turbine-orm 0.9.1 → 0.10.0

package/dist/query/builder.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2655 @@
+/**
+ * turbine-orm — Query builder
+ *
+ * Each table accessor (db.users, db.posts, etc.) returns a QueryInterface<T>
+ * that builds parameterized SQL and executes it through the connection pool.
+ *
+ * Nested relations use json_build_object + json_agg subqueries for single-query
+ * resolution — a PostgreSQL-native approach that eliminates N+1 query patterns.
+ *
+ * Schema-driven: all column names, types, and relations come from introspected
+ * metadata — nothing is hardcoded.
+ */
+import { CircularRelationError, NotFoundError, RelationError, TimeoutError, ValidationError, wrapPgError, } from '../errors.js';
+import { camelToSnake, snakeToCamel } from '../schema.js';
+import { buildCorrelation, escapeLike, escSingleQuote, LRUCache, OPERATOR_KEYS, quoteIdent, sqlToPreparedName, } from './utils.js';
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Internal detection helpers — used by QueryInterface
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/** Check if a value is a where operator object (has at least one known operator key) */
+function isWhereOperator(value) {
+    if (value === null ||
+        value === undefined ||
+        typeof value !== 'object' ||
+        Array.isArray(value) ||
+        value instanceof Date) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const keys = Object.keys(value);
+    return keys.length > 0 && keys.every((k) => OPERATOR_KEYS.has(k));
+}
+/** Known atomic-update operator keys — used to detect operator objects vs plain JSON values */
+const UPDATE_OPERATOR_KEYS = new Set(['set', 'increment', 'decrement', 'multiply', 'divide']);
+/** Known JSONB operator keys */
+const JSONB_OPERATOR_KEYS = new Set(['path', 'equals', 'contains', 'hasKey']);
+/**
+ * JSONB operator keys that are *unique* to {@link JsonFilter} — they cannot
+ * appear in any other where-filter shape, so the presence of one of these is
+ * an unambiguous signal that the user meant a JSON filter. Used by the
+ * strict-validation path so that `{ contains: 'foo' }` (which is also a valid
+ * `WhereOperator` for LIKE) is not misclassified.
+ */
+const JSONB_UNIQUE_KEYS = new Set(['path', 'equals', 'hasKey']);
+/** Check if a value is a JSONB filter object */
+function isJsonFilter(value) {
+    if (value === null ||
+        value === undefined ||
+        typeof value !== 'object' ||
+        Array.isArray(value) ||
+        value instanceof Date) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const keys = Object.keys(value);
+    return keys.length > 0 && keys.some((k) => JSONB_OPERATOR_KEYS.has(k));
+}
+/**
+ * Returns the first JSON-unique key found in `value`, or `null` if none.
+ * Used to drive the strict-validation error message.
+ */
+function findJsonUniqueKey(value) {
+    for (const k of Object.keys(value)) {
+        if (JSONB_UNIQUE_KEYS.has(k))
+            return k;
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+/** Known Array operator keys */
+const ARRAY_OPERATOR_KEYS = new Set(['has', 'hasEvery', 'hasSome', 'isEmpty']);
+/**
+ * Array operator keys that are *unique* to {@link ArrayFilter}. None of the
+ * array operators currently overlap with `WhereOperator` or `JsonFilter`, so
+ * this set equals {@link ARRAY_OPERATOR_KEYS}; it is kept as a separate
+ * constant so a future overlap (e.g. a `contains` for arrays) is easy to
+ * carve out.
+ */
+const ARRAY_UNIQUE_KEYS = new Set(['has', 'hasEvery', 'hasSome', 'isEmpty']);
+/** Check if a value is an Array filter object */
+function isArrayFilter(value) {
+    if (value === null ||
+        value === undefined ||
+        typeof value !== 'object' ||
+        Array.isArray(value) ||
+        value instanceof Date) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const keys = Object.keys(value);
+    return keys.length > 0 && keys.some((k) => ARRAY_OPERATOR_KEYS.has(k));
+}
+/**
+ * Returns the first array-unique key found in `value`, or `null` if none.
+ * Used to drive the strict-validation error message.
+ */
+function findArrayUniqueKey(value) {
+    for (const k of Object.keys(value)) {
+        if (ARRAY_UNIQUE_KEYS.has(k))
+            return k;
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+// biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no relations known" — intentional for untyped table access
+export class QueryInterface {
+    pool;
+    table;
+    schema;
+    tableMeta;
+    /** SQL template cache: cacheKey → SqlCacheEntry (sql + prepared statement name) */
+    sqlTemplateCache = new LRUCache(1000);
+    middlewares;
+    defaultLimit;
+    warnOnUnlimited;
+    preparedStatementsEnabled;
+    sqlCacheEnabled;
+    /**
+     * Tracks tables that have already triggered an unlimited-query warning so
+     * the user is not spammed once per row. Per-instance state — each
+     * QueryInterface is bound to a single table, so this set will only ever
+     * contain at most one entry, but using a Set keeps the API consistent with
+     * the audit's "Set<string>" guidance and leaves room for future
+     * cross-table sharing.
+     */
+    warnedTables = new Set();
+    /** Cache hit/miss counters for diagnostics */
+    cacheHits = 0;
+    cacheMisses = 0;
+    /** Pre-computed column type lookups (avoids linear scans per query) */
+    columnPgTypeMap;
+    columnArrayTypeMap;
+    /** Tracks tables that have already triggered a deep-with warning (one-time) */
+    deepWithWarned = new Set();
+    constructor(pool, table, schema, middlewares, options) {
+        this.pool = pool;
+        this.table = table;
+        this.schema = schema;
+        const meta = schema.tables[table];
+        if (!meta) {
+            throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Unknown table "${table}". Available: ${Object.keys(schema.tables).join(', ')}`);
+        }
+        this.tableMeta = meta;
+        this.middlewares = middlewares ?? [];
+        this.defaultLimit = options?.defaultLimit;
+        // Default to ON: surfacing accidental full-table scans is more valuable
+        // than the (small) risk of noisy logs. Callers explicitly opt out with
+        // `warnOnUnlimited: false`.
+        this.warnOnUnlimited = options?.warnOnUnlimited !== false;
+        this.preparedStatementsEnabled = options?.preparedStatements ?? true;
+        this.sqlCacheEnabled = options?.sqlCache !== false;
+        // Pre-compute column type lookup maps (TASK-26)
+        this.columnPgTypeMap = new Map();
+        this.columnArrayTypeMap = new Map();
+        for (const col of this.tableMeta.columns) {
+            this.columnPgTypeMap.set(col.name, col.pgType);
+            this.columnArrayTypeMap.set(col.name, col.pgArrayType);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return cache hit/miss statistics for this QueryInterface instance.
+     * Useful for monitoring and benchmarking.
+     */
+    cacheStats() {
+        const total = this.cacheHits + this.cacheMisses;
+        return {
+            hits: this.cacheHits,
+            misses: this.cacheMisses,
+            hitRate: total > 0 ? this.cacheHits / total : 0,
+            size: this.sqlTemplateCache.size,
+        };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Look up or build a SQL template in the cache.
+     * On miss, calls `build()` to generate the SQL, stores the entry, and returns it.
+     * On hit, increments counters and returns the cached entry.
+     *
+     * When `sqlCache` is disabled, always calls `build()` without caching.
+     */
+    acquireSql(cacheKey, build) {
+        if (!this.sqlCacheEnabled) {
+            const sql = build();
+            this.cacheMisses++;
+            return { sql, name: sqlToPreparedName(sql) };
+        }
+        const cached = this.sqlTemplateCache.get(cacheKey);
+        if (cached) {
+            this.cacheHits++;
+            return cached;
+        }
+        const sql = build();
+        const entry = { sql, name: sqlToPreparedName(sql) };
+        this.sqlTemplateCache.set(cacheKey, entry);
+        this.cacheMisses++;
+        return entry;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Reset the per-instance unlimited-query warning dedupe set.
+     * Exposed for tests so a single test process can verify the warning fires
+     * exactly once per table without bleeding state between assertions.
+     */
+    resetUnlimitedWarnings() {
+        this.warnedTables.clear();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Execute a pool.query with an optional timeout.
+     * If timeout is set, races the query against a timer and rejects on expiry.
+     * pg driver errors are translated to typed Turbine errors via wrapPgError.
+     */
+    async queryWithTimeout(sql, params, timeout, preparedName) {
+        // Build the query argument — use object form with `name` for prepared
+        // statements, or the plain (text, values) form otherwise.
+        const usePrepared = preparedName && this.preparedStatementsEnabled;
+        const exec = usePrepared
+            ? this.pool.query({ name: preparedName, text: sql, values: params })
+            : this.pool.query(sql, params);
+        if (!timeout) {
+            try {
+                return await exec;
+            }
+            catch (err) {
+                throw wrapPgError(err);
+            }
+        }
+        let timer;
+        const timeoutPromise = new Promise((_, reject) => {
+            timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new TimeoutError(timeout)), timeout);
+        });
+        try {
+            return await Promise.race([exec, timeoutPromise]);
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            throw wrapPgError(err);
+        }
+        finally {
+            clearTimeout(timer);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Execute a query through the middleware chain.
+     * If no middlewares are registered, executes directly.
+     *
+     * Middleware can inspect and log query parameters, modify results after execution,
+     * and measure timing. Note: query SQL is generated before middleware runs, so
+     * modifying params.args in middleware will NOT affect the executed SQL.
+     * To intercept queries before SQL generation, use the raw() method instead.
+     */
+    async executeWithMiddleware(action, args, executor) {
+        if (this.middlewares.length === 0) {
+            return executor();
+        }
+        const params = { model: this.table, action, args: { ...args } };
+        // Build middleware chain
+        let index = 0;
+        const next = async (p) => {
+            if (index < this.middlewares.length) {
+                const mw = this.middlewares[index++];
+                return mw(p, next);
+            }
+            // End of chain — execute the actual query
+            return executor();
+        };
+        return next(params);
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // findUnique
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    async findUnique(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('findUnique', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildFindUnique(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    buildFindUnique(args) {
+        const columnsList = this.resolveColumns(args.select, args.omit);
+        const whereObj = args.where;
+        const colKey = columnsList ? columnsList.join(',') : '*';
+        const whereFingerprint = this.fingerprintWhere(whereObj);
+        const withFp = args.with ? this.withFingerprint(args.with) : '';
+        const ck = `fu:${whereFingerprint}|c=${colKey}|w=${withFp}`;
+        const params = [];
+        // Check if all where values are simple (plain equality, no operators/null/OR)
+        const whereKeys = Object.keys(whereObj).filter((k) => whereObj[k] !== undefined);
+        const isSimpleWhere = !whereObj.OR &&
+            !whereObj.AND &&
+            !whereObj.NOT &&
+            whereKeys.every((k) => {
+                const v = whereObj[k];
+                return v !== null && !isWhereOperator(v) && !this.tableMeta.relations[k];
+            });
+        // Simple path: plain equality, no operators/null/OR
+        if (!args.with && isSimpleWhere) {
+            const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+                const qt = quoteIdent(this.table);
+                const tempParams = whereKeys.map((k) => whereObj[k]);
+                const whereClauses = whereKeys.map((k, i) => `${this.toSqlColumn(k)} = $${i + 1}`);
+                const whereSql = whereClauses.length > 0 ? ` WHERE ${whereClauses.join(' AND ')}` : '';
+                const selectExpr = columnsList ? columnsList.map((c) => `${qt}.${quoteIdent(c)}`).join(', ') : `${qt}.*`;
+                void tempParams; // params are positional, SQL is value-invariant
+                return `SELECT ${selectExpr} FROM ${qt}${whereSql} LIMIT 1`;
+            });
+            // Collect params (same order as build)
+            for (const k of whereKeys) {
+                params.push(whereObj[k]);
+            }
+            return {
+                sql: entry.sql,
+                params,
+                transform: (result) => {
+                    const row = result.rows[0];
+                    return row ? this.parseRow(row, this.table) : null;
+                },
+                tag: `${this.table}.findUnique`,
+                preparedName: entry.name,
+            };
+        }
+        // General path (with operators, null, OR, with clause)
+        if (!args.with) {
+            const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+                const freshParams = [];
+                const clause = this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams);
+                const whereSql = clause ? ` WHERE ${clause}` : '';
+                const qt = quoteIdent(this.table);
+                const selectExpr = columnsList ? columnsList.map((c) => `${qt}.${quoteIdent(c)}`).join(', ') : `${qt}.*`;
+                return `SELECT ${selectExpr} FROM ${qt}${whereSql} LIMIT 1`;
+            });
+            // Collect params
+            this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+            return {
+                sql: entry.sql,
+                params,
+                transform: (result) => {
+                    const row = result.rows[0];
+                    return row ? this.parseRow(row, this.table) : null;
+                },
+                tag: `${this.table}.findUnique`,
+                preparedName: entry.name,
+            };
+        }
+        // Nested queries with `with` clause.
+        // The param order in the original code is:
+        //   1. buildWhere pushes where params
+        //   2. buildSelectWithRelations pushes relation params to same array
+        // We must preserve this exact order.
+        const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+            const freshParams = [];
+            const clause = this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams);
+            const whereSql = clause ? ` WHERE ${clause}` : '';
+            const selectClause = this.buildSelectWithRelations(this.table, args.with, freshParams, columnsList);
+            return `SELECT ${selectClause} FROM ${quoteIdent(this.table)}${whereSql} LIMIT 1`;
+        });
+        // Collect params in exact build order: where first, then with-clause relations
+        this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+        this.collectWithParams(args.with, params);
+        return {
+            sql: entry.sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = result.rows[0];
+                return row ? this.parseNestedRow(row, this.table) : null;
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.findUnique`,
+            preparedName: entry.name,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // findMany
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    async findMany(args) {
+        this.maybeWarnUnlimited(args);
+        // Dev-only: warn on deeply nested with clauses
+        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
+            if (args?.with) {
+                const depth = this.measureWithDepth(args.with);
+                if (depth > 5 && !this.deepWithWarned.has(this.table)) {
+                    this.deepWithWarned.add(this.table);
+                    console.warn(`[turbine] Deep with clause (depth ${depth}) on "${this.tableMeta.name}" — ` +
+                        'consider splitting into separate queries for better performance.');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('findMany', (args ?? {}), async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildFindMany(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args?.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+     * Emit a one-time `console.warn` when {@link findMany} is called without an
+     * explicit `limit`/`take` and `warnOnUnlimited` has not been disabled.
+     *
+     * Deduped per QueryInterface instance via {@link warnedTables} so a busy
+     * loop calling `db.users.findMany()` thousands of times only logs once.
+     * Suppressed when `defaultLimit` is configured (the caller has already
+     * opted in to a bounded query) and when the user passed an explicit
+     * `limit`, `take`, or `cursor`.
+     */
+    maybeWarnUnlimited(args) {
+        if (!this.warnOnUnlimited)
+            return;
+        if (this.defaultLimit !== undefined)
+            return;
+        const hasExplicitLimit = args?.limit !== undefined || args?.take !== undefined || args?.cursor !== undefined;
+        if (hasExplicitLimit)
+            return;
+        if (this.warnedTables.has(this.table))
+            return;
+        this.warnedTables.add(this.table);
+        console.warn(`[turbine] warning: findMany on "${this.table}" has no limit — this will fetch every row. ` +
+            'Pass `limit` or set `warnOnUnlimited: false` in config to silence.');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Recursively measure the maximum depth of a `with` clause tree.
+     * Used by the dev-only deep-with warning guard.
+     */
+    measureWithDepth(withClause) {
+        let maxDepth = 1;
+        for (const spec of Object.values(withClause)) {
+            if (spec && typeof spec === 'object' && 'with' in spec && spec.with) {
+                const nested = this.measureWithDepth(spec.with);
+                maxDepth = Math.max(maxDepth, 1 + nested);
+            }
+        }
+        return maxDepth;
+    }
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    buildFindMany(args) {
+        const columnsList = this.resolveColumns(args?.select, args?.omit);
+        const colKey = columnsList ? columnsList.join(',') : '*';
+        const whereObj = (args?.where ?? {});
+        // Build fingerprint for cache lookup
+        const whereFp = args?.where ? this.fingerprintWhere(whereObj) : '';
+        const withFp = args?.with ? this.withFingerprint(args.with) : '';
+        const orderFp = args?.orderBy
+            ? Object.entries(args.orderBy)
+                .map(([k, d]) => `${k}:${d}`)
+                .join(',')
+            : '';
+        const cursorFp = args?.cursor
+            ? Object.keys(args.cursor)
+                .filter((k) => args.cursor[k] !== undefined)
+                .sort()
+                .join(',')
+            : '';
+        const distinctFp = args?.distinct ? args.distinct.slice().sort().join(',') : '';
+        const effectiveLimit = args?.take ?? args?.limit ?? this.defaultLimit;
+        const limitFp = effectiveLimit !== undefined ? '1' : '0';
+        const offsetFp = args?.offset !== undefined ? '1' : '0';
+        const ck = `fm:${whereFp}|c=${colKey}|o=${orderFp}|l=${limitFp}|off=${offsetFp}|cur=${cursorFp}|d=${distinctFp}|w=${withFp}`;
+        const params = [];
+        const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+            // Fresh build — generates SQL and populates freshParams
+            const freshParams = [];
+            const { sql: freshWhereSql } = args?.where
+                ? (() => {
+                    const clause = this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams);
+                    return { sql: clause ? ` WHERE ${clause}` : '' };
+                })()
+                : { sql: '' };
+            const qt = quoteIdent(this.table);
+            let distinctPrefix = '';
+            if (args?.distinct && args.distinct.length > 0) {
+                const distinctCols = args.distinct.map((k) => this.toSqlColumn(k));
+                distinctPrefix = `DISTINCT ON (${distinctCols.join(', ')}) `;
+            }
+            let selectClause;
+            if (args?.with) {
+                selectClause = this.buildSelectWithRelations(this.table, args.with, freshParams, columnsList);
+            }
+            else if (columnsList) {
+                selectClause = columnsList.map((c) => `${qt}.${quoteIdent(c)}`).join(', ');
+            }
+            else {
+                selectClause = `${qt}.*`;
+            }
+            let sql = `SELECT ${distinctPrefix}${selectClause} FROM ${qt}${freshWhereSql}`;
+            if (args?.cursor) {
+                const cursorEntries = Object.entries(args.cursor).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+                if (cursorEntries.length > 0) {
+                    const cursorConditions = cursorEntries.map(([k, v]) => {
+                        const col = this.toSqlColumn(k);
+                        const dir = args.orderBy?.[k] ?? 'asc';
+                        const op = dir === 'desc' ? '<' : '>';
+                        freshParams.push(v);
+                        return `${qt}.${col} ${op} $${freshParams.length}`;
+                    });
+                    if (freshWhereSql) {
+                        sql += ` AND ${cursorConditions.join(' AND ')}`;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        sql += ` WHERE ${cursorConditions.join(' AND ')}`;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (args?.orderBy) {
+                sql += ` ORDER BY ${this.buildOrderBy(args.orderBy)}`;
+            }
+            if (effectiveLimit !== undefined) {
+                freshParams.push(Number(effectiveLimit));
+                sql += ` LIMIT $${freshParams.length}`;
+            }
+            if (args?.offset !== undefined) {
+                freshParams.push(Number(args.offset));
+                sql += ` OFFSET $${freshParams.length}`;
+            }
+            return sql;
+        });
+        // Collect params in exact build order:
+        // 1. WHERE params
+        if (args?.where) {
+            this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+        }
+        // 2. WITH relation params
+        if (args?.with) {
+            this.collectWithParams(args.with, params);
+        }
+        // 3. Cursor params
+        if (args?.cursor) {
+            const cursorEntries = Object.entries(args.cursor).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+            for (const [, v] of cursorEntries) {
+                params.push(v);
+            }
+        }
+        // 4. LIMIT param
+        if (effectiveLimit !== undefined) {
+            params.push(Number(effectiveLimit));
+        }
+        // 5. OFFSET param
+        if (args?.offset !== undefined) {
+            params.push(Number(args.offset));
+        }
+        return {
+            sql: entry.sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => result.rows.map((row) => args?.with ? this.parseNestedRow(row, this.table) : this.parseRow(row, this.table)),
+            tag: `${this.table}.findMany`,
+            preparedName: entry.name,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // findManyStream — async iterable using PostgreSQL cursors
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    /**
+     * Stream rows from a findMany query using PostgreSQL cursors.
+     * Returns an AsyncIterable that yields individual rows, fetching in batches internally.
+     *
+     * **Speculative fast-path:** Before opening a cursor, issues a single
+     * `SELECT ... LIMIT batchSize+1`. If the result fits within `batchSize`,
+     * all rows are yielded immediately with zero cursor overhead (no BEGIN /
+     * DECLARE / CLOSE / COMMIT). Only when the result overflows does the
+     * method fall back to the full cursor path.
+     *
+     * **Cursor path:** Uses DECLARE CURSOR within a dedicated transaction on a
+     * single pooled connection. The cursor is automatically closed and the
+     * connection released when iteration completes or is terminated early
+     * (e.g. `break` from `for await`).
+     *
+     * **Snapshot semantics note:** The speculative fast-path runs outside a
+     * transaction. If the result overflows and the cursor path is opened, the
+     * cursor runs in its own transaction — spanning two separate snapshots.
+     * For strict single-snapshot semantics, wrap the call in `$transaction`.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * for await (const user of db.users.findManyStream({ where: { orgId: 1 }, batchSize: 500 })) {
+     *   process.stdout.write(`${user.email}\n`);
+     * }
+     * ```
+     */
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    async *findManyStream(args) {
+        const batchSize = Math.max(1, Math.floor(Number(args?.batchSize ?? 1000)));
+        const hasRelations = !!args?.with;
+        // --- Speculative first fetch: try to satisfy the entire drain in one RTT ---
+        const speculativeDeferred = this.buildFindMany({
+            ...args,
+            limit: batchSize + 1,
+        });
+        const speculativeResult = await this.queryWithTimeout(speculativeDeferred.sql, speculativeDeferred.params, args?.timeout);
+        if (speculativeResult.rows.length <= batchSize) {
+            // Small drain — yield all rows and return, no cursor needed
+            for (const row of speculativeResult.rows) {
+                yield (hasRelations ? this.parseNestedRow(row, this.table) : this.parseRow(row, this.table));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        // --- Overflow: fall back to cursor path from scratch ---
+        const deferred = this.buildFindMany(args);
+        // Acquire a dedicated connection — cursors require a single connection in a transaction
+        const client = await this.pool.connect();
+        const cursorName = `turbine_cursor_${Date.now()}_${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`;
+        const quotedCursor = quoteIdent(cursorName);
+        try {
+            await client.query('BEGIN');
+            await client.query(`DECLARE ${quotedCursor} NO SCROLL CURSOR FOR ${deferred.sql}`, deferred.params);
+            while (true) {
+                const batch = await client.query(`FETCH ${batchSize} FROM ${quotedCursor}`);
+                if (batch.rows.length === 0)
+                    break;
+                for (const row of batch.rows) {
+                    yield (hasRelations ? this.parseNestedRow(row, this.table) : this.parseRow(row, this.table));
+                }
+                if (batch.rows.length < batchSize)
+                    break;
+            }
+            await client.query(`CLOSE ${quotedCursor}`);
+            await client.query('COMMIT');
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            // Rollback on error (also closes cursor implicitly)
+            try {
+                await client.query('ROLLBACK');
+            }
+            catch {
+                // Connection may already be broken — ignore rollback error
+            }
+            // Wrap pg constraint errors so streaming surfaces typed errors like the rest of the API
+            throw wrapPgError(err);
+        }
+        finally {
+            client.release();
+        }
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // findFirst — like findMany but returns a single row or null
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    async findFirst(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('findFirst', (args ?? {}), async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildFindFirst(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args?.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    buildFindFirst(args) {
+        // Reuse findMany's SQL builder but force LIMIT 1
+        const findManyArgs = { ...args, limit: 1 };
+        const deferred = this.buildFindMany(findManyArgs);
+        return {
+            sql: deferred.sql,
+            params: deferred.params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const rows = deferred.transform(result);
+                return rows.length > 0 ? rows[0] : null;
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.findFirst`,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // findFirstOrThrow — like findFirst but throws if no record found
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    async findFirstOrThrow(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('findFirstOrThrow', (args ?? {}), async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildFindFirstOrThrow(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args?.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    buildFindFirstOrThrow(args) {
+        const inner = this.buildFindFirst(args);
+        return {
+            sql: inner.sql,
+            params: inner.params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = inner.transform(result);
+                if (row === null) {
+                    throw new NotFoundError({
+                        table: this.table,
+                        where: args?.where,
+                        operation: 'findFirstOrThrow',
+                    });
+                }
+                return row;
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.findFirstOrThrow`,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // findUniqueOrThrow — like findUnique but throws if no record found
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    async findUniqueOrThrow(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('findUniqueOrThrow', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildFindUniqueOrThrow(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: {} means "no with clause" — matches TypedWithClause default
+    buildFindUniqueOrThrow(args) {
+        const inner = this.buildFindUnique(args);
+        return {
+            sql: inner.sql,
+            params: inner.params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = inner.transform(result);
+                if (row === null) {
+                    throw new NotFoundError({
+                        table: this.table,
+                        where: args.where,
+                        operation: 'findUniqueOrThrow',
+                    });
+                }
+                return row;
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.findUniqueOrThrow`,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // create
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async create(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('create', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildCreate(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildCreate(args) {
+        const entries = Object.entries(args.data).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+        const columns = entries.map(([k]) => this.toSqlColumn(k));
+        const params = entries.map(([, v]) => v);
+        const placeholders = entries.map((_, i) => `$${i + 1}`);
+        const sql = `INSERT INTO ${quoteIdent(this.table)} (${columns.join(', ')}) VALUES (${placeholders.join(', ')}) RETURNING *`;
+        return {
+            sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = result.rows[0];
+                if (!row) {
+                    throw new NotFoundError({
+                        table: this.table,
+                        operation: 'create',
+                        message: `[turbine] create on "${this.table}" returned no row from RETURNING * — this should never happen.`,
+                    });
+                }
+                return this.parseRow(row, this.table);
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.create`,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // createMany — uses UNNEST for performance
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async createMany(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('createMany', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildCreateMany(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildCreateMany(args) {
+        const qt = quoteIdent(this.table);
+        if (args.data.length === 0) {
+            return {
+                sql: `SELECT * FROM ${qt} WHERE false`,
+                params: [],
+                transform: () => [],
+                tag: `${this.table}.createMany`,
+            };
+        }
+        const keys = Object.keys(args.data[0]).filter((k) => args.data[0][k] !== undefined);
+        const columns = keys.map((k) => this.toColumn(k));
+        // Build column arrays for UNNEST
+        const columnArrays = keys.map(() => []);
+        for (const row of args.data) {
+            const record = row;
+            keys.forEach((key, i) => {
+                columnArrays[i].push(record[key]);
+            });
+        }
+        // Use actual Postgres types for array casts
+        const typeCasts = columns.map((col) => this.getColumnArrayType(col));
+        const unnestArgs = columnArrays.map((_, i) => `$${i + 1}::${typeCasts[i]}`);
+        const quotedColumns = columns.map((c) => quoteIdent(c));
+        let sql = `INSERT INTO ${qt} (${quotedColumns.join(', ')}) SELECT * FROM UNNEST(${unnestArgs.join(', ')})`;
+        // skipDuplicates: add ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+        if (args.skipDuplicates) {
+            sql += ` ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING`;
+        }
+        sql += ` RETURNING *`;
+        return {
+            sql,
+            params: columnArrays,
+            transform: (result) => result.rows.map((row) => this.parseRow(row, this.table)),
+            tag: `${this.table}.createMany`,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // update
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async update(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('update', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildUpdate(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildUpdate(args) {
+        const dataObj = args.data;
+        const whereObj = args.where;
+        const setFp = this.fingerprintSet(dataObj);
+        const whereFp = this.fingerprintWhere(whereObj);
+        const ck = `u:${setFp}|${whereFp}`;
+        const params = [];
+        const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+            const freshParams = [];
+            const setEntries = Object.entries(dataObj).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+            const setClauses = setEntries.map(([k, v]) => this.buildSetClause(k, v, freshParams));
+            const whereClause = this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams);
+            const whereSql = whereClause ? ` WHERE ${whereClause}` : '';
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('update', whereSql, args.allowFullTableScan);
+            return `UPDATE ${quoteIdent(this.table)} SET ${setClauses.join(', ')}${whereSql} RETURNING *`;
+        });
+        // On cache hit, validate predicate
+        if (whereFp === '') {
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('update', '', args.allowFullTableScan);
+        }
+        // Collect params: SET first, then WHERE (same order as fresh build)
+        this.collectSetParams(dataObj, params);
+        this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+        return {
+            sql: entry.sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = result.rows[0];
+                if (!row) {
+                    throw new NotFoundError({
+                        table: this.table,
+                        where: args.where,
+                        operation: 'update',
+                    });
+                }
+                return this.parseRow(row, this.table);
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.update`,
+            preparedName: entry.name,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // delete
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async delete(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('delete', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildDelete(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildDelete(args) {
+        const whereObj = args.where;
+        const whereFp = this.fingerprintWhere(whereObj);
+        const ck = `d:${whereFp}`;
+        const params = [];
+        // We need to check the mutation predicate. Build the whereSql to test it.
+        // On cache hit we still need to validate (the shape may be empty).
+        const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+            const freshParams = [];
+            const clause = this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams);
+            const whereSql = clause ? ` WHERE ${clause}` : '';
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('delete', whereSql, args.allowFullTableScan);
+            return `DELETE FROM ${quoteIdent(this.table)}${whereSql} RETURNING *`;
+        });
+        // On cache hit, still validate the predicate
+        if (whereFp === '') {
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('delete', '', args.allowFullTableScan);
+        }
+        this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+        return {
+            sql: entry.sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = result.rows[0];
+                if (!row) {
+                    throw new NotFoundError({
+                        table: this.table,
+                        where: args.where,
+                        operation: 'delete',
+                    });
+                }
+                return this.parseRow(row, this.table);
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.delete`,
+            preparedName: entry.name,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // upsert — INSERT ... ON CONFLICT ... DO UPDATE
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async upsert(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('upsert', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildUpsert(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildUpsert(args) {
+        // Build the INSERT part from create data
+        const createEntries = Object.entries(args.create).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+        const columns = createEntries.map(([k]) => this.toSqlColumn(k));
+        const createParams = createEntries.map(([, v]) => v);
+        const placeholders = createEntries.map((_, i) => `$${i + 1}`);
+        // The conflict target comes from `where` keys — must be unique/PK columns
+        const conflictKeys = Object.keys(args.where).filter((k) => args.where[k] !== undefined);
+        const conflictColumns = conflictKeys.map((k) => this.toSqlColumn(k));
+        // Build the UPDATE SET part
+        const updateEntries = Object.entries(args.update).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+        let paramIdx = createParams.length + 1;
+        const setClauses = updateEntries.map(([k]) => {
+            const clause = `${this.toSqlColumn(k)} = $${paramIdx}`;
+            paramIdx++;
+            return clause;
+        });
+        const updateParams = updateEntries.map(([, v]) => v);
+        const params = [...createParams, ...updateParams];
+        const sql = `INSERT INTO ${quoteIdent(this.table)} (${columns.join(', ')}) VALUES (${placeholders.join(', ')})` +
+            ` ON CONFLICT (${conflictColumns.join(', ')}) DO UPDATE SET ${setClauses.join(', ')}` +
+            ` RETURNING *`;
+        return {
+            sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = result.rows[0];
+                if (!row) {
+                    throw new NotFoundError({
+                        table: this.table,
+                        where: args.where,
+                        operation: 'upsert',
+                        message: `[turbine] upsert on "${this.table}" returned no row from RETURNING * — this should never happen.`,
+                    });
+                }
+                return this.parseRow(row, this.table);
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.upsert`,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // updateMany — UPDATE ... WHERE ... returning count
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async updateMany(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('updateMany', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildUpdateMany(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildUpdateMany(args) {
+        const dataObj = args.data;
+        const whereObj = args.where;
+        const setFp = this.fingerprintSet(dataObj);
+        const whereFp = this.fingerprintWhere(whereObj);
+        const ck = `um:${setFp}|${whereFp}`;
+        const params = [];
+        const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+            const freshParams = [];
+            const setEntries = Object.entries(dataObj).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+            const setClauses = setEntries.map(([k, v]) => this.buildSetClause(k, v, freshParams));
+            const whereClause = this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams);
+            const whereSql = whereClause ? ` WHERE ${whereClause}` : '';
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('updateMany', whereSql, args.allowFullTableScan);
+            return `UPDATE ${quoteIdent(this.table)} SET ${setClauses.join(', ')}${whereSql}`;
+        });
+        if (whereFp === '') {
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('updateMany', '', args.allowFullTableScan);
+        }
+        this.collectSetParams(dataObj, params);
+        this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+        return {
+            sql: entry.sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => ({ count: result.rowCount ?? 0 }),
+            tag: `${this.table}.updateMany`,
+            preparedName: entry.name,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // deleteMany — DELETE ... WHERE ... returning count
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async deleteMany(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('deleteMany', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildDeleteMany(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildDeleteMany(args) {
+        const whereObj = args.where;
+        const whereFp = this.fingerprintWhere(whereObj);
+        const ck = `dm:${whereFp}`;
+        const params = [];
+        const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+            const freshParams = [];
+            const clause = this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams);
+            const whereSql = clause ? ` WHERE ${clause}` : '';
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('deleteMany', whereSql, args.allowFullTableScan);
+            return `DELETE FROM ${quoteIdent(this.table)}${whereSql}`;
+        });
+        if (whereFp === '') {
+            this.assertMutationHasPredicate('deleteMany', '', args.allowFullTableScan);
+        }
+        this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+        return {
+            sql: entry.sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => ({ count: result.rowCount ?? 0 }),
+            tag: `${this.table}.deleteMany`,
+            preparedName: entry.name,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // count
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async count(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('count', (args ?? {}), async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildCount(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args?.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildCount(args) {
+        const whereObj = (args?.where ?? {});
+        const whereFp = args?.where ? this.fingerprintWhere(whereObj) : '';
+        const ck = `cnt:${whereFp}`;
+        const params = [];
+        const entry = this.acquireSql(ck, () => {
+            const freshParams = [];
+            const clause = args?.where ? this.buildWhereClause(whereObj, freshParams) : null;
+            const whereSql = clause ? ` WHERE ${clause}` : '';
+            return `SELECT COUNT(*)::int AS count FROM ${quoteIdent(this.table)}${whereSql}`;
+        });
+        if (args?.where) {
+            this.collectWhereParams(whereObj, params);
+        }
+        return {
+            sql: entry.sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => result.rows[0].count,
+            tag: `${this.table}.count`,
+            preparedName: entry.name,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // groupBy (with aggregate functions)
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async groupBy(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('groupBy', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildGroupBy(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildGroupBy(args) {
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[this.table];
+        if (meta) {
+            for (const key of args.by) {
+                if (!(key in meta.columnMap)) {
+                    throw new ValidationError(`Unknown column "${key}" in groupBy for table "${this.table}"`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const groupColsRaw = args.by.map((k) => this.toColumn(k));
+        const groupCols = groupColsRaw.map((c) => quoteIdent(c));
+        const { sql: whereSql, params } = args.where ? this.buildWhere(args.where) : { sql: '', params: [] };
+        // Build SELECT expressions: group-by columns + aggregate functions
+        const selectExprs = [...groupCols];
+        // _count
+        if (args._count === true || args._count === undefined) {
+            // default: always include count
+            selectExprs.push('COUNT(*)::int AS _count');
+        }
+        // _sum
+        if (args._sum) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._sum)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`SUM(${quoteIdent(col)}) AS ${quoteIdent(`_sum_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // _avg
+        if (args._avg) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._avg)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`AVG(${quoteIdent(col)})::float AS ${quoteIdent(`_avg_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // _min
+        if (args._min) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._min)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`MIN(${quoteIdent(col)}) AS ${quoteIdent(`_min_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // _max
+        if (args._max) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._max)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`MAX(${quoteIdent(col)}) AS ${quoteIdent(`_max_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let sql = `SELECT ${selectExprs.join(', ')} FROM ${quoteIdent(this.table)}${whereSql} GROUP BY ${groupCols.join(', ')}`;
+        // ORDER BY
+        if (args.orderBy) {
+            sql += ` ORDER BY ${this.buildOrderBy(args.orderBy)}`;
+        }
+        return {
+            sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => result.rows.map((row) => {
+                const parsed = this.parseRow(row, this.table);
+                // Restructure aggregate results into nested objects (Prisma-style)
+                const restructured = {};
+                // Copy group-by fields
+                for (const field of args.by) {
+                    restructured[field] = parsed[field];
+                }
+                // _count
+                if ('_count' in row) {
+                    restructured._count = row._count;
+                }
+                else if ('count' in row) {
+                    restructured._count = row.count;
+                }
+                // Collect aggregates into nested objects
+                const sumObj = {};
+                const avgObj = {};
+                const minObj = {};
+                const maxObj = {};
+                let hasSums = false, hasAvgs = false, hasMins = false, hasMaxs = false;
+                for (const [rawKey, rawValue] of Object.entries(row)) {
+                    if (rawKey.startsWith('_sum_')) {
+                        const col = rawKey.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        sumObj[field] = rawValue !== null ? Number(rawValue) : null;
+                        hasSums = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (rawKey.startsWith('_avg_')) {
+                        const col = rawKey.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        avgObj[field] = rawValue !== null ? Number(rawValue) : null;
+                        hasAvgs = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (rawKey.startsWith('_min_')) {
+                        const col = rawKey.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        minObj[field] = rawValue;
+                        hasMins = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (rawKey.startsWith('_max_')) {
+                        const col = rawKey.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        maxObj[field] = rawValue;
+                        hasMaxs = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (hasSums)
+                    restructured._sum = sumObj;
+                if (hasAvgs)
+                    restructured._avg = avgObj;
+                if (hasMins)
+                    restructured._min = minObj;
+                if (hasMaxs)
+                    restructured._max = maxObj;
+                return restructured;
+            }),
+            tag: `${this.table}.groupBy`,
+        };
+    }
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // aggregate — standalone aggregation without groupBy
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    async aggregate(args) {
+        return this.executeWithMiddleware('aggregate', args, async () => {
+            const deferred = this.buildAggregate(args);
+            const result = await this.queryWithTimeout(deferred.sql, deferred.params, args.timeout, deferred.preparedName);
+            return deferred.transform(result);
+        });
+    }
+    buildAggregate(args) {
+        const { sql: whereSql, params } = args.where ? this.buildWhere(args.where) : { sql: '', params: [] };
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[this.table];
+        if (meta) {
+            for (const group of [args._sum, args._avg, args._min, args._max]) {
+                if (group && typeof group === 'object') {
+                    for (const key of Object.keys(group)) {
+                        if (!(key in meta.columnMap)) {
+                            throw new ValidationError(`Unknown column "${key}" in aggregate for table "${this.table}"`);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (args._count && typeof args._count === 'object') {
+                for (const key of Object.keys(args._count)) {
+                    if (!(key in meta.columnMap)) {
+                        throw new ValidationError(`Unknown column "${key}" in aggregate for table "${this.table}"`);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const selectExprs = [];
+        // _count
+        if (args._count === true) {
+            selectExprs.push('COUNT(*)::int AS _count');
+        }
+        else if (args._count && typeof args._count === 'object') {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._count)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`COUNT(${quoteIdent(col)})::int AS ${quoteIdent(`_count_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // _sum
+        if (args._sum) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._sum)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`SUM(${quoteIdent(col)}) AS ${quoteIdent(`_sum_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // _avg
+        if (args._avg) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._avg)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`AVG(${quoteIdent(col)})::float AS ${quoteIdent(`_avg_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // _min
+        if (args._min) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._min)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`MIN(${quoteIdent(col)}) AS ${quoteIdent(`_min_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // _max
+        if (args._max) {
+            for (const [field, enabled] of Object.entries(args._max)) {
+                if (enabled) {
+                    const col = this.toColumn(field);
+                    selectExprs.push(`MAX(${quoteIdent(col)}) AS ${quoteIdent(`_max_${col}`)}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (selectExprs.length === 0) {
+            selectExprs.push('COUNT(*)::int AS _count');
+        }
+        const sql = `SELECT ${selectExprs.join(', ')} FROM ${quoteIdent(this.table)}${whereSql}`;
+        return {
+            sql,
+            params,
+            transform: (result) => {
+                const row = result.rows[0];
+                const aggResult = {};
+                // _count
+                if (row._count !== undefined) {
+                    aggResult._count = row._count;
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Check for per-column counts
+                    const countObj = {};
+                    let hasCountFields = false;
+                    for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(row)) {
+                        if (key.startsWith('_count_')) {
+                            const col = key.slice(7);
+                            const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                            countObj[field] = val;
+                            hasCountFields = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (hasCountFields)
+                        aggResult._count = countObj;
+                }
+                // Build nested aggregate objects
+                const sumObj = {};
+                const avgObj = {};
+                const minObj = {};
+                const maxObj = {};
+                let hasSums = false, hasAvgs = false, hasMins = false, hasMaxs = false;
+                for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(row)) {
+                    if (key.startsWith('_sum_')) {
+                        const col = key.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        sumObj[field] = val !== null ? Number(val) : null;
+                        hasSums = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (key.startsWith('_avg_')) {
+                        const col = key.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        avgObj[field] = val !== null ? Number(val) : null;
+                        hasAvgs = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (key.startsWith('_min_')) {
+                        const col = key.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        minObj[field] = val;
+                        hasMins = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (key.startsWith('_max_')) {
+                        const col = key.slice(5);
+                        const field = this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col);
+                        maxObj[field] = val;
+                        hasMaxs = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (hasSums)
+                    aggResult._sum = sumObj;
+                if (hasAvgs)
+                    aggResult._avg = avgObj;
+                if (hasMins)
+                    aggResult._min = minObj;
+                if (hasMaxs)
+                    aggResult._max = maxObj;
+                return aggResult;
+            },
+            tag: `${this.table}.aggregate`,
+        };
+    }
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Internal helpers
+    // =========================================================================
+    /**
+     * Resolve select/omit options into a list of snake_case column names.
+     * Returns null if neither is provided (meaning all columns).
+     */
+    resolveColumns(select, omit) {
+        if (select) {
+            // Only include columns where value is true
+            return Object.entries(select)
+                .filter(([, v]) => v)
+                .map(([k]) => this.toColumn(k));
+        }
+        if (omit) {
+            // Include all columns except those where value is true
+            const omitCols = new Set(Object.entries(omit)
+                .filter(([, v]) => v)
+                .map(([k]) => this.toColumn(k)));
+            return this.tableMeta.allColumns.filter((col) => !omitCols.has(col));
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    /** Convert camelCase field name to snake_case column name (unquoted, for non-SQL uses) */
+    toColumn(field) {
+        const mapped = this.tableMeta.columnMap[field];
+        if (mapped)
+            return mapped;
+        // Fall back to camelToSnake ONLY if that snake_cased name also exists as a
+        // real column on the table. This preserves the convenience of writing
+        // `userId` when the schema exposes `user_id` under an unusual field name,
+        // but rejects arbitrary strings — closing the defense-in-depth gap for
+        // SQL injection and catching typos like `where: { emial: 'x' }` with a
+        // clear error instead of a cryptic Postgres "column does not exist".
+        const snake = camelToSnake(field);
+        if (this.tableMeta.reverseColumnMap?.[snake]) {
+            return snake;
+        }
+        if (this.tableMeta.allColumns?.includes(snake)) {
+            return snake;
+        }
+        throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Unknown field "${field}" on table "${this.table}". ` +
+            `Known fields: ${Object.keys(this.tableMeta.columnMap).join(', ') || '(none)'}.`);
+    }
+    /** Convert camelCase field name to a double-quoted SQL identifier */
+    toSqlColumn(field) {
+        return quoteIdent(this.toColumn(field));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build a single SET clause entry for update/updateMany.
+     *
+     * Supports plain values and atomic operator objects ({ set, increment,
+     * decrement, multiply, divide }). An operator object is detected ONLY when
+     * it has EXACTLY one key that is one of the 5 operator keys — this avoids
+     * misinterpreting JSON column values like `{ set: 'x' }` as operators
+     * (real operator objects always have exactly one key, and a plain JSON
+     * payload that happens to have a single `set` key is extremely unusual).
+     * Multi-key objects are always treated as plain (JSON) values.
+     *
+     * Returns the SQL fragment (e.g., `"view_count" = "view_count" + $3`) and
+     * pushes any required params onto the shared params array so that WHERE
+     * clause numbering continues correctly afterward.
+     */
+    buildSetClause(key, value, params) {
+        const col = this.toSqlColumn(key);
+        // Detect atomic-operator object: plain object (not null, not array, not
+        // Date, not Buffer) with EXACTLY one key matching an operator name.
+        if (value !== null &&
+            typeof value === 'object' &&
+            !Array.isArray(value) &&
+            !(value instanceof Date) &&
+            !Buffer.isBuffer(value)) {
+            const v = value;
+            const keys = Object.keys(v);
+            if (keys.length === 1 && UPDATE_OPERATOR_KEYS.has(keys[0])) {
+                const op = keys[0];
+                const opValue = v[op];
+                if (op === 'set') {
+                    params.push(opValue);
+                    return `${col} = $${params.length}`;
+                }
+                // Arithmetic operators: must be finite numbers
+                if (typeof opValue !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(opValue)) {
+                    throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] update operator "${op}" on "${this.table}.${key}" requires a finite number, got ${typeof opValue}`);
+                }
+                if (op === 'increment') {
+                    params.push(opValue);
+                    return `${col} = ${col} + $${params.length}`;
+                }
+                if (op === 'decrement') {
+                    params.push(opValue);
+                    return `${col} = ${col} - $${params.length}`;
+                }
+                if (op === 'multiply') {
+                    params.push(opValue);
+                    return `${col} = ${col} * $${params.length}`;
+                }
+                if (op === 'divide') {
+                    params.push(opValue);
+                    return `${col} = ${col} / $${params.length}`;
+                }
+            }
+            // Fall through: multi-key objects or non-operator single-key objects
+            // are treated as plain values (e.g., JSONB column payloads).
+        }
+        // Plain value (including null, Date, Buffer, arrays, JSON objects)
+        params.push(value);
+        return `${col} = $${params.length}`;
+    }
+    // =========================================================================
+    // Fingerprinting — value-invariant shape keys for SQL cache lookup
+    // =========================================================================
+    /**
+     * Produce a value-invariant fingerprint of a where clause.
+     * Same keys + same operator shapes + same combinator structure => same string.
+     * Different values (e.g. id=1 vs id=999) => identical fingerprint.
+     *
+     * @internal Exposed as package-private for testing via class access.
+     */
+    fingerprintWhere(where) {
+        const keys = Object.keys(where)
+            .filter((k) => where[k] !== undefined)
+            .sort();
+        if (keys.length === 0)
+            return '';
+        const parts = [];
+        for (const key of keys) {
+            const value = where[key];
+            if (value === undefined)
+                continue;
+            if (key === 'OR') {
+                const orArr = value;
+                if (!Array.isArray(orArr) || orArr.length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                const orParts = orArr.map((cond) => this.fingerprintWhere(cond));
+                parts.push(`OR[${orParts.join(',')}]`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (key === 'AND') {
+                const andArr = value;
+                if (!Array.isArray(andArr) || andArr.length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                const andParts = andArr.map((cond) => this.fingerprintWhere(cond));
+                parts.push(`AND[${andParts.join(',')}]`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (key === 'NOT') {
+                const notCond = value;
+                parts.push(`NOT(${this.fingerprintWhere(notCond)})`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Relation filters: { posts: { some: { published: true } } }
+            const relDef = this.tableMeta.relations[key];
+            if (relDef && typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+                const filterObj = value;
+                if ('some' in filterObj || 'every' in filterObj || 'none' in filterObj) {
+                    const relParts = [];
+                    if (filterObj.some !== undefined)
+                        relParts.push(`some(${this.fingerprintRelFilter(relDef.to, filterObj.some)})`);
+                    if (filterObj.every !== undefined)
+                        relParts.push(`every(${this.fingerprintRelFilter(relDef.to, filterObj.every)})`);
+                    if (filterObj.none !== undefined)
+                        relParts.push(`none(${this.fingerprintRelFilter(relDef.to, filterObj.none)})`);
+                    parts.push(`${key}:{${relParts.join(',')}}`);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            // null → distinct from value
+            if (value === null) {
+                parts.push(`${key}:null`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Operator objects
+            if (isWhereOperator(value)) {
+                const opKeys = Object.keys(value)
+                    .filter((k) => k !== 'mode')
+                    .sort();
+                const mode = value.mode;
+                const modeStr = mode === 'insensitive' ? ':i' : '';
+                parts.push(`${key}:op(${opKeys.join(',')}${modeStr})`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // JSON filter
+            if (typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && isJsonFilter(value)) {
+                const jKeys = Object.keys(value).sort();
+                parts.push(`${key}:json(${jKeys.join(',')})`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Array filter
+            if (typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && isArrayFilter(value)) {
+                const aKeys = Object.keys(value).sort();
+                parts.push(`${key}:arr(${aKeys.join(',')})`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Plain equality
+            parts.push(`${key}:eq`);
+        }
+        return parts.join('&');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Fingerprint a relation filter sub-where for some/every/none.
+     */
+    fingerprintRelFilter(_targetTable, subWhere) {
+        const keys = Object.keys(subWhere)
+            .filter((k) => subWhere[k] !== undefined)
+            .sort();
+        if (keys.length === 0)
+            return '';
+        const parts = [];
+        for (const key of keys) {
+            const value = subWhere[key];
+            if (value === undefined)
+                continue;
+            if (value === null) {
+                parts.push(`${key}:null`);
+            }
+            else if (isWhereOperator(value)) {
+                const opKeys = Object.keys(value)
+                    .filter((k) => k !== 'mode')
+                    .sort();
+                const mode = value.mode;
+                const modeStr = mode === 'insensitive' ? ':i' : '';
+                parts.push(`${key}:op(${opKeys.join(',')}${modeStr})`);
+            }
+            else {
+                parts.push(`${key}:eq`);
+            }
+        }
+        return parts.join('&');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Walk a where clause and push ONLY values into `params`, in the EXACT same
+     * order that `buildWhereClause` pushes them. Used on cache hit to fill params
+     * without rebuilding SQL.
+     *
+     * @internal Exposed as package-private for testing.
+     */
+    collectWhereParams(where, params) {
+        const keys = Object.keys(where);
+        for (const key of keys) {
+            const value = where[key];
+            if (value === undefined)
+                continue;
+            if (key === 'OR') {
+                const orConditions = value;
+                if (!Array.isArray(orConditions) || orConditions.length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                for (const orCond of orConditions) {
+                    this.collectWhereParams(orCond, params);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (key === 'AND') {
+                const andConditions = value;
+                if (!Array.isArray(andConditions) || andConditions.length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                for (const andCond of andConditions) {
+                    this.collectWhereParams(andCond, params);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (key === 'NOT') {
+                const notCond = value;
+                this.collectWhereParams(notCond, params);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Relation filters
+            const relationDef = this.tableMeta.relations[key];
+            if (relationDef && typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+                const filterObj = value;
+                if ('some' in filterObj || 'every' in filterObj || 'none' in filterObj) {
+                    if (filterObj.some !== undefined)
+                        this.collectRelFilterParams(relationDef.to, filterObj.some, params);
+                    if (filterObj.none !== undefined)
+                        this.collectRelFilterParams(relationDef.to, filterObj.none, params);
+                    if (filterObj.every !== undefined)
+                        this.collectRelFilterParams(relationDef.to, filterObj.every, params);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            // null → no param pushed (IS NULL is parameterless)
+            if (value === null)
+                continue;
+            const rawColumn = this.toColumn(key);
+            // JSONB filter
+            if (typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && isJsonFilter(value)) {
+                const colType = this.getColumnPgType(rawColumn);
+                if (colType === 'json' || colType === 'jsonb') {
+                    this.collectJsonFilterParams(value, params);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            // Array filter
+            if (typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && isArrayFilter(value)) {
+                const colType = this.getColumnPgType(rawColumn);
+                if (colType.startsWith('_')) {
+                    this.collectArrayFilterParams(value, params);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            // Operator objects
+            if (isWhereOperator(value)) {
+                this.collectOperatorParams(value, params);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Plain equality
+            params.push(value);
+        }
+    }
+    /** Collect params from a relation filter sub-where. Mirrors buildSubWhereForRelation. */
+    collectRelFilterParams(targetTable, subWhere, params) {
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[targetTable];
+        if (!meta)
+            return;
+        for (const [_field, value] of Object.entries(subWhere)) {
+            if (value === undefined)
+                continue;
+            if (value === null)
+                continue;
+            if (isWhereOperator(value)) {
+                this.collectOperatorParams(value, params);
+                continue;
+            }
+            params.push(value);
+        }
+    }
+    /** Collect params from operator clauses. Mirrors buildOperatorClauses. */
+    collectOperatorParams(op, params) {
+        if (op.gt !== undefined)
+            params.push(op.gt);
+        if (op.gte !== undefined)
+            params.push(op.gte);
+        if (op.lt !== undefined)
+            params.push(op.lt);
+        if (op.lte !== undefined)
+            params.push(op.lte);
+        if (op.not !== undefined && op.not !== null)
+            params.push(op.not);
+        if (op.in !== undefined)
+            params.push(op.in);
+        if (op.notIn !== undefined)
+            params.push(op.notIn);
+        if (op.contains !== undefined)
+            params.push(`%${escapeLike(op.contains)}%`);
+        if (op.startsWith !== undefined)
+            params.push(`${escapeLike(op.startsWith)}%`);
+        if (op.endsWith !== undefined)
+            params.push(`%${escapeLike(op.endsWith)}`);
+    }
+    /** Collect params from JSON filter. Mirrors buildJsonFilterClauses. */
+    collectJsonFilterParams(filter, params) {
+        if (filter.path !== undefined && filter.equals !== undefined) {
+            params.push(filter.path);
+            params.push(String(filter.equals));
+        }
+        else if (filter.equals !== undefined) {
+            params.push(JSON.stringify(filter.equals));
+        }
+        if (filter.contains !== undefined) {
+            params.push(JSON.stringify(filter.contains));
+        }
+        if (filter.hasKey !== undefined) {
+            params.push(filter.hasKey);
+        }
+    }
+    /** Collect params from array filter. Mirrors buildArrayFilterClauses. */
+    collectArrayFilterParams(filter, params) {
+        if (filter.has !== undefined)
+            params.push(filter.has);
+        if (filter.hasEvery !== undefined)
+            params.push(filter.hasEvery);
+        if (filter.hasSome !== undefined)
+            params.push(filter.hasSome);
+        // isEmpty has no params (IS NULL / IS NOT NULL)
+    }
+    /**
+     * Produce a fingerprint for a `with` clause tree. Recursion mirrors
+     * buildSelectWithRelations / buildRelationSubquery.
+     *
+     * @internal Exposed as package-private for testing.
+     */
+    withFingerprint(withClause, table, depth = 0) {
+        if (!withClause)
+            return '';
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[table ?? this.table];
+        if (!meta)
+            return '';
+        const relNames = Object.keys(withClause).sort();
+        const parts = [];
+        for (const relName of relNames) {
+            const spec = withClause[relName];
+            if (!spec)
+                continue;
+            const relDef = meta.relations[relName];
+            if (!relDef)
+                continue;
+            if (spec === true) {
+                parts.push(relName);
+                continue;
+            }
+            const opts = spec;
+            const subParts = [];
+            // select/omit shape
+            if (opts.select) {
+                const selKeys = Object.entries(opts.select)
+                    .filter(([, v]) => v)
+                    .map(([k]) => k)
+                    .sort();
+                subParts.push(`sl=${selKeys.join(',')}`);
+            }
+            if (opts.omit) {
+                const omKeys = Object.entries(opts.omit)
+                    .filter(([, v]) => v)
+                    .map(([k]) => k)
+                    .sort();
+                subParts.push(`om=${omKeys.join(',')}`);
+            }
+            // where shape (value-invariant)
+            if (opts.where) {
+                // Use a target-table QI if possible, or a simplified fingerprint
+                const wKeys = Object.keys(opts.where)
+                    .filter((k) => opts.where[k] !== undefined)
+                    .sort();
+                subParts.push(`w=${wKeys.join(',')}`);
+            }
+            // orderBy shape
+            if (opts.orderBy) {
+                const oEntries = Object.entries(opts.orderBy).map(([k, d]) => `${k}:${d}`);
+                subParts.push(`o=${oEntries.join(',')}`);
+            }
+            // limit presence
+            if (opts.limit !== undefined) {
+                subParts.push('l=1');
+            }
+            // nested with (recurse)
+            if (opts.with) {
+                const nested = this.withFingerprint(opts.with, relDef.to, depth + 1);
+                if (nested)
+                    subParts.push(`W=(${nested})`);
+            }
+            parts.push(subParts.length > 0 ? `${relName}/{${subParts.join('/')}}` : relName);
+        }
+        return parts.join('|');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Collect params from a `with` clause tree. Mirrors buildSelectWithRelations +
+     * buildRelationSubquery param-push order.
+     */
+    collectWithParams(withClause, params, table) {
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[table ?? this.table];
+        if (!meta)
+            return;
+        for (const [relName, relSpec] of Object.entries(withClause)) {
+            const relDef = meta.relations[relName];
+            if (!relDef)
+                continue;
+            this.collectRelationSubqueryParams(relDef, relSpec, params, table ?? this.table);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Collect params from a single relation subquery. Mirrors buildRelationSubquery.
+     */
+    collectRelationSubqueryParams(relDef, spec, params, _parentRef, depth = 0) {
+        if (spec === true)
+            return; // No params for default include
+        const targetTable = relDef.to;
+        const targetMeta = this.schema.tables[targetTable];
+        if (!targetMeta)
+            return;
+        const willWrap = relDef.type === 'hasMany' && (spec.limit !== undefined || spec.orderBy !== undefined);
+        // Non-wrapped path: nested relations BEFORE where/limit
+        if (!willWrap && spec.with) {
+            for (const [nestedRelName, nestedSpec] of Object.entries(spec.with)) {
+                const nestedRelDef = targetMeta.relations[nestedRelName];
+                if (!nestedRelDef)
+                    continue;
+                this.collectRelationSubqueryParams(nestedRelDef, nestedSpec, params, 'alias', depth + 1);
+            }
+        }
+        // where params
+        if (spec.where) {
+            for (const [, v] of Object.entries(spec.where)) {
+                params.push(v);
+            }
+        }
+        // limit param
+        if (spec.limit) {
+            params.push(Number(spec.limit));
+        }
+        // Wrapped path: nested relations AFTER where/limit (inside inner subquery)
+        if (willWrap && spec.with) {
+            for (const [nestedRelName, nestedSpec] of Object.entries(spec.with)) {
+                const nestedRelDef = targetMeta.relations[nestedRelName];
+                if (!nestedRelDef)
+                    continue;
+                this.collectRelationSubqueryParams(nestedRelDef, nestedSpec, params, 'innerAlias', depth + 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Fingerprint SET clauses for update/updateMany.
+     * Captures key names + operator types (set/increment/etc) but not values.
+     */
+    fingerprintSet(data) {
+        const entries = Object.entries(data).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+        const parts = [];
+        for (const [k, v] of entries) {
+            if (v !== null &&
+                typeof v === 'object' &&
+                !Array.isArray(v) &&
+                !(v instanceof Date) &&
+                !(typeof Buffer !== 'undefined' && Buffer.isBuffer(v))) {
+                const keys = Object.keys(v);
+                if (keys.length === 1 && UPDATE_OPERATOR_KEYS.has(keys[0])) {
+                    parts.push(`${k}:${keys[0]}`);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            parts.push(`${k}:eq`);
+        }
+        return parts.join(',');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Collect SET params for update/updateMany. Mirrors buildSetClause param order.
+     */
+    collectSetParams(data, params) {
+        const entries = Object.entries(data).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined);
+        for (const [, v] of entries) {
+            if (v !== null &&
+                typeof v === 'object' &&
+                !Array.isArray(v) &&
+                !(v instanceof Date) &&
+                !(typeof Buffer !== 'undefined' && Buffer.isBuffer(v))) {
+                const obj = v;
+                const keys = Object.keys(obj);
+                if (keys.length === 1 && UPDATE_OPERATOR_KEYS.has(keys[0])) {
+                    params.push(obj[keys[0]]);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            params.push(v);
+        }
+    }
+    /** Build WHERE clause from a where object (supports operators, NULL, OR) */
+    buildWhere(where) {
+        const params = [];
+        const clause = this.buildWhereClause(where, params);
+        if (!clause)
+            return { sql: '', params: [] };
+        return { sql: ` WHERE ${clause}`, params };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Refuse mutations with an empty predicate unless explicitly opted in.
+     *
+     * An empty `where` (e.g. `{}` or `{ id: undefined }`) resolves to a
+     * mutation with no filter — a common footgun when a caller's filter
+     * value accidentally resolves to `undefined`. This guard throws
+     * `ValidationError` in that case unless `allowFullTableScan: true`.
+     */
+    assertMutationHasPredicate(operation, whereSql, allowFullTableScan) {
+        if (whereSql.length > 0)
+            return;
+        if (allowFullTableScan === true)
+            return;
+        throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] ${operation} on "${this.table}" refused: the \`where\` clause is empty. ` +
+            `Pass \`allowFullTableScan: true\` to opt in, or check that your filter values are defined.`);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build the inner WHERE expression (without the WHERE keyword).
+     * Returns null if no conditions exist.
+     * Supports: equality, operators, NULL, OR, AND, NOT, relation filters (some/every/none).
+     */
+    buildWhereClause(where, params) {
+        const keys = Object.keys(where);
+        if (keys.length === 0)
+            return null;
+        const andClauses = [];
+        for (const key of keys) {
+            const value = where[key];
+            if (value === undefined)
+                continue;
+            // Handle OR special key
+            if (key === 'OR') {
+                const orConditions = value;
+                if (!Array.isArray(orConditions) || orConditions.length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                const orClauses = [];
+                for (const orCond of orConditions) {
+                    const sub = this.buildWhereClause(orCond, params);
+                    if (sub)
+                        orClauses.push(sub);
+                }
+                if (orClauses.length > 0) {
+                    andClauses.push(`(${orClauses.join(' OR ')})`);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Handle AND special key
+            if (key === 'AND') {
+                const andConditions = value;
+                if (!Array.isArray(andConditions) || andConditions.length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                for (const andCond of andConditions) {
+                    const sub = this.buildWhereClause(andCond, params);
+                    if (sub)
+                        andClauses.push(sub);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Handle NOT special key
+            if (key === 'NOT') {
+                const notCond = value;
+                const sub = this.buildWhereClause(notCond, params);
+                if (sub)
+                    andClauses.push(`NOT (${sub})`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Handle relation filters: { posts: { some: { published: true } } }
+            const relationDef = this.tableMeta.relations[key];
+            if (relationDef && typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+                const filterObj = value;
+                // Check if this is a relation filter (has some/every/none keys)
+                if ('some' in filterObj || 'every' in filterObj || 'none' in filterObj) {
+                    const relClause = this.buildRelationFilter(key, relationDef, filterObj, params);
+                    if (relClause)
+                        andClauses.push(relClause);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            const rawColumn = this.toColumn(key);
+            const column = quoteIdent(rawColumn);
+            // Handle null → IS NULL
+            if (value === null) {
+                andClauses.push(`${column} IS NULL`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Handle JSONB filter operators (for json/jsonb columns)
+            if (typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && isJsonFilter(value)) {
+                const colType = this.getColumnPgType(rawColumn);
+                if (colType === 'json' || colType === 'jsonb') {
+                    const jsonClauses = this.buildJsonFilterClauses(column, value, params);
+                    andClauses.push(...jsonClauses);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Strict validation: a JSON-only operator on a non-JSON column was almost
+                // certainly a typo or schema mismatch. Silently falling through to plain
+                // equality (the previous behaviour) wasted hours of debugging time. Only
+                // throw when the operator is unambiguously JSON-specific — `contains` is
+                // shared with WhereOperator's LIKE so it must continue to fall through.
+                const jsonKey = findJsonUniqueKey(value);
+                if (jsonKey) {
+                    throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Column "${rawColumn}" on table "${this.table}" is not a JSON column ` +
+                        `(actual type: ${colType}); cannot apply JSON operator '${jsonKey}'.`);
+                }
+            }
+            // Handle Array filter operators (for array columns)
+            if (typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && isArrayFilter(value)) {
+                const colType = this.getColumnPgType(rawColumn);
+                if (colType.startsWith('_')) {
+                    const arrayClauses = this.buildArrayFilterClauses(column, value, params, colType);
+                    andClauses.push(...arrayClauses);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Strict validation: array operators (`has`, `hasEvery`, ...) on a
+                // non-array column always indicate a mistake. None of these keys
+                // overlap with other filter shapes so we can throw unconditionally.
+                const arrayKey = findArrayUniqueKey(value);
+                if (arrayKey) {
+                    throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Column "${rawColumn}" on table "${this.table}" is not an array column ` +
+                        `(actual type: ${colType}); cannot apply array operator '${arrayKey}'.`);
+                }
+            }
+            // Handle operator objects
+            if (isWhereOperator(value)) {
+                const opClauses = this.buildOperatorClauses(column, value, params);
+                andClauses.push(...opClauses);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Plain equality
+            params.push(value);
+            andClauses.push(`${column} = $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        if (andClauses.length === 0)
+            return null;
+        return andClauses.join(' AND ');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build relation filter SQL: WHERE EXISTS / NOT EXISTS subquery
+     * Supports: some (EXISTS), every (NOT EXISTS ... NOT), none (NOT EXISTS)
+     */
+    buildRelationFilter(_relName, relDef, filterObj, params) {
+        const targetTable = relDef.to;
+        const targetMeta = this.schema.tables[targetTable];
+        if (!targetMeta)
+            return null;
+        const qt = quoteIdent(targetTable);
+        const qSelf = quoteIdent(this.table);
+        const clauses = [];
+        // Correlation: link child table to parent table (supports composite FKs)
+        let correlation;
+        if (relDef.type === 'hasMany' || relDef.type === 'hasOne') {
+            // parent.pk = child.fk
+            correlation = buildCorrelation(qt, relDef.foreignKey, qSelf, relDef.referenceKey);
+        }
+        else {
+            // belongsTo: parent.fk = child.pk
+            correlation = buildCorrelation(qt, relDef.referenceKey, qSelf, relDef.foreignKey);
+        }
+        // "some": EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM target WHERE correlation AND filter)
+        if (filterObj.some !== undefined) {
+            const subWhere = filterObj.some;
+            const filterClause = this.buildSubWhereForRelation(targetTable, subWhere, params);
+            const fullWhere = filterClause ? `${correlation} AND ${filterClause}` : correlation;
+            clauses.push(`EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ${qt} WHERE ${fullWhere})`);
+        }
+        // "none": NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM target WHERE correlation AND filter)
+        if (filterObj.none !== undefined) {
+            const subWhere = filterObj.none;
+            const filterClause = this.buildSubWhereForRelation(targetTable, subWhere, params);
+            const fullWhere = filterClause ? `${correlation} AND ${filterClause}` : correlation;
+            clauses.push(`NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ${qt} WHERE ${fullWhere})`);
+        }
+        // "every": NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM target WHERE correlation AND NOT (filter))
+        if (filterObj.every !== undefined) {
+            const subWhere = filterObj.every;
+            const filterClause = this.buildSubWhereForRelation(targetTable, subWhere, params);
+            if (filterClause) {
+                clauses.push(`NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ${qt} WHERE ${correlation} AND NOT (${filterClause}))`);
+            }
+            else {
+                // "every" with empty filter = true (all match trivially)
+            }
+        }
+        return clauses.length > 0 ? clauses.join(' AND ') : null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build WHERE clause conditions for a relation filter subquery.
+     * Uses the target table's column mapping to resolve field names.
+     */
+    buildSubWhereForRelation(targetTable, subWhere, params) {
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[targetTable];
+        if (!meta)
+            return null;
+        const qt = quoteIdent(targetTable);
+        const conditions = [];
+        for (const [field, value] of Object.entries(subWhere)) {
+            if (value === undefined)
+                continue;
+            const col = meta.columnMap[field] ?? camelToSnake(field);
+            if (!meta.allColumns.includes(col)) {
+                throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Unknown field "${field}" in relation filter for table "${targetTable}". ` +
+                    `Known fields: ${Object.keys(meta.columnMap).join(', ') || '(none)'}.`);
+            }
+            const qCol = `${qt}.${quoteIdent(col)}`;
+            if (value === null) {
+                conditions.push(`${qCol} IS NULL`);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (isWhereOperator(value)) {
+                const opClauses = this.buildOperatorClauses(qCol, value, params);
+                conditions.push(...opClauses);
+                continue;
+            }
+            params.push(value);
+            conditions.push(`${qCol} = $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        return conditions.length > 0 ? conditions.join(' AND ') : null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build SQL clauses for a single operator object on a column.
+     * Each operator key becomes its own clause, all ANDed together.
+     */
+    buildOperatorClauses(column, op, params) {
+        const clauses = [];
+        if (op.gt !== undefined) {
+            params.push(op.gt);
+            clauses.push(`${column} > $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        if (op.gte !== undefined) {
+            params.push(op.gte);
+            clauses.push(`${column} >= $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        if (op.lt !== undefined) {
+            params.push(op.lt);
+            clauses.push(`${column} < $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        if (op.lte !== undefined) {
+            params.push(op.lte);
+            clauses.push(`${column} <= $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        if (op.not !== undefined) {
+            if (op.not === null) {
+                clauses.push(`${column} IS NOT NULL`);
+            }
+            else {
+                params.push(op.not);
+                clauses.push(`${column} != $${params.length}`);
+            }
+        }
+        if (op.in !== undefined) {
+            params.push(op.in);
+            clauses.push(`${column} = ANY($${params.length})`);
+        }
+        if (op.notIn !== undefined) {
+            params.push(op.notIn);
+            clauses.push(`${column} != ALL($${params.length})`);
+        }
+        // Use ILIKE for case-insensitive mode, LIKE otherwise
+        const likeOp = op.mode === 'insensitive' ? 'ILIKE' : 'LIKE';
+        if (op.contains !== undefined) {
+            params.push(`%${escapeLike(op.contains)}%`);
+            clauses.push(`${column} ${likeOp} $${params.length} ESCAPE '\\'`);
+        }
+        if (op.startsWith !== undefined) {
+            params.push(`${escapeLike(op.startsWith)}%`);
+            clauses.push(`${column} ${likeOp} $${params.length} ESCAPE '\\'`);
+        }
+        if (op.endsWith !== undefined) {
+            params.push(`%${escapeLike(op.endsWith)}`);
+            clauses.push(`${column} ${likeOp} $${params.length} ESCAPE '\\'`);
+        }
+        return clauses;
+    }
+    /** Build ORDER BY clause from an object */
+    buildOrderBy(orderBy) {
+        // Dev-only: validate that orderBy fields exist in the table schema
+        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
+            for (const key of Object.keys(orderBy)) {
+                const snakeKey = camelToSnake(key);
+                if (!this.tableMeta.columns.some((c) => c.name === snakeKey) && !(key in this.tableMeta.columnMap)) {
+                    console.warn(`[turbine] Unknown orderBy field "${key}" for table "${this.tableMeta.name}". ` +
+                        'This will cause a runtime error.');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[this.table];
+        return Object.entries(orderBy)
+            .map(([key, dir]) => {
+            if (meta && !(key in meta.columnMap)) {
+                throw new ValidationError(`Unknown column "${key}" in orderBy for table "${this.table}"`);
+            }
+            const safeDir = dir.toLowerCase() === 'desc' ? 'DESC' : 'ASC';
+            return `${this.toSqlColumn(key)} ${safeDir}`;
+        })
+            .join(', ');
+    }
+    /** Parse a flat row: convert snake_case to camelCase + Date coercion */
+    parseRow(row, table) {
+        const parsed = {};
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[table];
+        if (meta) {
+            // Fast path: use pre-computed maps (avoids regex per column per row)
+            const reverseMap = meta.reverseColumnMap;
+            const dateCols = meta.dateColumns;
+            const keys = Object.keys(row);
+            for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+                const col = keys[i];
+                const value = row[col];
+                const field = reverseMap[col] ?? col; // fall back to raw col name, not regex
+                if (dateCols.has(col) && value !== null && !(value instanceof Date)) {
+                    parsed[field] = new Date(value);
+                }
+                else {
+                    parsed[field] = value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            // Fallback: no metadata, use regex conversion
+            for (const [col, value] of Object.entries(row)) {
+                parsed[snakeToCamel(col)] = value;
+            }
+        }
+        return parsed;
+    }
+    /** Parse a row that may contain JSON nested relation columns */
+    parseNestedRow(row, table) {
+        const parsed = this.parseRow(row, table);
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[table];
+        if (!meta)
+            return parsed;
+        for (const [relName, relDef] of Object.entries(meta.relations)) {
+            const rawValue = row[relName];
+            if (rawValue === undefined)
+                continue;
+            // --- Short-circuit: skip JSON.parse for common empty/null cases ---
+            // hasMany returns '[]' (from COALESCE(..., '[]'::json)); belongsTo/hasOne returns null
+            if (rawValue === null || rawValue === 'null') {
+                parsed[relName] = null;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (rawValue === '[]') {
+                parsed[relName] = [];
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (Array.isArray(rawValue) && rawValue.length === 0) {
+                parsed[relName] = [];
+                continue;
+            }
+            // --- Non-empty values: full parse path ---
+            if (typeof rawValue === 'string') {
+                try {
+                    const jsonVal = JSON.parse(rawValue);
+                    // After parsing, apply parseRow to each item for snake→camel + date coercion
+                    if (Array.isArray(jsonVal)) {
+                        parsed[relName] = jsonVal.map((item) => typeof item === 'object' && item !== null
+                            ? this.parseRow(item, relDef.to)
+                            : item);
+                    }
+                    else if (typeof jsonVal === 'object' && jsonVal !== null) {
+                        parsed[relName] = this.parseRow(jsonVal, relDef.to);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        parsed[relName] = jsonVal;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch {
+                    console.warn(`[turbine] Warning: Failed to parse JSON for relation "${relName}" on table "${this.table}". Using raw value.`);
+                    parsed[relName] = rawValue;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (Array.isArray(rawValue)) {
+                parsed[relName] = rawValue.map((item) => typeof item === 'object' && item !== null ? this.parseRow(item, relDef.to) : item);
+            }
+            else if (typeof rawValue === 'object' && rawValue !== null) {
+                parsed[relName] = this.parseRow(rawValue, relDef.to);
+            }
+            else {
+                parsed[relName] = rawValue;
+            }
+        }
+        return parsed;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build a SELECT clause that includes both base columns and nested relation subqueries.
+     *
+     * For each relation specified in the `with` clause, this method generates a correlated
+     * subquery using PostgreSQL's `json_agg(json_build_object(...))` pattern. The result
+     * is a single SQL SELECT clause that resolves the full object tree in one query --
+     * no N+1 problem.
+     *
+     * **How it works:**
+     * 1. Resolves the base columns for the root table (all columns, or a subset via `columnsList`).
+     * 2. Iterates over each key in the `with` clause, looking up the relation definition.
+     * 3. For each relation, delegates to {@link buildRelationSubquery} to generate a
+     *    correlated subquery that returns JSON (array for hasMany, object for belongsTo/hasOne).
+     * 4. Each subquery is aliased as the relation name in the final SELECT.
+     *
+     * **aliasCounter:** A shared `{ n: number }` object is passed through all nesting levels.
+     * Each call to `buildRelationSubquery` increments it to produce unique table aliases
+     * (`t0`, `t1`, `t2`, ...) across arbitrarily deep relation trees, preventing alias
+     * collisions in the generated SQL.
+     *
+     * **Example output:**
+     * ```sql
+     * "users"."id", "users"."name", "users"."email",
+     * (SELECT COALESCE(json_agg(json_build_object('id', t0."id", 'title', t0."title")), '[]'::json)
+     *   FROM "posts" t0 WHERE t0."user_id" = "users"."id") AS "posts"
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param table - The root table name (e.g. `"users"`).
+     * @param withClause - An object mapping relation names to their include specs
+     *                     (`true` for default inclusion, or `WithOptions` for select/omit/where/orderBy/limit).
+     * @param params - Shared parameter array for parameterized values (`$1`, `$2`, ...).
+     *                 Nested where/limit values are pushed here to prevent SQL injection.
+     * @param columnsList - Optional subset of columns to include in the SELECT. When `null`
+     *                      or omitted, all columns from the table's schema metadata are used.
+     * @param depth - Current nesting depth, passed through to {@link buildRelationSubquery}
+     *                for circular-relation detection. Defaults to `0` at the top level.
+     * @param path - Breadcrumb trail of relation names traversed so far, used in error
+     *               messages when circular or too-deep nesting is detected.
+     * @returns A complete SELECT clause string (without the `SELECT` keyword) containing
+     *          base columns and relation subqueries.
+     */
+    buildSelectWithRelations(table, withClause, params, columnsList, depth, path) {
+        const meta = this.schema.tables[table];
+        if (!meta)
+            throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Unknown table "${table}"`);
+        const cols = columnsList ?? meta.allColumns;
+        const qtbl = quoteIdent(table);
+        const baseCols = cols.map((col) => `${qtbl}.${quoteIdent(col)}`).join(', ');
+        const relationSelects = [];
+        const aliasCounter = { n: 0 };
+        for (const [relName, relSpec] of Object.entries(withClause)) {
+            const relDef = meta.relations[relName];
+            if (!relDef) {
+                throw new RelationError(`[turbine] Unknown relation "${relName}" on table "${table}". ` +
+                    `Available: ${Object.keys(meta.relations).join(', ')}`);
+            }
+            // The main table is not aliased, so pass table name as parentRef
+            const subquery = this.buildRelationSubquery(relDef, relSpec, params, table, aliasCounter, depth, path);
+            relationSelects.push(`(${subquery}) AS ${quoteIdent(relName)}`);
+        }
+        return [baseCols, ...relationSelects].join(', ');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Generate a correlated subquery that returns JSON for a single relation.
+     *
+     * This is the core of Turbine's single-query nested relation strategy. For a given
+     * relation (e.g. `posts` on a `users` query), it produces a self-contained SQL subquery
+     * that PostgreSQL evaluates per parent row, returning either a JSON array (hasMany) or
+     * a single JSON object (belongsTo / hasOne).
+     *
+     * ### Algorithm overview
+     *
+     * 1. **Alias generation:** Allocates a unique alias (`t0`, `t1`, ...) from the shared
+     *    `aliasCounter` so that deeply nested subqueries never collide.
+     *
+     * 2. **Column resolution:** Honors `select` / `omit` options to control which columns
+     *    appear in the output JSON.
+     *
+     * 3. **`json_build_object`:** Builds a JSON object for each row by mapping camelCase
+     *    field names to their column values:
+     *    ```sql
+     *    json_build_object('id', t0."id", 'title', t0."title", 'createdAt', t0."created_at")
+     *    ```
+     *
+     * 4. **`json_agg` wrapping (hasMany):** For one-to-many relations, wraps the
+     *    `json_build_object` call in `json_agg(...)` to aggregate all matching child rows
+     *    into a JSON array. Uses `COALESCE(..., '[]'::json)` so the result is never NULL.
+     *    For belongsTo / hasOne, no aggregation is used -- just the single JSON object
+     *    with `LIMIT 1`.
+     *
+     * 5. **Correlation (WHERE clause):** Links the subquery to the parent row:
+     *    - **hasMany:** `alias.foreignKey = parentRef.referenceKey`
+     *      (e.g. `t0."user_id" = "users"."id"` -- child FK points to parent PK)
+     *    - **belongsTo / hasOne:** `alias.referenceKey = parentRef.foreignKey`
+     *      (e.g. `t0."id" = "posts"."author_id"` -- parent FK points to child PK)
+     *
+     * 6. **Recursion:** If the spec includes a nested `with` clause, this method calls
+     *    itself recursively for each nested relation, passing the current alias as
+     *    `parentRef`. The nested subquery appears as an additional key in the
+     *    `json_build_object` call, wrapped in `COALESCE(..., '[]'::json)`.
+     *    Depth is incremented and capped at 10 to guard against circular relations.
+     *
+     * 7. **LIMIT / ORDER BY wrapping:** For hasMany relations with `limit` or `orderBy`,
+     *    the query is restructured into a two-level form:
+     *    ```sql
+     *    SELECT COALESCE(json_agg(json_build_object(...)), '[]'::json)
+     *    FROM (
+     *      SELECT t0.* FROM "posts" t0
+     *      WHERE t0."user_id" = "users"."id"
+     *      ORDER BY t0."created_at" DESC
+     *      LIMIT $1
+     *    ) t0i
+     *    ```
+     *    This ensures LIMIT and ORDER BY apply to the raw rows *before* `json_agg`
+     *    aggregation. Without the inner subquery, LIMIT would be meaningless because
+     *    `json_agg` produces a single aggregated row.
+     *
+     * 8. **Parameter threading:** All user-supplied values (where filters, limit) are
+     *    pushed to the shared `params` array with `$N` placeholders. No string
+     *    interpolation of user data ever occurs -- all identifiers go through
+     *    `quoteIdent()` and all values are parameterized.
+     *
+     * ### Example output (hasMany with nested relation)
+     * ```sql
+     * SELECT COALESCE(json_agg(json_build_object(
+     *   'id', t0."id",
+     *   'title', t0."title",
+     *   'comments', COALESCE((
+     *     SELECT COALESCE(json_agg(json_build_object('id', t1."id", 'body', t1."body")), '[]'::json)
+     *     FROM "comments" t1 WHERE t1."post_id" = t0."id"
+     *   ), '[]'::json)
+     * )), '[]'::json) FROM "posts" t0 WHERE t0."user_id" = "users"."id"
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param relDef - The relation definition from schema metadata (contains `to`, `type`,
+     *                 `foreignKey`, `referenceKey`).
+     * @param spec - Either `true` (include with defaults) or a `WithOptions` object that
+     *               can specify `select`, `omit`, `where`, `orderBy`, `limit`, and nested `with`.
+     * @param params - Shared parameter array. User-supplied values are pushed here and
+     *                 referenced as `$1`, `$2`, etc. in the generated SQL.
+     * @param parentRef - The alias (e.g. `"t0"`) or table name (e.g. `"users"`) of the
+     *                    parent query. Used to build the correlated WHERE clause that ties
+     *                    child rows to their parent row.
+     * @param aliasCounter - Shared mutable counter (`{ n: number }`) for generating unique
+     *                       table aliases (`t0`, `t1`, `t2`, ...) across all nesting levels.
+     *                       Each call increments `n` by 1.
+     * @param depth - Current nesting depth (starts at `0`). Incremented on each recursive
+     *                call. If it reaches 10, a {@link CircularRelationError} is thrown.
+     * @param path - Breadcrumb trail of relation/table names traversed so far
+     *               (e.g. `["users", "posts", "comments"]`). Used in the error message
+     *               when circular or too-deep nesting is detected.
+     * @returns A complete SQL subquery string (without surrounding parentheses) that
+     *          evaluates to a JSON array (hasMany) or a JSON object (belongsTo/hasOne).
+     */
+    buildRelationSubquery(relDef, spec, params, parentRef, aliasCounter, depth, path) {
+        const currentDepth = depth ?? 0;
+        const currentPath = path ?? [this.table];
+        const targetTable = relDef.to;
+        // Hard depth cap — the `with` clause is a finite JSON structure so users can't
+        // create true infinite recursion, but extremely deep nesting (10+ levels) produces
+        // unmanageably large SQL. Back-references (e.g. posts → user → posts) are allowed
+        // since they are legitimate queries (Prisma supports the same pattern).
+        if (currentDepth >= 10) {
+            throw new CircularRelationError([...currentPath, targetTable]);
+        }
+        const targetMeta = this.schema.tables[targetTable];
+        if (!targetMeta)
+            throw new RelationError(`[turbine] Unknown relation target "${targetTable}"`);
+        // Generate a unique alias: t0, t1, t2, ...
+        const alias = `t${aliasCounter.n++}`;
+        // Resolve which columns to include based on select/omit
+        let targetColumns = targetMeta.allColumns;
+        if (spec !== true && spec.select) {
+            const selectedFields = Object.entries(spec.select)
+                .filter(([, v]) => v)
+                .map(([k]) => targetMeta.columnMap[k] ?? camelToSnake(k));
+            targetColumns = selectedFields.filter((col) => targetMeta.allColumns.includes(col));
+        }
+        else if (spec !== true && spec.omit) {
+            const omittedFields = new Set(Object.entries(spec.omit)
+                .filter(([, v]) => v)
+                .map(([k]) => targetMeta.columnMap[k] ?? camelToSnake(k)));
+            targetColumns = targetMeta.allColumns.filter((col) => !omittedFields.has(col));
+        }
+        // Build json_build_object pairs for resolved columns
+        const jsonPairs = targetColumns.map((col) => `'${escSingleQuote(targetMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col))}', ${alias}.${quoteIdent(col)}`);
+        // Determine if this hasMany will take the wrapped subquery path (LIMIT or ORDER BY).
+        // When wrapping, nested relations are built in the wrapped path referencing innerAlias,
+        // so we must NOT build them here (they would push orphaned params).
+        const willWrap = relDef.type === 'hasMany' && spec !== true && (spec.limit !== undefined || spec.orderBy !== undefined);
+        // Nested relations — only in the non-wrapped path (wrapped path builds them separately)
+        if (!willWrap && spec !== true && spec.with) {
+            for (const [nestedRelName, nestedSpec] of Object.entries(spec.with)) {
+                const nestedRelDef = targetMeta.relations[nestedRelName];
+                if (!nestedRelDef) {
+                    throw new RelationError(`[turbine] Unknown relation "${nestedRelName}" on table "${targetTable}". ` +
+                        `Available: ${Object.keys(targetMeta.relations).join(', ')}`);
+                }
+                // Recursively build nested subquery, passing THIS alias as the parent reference
+                const nestedSubquery = this.buildRelationSubquery(nestedRelDef, nestedSpec, params, alias, aliasCounter, currentDepth + 1, [...currentPath, relDef.name]);
+                // Use '[]'::json for hasMany (empty array), NULL for belongsTo/hasOne (no object)
+                const fallback = nestedRelDef.type === 'hasMany' ? "'[]'::json" : 'NULL';
+                jsonPairs.push(`'${escSingleQuote(nestedRelName)}', COALESCE((${nestedSubquery}), ${fallback})`);
+            }
+        }
+        const jsonObj = `json_build_object(${jsonPairs.join(', ')})`;
+        // Quote parent ref — can be a table name or auto-generated alias
+        const qParent = quoteIdent(parentRef);
+        const qTarget = quoteIdent(targetTable);
+        // Build ORDER BY for json_agg
+        let orderClause = '';
+        if (spec !== true && spec.orderBy) {
+            const orders = Object.entries(spec.orderBy)
+                .map(([k, dir]) => {
+                const col = camelToSnake(k);
+                if (!targetMeta.allColumns.includes(col)) {
+                    throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Unknown column "${k}" in orderBy for table "${targetTable}"`);
+                }
+                const safeDir = dir.toLowerCase() === 'desc' ? 'DESC' : 'ASC';
+                return `${alias}.${quoteIdent(col)} ${safeDir}`;
+            })
+                .join(', ');
+            orderClause = ` ORDER BY ${orders}`;
+        }
+        // Build WHERE — correlate to parent via parentRef (alias or table name).
+        // For hasMany: target has FK, so alias.fk = parentRef.pk
+        // For belongsTo: source has FK, so alias.pk = parentRef.fk (reversed)
+        // Supports composite foreign keys (string[]) via buildCorrelation.
+        let whereClause;
+        if (relDef.type === 'belongsTo' || relDef.type === 'hasOne') {
+            whereClause = buildCorrelation(alias, relDef.referenceKey, qParent, relDef.foreignKey);
+        }
+        else {
+            whereClause = buildCorrelation(alias, relDef.foreignKey, qParent, relDef.referenceKey);
+        }
+        // Additional filters — properly parameterized
+        if (spec !== true && spec.where) {
+            for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(spec.where)) {
+                const col = camelToSnake(k);
+                if (!targetMeta.allColumns.includes(col)) {
+                    throw new ValidationError(`[turbine] Unknown column "${k}" in where for table "${targetTable}"`);
+                }
+                params.push(v);
+                whereClause += ` AND ${alias}.${quoteIdent(col)} = $${params.length}`;
+            }
+        }
+        // LIMIT
+        let limitClause = '';
+        if (spec !== true && spec.limit) {
+            params.push(Number(spec.limit));
+            limitClause = ` LIMIT $${params.length}`;
+        }
+        if (relDef.type === 'hasMany') {
+            // When LIMIT or ORDER BY is used, wrap in a subquery so LIMIT applies to rows
+            // BEFORE json_agg aggregation (otherwise LIMIT on aggregated result is meaningless)
+            if (limitClause || orderClause) {
+                const innerAlias = `${alias}i`;
+                // Rewrite: SELECT json_agg(json_build_object(...)) FROM (SELECT * FROM table WHERE ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT N) AS alias
+                // Inner SELECT always needs all columns for WHERE/ORDER to work; json_build_object filters later
+                const innerSql = `SELECT ${targetMeta.allColumns.map((c) => `${alias}.${quoteIdent(c)}`).join(', ')} FROM ${qTarget} ${alias} WHERE ${whereClause}${orderClause}${limitClause}`;
+                // For the json_build_object, reference the inner alias — only include resolved columns
+                const innerJsonPairs = targetColumns.map((col) => `'${escSingleQuote(targetMeta.reverseColumnMap[col] ?? snakeToCamel(col))}', ${innerAlias}.${quoteIdent(col)}`);
+                // Build nested relation subqueries referencing innerAlias
+                if (spec !== true && spec.with) {
+                    for (const [nestedRelName, nestedSpec] of Object.entries(spec.with)) {
+                        const nestedRelDef = targetMeta.relations[nestedRelName];
+                        if (!nestedRelDef) {
+                            throw new RelationError(`[turbine] Unknown relation "${nestedRelName}" on table "${targetTable}". ` +
+                                `Available: ${Object.keys(targetMeta.relations).join(', ')}`);
+                        }
+                        const nestedSub = this.buildRelationSubquery(nestedRelDef, nestedSpec, params, innerAlias, aliasCounter, currentDepth + 1, [...currentPath, relDef.name]);
+                        const fallback = nestedRelDef.type === 'hasMany' ? "'[]'::json" : 'NULL';
+                        innerJsonPairs.push(`'${escSingleQuote(nestedRelName)}', COALESCE((${nestedSub}), ${fallback})`);
+                    }
+                }
+                const innerJsonObj = `json_build_object(${innerJsonPairs.join(', ')})`;
+                return `SELECT COALESCE(json_agg(${innerJsonObj}), '[]'::json) FROM (${innerSql}) ${innerAlias}`;
+            }
+            return `SELECT COALESCE(json_agg(${jsonObj}${orderClause}), '[]'::json) FROM ${qTarget} ${alias} WHERE ${whereClause}`;
+        }
+        // belongsTo / hasOne — return single object
+        return `SELECT ${jsonObj} FROM ${qTarget} ${alias} WHERE ${whereClause} LIMIT 1`;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Get the Postgres type for a column (e.g. 'jsonb', 'text', '_int4').
+     * Used to detect JSONB/array columns for specialized operators.
+     * Uses pre-computed Map for O(1) lookup instead of linear scan.
+     */
+    getColumnPgType(column) {
+        return this.columnPgTypeMap.get(column) ?? 'text';
+    }
+    /**
+     * Get the Postgres base element type for an array column.
+     * E.g. '_text' → 'text', '_int4' → 'integer'
+     */
+    getArrayElementType(pgType) {
+        const baseType = pgType.startsWith('_') ? pgType.slice(1) : pgType;
+        const typeMap = {
+            int2: 'smallint',
+            int4: 'integer',
+            int8: 'bigint',
+            float4: 'real',
+            float8: 'double precision',
+            bool: 'boolean',
+            text: 'text',
+            varchar: 'text',
+            uuid: 'uuid',
+            timestamptz: 'timestamptz',
+            timestamp: 'timestamp',
+            jsonb: 'jsonb',
+            json: 'json',
+        };
+        return typeMap[baseType] ?? 'text';
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build SQL clauses for JSONB filter operators on a column.
+     * Supports: path, equals, contains, hasKey.
+     */
+    buildJsonFilterClauses(column, filter, params) {
+        const clauses = [];
+        if (filter.path !== undefined && filter.equals !== undefined) {
+            // Path access + equals: column #>> $N::text[] = $M
+            params.push(filter.path);
+            const pathParam = params.length;
+            params.push(String(filter.equals));
+            clauses.push(`${column} #>> $${pathParam}::text[] = $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        else if (filter.equals !== undefined) {
+            // Containment equality: column @> $N::jsonb
+            params.push(JSON.stringify(filter.equals));
+            clauses.push(`${column} @> $${params.length}::jsonb`);
+        }
+        if (filter.contains !== undefined) {
+            // Containment: column @> $N::jsonb
+            params.push(JSON.stringify(filter.contains));
+            clauses.push(`${column} @> $${params.length}::jsonb`);
+        }
+        if (filter.hasKey !== undefined) {
+            // Key existence: column ? $N
+            params.push(filter.hasKey);
+            clauses.push(`${column} ? $${params.length}`);
+        }
+        return clauses;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build SQL clauses for Array filter operators on a column.
+     * Supports: has, hasEvery, hasSome, isEmpty.
+     */
+    buildArrayFilterClauses(column, filter, params, pgType) {
+        const clauses = [];
+        const elementType = this.getArrayElementType(pgType);
+        if (filter.has !== undefined) {
+            // value = ANY(column)
+            params.push(filter.has);
+            clauses.push(`$${params.length} = ANY(${column})`);
+        }
+        if (filter.hasEvery !== undefined) {
+            // column @> ARRAY[...]::type[]
+            params.push(filter.hasEvery);
+            clauses.push(`${column} @> $${params.length}::${elementType}[]`);
+        }
+        if (filter.hasSome !== undefined) {
+            // column && ARRAY[...]::type[]
+            params.push(filter.hasSome);
+            clauses.push(`${column} && $${params.length}::${elementType}[]`);
+        }
+        if (filter.isEmpty === true) {
+            // array_length(column, 1) IS NULL
+            clauses.push(`array_length(${column}, 1) IS NULL`);
+        }
+        else if (filter.isEmpty === false) {
+            // array_length(column, 1) IS NOT NULL
+            clauses.push(`array_length(${column}, 1) IS NOT NULL`);
+        }
+        return clauses;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Get the Postgres array type for a column (used by UNNEST in createMany).
+     * Uses pre-computed Map for O(1) lookup instead of linear scan.
+     */
+    getColumnArrayType(column) {
+        const arrayType = this.columnArrayTypeMap.get(column);
+        if (arrayType)
+            return arrayType;
+        // Fallback heuristic for unknown columns
+        if (column === 'id' || column.endsWith('_id'))
+            return 'bigint[]';
+        if (column.endsWith('_at'))
+            return 'timestamptz[]';
+        return 'text[]';
+    }
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=builder.js.map