error('The `|>` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
+    //
+    // logical
+    //
+    get '??'() {
+        throw new Error('The `??` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
+    //
+    // assignment
+    //
+    '>>>=': '>>=',
+    get '**='() {
+        throw new Error('The `**=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
+    get '??='() {
+        throw new Error('The `??=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
+    get '&&='() {
+        throw new Error('The `&&=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
+    get '||='() {
+        throw new Error('The `||=` operator is unsupported in TypeGPU functions.');
+    },
 };
 function operatorToType(lhs, op, rhs) {
-	if (!rhs) {
-		if (op === "!") return bool;
-		return lhs;
-	}
-	if (binaryLogicalOps.includes(op)) return bool;
-	if (op === "=") return rhs;
-	return lhs;
+    if (!rhs) {
+        if (op === '!') {
+            return bool;
+        }
+        return lhs;
+    }
+    if (binaryLogicalOps.includes(op)) {
+        return bool;
+    }
+    if (op === '=') {
+        return rhs;
+    }
+    return lhs;
 }
 const unaryOpCodeToCodegen = {
-	"-": neg[$gpuCallable].call.bind(neg),
-	void: () => snip(void 0, Void, "constant"),
-	"!": (ctx, [argExpr]) => {
-		if (argExpr === void 0) throw new Error("The unary operator `!` expects 1 argument, but 0 were provided.");
-		if (isKnownAtComptime(argExpr)) return snip(!argExpr.value, bool, "constant");
-		const { value, dataType } = argExpr;
-		const argStr = ctx.resolve(value, dataType).value;
-		if (isBool(dataType)) return snip(`!${argStr}`, bool, "runtime");
-		if (isNumericSchema(dataType)) {
-			const resultStr = `!bool(${argStr})`;
-			return snip(dataType.type === "f32" ? `(((bitcast<u32>(${argStr}) & 0x7fffffff) > 0x7f800000) || ${resultStr})` : dataType.type === "f16" ? `(((bitcast<u32>(${argStr}) & 0x7fff) > 0x7c00) || ${resultStr})` : resultStr, bool, "runtime");
-		}
-		return snip(false, bool, "constant");
-	}
+    '-': neg[$gpuCallable].call.bind(neg),
+    void: () => snip(undefined, wgsl.Void, 'constant', false),
+    '!': (ctx, [argExpr]) => {
+        if (argExpr === undefined) {
+            throw new Error('The unary operator `!` expects 1 argument, but 0 were provided.');
+        }
+        if (isKnownAtComptime(argExpr)) {
+            return snip(!argExpr.value, bool, 'constant', false);
+        }
+        const argStr = ctx.resolveSnippet(argExpr).value;
+        if (!wgsl.isBool(argExpr.dataType)) {
+            throw new WgslTypeError(`Unary operator ! requires boolean operand. Got ${String(argExpr.dataType)}.${wgsl.isVecBool(argExpr.dataType)
+                ? ` For component-wise negation, use 'std.${not.toString()}'.`
+                : ''}`);
+        }
+        return snip(`!(${argStr})`, bool, 'runtime', argExpr.possibleSideEffects);
+    },
 };
 const binaryOpCodeToCodegen = {
-	"+": add[$gpuCallable].call.bind(add),
-	"-": sub[$gpuCallable].call.bind(sub),
-	"*": mul[$gpuCallable].call.bind(mul),
-	"/": div[$gpuCallable].call.bind(div),
-	"**": pow[$gpuCallable].call.bind(pow)
+    '+': add[$gpuCallable].call.bind(add),
+    '-': sub[$gpuCallable].call.bind(sub),
+    '*': mul[$gpuCallable].call.bind(mul),
+    '/': div[$gpuCallable].call.bind(div),
+    '**': pow[$gpuCallable].call.bind(pow),
 };
 const usageToVarTemplateMap = {
-	private: "private",
-	workgroup: "workgroup",
-	uniform: "uniform",
-	mutable: "storage, read_write",
-	readonly: "storage, read"
+    private: 'private',
+    workgroup: 'workgroup',
+    uniform: 'uniform',
+    mutable: 'storage, read_write',
+    readonly: 'storage, read',
 };
-var WgslGenerator = class {
-	#ctx = void 0;
-	#unrolling = false;
-	initGenerator(ctx) {
-		this.#ctx = ctx;
-	}
-	get ctx() {
-		if (!this.#ctx) throw new Error("WGSL Generator has not yet been initialized. Please call initialize(ctx) before using the generator.");
-		return this.#ctx;
-	}
-	_block([_, statements], externalMap) {
-		this.ctx.pushBlockScope();
-		if (externalMap) {
-			const externals = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(externalMap).map(([id, value]) => [id, coerceToSnippet(value)]));
-			this.ctx.setBlockExternals(externals);
-		}
-		try {
-			this.ctx.indent();
-			const body = statements.map((statement) => this._statement(statement)).filter((statement) => statement.length > 0).join("\n");
-			this.ctx.dedent();
-			return `{
-${body}
-${this.ctx.pre}}`;
-		} finally {
-			this.ctx.popBlockScope();
-		}
-	}
-	_blockStatement(block, externalMap) {
-		return `${this.ctx.pre}${this._block(block, externalMap)}`;
-	}
-	refVariable(id, dataType) {
-		const varName = this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(id, "block");
-		const ptrType = ptrFn(dataType);
-		const snippet = snip(new RefOperator(snip(varName, dataType, "function"), ptrType), ptrType, "function");
-		this.ctx.defineVariable(id, snippet);
-		return varName;
-	}
-	/**
-	* Creates a variable declaration string.
-	* `keyword` may be a placeholder filled in later.
-	*/
-	_emitVarDecl(keyword, name, _dataType, rhsStr) {
-		return `${this.ctx.pre}${keyword} ${name} = ${rhsStr};`;
-	}
-	_identifier(id) {
-		if (!id) throw new Error("Cannot resolve an empty identifier");
-		if (id === "undefined") return snip(void 0, Void, "constant");
-		const res = this.ctx.getById(id);
-		if (!res) throw new Error(`Identifier ${id} not found`);
-		return res;
-	}
-	/**
-	* A wrapper for `generateExpression` that updates `ctx.expectedType`
-	* and tries to convert the result when it does not match the expected type.
-	*/
-	_typedExpression(expression, expectedType) {
-		const prevExpectedType = this.ctx.expectedType;
-		this.ctx.expectedType = expectedType;
-		try {
-			const result = this._expression(expression);
-			if (expectedType instanceof AutoStruct) return result;
-			return tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, result, expectedType);
-		} finally {
-			this.ctx.expectedType = prevExpectedType;
-		}
-	}
-	_expression(expression) {
-		if (typeof expression === "string") return this._identifier(expression);
-		if (typeof expression === "boolean") return snip(expression, bool, "constant");
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.logicalExpr || expression[0] === NODE.binaryExpr || expression[0] === NODE.assignmentExpr) {
-			const [exprType, lhs, op, rhs] = expression;
-			const lhsExpr = this._expression(lhs);
-			if ((op === "||" || op === "&&") && isKnownAtComptime(lhsExpr)) {
-				if (!(op === "&&" ? lhsExpr.value : !lhsExpr.value)) return snip(op === "||", bool, "constant");
-				const rhsExpr$1 = this._expression(rhs);
-				if (rhsExpr$1.dataType === UnknownData) throw new WgslTypeError(`Right-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
-				if (isKnownAtComptime(rhsExpr$1)) return snip(!!rhsExpr$1.value, bool, "constant");
-				const convRhs$1 = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, rhsExpr$1, bool, false);
-				const rhsStr$1 = this.ctx.resolve(convRhs$1.value, convRhs$1.dataType).value;
-				return snip(rhsStr$1, bool, "runtime");
-			}
-			const rhsExpr = this._expression(rhs);
-			if (rhsExpr.value instanceof RefOperator) throw new WgslTypeError(stitch`Cannot assign a ref to an existing variable '${stringifyNode(lhs)}', define a new variable instead.`);
-			if (op === "==") throw new Error("Please use the === operator instead of ==");
-			if (op === "!=") throw new Error("Please use the !== operator instead of !=");
-			if (op === "===" && isKnownAtComptime(lhsExpr) && isKnownAtComptime(rhsExpr)) return snip(lhsExpr.value === rhsExpr.value, bool, "constant");
-			if (lhsExpr.dataType === UnknownData) throw new WgslTypeError(`Left-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
-			if (rhsExpr.dataType === UnknownData) throw new WgslTypeError(`Right-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
-			const codegen = binaryOpCodeToCodegen[op];
-			if (codegen) return codegen(this.ctx, [lhsExpr, rhsExpr]);
-			let convLhs;
-			let convRhs;
-			if (bitShiftOps.includes(op)) {
-				let rhsTarget;
-				if (isVec(lhsExpr.dataType)) {
-					const cc = lhsExpr.dataType.componentCount;
-					rhsTarget = cc === 2 ? vec2u : cc === 3 ? vec3u : vec4u;
-				} else rhsTarget = u32;
-				convRhs = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, rhsExpr, rhsTarget, false);
-				convLhs = lhsExpr;
-			} else {
-				const forcedType = exprType === NODE.assignmentExpr ? [lhsExpr.dataType] : void 0;
-				[convLhs, convRhs] = convertToCommonType(this.ctx, [lhsExpr, rhsExpr], forcedType) ?? [lhsExpr, rhsExpr];
-			}
-			const lhsStr = this.ctx.resolve(convLhs.value, convLhs.dataType).value;
-			const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolve(convRhs.value, convRhs.dataType).value;
-			const type = operatorToType(convLhs.dataType, op, convRhs.dataType);
-			if (exprType === NODE.assignmentExpr) {
-				validateSnippetMutation(convLhs, expression);
-				this.tryMarkModified(lhs);
-				if (op === "=" && isAlias(rhsExpr) && !isNaturallyEphemeral(rhsExpr.dataType)) throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid, because references cannot be assigned.\n-----\nTry '${stringifyNode(lhs)} = ${this.ctx.resolve(rhsExpr.dataType).value}(${stringifyNode(rhs)})' to copy the value instead.\n-----`);
-			}
-			return snip(parenthesizedOps.includes(op) ? `(${lhsStr} ${OP_MAP[op] ?? op} ${rhsStr})` : `${lhsStr} ${OP_MAP[op] ?? op} ${rhsStr}`, type, "runtime");
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.postUpdate) throw new Error(`'${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid because update is only allowed as a statement.`);
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.unaryExpr) {
-			const [_, op, arg] = expression;
-			const argExpr = this._expression(arg);
-			const codegen = unaryOpCodeToCodegen[op];
-			if (codegen) return codegen(this.ctx, [argExpr]);
-			const argStr = this.ctx.resolve(argExpr.value, argExpr.dataType).value;
-			const type = operatorToType(argExpr.dataType, op);
-			return snip(`${op}${argStr}`, type, "runtime");
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.memberAccess) {
-			const [_, targetNode, property] = expression;
-			const accessed = accessProp(this._expression(targetNode), property);
-			if (!accessed) throw new Error(`Property '${property}' not found on '${stringifyNode(targetNode)}'`);
-			return accessed;
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.indexAccess) {
-			const [_, targetNode, propertyNode] = expression;
-			const target = this._expression(targetNode);
-			const inProperty = this._expression(propertyNode);
-			const accessed = accessIndex(target, convertToCommonType(this.ctx, [inProperty], [u32, i32], false)?.[0] ?? inProperty);
-			if (!accessed) throw new Error(`Index access '${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid. If the value is an array, to address this, consider one of the following approaches: (1) declare the array using 'tgpu.const', (2) store the array in a buffer, or (3) define the array within the GPU function scope.`);
-			return accessed;
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.numericLiteral) {
-			const type = typeof expression[1] === "string" ? numericLiteralToSnippet(parseNumericString(expression[1])) : numericLiteralToSnippet(expression[1]);
-			invariant(type, `Expected ${stringifyNode(expression)} to be valid numeric literal`);
-			return type;
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.call) {
-			const [_, calleeNode, argNodes] = expression;
-			const _callee = this._expression(calleeNode);
-			const callee = mathToStd.has(_callee.value) ? snip(mathToStd.get(_callee.value), UnknownData, "runtime") : _callee;
-			if (supportedLogOps().includes(callee.value)) return this.ctx.generateLog(callee.value, argNodes.map((arg) => this._expression(arg)));
-			if (isWgslStruct(callee.value)) {
-				if (argNodes.length > 1) throw new WgslTypeError("Struct schemas should always be called with at most 1 argument");
-				if (!argNodes[0]) return snip(`${this.ctx.resolve(callee.value).value}()`, callee.value, "runtime");
-				const arg = this._typedExpression(argNodes[0], callee.value);
-				return snip(this.ctx.resolve(arg.value, callee.value).value, callee.value, "runtime");
-			}
-			if (isWgslArray(callee.value)) {
-				if (argNodes.length > 1) throw new WgslTypeError("Array schemas should always be called with at most 1 argument");
-				if (!argNodes[0]) return snip(`${this.ctx.resolve(callee.value).value}()`, callee.value, "runtime");
-				const arg = this._typedExpression(argNodes[0], callee.value);
-				if (arg.value instanceof ArrayExpression) return snip(stitch`${this.ctx.resolve(callee.value).value}(${arg.value.elements})`, arg.dataType, "runtime");
-				return snip(this.ctx.resolve(arg.value, callee.value).value, callee.value, "runtime");
-			}
-			if (callee.value === constant) throw new Error("Constants cannot be defined within TypeGPU function scope. To address this, move the constant definition outside the function scope.");
-			if (isInfixDispatch(callee.value)) {
-				if (!argNodes[0]) throw new WgslTypeError(`An infix operator '${getName(callee.value.operator)}' was called without any arguments`);
-				const lhs = coerceToSnippet(callee.value.lhs);
-				const rhs = this._expression(argNodes[0]);
-				return callee.value.operator[$gpuCallable].call(this.ctx, [lhs, rhs]);
-			}
-			if ((callee.value === _ref || callee.value === unroll) && argNodes[0]) this.tryMarkModified(argNodes[0]);
-			if (isGPUCallable(callee.value)) {
-				const callable = callee.value[$gpuCallable];
-				const strictSignature = callable.strictSignature;
-				let convertedArguments;
-				if (strictSignature) convertedArguments = argNodes.map((arg, i) => {
-					const argType = strictSignature.argTypes[i];
-					if (!argType) throw new WgslTypeError(`Call '${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid since the function expected fewer arguments`);
-					return this._typedExpression(arg, argType);
-				});
-				else convertedArguments = argNodes.map((arg) => this._expression(arg));
-				try {
-					return callable.call(this.ctx, convertedArguments);
-				} catch (err) {
-					if (err instanceof ResolutionError) throw err;
-					throw new ResolutionError(err, [{ toString: () => `fn:${getName(callee.value)}` }]);
-				}
-			}
-			const isGeneric = isGenericFn(callee.value);
-			if (!isMarkedInternal(callee.value) || isGeneric) {
-				const slotPairs = isGeneric ? callee.value[$providing]?.pairs ?? [] : [];
-				const callback = isGeneric ? callee.value[$internal].inner : callee.value;
-				const shelllessCall = this.ctx.withRenamed(callback, getName(callee.value), () => this.ctx.withSlots(slotPairs, () => {
-					const args = argNodes.map((arg) => this._expression(arg));
-					const shellless = this.ctx.shelllessRepo.get(callback, args);
-					if (!shellless) return;
-					const converted = args.map((s, idx) => {
-						const argType = shellless.argTypes[idx];
-						return tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, s, argType, false);
-					});
-					return this.ctx.withResetIndentLevel(() => {
-						const snippet = this.ctx.resolve(shellless);
-						return snip(stitch`${snippet.value}(${converted})`, snippet.dataType, "runtime");
-					});
-				}));
-				if (shelllessCall) return shelllessCall;
-			}
-			const maybeMathMethod = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Math).find((prop) => Math[prop] === callee.value);
-			if (maybeMathMethod) throw new Error(`Unsupported Math functionality 'Math.${maybeMathMethod}()'. Use an std alternative, or implement the function manually.`);
-			const maybeConsoleMethod = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(console).find((prop) => console[prop] === callee.value);
-			if (maybeConsoleMethod) throw new Error(`Unsupported console functionality 'console.${maybeConsoleMethod}()'.`);
-			throw new Error(`Function '${getName(callee.value) ?? String(callee.value)}' is not marked with the 'use gpu' directive and cannot be used in a shader`);
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.objectExpr) {
-			const obj = expression[1];
-			const structType = this.ctx.expectedType;
-			if (structType instanceof AutoStruct) {
-				const entries = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(obj).map(([key, value]) => {
-					let accessed = structType.accessProp(key);
-					let expr;
-					if (accessed) expr = this._typedExpression(value, accessed.type);
-					else {
-						expr = this._expression(value);
-						if (expr.dataType === UnknownData) throw new WgslTypeError(stitch`Property ${key} in object literal has a value of unknown type: '${expr}'`);
-						accessed = structType.provideProp(key, unptr(concretize(expr.dataType)));
-					}
-					return [accessed.prop, expr];
-				}));
-				const completeStruct = structType.completeStruct;
-				const convertedSnippets = convertStructValues(this.ctx, completeStruct, entries);
-				return snip(stitch`${this.ctx.resolve(structType).value}(${convertedSnippets})`, completeStruct, "runtime");
-			}
-			if (isWgslStruct(structType)) {
-				const entries = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(structType.propTypes).map(([key, value]) => {
-					const val = obj[key];
-					if (val === void 0) throw new WgslTypeError(`Missing property ${key} in object literal for struct ${structType}`);
-					return [key, this._typedExpression(val, value)];
-				}));
-				const convertedSnippets = convertStructValues(this.ctx, structType, entries);
-				return snip(stitch`${this.ctx.resolve(structType).value}(${convertedSnippets})`, structType, "runtime");
-			}
-			throw new WgslTypeError(`No target type could be inferred for object '${stringifyNode(expression)}', please wrap the object in the corresponding schema.`);
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.arrayExpr) {
-			const [_, valueNodes] = expression;
-			const arrType = this.ctx.expectedType;
-			let elemType;
-			let values;
-			if (isWgslArray(arrType)) {
-				elemType = arrType.elementType;
-				values = valueNodes.map((value) => this._typedExpression(value, elemType));
-				if (values.length !== arrType.elementCount) throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot create value of type '${arrType}' from an array of length: ${values.length}`);
-			} else {
-				const valuesSnippets = valueNodes.map((value) => this._expression(value));
-				if (valuesSnippets.length === 0) throw new WgslTypeError("Cannot infer the type of an empty array literal.");
-				const converted = convertToCommonType(this.ctx, valuesSnippets);
-				if (!converted) throw new WgslTypeError(`Values '${stringifyNode(expression)}' cannot be automatically converted to a common type. Consider wrapping the array in an appropriate schema`);
-				values = converted;
-				elemType = concretize(values[0]?.dataType);
-			}
-			const arrayType = arrayOf(elemType, values.length);
-			return snip(new ArrayExpression(arrayType, values), arrayType, "runtime");
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.conditionalExpr) {
-			const [_, testNode, consequentNode, alternativeNode] = expression;
-			const test = this._expression(testNode);
-			if (isKnownAtComptime(test)) return test.value ? this._expression(consequentNode) : this._expression(alternativeNode);
-			else {
-				const consequent = this._expression(consequentNode);
-				const alternative = this._expression(alternativeNode);
-				const [con, alt] = convertToCommonType(this.ctx, [consequent, alternative], validSelectBranchTypes) ?? [];
-				if (!con || !alt || consequent.possibleSideEffects || alternative.possibleSideEffects) throw new Error(`Ternary operator '${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid. For more complex branching, please use 'std.select' or if/else statements.`);
-				return snip(stitch`select(${alt}, ${con}, ${test})`, con.dataType, "runtime", test.possibleSideEffects);
-			}
-		}
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.stringLiteral) return snip(expression[1], UnknownData, "constant");
-		if (expression[0] === NODE.preUpdate) throw new Error("Cannot use pre-updates in TypeGPU functions.");
-		assertExhaustive(expression);
-	}
-	declareGlobalConst(options) {
-		const resolvedDataType = this.ctx.resolve(options.dataType).value;
-		const resolvedValue = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(options.init).value;
-		this.ctx.addDeclaration(`const ${options.id}: ${resolvedDataType} = ${resolvedValue};`);
-		return snip(options.id, options.dataType, "constant-immutable-def");
-	}
-	declareGlobalVar(options) {
-		let pre = "";
-		if (options.group !== void 0) pre += `@group(${options.group}) `;
-		if (options.binding !== void 0) pre += `@binding(${options.binding}) `;
-		if (options.scope in usageToVarTemplateMap) pre += `var<${usageToVarTemplateMap[options.scope]}> `;
-		else pre += `var `;
-		pre += `${options.id}: ${this.ctx.resolve(options.dataType).value}`;
-		this.ctx.addDeclaration(options.init ? `${pre} = ${this.ctx.resolveSnippet(options.init).value};` : `${pre};`);
-		return snip(options.id, options.dataType, options.scope);
-	}
-	functionDefinition(options) {
-		let body = this._block(options.body);
-		const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
-		invariant(scope, "Expected function scope to be present");
-		const replacements = Object.fromEntries([...scope.placeholderForVariable.entries()].map(([variable, placeholder]) => [placeholder, scope.modifiedVariables.has(variable) ? "var" : "let"]));
-		if (Object.keys(replacements).length > 0) {
-			const regex = new RegExp(Object.keys(replacements).join("|"), "gi");
-			body = body.replace(regex, (match) => replacements[match] ?? "#ERR");
-		}
-		const returnType = options.determineReturnType();
-		const argList = options.args.filter((arg) => arg.used || options.functionType === "normal").map((arg) => {
-			return `${getAttributesString(arg.decoratedType)}${arg.name}: ${this.ctx.resolve(arg.decoratedType).value}`;
-		}).join(", ");
-		const head = returnType.type !== "void" ? `(${argList}) -> ${getAttributesString(returnType)}${this.ctx.resolve(returnType).value} ` : `(${argList}) `;
-		let attributes = "";
-		if (options.functionType === "compute") {
-			if (!options.workgroupSize) throw new Error("Compute shaders must have a workgroup size");
-			attributes = `@compute @workgroup_size(${options.workgroupSize.join(", ")}) `;
-		} else if (options.functionType === "vertex") attributes = `@vertex `;
-		else if (options.functionType === "fragment") attributes = `@fragment `;
-		return `${attributes}fn ${options.name}${head}${body}`;
-	}
-	/**
-	* Generates a WGSL type string for the given data type, and adds necessary
-	* definitions to the shader preamble. This shouldn't be called directly, only
-	* through `ctx.resolve` to properly cache the result.
-	*/
-	typeAnnotation(data) {
-		return resolveData(this.ctx, data);
-	}
-	typeInstantiation(schema, args) {
-		if (args.length === 1 && args[0]?.dataType === schema) return snip(stitch`${args[0]}`, schema, fallthroughCopyOrigin(args[0].origin));
-		return snip(stitch`${this.ctx.resolve(schema).value}(${args})`, schema, "runtime");
-	}
-	numericLiteral(value, schema) {
-		if (schema.type === "abstractInt") return snip(`${value}`, schema, "constant");
-		if (schema.type === "u32") return snip(`${value}u`, schema, "constant");
-		if (schema.type === "i32") return snip(`${value}i`, schema, "constant");
-		const exp = value.toExponential();
-		const decimal = schema.type === "abstractFloat" && Number.isInteger(value) ? `${value}.` : `${value}`;
-		const base = exp.length < decimal.length ? exp : decimal;
-		if (schema.type === "f32") return snip(`${base}f`, schema, "constant");
-		if (schema.type === "f16") return snip(`${base}h`, schema, "constant");
-		return snip(base, schema, "constant");
-	}
-	_return(statement) {
-		const returnNode = statement[1];
-		if (returnNode !== void 0) {
-			const expectedReturnType = this.ctx.topFunctionReturnType;
-			let returnSnippet = expectedReturnType ? this._typedExpression(returnNode, expectedReturnType) : this._expression(returnNode);
-			if (returnSnippet.value instanceof RefOperator) throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot return '${stringifyNode(returnNode)}' because it is a d.ref`);
-			if (returnSnippet.origin === "argument" && !isNaturallyEphemeral(returnSnippet.dataType) && this.ctx.topFunctionScope?.functionType === "normal") throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(statement)}' is invalid, cannot return references to arguments. Copy the argument before returning it.`);
-			if (!expectedReturnType && isAlias(returnSnippet) && !isNaturallyEphemeral(returnSnippet.dataType) && returnSnippet.origin !== "local-def") {
-				const str = stringifyNode(returnNode);
-				const typeStr = this.ctx.resolve(unptr(returnSnippet.dataType)).value;
-				throw new WgslTypeError(`'return ${str};' is invalid, cannot return references.
+/**
+ * The block depth that we can expect when generating code in the function scope, not in any nested blocks.
+ */
+const functionInitialBlockDepth = 2;
+export class WgslGenerator {
+    #ctx = undefined;
+    // used to detect `continue` and `break` nodes in loop body, as well as label
+    // unrolled blocks with comments
+    #unrollingChain = [];
+    static {
+        WgslGenerator.prototype.languageKey = 'wgsl';
+    }
+    initGenerator(ctx) {
+        if (this.#ctx !== undefined) {
+            throw new Error(`Cannot initialize shader generators twice. Create one generator per resolution.`);
+        }
+        this.#ctx = ctx;
+    }
+    get ctx() {
+        if (!this.#ctx) {
+            throw new Error('WGSL Generator has not yet been initialized. Please call initialize(ctx) before using the generator.');
+        }
+        return this.#ctx;
+    }
+    _block([_, statementNodes], allowInlining, externalMap) {
+        this.ctx.pushBlockScope();
+        try {
+            if (externalMap) {
+                const externals = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(externalMap).map(([id, value]) => [id, coerceToSnippet(value)]));
+                this.ctx.setBlockExternals(externals);
+            }
+            let body = '';
+            /**
+             * True if any of the statements in the block define variables that would
+             * be scoped to the currently generated block. If not, we can safely inline it.
+             */
+            let definesInNearestScope = false;
+            let endsWithControlFlow;
+            this.ctx.indent();
+            for (const statementNode of statementNodes) {
+                const statement = this._statement(statementNode);
+                if (statement.code.length > 0) {
+                    body += `${statement.code}\n`;
+                }
+                definesInNearestScope ||= statement.definesInNearestScope ?? false;
+                if (statement.endsWithControlFlow !== undefined) {
+                    endsWithControlFlow = statement.endsWithControlFlow;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            this.ctx.dedent();
+            const willInline = allowInlining && !definesInNearestScope;
+            // Omitting the 'return;' at the end of the statement list if
+            // the 'return;' would be placed in the function body outside
+            // of any nested block.
+            if (this.ctx.blockDepth === functionInitialBlockDepth) {
+                body = body.replace(/[ ]*return\s*;\s*$/u, '');
+            }
+            if (body === '') {
+                return { code: '', endsWithControlFlow, definesInNearestScope: false };
+            }
+            if (willInline) {
+                return {
+                    code: this.ctx.getDedented(body.trim()),
+                    endsWithControlFlow,
+                    definesInNearestScope,
+                };
+            }
+            return {
+                code: `{\n${body}${this.ctx.pre}}`,
+                endsWithControlFlow,
+                // all defines will be scoped to the newly generated block
+                definesInNearestScope: false,
+            };
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.ctx.popBlockScope();
+        }
+    }
+    _blockStatement(block, externalMap) {
+        const { code, ...properties } = this._block(block, /* allowInlining */ true, externalMap);
+        if (code === '') {
+            return { ...properties, code: '' };
+        }
+        return { ...properties, code: `${this.ctx.pre}${code}` };
+    }
+    refVariable(id, dataType) {
+        const varName = this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(id, 'block');
+        const ptrType = ptrFn(dataType);
+        const snippet = snip(new RefOperator(snip(varName, dataType, 'function', false), ptrType), ptrType, 'function', false);
+        this.ctx.defineVariable(id, snippet);
+        return varName;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a variable declaration string.
+     * `keyword` may be a placeholder filled in later.
+     */
+    _emitVarDecl(keyword, name, _dataType, rhsStr) {
+        return `${this.ctx.pre}${keyword} ${name} = ${rhsStr};`;
+    }
+    _identifier(id) {
+        if (!id) {
+            throw new Error('Cannot resolve an empty identifier');
+        }
+        if (id === 'undefined') {
+            return snip(undefined, wgsl.Void, 'constant', false);
+        }
+        const res = this.ctx.getById(id);
+        if (!res) {
+            throw new Error(`Identifier ${id} not found`);
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    _callShellless(callee, args) {
+        const isGeneric = isGenericFn(callee);
+        const slotPairs = isGeneric ? (callee[$providing]?.pairs ?? []) : [];
+        const callback = isGeneric ? callee[$internal].inner : callee;
+        const shelllessCall = this.ctx.withRenamed(callback, getName(callee), () => this.ctx.withSlots(slotPairs, () => {
+            const shellless = this.ctx.shelllessRepo.get(callback, args);
+            if (!shellless) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const converted = args.map((s, idx) => {
+                const argType = shellless.argTypes[idx];
+                return tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, s, argType, /* verbose */ false);
+            });
+            return this.ctx.withResetIndentLevel(() => {
+                const snippet = this.ctx.resolve(shellless);
+                return snip(stitch `${snippet.value}(${converted})`, snippet.dataType, 
+                /* origin */ 'runtime');
+            });
+        }));
+        return shelllessCall;
+    }
+    /**
+     * A wrapper for `generateExpression` that updates `ctx.expectedType`
+     * and tries to convert the result when it does not match the expected type.
+     */
+    _typedExpression(expression, expectedType) {
+        const prevExpectedType = this.ctx.expectedType;
+        this.ctx.expectedType = expectedType;
+        try {
+            const result = this._expression(expression);
+            if (expectedType instanceof AutoStruct) {
+                // We provide a certain AutoStruct object to later
+                // investigate what props were accessed. No need to
+                // convert the result.
+                return result;
+            }
+            return tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, result, expectedType);
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.ctx.expectedType = prevExpectedType;
+        }
+    }
+    _expression(expression) {
+        if (typeof expression === 'string') {
+            return this._identifier(expression);
+        }
+        if (typeof expression === 'boolean') {
+            return snip(expression, bool, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.logicalExpr) {
+            const [_, lhs, op, rhs] = expression;
+            const lhsExpr = this._expression(lhs);
+            // Short Circuit Evaluation
+            if (isKnownAtComptime(lhsExpr)) {
+                const castToBool = wgsl.isBool(this.ctx.expectedType);
+                const evalRhs = op === '&&' ? lhsExpr.value : !lhsExpr.value;
+                if (!evalRhs) {
+                    return castToBool
+                        ? snip(op === '||', bool, 'constant', false)
+                        : coerceToSnippet(lhsExpr.value);
+                }
+                const rhsExpr = this._expression(rhs);
+                if (isKnownAtComptime(rhsExpr)) {
+                    const rhsSnippet = coerceToSnippet(rhsExpr.value);
+                    return castToBool ? tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, rhsSnippet, bool, false) : rhsSnippet;
+                }
+                if (rhsExpr.dataType === UnknownData) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`Right-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
+                }
+                // we can skip lhs
+                return castToBool ? tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, rhsExpr, bool, false) : rhsExpr;
+            }
+            const rhsExpr = this._expression(rhs);
+            // they are not known at comptime
+            if (lhsExpr.dataType === UnknownData) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`Left-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
+            }
+            if (!isKnownAtComptime(rhsExpr) && rhsExpr.dataType === UnknownData) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`Right-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
+            }
+            if (!wgsl.isBool(lhsExpr.dataType) || !wgsl.isBool(rhsExpr.dataType)) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`Logical expression '${op}' requires boolean operands. Got '${String(lhsExpr.dataType)}' and '${String(rhsExpr.dataType)}'.`);
+            }
+            const lhsStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(lhsExpr).value;
+            const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(rhsExpr).value;
+            // hardcoded parentheses - operators not present in `parenthesizedOps`
+            return snip(`(${lhsStr} ${op} ${rhsStr})`, bool, 'runtime', lhsExpr.possibleSideEffects || rhsExpr.possibleSideEffects);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.binaryExpr || expression[0] === NODE.assignmentExpr) {
+            // Binary/Assignment Expression
+            const [exprType, lhs, op, rhs] = expression;
+            const lhsExpr = this._expression(lhs);
+            const rhsExpr = this._expression(rhs);
+            if (rhsExpr.value instanceof RefOperator) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(stitch `Cannot assign a ref to an existing variable '${stringifyNode(lhs)}', define a new variable instead.`);
+            }
+            if (op === '==') {
+                throw new Error('Please use the === operator instead of ==');
+            }
+            if (op === '!=') {
+                throw new Error('Please use the !== operator instead of !=');
+            }
+            const stdBinaryRelationalOp = binaryRelationalOpToStdMap[op];
+            if (stdBinaryRelationalOp && isKnownAtComptime(lhsExpr) && isKnownAtComptime(rhsExpr)) {
+                const left = lhsExpr.value;
+                const right = rhsExpr.value;
+                switch (op) {
+                    case '===':
+                        return snip(left === right, bool, 'constant', false);
+                    case '!==':
+                        return snip(left !== right, bool, 'constant', false);
+                }
+                if (typeof left !== 'number' || typeof right !== 'number') {
+                    const bothVectors = wgsl.isVec(lhsExpr.dataType) && wgsl.isVec(rhsExpr.dataType);
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`Comparison '${op}' requires numeric operands.${bothVectors
+                        ? ` For component-wise comparison, use 'std.${stdBinaryRelationalOp}'.`
+                        : ''}`);
+                }
+                switch (op) {
+                    case '<':
+                        return snip(left < right, bool, 'constant', false);
+                    case '<=':
+                        return snip(left <= right, bool, 'constant', false);
+                    case '>':
+                        return snip(left > right, bool, 'constant', false);
+                    case '>=':
+                        return snip(left >= right, bool, 'constant', false);
+                }
+            }
+            if (lhsExpr.dataType === UnknownData) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`Left-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
+            }
+            if (rhsExpr.dataType === UnknownData) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`Right-hand side of '${op}' is of unknown type`);
+            }
+            const codegen = binaryOpCodeToCodegen[op];
+            if (codegen) {
+                return codegen(this.ctx, [lhsExpr, rhsExpr]);
+            }
+            let convLhs;
+            let convRhs;
+            if (bitShiftOps.includes(op)) {
+                const lhsDataType = lhsExpr.dataType;
+                if (!wgsl.isInteger(lhsDataType) && !wgsl.isIntegerVec(lhsDataType)) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`Expression: ${stringifyNode(expression)}\nLeft-hand side of '${op}' must be an integer or vector of integers.\nGot ${this.ctx.resolve(lhsDataType).value}.`);
+                }
+                const lhsPrimitive = wgsl.isVec(lhsDataType) ? lhsDataType.primitive : lhsDataType;
+                if (['>>>', '>>>='].includes(op) && lhsPrimitive.type !== 'u32') {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`Expression: ${stringifyNode(expression)}\nLeft-hand side of '${op}' must be an unsigned integer or vector of unsigned integers.\nGot ${this.ctx.resolve(lhsDataType).value}.\nUse ${op.slice(1)} instead.`);
+                }
+                if (['>>', '>>='].includes(op) && lhsPrimitive.type === 'u32') {
+                    logger.warn('deprecated', `\nExpression: ${stringifyNode(expression)}\nUsing u32 or vecN<u32> as left-hand side of ${op} is deprecated.\nUse >${op} instead.`);
+                }
+                // rhs must be u32 (or vecN<u32> for vector lhs) according to the WGSL spec
+                let rhsTarget;
+                if (wgsl.isVec(lhsDataType)) {
+                    const cc = lhsDataType.componentCount;
+                    rhsTarget = cc === 2 ? vec2u : cc === 3 ? vec3u : vec4u;
+                }
+                else {
+                    rhsTarget = u32;
+                }
+                convRhs = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, rhsExpr, rhsTarget, false);
+                convLhs = lhsExpr;
+            }
+            else {
+                const forcedType = exprType === NODE.assignmentExpr ? [lhsExpr.dataType] : undefined;
+                [convLhs, convRhs] = convertToCommonType(this.ctx, [lhsExpr, rhsExpr], forcedType) ?? [
+                    lhsExpr,
+                    rhsExpr,
+                ];
+            }
+            const type = operatorToType(convLhs.dataType, op, convRhs.dataType);
+            if (exprType === NODE.assignmentExpr) {
+                validateSnippetMutation(convLhs, expression);
+                this.tryMarkModified(lhs);
+                // Compound assignment operators are okay, e.g. +=, -=, *=, /=, ...
+                if (op === '=' && isAlias(rhsExpr) && !wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(rhsExpr.dataType)) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid, because references cannot be assigned.\n-----\nTry '${stringifyNode(lhs)} = ${this.ctx.resolve(unptr(rhsExpr.dataType)).value}(${stringifyNode(rhs)})' to copy the value instead.\n-----`);
+                }
+            }
+            if (stdBinaryRelationalOp) {
+                const equalityCheck = ['===', '!=='].includes(op);
+                const correctOperandTypes = (wgsl.isNumericSchema(convLhs.dataType) && wgsl.isNumericSchema(convRhs.dataType)) ||
+                    (equalityCheck && wgsl.isBool(convLhs.dataType) && wgsl.isBool(convRhs.dataType));
+                if (!correctOperandTypes) {
+                    const bothVectors = wgsl.isVec(convLhs.dataType) && wgsl.isVec(convRhs.dataType);
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`Comparison '${op}' requires numeric${equalityCheck ? ' or boolean' : ''} operands. Got '${String(convLhs.dataType)}' and '${String(convRhs.dataType)}'.${bothVectors
+                        ? ` For component-wise comparison, use 'std.${stdBinaryRelationalOp}'.`
+                        : ''}`);
+                }
+            }
+            return snip(this.emitBinaryOp(convLhs, (OP_MAP[op] ?? op), convRhs), type, 
+            // Result of an operation, so not a reference to anything
+            /* origin */ 'runtime', exprType === NODE.assignmentExpr ||
+                lhsExpr.possibleSideEffects ||
+                rhsExpr.possibleSideEffects);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.postUpdate) {
+            throw new Error(`'${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid because update is only allowed as a statement.`);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.unaryExpr) {
+            // Unary Expression
+            const [_, op, arg] = expression;
+            const argExpr = this._expression(arg);
+            const codegen = unaryOpCodeToCodegen[op];
+            if (codegen) {
+                return codegen(this.ctx, [argExpr]);
+            }
+            const argStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(argExpr).value;
+            const type = operatorToType(argExpr.dataType, op);
+            // Result of an operation, so not a reference to anything
+            return snip(`${op}${argStr}`, type, /* origin */ 'runtime', argExpr.possibleSideEffects);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.memberAccess) {
+            // Member Access
+            const [_, targetNode, property] = expression;
+            const target = this._expression(targetNode);
+            const accessed = accessProp(target, property);
+            if (!accessed) {
+                throw new Error(`Property '${property}' not found on '${stringifyNode(targetNode)}'`);
+            }
+            return accessed;
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.indexAccess) {
+            // Index Access
+            const [_, targetNode, propertyNode] = expression;
+            const target = this._expression(targetNode);
+            const inProperty = this._expression(propertyNode);
+            const property = convertToCommonType(this.ctx, [inProperty], [u32, i32], /* verbose */ false)?.[0] ??
+                inProperty;
+            const accessed = accessIndex(target, property);
+            if (!accessed) {
+                throw new Error(`Index access '${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid. If the value is an array, to address this, consider one of the following approaches: (1) declare the array using 'tgpu.const', (2) store the array in a buffer, or (3) define the array within the GPU function scope.`);
+            }
+            return accessed;
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.numericLiteral) {
+            // Numeric Literal
+            const type = typeof expression[1] === 'string'
+                ? numericLiteralToSnippet(parseNumericString(expression[1]))
+                : numericLiteralToSnippet(expression[1]);
+            invariant(type, `Expected ${stringifyNode(expression)} to be valid numeric literal`);
+            return type;
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.call) {
+            // Function Call
+            const [_, calleeNode, argNodes] = expression;
+            const _callee = this._expression(calleeNode);
+            const callee = mathToStd.has(_callee.value)
+                ? snip(mathToStd.get(_callee.value), UnknownData, 'runtime', _callee.possibleSideEffects)
+                : _callee;
+            if (supportedLogOps().includes(callee.value)) {
+                return this.ctx.generateLog(callee.value, argNodes.map((arg) => this._expression(arg)));
+            }
+            if (wgsl.isWgslStruct(callee.value)) {
+                // Struct schema call.
+                if (argNodes.length > 1) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError('Struct schemas should always be called with at most 1 argument');
+                }
+                // No arguments `Struct()`, resolve struct name and return.
+                if (!argNodes[0]) {
+                    // The schema becomes the data type.
+                    return snip(`${this.ctx.resolve(callee.value).value}()`, callee.value, 
+                    // A new struct, so not a reference.
+                    /* origin */ 'runtime', false);
+                }
+                const arg = this._typedExpression(argNodes[0], callee.value);
+                // Either `Struct({ x: 1, y: 2 })`, or `Struct(otherStruct)`.
+                // In both cases, we just let the argument resolve everything.
+                return snip(this.ctx.resolveSnippet(arg).value, callee.value, 
+                // A new struct, so not a reference.
+                /* origin */ 'runtime', arg.possibleSideEffects);
+            }
+            if (wgsl.isWgslArray(callee.value)) {
+                // Array schema call.
+                if (argNodes.length > 1) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError('Array schemas should always be called with at most 1 argument');
+                }
+                // No arguments `array<...>()`, resolve array type and return.
+                if (!argNodes[0]) {
+                    // The schema becomes the data type.
+                    return this.typeInstantiation(callee.value, []);
+                }
+                const arg = this._typedExpression(argNodes[0], callee.value);
+                // `d.arrayOf(...)([...])`.
+                // We don't resolve the ArrayExpression object itself to
+                // avoid reference checks (we're copying so it's fine)
+                if (arg.value instanceof ArrayExpression) {
+                    return this.typeInstantiation(callee.value, arg.value.elements);
+                }
+                // `d.arrayOf(...)(otherArr)`.
+                // We just let the argument resolve everything.
+                return snip(this.ctx.resolveSnippet(arg).value, callee.value, 
+                // A new array, so not a reference.
+                /* origin */ 'runtime', arg.possibleSideEffects);
+            }
+            if (callee.value === constant) {
+                throw new Error('Constants cannot be defined within TypeGPU function scope. To address this, move the constant definition outside the function scope.');
+            }
+            if (isInfixDispatch(callee.value)) {
+                if (!argNodes[0]) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`An infix operator '${getName(callee.value.operator)}' was called without any arguments`);
+                }
+                const lhs = coerceToSnippet(callee.value.lhs);
+                const rhs = this._expression(argNodes[0]);
+                const callable = callee.value.operator[$gpuCallable];
+                return callable.call(this.ctx, [lhs, rhs]);
+            }
+            if ((callee.value === _ref || callee.value === unroll) && argNodes[0]) {
+                this.tryMarkModified(argNodes[0]);
+            }
+            if (isGPUCallable(callee.value)) {
+                const callable = callee.value[$gpuCallable];
+                const strictSignature = callable.strictSignature;
+                let convertedArguments;
+                if (strictSignature) {
+                    // The function's signature does not depend on the context, so it can be used to
+                    // give a hint to the argument expressions that a specific type is expected.
+                    convertedArguments = argNodes.map((arg, i) => {
+                        const argType = strictSignature.argTypes[i];
+                        if (!argType) {
+                            throw new WgslTypeError(`Call '${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid since the function expected fewer arguments`);
+                        }
+                        return this._typedExpression(arg, argType);
+                    });
+                }
+                else {
+                    convertedArguments = argNodes.map((arg) => this._expression(arg));
+                }
+                try {
+                    return callable.call(this.ctx, convertedArguments);
+                }
+                catch (err) {
+                    if (err instanceof ResolutionError) {
+                        throw err;
+                    }
+                    throw new ResolutionError(err, [
+                        {
+                            toString: () => `fn:${getName(callee.value)}`,
+                        },
+                    ]);
+                }
+            }
+            if (!isMarkedInternal(callee.value) || isGenericFn(callee.value)) {
+                const args = argNodes.map((arg) => this._expression(arg));
+                const result = this._callShellless(callee.value, args);
+                if (result) {
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+            // try to throw a descriptive error
+            const maybeMathMethod = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Math).find((prop) => Math[prop] === callee.value);
+            if (maybeMathMethod) {
+                throw new Error(`Unsupported Math functionality 'Math.${maybeMathMethod}()'. Use an std alternative, or implement the function manually.`);
+            }
+            const maybeConsoleMethod = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(console).find((prop) => console[prop] === callee.value);
+            if (maybeConsoleMethod) {
+                throw new Error(`Unsupported console functionality 'console.${maybeConsoleMethod}()'.`);
+            }
+            throw new Error(`Function '${getName(callee.value) ?? String(callee.value)}' is not marked with the 'use gpu' directive and cannot be used in a shader`);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.objectExpr) {
+            // Object Literal
+            const obj = expression[1];
+            const structType = this.ctx.expectedType;
+            if (structType instanceof AutoStruct) {
+                const entries = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(obj).map(([key, value]) => {
+                    let accessed = structType.accessProp(key);
+                    let expr;
+                    if (accessed) {
+                        // Generating the expression expecting a specific type
+                        expr = this._typedExpression(value, accessed.type);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        // Generating the expression and inferring the type instead
+                        expr = this._expression(value);
+                        if (expr.dataType === UnknownData) {
+                            throw new WgslTypeError(stitch `Property ${key} in object literal has a value of unknown type: '${expr}'`);
+                        }
+                        // Taking care of abstract numerics and implicit pointers
+                        accessed = structType.provideProp(key, unptr(concretize(expr.dataType)));
+                    }
+                    return [accessed.prop, expr];
+                }));
+                const completeStruct = structType.completeStruct;
+                const convertedSnippets = convertStructValues(this.ctx, completeStruct, entries);
+                return snip(stitch `${this.ctx.resolve(structType).value}(${convertedSnippets})`, completeStruct, 
+                /* origin */ 'runtime');
+            }
+            if (wgsl.isWgslStruct(structType)) {
+                const entries = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(structType.propTypes).map(([key, value]) => {
+                    const val = obj[key];
+                    if (val === undefined) {
+                        throw new WgslTypeError(`Missing property ${key} in object literal for struct ${structType}`);
+                    }
+                    const result = this._typedExpression(val, value);
+                    return [key, result];
+                }));
+                const convertedSnippets = convertStructValues(this.ctx, structType, entries);
+                return snip(stitch `${this.ctx.resolve(structType).value}(${convertedSnippets})`, structType, 
+                /* origin */ 'runtime', convertedSnippets.some((s) => s.possibleSideEffects));
+            }
+            throw new WgslTypeError(`No target type could be inferred for object '${stringifyNode(expression)}', please wrap the object in the corresponding schema.`);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.arrayExpr) {
+            const [_, valueNodes] = expression;
+            // Array Expression
+            const arrType = this.ctx.expectedType;
+            let elemType;
+            let values;
+            if (wgsl.isWgslArray(arrType)) {
+                elemType = arrType.elementType;
+                // The array is typed, so its elements should be as well.
+                values = valueNodes.map((value) => this._typedExpression(value, elemType));
+                // Since it's an expected type, we enforce the length
+                if (values.length !== arrType.elementCount) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot create value of type '${arrType}' from an array of length: ${values.length}`);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                // The array is not typed, so we try to guess the types.
+                const valuesSnippets = valueNodes.map((value) => this._expression(value));
+                if (valuesSnippets.length === 0) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError('Cannot infer the type of an empty array literal.');
+                }
+                const converted = convertToCommonType(this.ctx, valuesSnippets);
+                if (!converted) {
+                    throw new WgslTypeError(`Values '${stringifyNode(expression)}' cannot be automatically converted to a common type. Consider wrapping the array in an appropriate schema`);
+                }
+                values = converted;
+                elemType = concretize(values[0]?.dataType);
+            }
+            const arrayType = arrayOf(elemType, values.length);
+            return snip(new ArrayExpression(arrayType, values), arrayType, 
+            /* origin */ 'runtime', values.some((v) => v.possibleSideEffects));
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.conditionalExpr) {
+            // ternary operator
+            const [_, testNode, consequentNode, alternativeNode] = expression;
+            const test = this._expression(testNode);
+            if (isKnownAtComptime(test)) {
+                return test.value ? this._expression(consequentNode) : this._expression(alternativeNode);
+            }
+            else {
+                const convertedTest = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, test, bool, false);
+                const consequent = this._expression(consequentNode);
+                const alternative = this._expression(alternativeNode);
+                const [con, alt] = convertToCommonType(this.ctx, [consequent, alternative], validSelectBranchTypes) ?? [];
+                if (!con ||
+                    !alt ||
+                    consequent.possibleSideEffects ||
+                    alternative.possibleSideEffects ||
+                    (isAlias(consequent) && !wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(consequent.dataType)) ||
+                    (isAlias(alternative) && !wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(alternative.dataType))) {
+                    throw new Error(`Ternary operator '${stringifyNode(expression)}' is invalid. For more complex branching, please use 'std.select' or if/else statements.`);
+                }
+                return snip(stitch `select(${alt}, ${con}, ${convertedTest})`, con.dataType, 'runtime', 
+                // this select has side-effects only if the condition has side-effects
+                test.possibleSideEffects);
+            }
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.stringLiteral) {
+            return snip(expression[1], UnknownData, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+        }
+        if (expression[0] === NODE.preUpdate) {
+            throw new Error('Cannot use pre-updates in TypeGPU functions.');
+        }
+        assertExhaustive(expression);
+    }
+    declareGlobalConst(options) {
+        const resolvedDataType = this.ctx.resolve(options.dataType).value;
+        const resolvedValue = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(options.init).value;
+        this.ctx.addDeclaration(`const ${options.id}: ${resolvedDataType} = ${resolvedValue};`, options.id);
+        return snip(options.id, options.dataType, 'constant-immutable-def');
+    }
+    declareGlobalVar(options) {
+        let pre = '';
+        if (options.group !== undefined) {
+            pre += `@group(${options.group}) `;
+        }
+        if (options.binding !== undefined) {
+            pre += `@binding(${options.binding}) `;
+        }
+        if (options.scope in usageToVarTemplateMap) {
+            pre += `var<${usageToVarTemplateMap[options.scope]}> `;
+        }
+        else {
+            pre += `var `;
+        }
+        pre += `${options.id}: ${this.ctx.resolve(options.dataType).value}`;
+        this.ctx.addDeclaration(options.init ? `${pre} = ${this.ctx.resolveSnippet(options.init).value};` : `${pre};`, options.id);
+        return snip(options.id, options.dataType, options.scope);
+    }
+    functionDefinition(options) {
+        // Function body
+        invariant(this.ctx.blockDepth === functionInitialBlockDepth - 1, `Expecting exactly ${functionInitialBlockDepth - 1} block(s) before going into the first function block scope`);
+        let body = this._block(options.body, /* allowInlining */ false);
+        const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
+        invariant(scope, 'Expected function scope to be present');
+        const replacements = Object.fromEntries([...scope.placeholderForVariable.entries()].map(([variable, placeholder]) => [
+            placeholder,
+            scope.modifiedVariables.has(variable) ? 'var' : 'let',
+        ]));
+        if (Object.keys(replacements).length > 0) {
+            const regex = new RegExp(Object.keys(replacements).join('|'), 'gi');
+            body.code = body.code.replace(regex, (match) => replacements[match] ?? '#ERR');
+        }
+        // Only after generating the body can we determine the return type
+        const returnType = options.determineReturnType();
+        const argList = options.args
+            // Stripping out unused arguments in entry functions
+            .filter((arg) => arg.used || options.functionType === 'normal')
+            .map((arg) => {
+            return `${getAttributesString(arg.decoratedType)}${arg.name}: ${this.ctx.resolve(arg.decoratedType).value}`;
+        })
+            .join(', ');
+        const head = returnType.type !== 'void'
+            ? `(${argList}) -> ${getAttributesString(returnType)}${this.ctx.resolve(returnType).value} `
+            : `(${argList}) `;
+        let attributes = '';
+        if (options.functionType === 'compute') {
+            if (!options.workgroupSize) {
+                throw new Error('Compute shaders must have a workgroup size');
+            }
+            attributes = `@compute @workgroup_size(${options.workgroupSize.join(', ')}) `;
+        }
+        else if (options.functionType === 'vertex') {
+            attributes = `@vertex `;
+        }
+        else if (options.functionType === 'fragment') {
+            attributes = `@fragment `;
+        }
+        return `${attributes}fn ${options.name}${head}${body.code || '{}'}`;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Generates a WGSL type string for the given data type, and adds necessary
+     * definitions to the shader preamble. This shouldn't be called directly, only
+     * through `ctx.resolve` to properly cache the result.
+     */
+    emitTypeAnnotation(data) {
+        return resolveData(this.ctx, data);
+    }
+    typeInstantiation(schema, args) {
+        if (args.length === 1 && args[0]?.dataType === schema) {
+            // Already of the desired type, e.g. `bool(false)` or `vec3f(vec3f(1, 2, 3))`
+            // We can make this snippet ephemeral, as we know it will be deep copied in JS
+            return snip(stitch `${args[0]}`, schema, fallthroughCopyOrigin(args[0].origin), args[0].possibleSideEffects);
+        }
+        // Creating a 'runtime' snippet, since it's instantiating a new value
+        return snip(stitch `${this.ctx.resolve(schema).value}(${args})`, schema, 'runtime', args.some((s) => s.possibleSideEffects));
+    }
+    numericLiteral(value, schema) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+            throw new Error(`Value '${value}' (${schema.type}) cannot be resolved due to WGSL's Finite Math Assumption (see: https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#finite-math-assumption). This value might be a result of a comptime-evaluated operation.`);
+        }
+        if (schema.type === 'abstractInt') {
+            return snip(`${value}`, schema, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+        }
+        if (schema.type === 'u32') {
+            return snip(`${value}u`, schema, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+        }
+        if (schema.type === 'i32') {
+            return snip(`${value}i`, schema, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+        }
+        const exp = value.toExponential();
+        const decimal = schema.type === 'abstractFloat' && Number.isInteger(value) ? `${value}.` : `${value}`;
+        // Just picking the shorter one
+        const base = exp.length < decimal.length ? exp : decimal;
+        if (schema.type === 'f32') {
+            return snip(`${base}f`, schema, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+        }
+        if (schema.type === 'f16') {
+            return snip(`${base}h`, schema, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+        }
+        return snip(base, schema, /* origin */ 'constant', false);
+    }
+    emitCall(name, templateParams, args) {
+        const resolvedTemplateParams = templateParams
+            .map((arg) => this.ctx.resolveSnippet(arg).value)
+            .join(', ');
+        const resolvedArgs = args.map((arg) => this.ctx.resolveSnippet(arg).value).join(', ');
+        if (resolvedTemplateParams.length > 0) {
+            return `${name}<${resolvedTemplateParams}>(${resolvedArgs})`;
+        }
+        return `${name}(${resolvedArgs})`;
+    }
+    emitBinaryOp(lhs, op, rhs) {
+        const lhsStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(lhs).value;
+        const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(rhs).value;
+        return parenthesizedOps.includes(op)
+            ? `(${lhsStr} ${op} ${rhsStr})`
+            : `${lhsStr} ${op} ${rhsStr}`;
+    }
+    _return(statement) {
+        const returnNode = statement[1];
+        if (returnNode !== undefined) {
+            const expectedReturnType = this.ctx.topFunctionReturnType;
+            let returnSnippet = expectedReturnType
+                ? this._typedExpression(returnNode, expectedReturnType)
+                : this._expression(returnNode);
+            if (returnSnippet.value === undefined && wgsl.isVoid(returnSnippet.dataType)) {
+                this.ctx.reportReturnType(wgsl.Void);
+                return `${this.ctx.pre}return;`;
+            }
+            if (returnSnippet.value instanceof RefOperator) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot return '${stringifyNode(returnNode)}' because it is a d.ref`);
+            }
+            // Arguments cannot be returned from functions without copying. A simple example why is:
+            // const identity = (x) => {
+            //   'use gpu';
+            //   return x;
+            // };
+            //
+            // const foo = (arg: d.v3f) => {
+            //   'use gpu';
+            //   const marg = identity(arg);
+            //   marg.x = 1; // 'marg's origin would be 'runtime', so we wouldn't be able to track this misuse.
+            // };
+            if (returnSnippet.origin === 'argument' &&
+                !wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(returnSnippet.dataType) &&
+                // Only restricting this use in non-entry functions, as the function
+                // is giving up ownership of all references anyway.
+                this.ctx.topFunctionScope?.functionType === 'normal') {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(statement)}' is invalid, cannot return references to arguments. Copy the argument before returning it.`);
+            }
+            if (
+            // The existence of `expectedReturnType` implies a function shell, which in turn implies that the
+            // value will be copied on return anyway
+            !expectedReturnType &&
+                isAlias(returnSnippet) &&
+                !wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(returnSnippet.dataType) &&
+                returnSnippet.origin !== 'local-def') {
+                const str = stringifyNode(returnNode);
+                const typeStr = this.ctx.resolve(unptr(returnSnippet.dataType)).value;
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`'return ${str};' is invalid, cannot return references.
 -----
 Try 'return ${typeStr}(${str});' instead.
 -----`);
-			}
-			returnSnippet = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, returnSnippet, unptr(returnSnippet.dataType), false);
-			invariant(returnSnippet.dataType !== UnknownData, "Return type should be known");
-			this.ctx.reportReturnType(returnSnippet.dataType);
-			return stitch`${this.ctx.pre}return ${returnSnippet};`;
-		}
-		return `${this.ctx.pre}return;`;
-	}
-	_letStatement(statement) {
-		const [_, rawId, eqNode] = statement;
-		if (eqNode === void 0) throw new Error(`'${stringifyNode(statement)}' is invalid because all variables need initializers.`);
-		const eq = this._expression(eqNode);
-		if (eq.value instanceof RefOperator) {
-			const rhsStr$1 = stringifyNode(eqNode);
-			throw new WgslTypeError(`'let ${rawId} = ${rhsStr$1}' is invalid, cannot initialize 'let' variables with d.ref()
+            }
+            returnSnippet = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, returnSnippet, unptr(returnSnippet.dataType), false);
+            invariant(returnSnippet.dataType !== UnknownData, 'Return type should be known');
+            this.ctx.reportReturnType(returnSnippet.dataType);
+            return stitch `${this.ctx.pre}return ${returnSnippet};`;
+        }
+        this.ctx.reportReturnType(wgsl.Void);
+        return `${this.ctx.pre}return;`;
+    }
+    _letStatement(statement) {
+        const [_, rawId, eqNode] = statement;
+        if (eqNode === undefined) {
+            throw new Error(`'${stringifyNode(statement)}' is invalid because all variables need initializers.`);
+        }
+        const eq = this._expression(eqNode);
+        if (eq.value instanceof RefOperator) {
+            const rhsStr = stringifyNode(eqNode);
+            throw new WgslTypeError(`'let ${rawId} = ${rhsStr}' is invalid, cannot initialize 'let' variables with d.ref()
 -----
-- Try 'const ${rawId} = ${rhsStr$1}'.
+- Try 'const ${rawId} = ${rhsStr}'.
 -----`);
-		}
-		const definitionDataType = eq.dataType;
-		if (definitionDataType === UnknownData) {
-			const rhsStr$1 = stringifyNode(eqNode);
-			throw new WgslTypeError(`'let ${rawId} = ${rhsStr$1}' is invalid, cannot determine WGSL type of '${rhsStr$1}'
+        }
+        const definitionDataType = eq.dataType;
+        if (definitionDataType === UnknownData) {
+            const rhsStr = stringifyNode(eqNode);
+            throw new WgslTypeError(`'let ${rawId} = ${rhsStr}' is invalid, cannot determine WGSL type of '${rhsStr}'
 -----
-- Try using or defining a schema that matches your desired value the most, and wrap the value with it: 'let ${rawId} = Schema(${rhsStr$1})'
+- Try using or defining a schema that matches your desired value the most, and wrap the value with it: 'let ${rawId} = Schema(${rhsStr})'
 -----`);
-		}
-		if (isAlias(eq) && !isNaturallyEphemeral(eq.dataType)) {
-			const rhsStr$1 = stringifyNode(eqNode);
-			const rhsTypeStr = this.ctx.resolve(unptr(eq.dataType)).value;
-			throw new WgslTypeError(`'let ${rawId} = ${rhsStr$1}' is invalid, because references cannot be assigned to 'let' variable declarations.
+        }
+        if (isAlias(eq) && !wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(eq.dataType)) {
+            // `let` declarations cannot store references
+            const rhsStr = stringifyNode(eqNode);
+            const rhsTypeStr = this.ctx.resolve(unptr(eq.dataType)).value;
+            throw new WgslTypeError(`'let ${rawId} = ${rhsStr}' is invalid, because references cannot be assigned to 'let' variable declarations.
 -----
-- Try 'let ${rawId} = ${rhsTypeStr}(${rhsStr$1})' if you need to reassign '${rawId}' later
-- Try 'const ${rawId} = ${rhsStr$1}' if you won't reassign '${rawId}' later.
+- Try 'let ${rawId} = ${rhsTypeStr}(${rhsStr})' if you need to reassign '${rawId}' later
+- Try 'const ${rawId} = ${rhsStr}' if you won't reassign '${rawId}' later.
 -----`);
-		}
-		const concreteType = concretize(definitionDataType);
-		const snippet = snip(this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(rawId, "block"), concreteType, "local-def", false);
-		this.ctx.defineVariable(rawId, snippet);
-		const rhsSnippet = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, eq, definitionDataType, false);
-		const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolve(rhsSnippet.value, rhsSnippet.dataType).value;
-		const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
-		invariant(scope, `Expected function scope to be present for ${rawId}`);
-		const emittedVarType = `#VAR_${scope.placeholderForVariable.size}#`;
-		scope.placeholderForVariable.set(snippet, emittedVarType);
-		return this._emitVarDecl(emittedVarType, snippet.value, concreteType, rhsStr);
-	}
-	_constStatement(statement) {
-		const [_, rawId, eqNode] = statement;
-		if (eqNode === void 0) throw new Error(`'${stringifyNode(statement)}' is invalid because all variables need initializers.`);
-		const eq = this._expression(eqNode);
-		if (eq.value instanceof RefOperator) {
-			if (eq.dataType !== UnknownData) throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot store d.ref() in a variable if it references another value. Copy the value passed into d.ref() instead.`);
-			const refSnippet = eq.value.snippet;
-			const varName = this.refVariable(rawId, concretize(refSnippet.dataType));
-			return stitch`${this.ctx.pre}var ${varName} = ${tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, refSnippet, refSnippet.dataType, false)};`;
-		}
-		const rhsNaturallyEphemeral = isNaturallyEphemeral(eq.dataType);
-		let varOrigin = "local-def";
-		let varType = "<deferred>";
-		let definitionDataType = eq.dataType;
-		if (definitionDataType === UnknownData) {
-			const rhsStr$1 = stringifyNode(eqNode);
-			throw new WgslTypeError(`'const ${rawId} = ${rhsStr$1}' is invalid, cannot determine WGSL type of '${rhsStr$1}'
+        }
+        const concreteType = concretize(definitionDataType);
+        const snippet = snip(this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(rawId, 'block'), concreteType, 
+        /* origin */ 'local-def', false);
+        this.ctx.defineVariable(rawId, snippet);
+        const rhsSnippet = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, eq, definitionDataType, false);
+        const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(rhsSnippet).value;
+        // Even though the user defined a 'let' (expecting it to be reassigned), the
+        // reassignment might happen in a pruned branch, in which case we can generate
+        // more optimised code by emitting 'let' or 'const' instead of 'var'.
+        const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
+        invariant(scope, `Expected function scope to be present for ${rawId}`);
+        const emittedVarType = `#VAR_${scope.placeholderForVariable.size}#`;
+        scope.placeholderForVariable.set(snippet, emittedVarType);
+        return {
+            code: this._emitVarDecl(emittedVarType, snippet.value, concreteType, rhsStr),
+            definesInNearestScope: true,
+        };
+    }
+    _constStatement(statement) {
+        const [_, rawId, eqNode] = statement;
+        if (eqNode === undefined) {
+            throw new Error(`'${stringifyNode(statement)}' is invalid because all variables need initializers.`);
+        }
+        const eq = this._expression(eqNode);
+        if (eq.value instanceof RefOperator) {
+            // We're assigning a newly created `d.ref()`
+            if (eq.dataType !== UnknownData) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot store d.ref() in a variable if it references another value. Copy the value passed into d.ref() instead.`);
+            }
+            const refSnippet = eq.value.snippet;
+            const varName = this.refVariable(rawId, concretize(refSnippet.dataType));
+            return {
+                code: stitch `${this.ctx.pre}var ${varName} = ${tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, refSnippet, refSnippet.dataType, false)};`,
+                definesInNearestScope: true,
+            };
+        }
+        const rhsNaturallyEphemeral = wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(eq.dataType);
+        let varOrigin = 'local-def';
+        let varType = '<deferred>';
+        let definitionDataType = eq.dataType;
+        if (definitionDataType === UnknownData) {
+            const rhsStr = stringifyNode(eqNode);
+            throw new WgslTypeError(`'const ${rawId} = ${rhsStr}' is invalid, cannot determine WGSL type of '${rhsStr}'
 -----
-- Try using or defining a schema that matches your desired value the most, and wrap the value with it: 'const ${rawId} = Schema(${rhsStr$1})'
+- Try using or defining a schema that matches your desired value the most, and wrap the value with it: 'const ${rawId} = Schema(${rhsStr})'
 -----`);
-		}
-		if (eq.origin === "argument") {
-			varType = "let";
-			varOrigin = rhsNaturallyEphemeral ? "local-def" : "argument";
-		} else if (eq.origin === "constant-immutable-def") {
-			varType = "const";
-			varOrigin = "constant-immutable-def";
-		} else if (eq.origin === "runtime-immutable-def") {
-			varType = "let";
-			varOrigin = "runtime-immutable-def";
-		} else if (rhsNaturallyEphemeral) {
-			varType = eq.origin === "constant" ? "const" : "let";
-			varOrigin = "local-def";
-		} else if (!isAlias(eq)) {
-			varType = "<deferred>";
-			varOrigin = "local-def";
-		} else {
-			varType = "let";
-			varOrigin = eq.origin;
-			if (!isPtr(eq.dataType)) {
-				const ptrType = createPtrFromOrigin(eq.origin, concretize(eq.dataType));
-				invariant(ptrType !== void 0, `Creating pointer type from origin ${eq.origin}`);
-				definitionDataType = ptrType;
-			}
-			definitionDataType = implicitFrom(definitionDataType);
-			this.tryMarkModified(eqNode);
-		}
-		const concreteType = concretize(definitionDataType);
-		const snippet = snip(this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(rawId, "block"), concreteType, varOrigin, false);
-		this.ctx.defineVariable(rawId, snippet);
-		const rhsSnippet = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, eq, definitionDataType, false);
-		const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolve(rhsSnippet.value, rhsSnippet.dataType).value;
-		let emittedVarType;
-		if (varType === "<deferred>") {
-			const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
-			invariant(scope, `Expected function scope to be present for ${rawId}`);
-			emittedVarType = `#VAR_${scope.placeholderForVariable.size}#`;
-			scope.placeholderForVariable.set(snippet, emittedVarType);
-		} else emittedVarType = varType;
-		return this._emitVarDecl(emittedVarType, snippet.value, concreteType, rhsStr);
-	}
-	_statement(statement) {
-		if (typeof statement === "string") {
-			const id = this._identifier(statement);
-			const resolved$1 = id.value && this.ctx.resolve(id.value).value;
-			return resolved$1 ? `${this.ctx.pre}${resolved$1};` : "";
-		}
-		if (typeof statement === "boolean") return `${this.ctx.pre}${statement ? "true" : "false"};`;
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.return) return this._return(statement);
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.if) {
-			const [_, condNode, consNode, altNode] = statement;
-			const condition = this._typedExpression(condNode, bool);
-			if (typeof condition.value === "boolean") {
-				let node = condition.value ? consNode : altNode;
-				if (node === void 0) return "";
-				if (!Array.isArray(node)) node = blockifySingleStatement(node);
-				if (node[0] === NODE.block && node[1].length === 1 && node[1][0][0] === NODE.if) return this._statement(node[1][0]);
-				if (node[0] === NODE.if) return this._statement(node);
-				return this._blockStatement(blockifySingleStatement(node));
-			}
-			const consequent = this._block(blockifySingleStatement(consNode));
-			const alternate = !altNode ? void 0 : this._block(blockifySingleStatement(altNode));
-			if (!alternate) return stitch`${this.ctx.pre}if (${condition}) ${consequent}`;
-			return stitch`\
-${this.ctx.pre}if (${condition}) ${consequent}
-${this.ctx.pre}else ${alternate}`;
-		}
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.let) return this._letStatement(statement);
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.const) return this._constStatement(statement);
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.block) return this._blockStatement(statement);
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.for) {
-			const [_, init, condition, update, body] = statement;
-			const prevUnrollingFlag = this.#unrolling;
-			this.#unrolling = false;
-			try {
-				this.ctx.pushBlockScope();
-				const [initStatement, conditionExpr, updateStatement] = this.ctx.withResetIndentLevel(() => [
-					init ? this._statement(init) : void 0,
-					condition ? this._typedExpression(condition, bool) : void 0,
-					update ? this._statement(update) : void 0
-				]);
-				const initStr = initStatement ? initStatement.slice(0, -1) : "";
-				const updateStr = updateStatement ? updateStatement.slice(0, -1) : "";
-				const bodyStr = this._block(blockifySingleStatement(body));
-				return stitch`${this.ctx.pre}for (${initStr}; ${conditionExpr}; ${updateStr}) ${bodyStr}`;
-			} finally {
-				this.#unrolling = prevUnrollingFlag;
-				this.ctx.popBlockScope();
-			}
-		}
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.while) {
-			const prevUnrollingFlag = this.#unrolling;
-			this.#unrolling = false;
-			try {
-				const [_, condition, body] = statement;
-				const condSnippet = this._typedExpression(condition, bool);
-				const conditionStr = this.ctx.resolve(condSnippet.value).value;
-				const bodyStr = this._block(blockifySingleStatement(body));
-				return `${this.ctx.pre}while (${conditionStr}) ${bodyStr}`;
-			} finally {
-				this.#unrolling = prevUnrollingFlag;
-			}
-		}
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.forOf) {
-			const [_, loopVar, iterable, body] = statement;
-			if (loopVar[0] !== NODE.const) throw new WgslTypeError("Only `for (const ... of ... )` loops are supported");
-			this.tryMarkModified(iterable);
-			let ctxIndent = false;
-			const prevUnrollingFlag = this.#unrolling;
-			try {
-				this.ctx.pushBlockScope();
-				const iterableExpr = this._expression(iterable);
-				const shouldUnroll = iterableExpr.value instanceof UnrollableIterable;
-				const iterableSnippet = shouldUnroll ? iterableExpr.value.snippet : iterableExpr;
-				const range = getRangeSnippets(this.ctx, iterableSnippet, shouldUnroll);
-				const originalLoopVarName = loopVar[1];
-				const blockified = blockifySingleStatement(body);
-				if (shouldUnroll) {
-					if (!isKnownAtComptime(range.end)) throw new Error("Cannot unroll loop. Length of iterable is unknown at comptime.");
-					this.#unrolling = true;
-					const length = range.end.value;
-					if (length === 0) return "";
-					const { value } = iterableSnippet;
-					const elements = isTgpuRange(value) ? value.map((i) => coerceToSnippet(i)) : value instanceof ArrayExpression ? value.elements : Array.from({ length }, (_$1, i) => getElementSnippet(iterableSnippet, snip(i, u32, "constant")));
-					const firstElement = elements[0];
-					if (!isAlias(firstElement) && !isNaturallyEphemeral(firstElement.dataType)) throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot unroll '${stringifyNode(iterable)}'. The elements of iterable are constructed in place but are not value types.`);
-					return elements.map((e, i) => `${this.ctx.pre}// unrolled iteration #${i}\n${this._blockStatement(blockified, { [originalLoopVarName]: e })}`).join("\n");
-				}
-				this.#unrolling = false;
-				const index = this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier("i", "block");
-				const forHeaderStr = stitch`${this.ctx.pre}for (var ${index} = ${range.start}; ${index} ${range.comparison} ${range.end}; ${index} += ${range.step})`;
-				let bodyStr = "";
-				if (isTgpuRange(iterableSnippet.value)) bodyStr = this._block(blockified, { [originalLoopVarName]: snip(index, range.start.dataType, "runtime") });
-				else {
-					this.ctx.indent();
-					ctxIndent = true;
-					const loopVarName = this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(originalLoopVarName, "block");
-					const elementSnippet = getElementSnippet(iterableSnippet, snip(index, u32, "runtime"));
-					const loopVarKind = getLoopVarKind(elementSnippet);
-					const elementType = getElementType(elementSnippet, iterableSnippet);
-					bodyStr = `{\n${stitch`${this.ctx.pre}${loopVarKind} ${loopVarName} = ${tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, elementSnippet, elementType, false)};`}\n${this._blockStatement(blockified, { [originalLoopVarName]: snip(loopVarName, elementType, elementSnippet.origin) })}\n`;
-					this.ctx.dedent();
-					bodyStr += `${this.ctx.pre}}`;
-					ctxIndent = false;
-				}
-				return stitch`${forHeaderStr} ${bodyStr.trim()}`;
-			} finally {
-				if (ctxIndent) this.ctx.dedent();
-				this.#unrolling = prevUnrollingFlag;
-				this.ctx.popBlockScope();
-			}
-		}
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.postUpdate) {
-			const [_, op, arg] = statement;
-			const argExpr = this._expression(arg);
-			const argStr = this.ctx.resolve(argExpr.value, argExpr.dataType).value;
-			validateSnippetMutation(argExpr, statement);
-			this.tryMarkModified(arg);
-			return `${this.ctx.pre}${argStr}${op};`;
-		}
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.continue) {
-			if (this.#unrolling) throw new WgslTypeError("Cannot unroll loop containing `continue`");
-			return `${this.ctx.pre}continue;`;
-		}
-		if (statement[0] === NODE.break) {
-			if (this.#unrolling) throw new WgslTypeError("Cannot unroll loop containing `break`");
-			return `${this.ctx.pre}break;`;
-		}
-		const expr = this._expression(statement);
-		const resolved = expr.value && this.ctx.resolve(expr.value).value;
-		return resolved ? `${this.ctx.pre}${resolved};` : "";
-	}
-	/**
-	* Attempts a member access lookup to mark a variable as modified.
-	* @example
-	* // given `let a; a = 1;`
-	* tryMarkModified('a') // `a` is marked in the function scope
-	*
-	* // given `const obj; obj.prop = 1;`
-	* tryMarkModified('obj.prop') // `obj` is marked in the function scope
-	*
-	* // given `this.buffer.$;`
-	* tryMarkModified('this.buffer.$') // `this` is not marked, since there is no placeholder for it
-	*/
-	tryMarkModified(expr) {
-		if (!expr) return;
-		const maybeObject = extractObject(expr);
-		if (maybeObject !== void 0) {
-			const snippet = this.ctx.getById(maybeObject);
-			const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
-			if (snippet && scope && scope.placeholderForVariable.has(snippet)) scope.modifiedVariables.add(snippet);
-		}
-	}
-};
+        }
+        if (eq.origin === 'argument') {
+            // Arguments are immutable, so we 'let' them be (kill me)
+            varType = 'let';
+            // When we declare a new variable with a naturally ephemeral value (e.g. a scalar)
+            // the variable now loses the restrictions of an argument, and becomes just a regular
+            // variable. For vectors and other non-naturally ephemeral values, the restrictions of
+            // arguments are kept.
+            varOrigin = rhsNaturallyEphemeral ? 'local-def' : 'argument';
+        }
+        else if (eq.origin === 'constant-immutable-def') {
+            varType = 'const';
+            varOrigin = 'constant-immutable-def';
+        }
+        else if (eq.origin === 'runtime-immutable-def') {
+            varType = 'let';
+            varOrigin = 'runtime-immutable-def';
+        }
+        else if (rhsNaturallyEphemeral) {
+            varType = eq.origin === 'constant' ? 'const' : 'let';
+            // Constants are also local declarations. We lose some information here, meaning
+            // when we look at a variable's snippet, we cannot tell if it's a constant or not.
+            // This is mostly because we plan to determine this fact later, after all of the
+            // function code has been processed, so at least currently, we lose that info.
+            varOrigin = 'local-def';
+        }
+        else if (!isAlias(eq)) {
+            // Not a reference, but also not naturally ephemeral, so we cannot guarantee it won't be mutated.
+            // We defer the decision for now.
+            varType = '<deferred>';
+            varOrigin = 'local-def';
+        }
+        else {
+            return this._aliasConstStatement(rawId, eqNode, eq);
+        }
+        const concreteType = concretize(definitionDataType);
+        const snippet = snip(this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(rawId, 'block'), concreteType, 
+        /* origin */ varOrigin, false);
+        this.ctx.defineVariable(rawId, snippet);
+        const rhsSnippet = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, eq, definitionDataType, false);
+        const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(rhsSnippet).value;
+        let emittedVarType;
+        if (varType === '<deferred>') {
+            const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
+            invariant(scope, `Expected function scope to be present for ${rawId}`);
+            emittedVarType = `#VAR_${scope.placeholderForVariable.size}#`;
+            scope.placeholderForVariable.set(snippet, emittedVarType);
+        }
+        else {
+            emittedVarType = varType;
+        }
+        return {
+            code: this._emitVarDecl(emittedVarType, snippet.value, concreteType, rhsStr),
+            definesInNearestScope: true,
+        };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Handles `const x = <rhs>;` declarations in which the right-hand side aliases memory
+     * that outlives the expression (a buffer, a local variable, an array element, ...).
+     *
+     * In WGSL we store an *implicit* pointer to that memory, so mutations done through `x`
+     * affect the original. Languages without pointers (e.g. GLSL) override this.
+     */
+    _aliasConstStatement(rawId, eqNode, eq) {
+        // Assigning a reference to a `const` variable means we store the pointer
+        // of the rhs.
+        let definitionDataType = eq.dataType;
+        if (!wgsl.isPtr(definitionDataType)) {
+            const ptrType = createPtrFromOrigin(eq.origin, concretize(definitionDataType));
+            invariant(ptrType !== undefined, `Creating pointer type from origin ${eq.origin}`);
+            definitionDataType = ptrType;
+        }
+        // Making the pointer implicit, meaning the fact it's a pointer isn't
+        // reflected in the JS source code.
+        definitionDataType = implicitFrom(definitionDataType);
+        this.tryMarkModified(eqNode);
+        const concreteType = concretize(definitionDataType);
+        const snippet = snip(this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(rawId, 'block'), concreteType, 
+        // we pass on the origin
+        /* origin */ eq.origin, false);
+        this.ctx.defineVariable(rawId, snippet);
+        const rhsSnippet = tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, eq, definitionDataType, false);
+        const rhsStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(rhsSnippet).value;
+        return {
+            code: this._emitVarDecl('let', snippet.value, concreteType, rhsStr),
+            definesInNearestScope: true,
+        };
+    }
+    _statement(statement) {
+        if (typeof statement === 'string') {
+            const id = this._identifier(statement);
+            const resolved = id.value !== undefined && id.value !== null ? this.ctx.resolveSnippet(id).value : '';
+            return { code: resolved ? `${this.ctx.pre}${resolved};` : '', definesInNearestScope: false };
+        }
+        if (typeof statement === 'boolean') {
+            return {
+                code: `${this.ctx.pre}${statement ? 'true' : 'false'};`,
+                definesInNearestScope: false,
+            };
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.return) {
+            return {
+                code: this._return(statement),
+                endsWithControlFlow: 'return',
+                definesInNearestScope: false,
+            };
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.if) {
+            const [_, condNode, consNode, altNode] = statement;
+            const condition = this._typedExpression(condNode, bool);
+            if (typeof condition.value === 'boolean') {
+                // the condition is known at comptime
+                let node = condition.value ? consNode : altNode;
+                if (node === undefined) {
+                    return { code: '', definesInNearestScope: false };
+                }
+                if (!Array.isArray(node)) {
+                    node = blockifySingleStatement(node);
+                }
+                if (node[0] === NODE.block && node[1].length === 1 && node[1][0][0] === NODE.if) {
+                    // simplify 'if (true) { if (A) {B} } else {C}' to 'if (A) {B}'
+                    return this._statement(node[1][0]);
+                }
+                if (node[0] === NODE.if) {
+                    // simplify 'if (false) {A} else if (B) {C}' to 'if (B) {C}'
+                    return this._statement(node);
+                }
+                // simplify 'if (true) {A} else {B}' to '{A}'
+                return this._blockStatement(blockifySingleStatement(node));
+            }
+            const consequent = this._block(blockifySingleStatement(consNode), /* allowInlining */ false);
+            const alternate = !altNode
+                ? undefined
+                : this._block(blockifySingleStatement(altNode), /* allowInlining */ false).code;
+            if (!alternate) {
+                return {
+                    code: stitch `${this.ctx.pre}if (${condition}) ${consequent.code || '{}'}`,
+                    definesInNearestScope: false,
+                };
+            }
+            return {
+                code: stitch `\
+${this.ctx.pre}if (${condition}) ${consequent.code || '{}'}
+${this.ctx.pre}else ${alternate}`,
+                definesInNearestScope: false,
+            };
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.let) {
+            return this._letStatement(statement);
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.const) {
+            return this._constStatement(statement);
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.block) {
+            return this._blockStatement(statement);
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.for) {
+            const [_, init, condition, update, body] = statement;
+            const prevUnrollingChain = this.#unrollingChain;
+            this.#unrollingChain = [];
+            try {
+                this.ctx.pushBlockScope();
+                const [initStatement, conditionExpr, updateStatement] = this.ctx.withResetIndentLevel(() => [
+                    init ? this._statement(init).code : undefined,
+                    condition ? this._typedExpression(condition, bool) : undefined,
+                    update ? this._statement(update).code : undefined,
+                ]);
+                const initStr = initStatement ? initStatement.slice(0, -1) : '';
+                const updateStr = updateStatement ? updateStatement.slice(0, -1) : '';
+                const bodyStr = this._block(blockifySingleStatement(body), /* allowInlining */ false).code;
+                return {
+                    code: stitch `${this.ctx.pre}for (${initStr}; ${conditionExpr}; ${updateStr}) ${bodyStr || '{}'}`,
+                    definesInNearestScope: false,
+                };
+            }
+            finally {
+                this.#unrollingChain = prevUnrollingChain;
+                this.ctx.popBlockScope();
+            }
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.while) {
+            const prevUnrollingChain = this.#unrollingChain;
+            this.#unrollingChain = [];
+            try {
+                const [_, condition, body] = statement;
+                const condSnippet = this._typedExpression(condition, bool);
+                const conditionStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(condSnippet).value;
+                const bodyStr = this._block(blockifySingleStatement(body), /* allowInlining */ false).code;
+                return {
+                    code: `${this.ctx.pre}while (${conditionStr}) ${bodyStr || '{}'}`,
+                    definesInNearestScope: false,
+                };
+            }
+            finally {
+                this.#unrollingChain = prevUnrollingChain;
+            }
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.forOf) {
+            const [_, loopVar, iterable, body] = statement;
+            if (loopVar[0] !== NODE.const) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError('Only `for (const ... of ... )` loops are supported');
+            }
+            this.tryMarkModified(iterable); // overly-defensive, but let's not tempt fate
+            let ctxIndent = false;
+            const prevUnrollingChain = this.#unrollingChain;
+            try {
+                this.ctx.pushBlockScope();
+                const iterableExpr = this._expression(iterable);
+                const shouldUnroll = iterableExpr.value instanceof UnrollableIterable;
+                const iterableSnippet = shouldUnroll ? iterableExpr.value.snippet : iterableExpr;
+                const range = forOfUtils.getRangeSnippets(this.ctx, iterableSnippet, shouldUnroll);
+                const originalLoopVarName = loopVar[1];
+                const blockified = blockifySingleStatement(body);
+                if (shouldUnroll) {
+                    if (!isKnownAtComptime(range.end)) {
+                        throw new Error('Cannot unroll loop. Length of iterable is unknown at comptime.');
+                    }
+                    const length = range.end.value;
+                    if (length === 0) {
+                        return { code: '', definesInNearestScope: false };
+                    }
+                    const { value } = iterableSnippet;
+                    const elements = isTgpuRange(value)
+                        ? value.map((i) => coerceToSnippet(i))
+                        : value instanceof ArrayExpression
+                            ? value.elements
+                            : Array.from({ length }, (_, i) => forOfUtils.getElementSnippet(iterableSnippet, snip(i, u32, 'constant')));
+                    const firstElement = elements[0];
+                    if (!isAlias(firstElement) && !wgsl.isNaturallyEphemeral(firstElement.dataType)) {
+                        throw new WgslTypeError(`Cannot unroll '${stringifyNode(iterable)}'. The elements of iterable are constructed in place but are not value types.`);
+                    }
+                    let blocksCode = '';
+                    let endsWithControlFlow;
+                    let definesInNearestScope = false;
+                    for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
+                        const e = elements[i];
+                        this.#unrollingChain = [...prevUnrollingChain, i];
+                        const resolvedBlock = this._blockStatement(blockified, {
+                            [originalLoopVarName]: e,
+                        });
+                        definesInNearestScope ||= resolvedBlock.definesInNearestScope;
+                        blocksCode += `${this.ctx.pre}// unrolled iteration ${this.#unrollingChain.map((idx) => `#${idx}`).join(' / ')}\n${resolvedBlock.code}\n`;
+                        if (resolvedBlock.endsWithControlFlow !== undefined) {
+                            endsWithControlFlow = resolvedBlock.endsWithControlFlow;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return {
+                        code: `${blocksCode}${this.ctx.pre}// ---`,
+                        endsWithControlFlow,
+                        definesInNearestScope,
+                    };
+                }
+                this.#unrollingChain = [];
+                const index = this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier('i', 'block');
+                const forHeaderStr = stitch `${this.ctx.pre}for (var ${index} = ${range.start}; ${index} ${range.comparison} ${range.end}; ${index} += ${range.step})`;
+                let bodyStr = '';
+                if (isTgpuRange(iterableSnippet.value)) {
+                    bodyStr = this._block(blockified, /* allowInlining */ false, {
+                        [originalLoopVarName]: snip(index, range.start.dataType, 'runtime', false), // range.start, .end , .step have the same dataType
+                    }).code;
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.ctx.indent();
+                    ctxIndent = true;
+                    const loopVarName = this.ctx.makeUniqueIdentifier(originalLoopVarName, 'block');
+                    const elementSnippet = forOfUtils.getElementSnippet(iterableSnippet, snip(index, u32, 'runtime'));
+                    const loopVarKind = forOfUtils.getLoopVarKind(elementSnippet);
+                    const elementType = forOfUtils.getElementType(elementSnippet, iterableSnippet);
+                    const loopVarDeclStr = stitch `${this.ctx.pre}${loopVarKind} ${loopVarName} = ${tryConvertSnippet(this.ctx, elementSnippet, elementType, false)};`;
+                    bodyStr = `{\n${loopVarDeclStr}\n${this._blockStatement(blockified, {
+                        [originalLoopVarName]: snip(loopVarName, elementType, elementSnippet.origin, false),
+                    }).code}\n`;
+                    this.ctx.dedent();
+                    bodyStr += `${this.ctx.pre}}`;
+                    ctxIndent = false;
+                }
+                return {
+                    code: stitch `${forHeaderStr} ${bodyStr.trim() || '{}'}`,
+                    definesInNearestScope: false,
+                };
+            }
+            finally {
+                if (ctxIndent) {
+                    this.ctx.dedent();
+                }
+                this.#unrollingChain = prevUnrollingChain;
+                this.ctx.popBlockScope();
+            }
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.postUpdate) {
+            // Post-update statement
+            const [_, op, arg] = statement;
+            const argExpr = this._expression(arg);
+            const argStr = this.ctx.resolveSnippet(argExpr).value;
+            validateSnippetMutation(argExpr, statement);
+            this.tryMarkModified(arg);
+            return { code: `${this.ctx.pre}${argStr}${op};`, definesInNearestScope: false };
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.continue) {
+            if (this.#unrollingChain.length > 0) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError('Cannot unroll loop containing `continue`');
+            }
+            return {
+                code: `${this.ctx.pre}continue;`,
+                endsWithControlFlow: 'continue',
+                definesInNearestScope: false,
+            };
+        }
+        if (statement[0] === NODE.break) {
+            if (this.#unrollingChain.length > 0) {
+                throw new WgslTypeError('Cannot unroll loop containing `break`');
+            }
+            return {
+                code: `${this.ctx.pre}break;`,
+                endsWithControlFlow: 'break',
+                definesInNearestScope: false,
+            };
+        }
+        const expr = this._expression(statement);
+        const resolved = expr.value !== undefined && expr.value !== null ? this.ctx.resolveSnippet(expr).value : '';
+        return { code: resolved ? `${this.ctx.pre}${resolved};` : '', definesInNearestScope: false };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Attempts a member access lookup to mark a variable as modified.
+     * @example
+     * // given `let a; a = 1;`
+     * tryMarkModified('a') // `a` is marked in the function scope
+     *
+     * // given `const obj; obj.prop = 1;`
+     * tryMarkModified('obj.prop') // `obj` is marked in the function scope
+     *
+     * // given `this.buffer.$;`
+     * tryMarkModified('this.buffer.$') // `this` is not marked, since there is no placeholder for it
+     */
+    tryMarkModified(expr) {
+        if (!expr) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const maybeObject = extractObject(expr);
+        if (maybeObject !== undefined) {
+            const snippet = this.ctx.getById(maybeObject);
+            const scope = this.ctx.topFunctionScope;
+            if (snippet && scope && scope.placeholderForVariable.has(snippet)) {
+                scope.modifiedVariables.add(snippet);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
 function validateSnippetMutation(mutated, expr) {
-	if (mutated.origin === "constant" || mutated.origin === "constant-immutable-def" || mutated.origin === "runtime-immutable-def") {
-		if (isKnownAtComptime(mutated)) throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because the left side is defined outside of the shader, and therefore is immutable during its execution. Try using tgpu.privateVar or buffers.`);
-		throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because the left side is a constant.`);
-	}
-	if (mutated.origin === "uniform") throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because uniform buffers cannot be mutated.`);
-	if (mutated.origin === "readonly") throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because readonly buffers cannot be mutated.`);
-	if (mutated.origin === "argument") throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because non-pointer arguments cannot be mutated.`);
+    if (mutated.origin === 'constant' ||
+        mutated.origin === 'constant-immutable-def' ||
+        mutated.origin === 'runtime-immutable-def') {
+        if (isKnownAtComptime(mutated)) {
+            throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because the left side is defined outside of the shader, and therefore is immutable during its execution. Try using tgpu.privateVar or buffers.`);
+        }
+        throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because the left side is a constant.`);
+    }
+    if (mutated.origin === 'uniform') {
+        throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because uniform buffers cannot be mutated.`);
+    }
+    if (mutated.origin === 'readonly') {
+        throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because readonly buffers cannot be mutated.`);
+    }
+    if (mutated.origin === 'argument') {
+        throw new WgslTypeError(`'${stringifyNode(expr)}' is invalid, because non-pointer arguments cannot be mutated.`);
+    }
 }
 function assertExhaustive(value) {
-	throw new Error(`'${safeStringify(value)}' was not handled by the WGSL generator.`);
+    throw new Error(`'${safeStringify(value)}' was not handled by the WGSL generator.`);
 }
 function parseNumericString(str) {
-	if (/^0x[0-9a-f]+$/i.test(str)) return Number.parseInt(str);
-	if (/^0b[01]+$/i.test(str)) return Number.parseInt(str.slice(2), 2);
-	return Number.parseFloat(str);
+    // Hex literals
+    if (/^0x[0-9a-f]+$/i.test(str)) {
+        return Number.parseInt(str);
+    }
+    // Binary literals
+    if (/^0b[01]+$/i.test(str)) {
+        return Number.parseInt(str.slice(2), 2);
+    }
+    return Number.parseFloat(str);
 }
 function blockifySingleStatement(statement) {
-	return typeof statement !== "object" || statement[0] !== NODE.block ? [NODE.block, [statement]] : statement;
+    return typeof statement !== 'object' || statement[0] !== NODE.block
+        ? [NODE.block, [statement]]
+        : statement;
 }
 function extractObject(expr) {
-	let object = expr;
-	while (Array.isArray(object) && (object[0] === NODE.memberAccess || object[0] === NODE.indexAccess)) object = object[1];
-	if (typeof object === "string") return object;
+    let object = expr;
+    while (Array.isArray(object) &&
+        (object[0] === NODE.memberAccess || object[0] === NODE.indexAccess)) {
+        object = object[1];
+    }
+    if (typeof object === 'string') {
+        return object;
+    }
 }
-const wgslGenerator = new WgslGenerator();
-var wgslGenerator_default = wgslGenerator;
-
-//#endregion
-export { WgslGenerator, wgslGenerator_default as default };