trie-typed 2.1.2 → 2.2.1

package/dist/cjs/index.cjs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 'use strict';
 
 var __defProp = Object.defineProperty;
-var __defNormalProp = (obj, key, value) => key in obj ? __defProp(obj, key, { enumerable: true, configurable: true, writable: true, value }) : obj[key] = value;
 var __name = (target, value) => __defProp(target, "name", { value, configurable: true });
-var __publicField = (obj, key, value) => __defNormalProp(obj, typeof key !== "symbol" ? key + "" : key, value);
 
 // src/data-structures/base/iterable-element-base.ts
-var _IterableElementBase = class _IterableElementBase {
+var IterableElementBase = class {
+  static {
+    __name(this, "IterableElementBase");
+  }
   /**
    * Create a new iterable base.
    *
@@ -17,19 +18,19 @@ var _IterableElementBase = class _IterableElementBase {
    * Time O(1), Space O(1).
    */
   constructor(options) {
-    /**
-     * The converter used to transform a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).
-     *
-     * @remarks
-     * Time O(1), Space O(1).
-     */
-    __publicField(this, "_toElementFn");
     if (options) {
       const { toElementFn } = options;
       if (typeof toElementFn === "function") this._toElementFn = toElementFn;
       else if (toElementFn) throw new TypeError("toElementFn must be a function type");
     }
   }
+  /**
+   * The converter used to transform a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * Time O(1), Space O(1).
+   */
+  _toElementFn;
   /**
    * Exposes the current `toElementFn`, if configured.
    *
@@ -224,24 +225,23 @@ var _IterableElementBase = class _IterableElementBase {
     console.log(this.toVisual());
   }
 };
-__name(_IterableElementBase, "IterableElementBase");
-var IterableElementBase = _IterableElementBase;
 
 // src/data-structures/trie/trie.ts
-var _TrieNode = class _TrieNode {
+var TrieNode = class {
+  static {
+    __name(this, "TrieNode");
+  }
   /**
    * Create a Trie node with a character key.
    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
    * @returns New TrieNode instance.
    */
   constructor(key) {
-    __publicField(this, "_key");
-    __publicField(this, "_children");
-    __publicField(this, "_isEnd");
     this._key = key;
     this._isEnd = false;
     this._children = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   }
+  _key;
   /**
    * Get the character key of this node.
    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
@@ -259,6 +259,7 @@ var _TrieNode = class _TrieNode {
   set key(value) {
     this._key = value;
   }
+  _children;
   /**
    * Get the child map of this node.
    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
@@ -276,6 +277,7 @@ var _TrieNode = class _TrieNode {
   set children(value) {
     this._children = value;
   }
+  _isEnd;
   /**
    * Check whether this node marks the end of a word.
    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
@@ -294,9 +296,10 @@ var _TrieNode = class _TrieNode {
     this._isEnd = value;
   }
 };
-__name(_TrieNode, "TrieNode");
-var TrieNode = _TrieNode;
-var _Trie = class _Trie extends IterableElementBase {
+var Trie = class extends IterableElementBase {
+  static {
+    __name(this, "Trie");
+  }
   /**
    * Create a Trie and optionally bulk-insert words.
    * @remarks Time O(totalChars), Space O(totalChars)
@@ -306,9 +309,6 @@ var _Trie = class _Trie extends IterableElementBase {
    */
   constructor(words = [], options) {
     super(options);
-    __publicField(this, "_size", 0);
-    __publicField(this, "_caseSensitive", true);
-    __publicField(this, "_root", new TrieNode(""));
     if (options) {
       const { caseSensitive } = options;
       if (caseSensitive !== void 0) this._caseSensitive = caseSensitive;
@@ -317,6 +317,7 @@ var _Trie = class _Trie extends IterableElementBase {
       this.addMany(words);
     }
   }
+  _size = 0;
   /**
    * Get the number of stored words.
    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
@@ -325,6 +326,7 @@ var _Trie = class _Trie extends IterableElementBase {
   get size() {
     return this._size;
   }
+  _caseSensitive = true;
   /**
    * Get whether comparisons are case-sensitive.
    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
@@ -333,6 +335,7 @@ var _Trie = class _Trie extends IterableElementBase {
   get caseSensitive() {
     return this._caseSensitive;
   }
+  _root = new TrieNode("");
   /**
    * Get the root node.
    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
@@ -662,7 +665,7 @@ var _Trie = class _Trie extends IterableElementBase {
     const next = new Ctor([], {
       toElementFn: this.toElementFn,
       caseSensitive: this.caseSensitive,
-      ...options != null ? options : {}
+      ...options ?? {}
     });
     return next;
   }
@@ -718,8 +721,6 @@ var _Trie = class _Trie extends IterableElementBase {
     return str;
   }
 };
-__name(_Trie, "Trie");
-var Trie = _Trie;
 
 // src/utils/utils.ts
 function isPrimitiveComparable(value) {
@@ -761,7 +762,7 @@ var DFSOperation = /* @__PURE__ */ ((DFSOperation2) => {
   DFSOperation2[DFSOperation2["PROCESS"] = 1] = "PROCESS";
   return DFSOperation2;
 })(DFSOperation || {});
-var _Range = class _Range {
+var Range = class {
   constructor(low, high, includeLow = true, includeHigh = true) {
     this.low = low;
     this.high = high;
@@ -770,6 +771,9 @@ var _Range = class _Range {
     if (!(isComparable(low) && isComparable(high))) throw new RangeError("low or high is not comparable");
     if (low > high) throw new RangeError("low must be less than or equal to high");
   }
+  static {
+    __name(this, "Range");
+  }
   // Determine whether a key is within the range
   isInRange(key, comparator) {
     const lowCheck = this.includeLow ? comparator(key, this.low) >= 0 : comparator(key, this.low) > 0;
@@ -777,8 +781,6 @@ var _Range = class _Range {
     return lowCheck && highCheck;
   }
 };
-__name(_Range, "Range");
-var Range = _Range;
 /**
  * data-structure-typed
  *

package/dist/cjs/index.cjs.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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type { ElementCallback, IterableElementBaseOptions, ReduceElementCallback } from '../../types';\n\n/**\n * Base class that makes a data structure iterable and provides common\n * element-wise utilities (e.g., map/filter/reduce/find).\n *\n * @template E The public element type yielded by the structure.\n * @template R The underlying \"raw\" element type used internally or by converters.\n *\n * @remarks\n * This class implements the JavaScript iteration protocol (via `Symbol.iterator`)\n * and offers array-like helpers with predictable time/space complexity.\n */\nexport abstract class IterableElementBase<E, R> implements Iterable<E> {\n  /**\n   * Create a new iterable base.\n   *\n   * @param options Optional behavior overrides. When provided, a `toElementFn`\n   * is used to convert a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(1), Space O(1).\n   */\n  protected constructor(options?: IterableElementBaseOptions<E, R>) {\n    if (options) {\n      const { toElementFn } = options;\n      if (typeof toElementFn === 'function') this._toElementFn = toElementFn;\n      else if (toElementFn) throw new TypeError('toElementFn must be a function type');\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The converter used to transform a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(1), Space O(1).\n   */\n  protected _toElementFn?: (rawElement: R) => E;\n\n  /**\n   * Exposes the current `toElementFn`, if configured.\n   *\n   * @returns The converter function or `undefined` when not set.\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(1), Space O(1).\n   */\n  get toElementFn(): ((rawElement: R) => E) | undefined {\n    return this._toElementFn;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns an iterator over the structure's elements.\n   *\n   * @param args Optional iterator arguments forwarded to the internal iterator.\n   * @returns An `IterableIterator<E>` that yields the elements in traversal order.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Producing the iterator is O(1); consuming the entire iterator is Time O(n) with O(1) extra space.\n   */\n  *[Symbol.iterator](...args: unknown[]): IterableIterator<E> {\n    yield* this._getIterator(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns an iterator over the values (alias of the default iterator).\n   *\n   * @returns An `IterableIterator<E>` over all elements.\n   * @remarks\n   * Creating the iterator is O(1); full iteration is Time O(n), Space O(1).\n   */\n  *values(): IterableIterator<E> {\n    for (const item of this) yield item;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Tests whether all elements satisfy the predicate.\n   *\n   * @template TReturn\n   * @param predicate Function invoked for each element with signature `(value, index, self)`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns `true` if every element passes; otherwise `false`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early when the first failure is found. Space O(1).\n   */\n  every(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): boolean {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        if (!predicate(item, index++, this)) return false;\n      } else {\n        const fn = predicate as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => boolean;\n        if (!fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return false;\n      }\n    }\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Tests whether at least one element satisfies the predicate.\n   *\n   * @param predicate Function invoked for each element with signature `(value, index, self)`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns `true` if any element passes; otherwise `false`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early on first success. Space O(1).\n   */\n  some(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): boolean {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        if (predicate(item, index++, this)) return true;\n      } else {\n        const fn = predicate as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => boolean;\n        if (fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return true;\n      }\n    }\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Invokes a callback for each element in iteration order.\n   *\n   * @param callbackfn Function invoked per element with signature `(value, index, self)`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the callback.\n   * @returns `void`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(1).\n   */\n  forEach(callbackfn: ElementCallback<E, R, void>, thisArg?: unknown): void {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        callbackfn(item, index++, this);\n      } else {\n        const fn = callbackfn as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => void;\n        fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Finds the first element that satisfies the predicate and returns it.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * Finds the first element of type `S` (a subtype of `E`) that satisfies the predicate and returns it.\n   * @template S\n   * @param predicate Type-guard predicate: `(value, index, self) => value is S`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns The matched element typed as `S`, or `undefined` if not found.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @param predicate Boolean predicate: `(value, index, self) => boolean`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns The first matching element as `E`, or `undefined` if not found.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early on the first match. Space O(1).\n   */\n  find<S extends E>(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, S>, thisArg?: unknown): S | undefined;\n  find(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, unknown>, thisArg?: unknown): E | undefined;\n\n  // Implementation signature\n  find(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): E | undefined {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        if (predicate(item, index++, this)) return item;\n      } else {\n        const fn = predicate as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => boolean;\n        if (fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return item;\n      }\n    }\n    return;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Checks whether a strictly-equal element exists in the structure.\n   *\n   * @param element The element to test with `===` equality.\n   * @returns `true` if an equal element is found; otherwise `false`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case. Space O(1).\n   */\n  has(element: E): boolean {\n    for (const ele of this) if (ele === element) return true;\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  reduce(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R>): E;\n  reduce(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R>, initialValue: E): E;\n  reduce<U>(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R, U>, initialValue: U): U;\n\n  /**\n   * Reduces all elements to a single accumulated value.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc, value, index, self) => nextAcc`. The first element is used as the initial accumulator.\n   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `E`.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc, value, index, self) => nextAcc`.\n   * @param initialValue The initial accumulator value of type `E`.\n   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `E`.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @template U The accumulator type when it differs from `E`.\n   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc: U, value, index, self) => U`.\n   * @param initialValue The initial accumulator value of type `U`.\n   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `U`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(1). Throws if called on an empty structure without `initialValue`.\n   */\n  reduce<U>(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R, U>, initialValue?: U): U {\n    let index = 0;\n    const iter = this[Symbol.iterator]();\n    let acc: U;\n\n    if (arguments.length >= 2) {\n      acc = initialValue as U;\n    } else {\n      const first = iter.next();\n      if (first.done) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty structure with no initial value');\n      acc = first.value as unknown as U;\n      index = 1;\n    }\n\n    for (const value of iter as unknown as Iterable<E>) {\n      acc = callbackfn(acc, value, index++, this);\n    }\n    return acc;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Materializes the elements into a new array.\n   *\n   * @returns A shallow array copy of the iteration order.\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  toArray(): E[] {\n    return [...this];\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns a representation of the structure suitable for quick visualization.\n   * Defaults to an array of elements; subclasses may override to provide richer visuals.\n   *\n   * @returns A visual representation (array by default).\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  toVisual(): E[] {\n    return [...this];\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Prints `toVisual()` to the console. Intended for quick debugging.\n   *\n   * @returns `void`.\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) due to materialization, Space O(n) for the intermediate representation.\n   */\n  print(): void {\n    console.log(this.toVisual());\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Indicates whether the structure currently contains no elements.\n   *\n   * @returns `true` if empty; otherwise `false`.\n   * @remarks\n   * Expected Time O(1), Space O(1) for most implementations.\n   */\n  abstract isEmpty(): boolean;\n\n  /**\n   * Removes all elements from the structure.\n   *\n   * @returns `void`.\n   * @remarks\n   * Expected Time O(1) or O(n) depending on the implementation; Space O(1).\n   */\n  abstract clear(): void;\n\n  /**\n   * Creates a structural copy with the same element values and configuration.\n   *\n   * @returns A clone of the current instance (same concrete type).\n   * @remarks\n   * Expected Time O(n) to copy elements; Space O(n).\n   */\n  abstract clone(): this;\n\n  /**\n   * Maps each element to a new element and returns a new iterable structure.\n   *\n   * @template EM The mapped element type.\n   * @template RM The mapped raw element type used internally by the target structure.\n   * @param callback Function with signature `(value, index, self) => mapped`.\n   * @param options Optional options for the returned structure, including its `toElementFn`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the callback.\n   * @returns A new `IterableElementBase<EM, RM>` containing mapped elements.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  abstract map<EM, RM>(\n    callback: ElementCallback<E, R, EM>,\n    options?: IterableElementBaseOptions<EM, RM>,\n    thisArg?: unknown\n  ): IterableElementBase<EM, RM>;\n\n  /**\n   * Maps each element to the same element type and returns the same concrete structure type.\n   *\n   * @param callback Function with signature `(value, index, self) => mappedValue`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the callback.\n   * @returns A new instance of the same concrete type with mapped elements.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  abstract mapSame(callback: ElementCallback<E, R, E>, thisArg?: unknown): this;\n\n  /**\n   * Filters elements using the provided predicate and returns the same concrete structure type.\n   *\n   * @param predicate Function with signature `(value, index, self) => boolean`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns A new instance of the same concrete type containing only elements that pass the predicate.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(k) where `k` is the number of kept elements.\n   */\n  abstract filter(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): this;\n\n  /**\n   * Internal iterator factory used by the default iterator.\n   *\n   * @param args Optional iterator arguments.\n   * @returns An iterator over elements.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Implementations should yield in O(1) per element with O(1) extra space when possible.\n   */\n  protected abstract _getIterator(...args: unknown[]): IterableIterator<E>;\n}\n","/**\n * data-structure-typed\n *\n * @author Pablo Zeng\n * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>\n * @license MIT License\n */\n\nimport type { ElementCallback, TrieOptions } from '../../types';\nimport { IterableElementBase } from '../base';\n\n/**\n * Node used by Trie to store one character and its children.\n * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n */\nexport class TrieNode {\n  /**\n   * Create a Trie node with a character key.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns New TrieNode instance.\n   */\n\n  constructor(key: string) {\n    this._key = key;\n    this._isEnd = false;\n    this._children = new Map<string, TrieNode>();\n  }\n\n  protected _key: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Get the character key of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Character key string.\n   */\n\n  get key(): string {\n    return this._key;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Set the character key of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param value - New character key.\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  set key(value: string) {\n    this._key = value;\n  }\n\n  protected _children: Map<string, TrieNode>;\n\n  /**\n   * Get the child map of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Map from character to child node.\n   */\n\n  get children(): Map<string, TrieNode> {\n    return this._children;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Replace the child map of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param value - New map of character → node.\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  set children(value: Map<string, TrieNode>) {\n    this._children = value;\n  }\n\n  protected _isEnd: boolean;\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether this node marks the end of a word.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns True if this node ends a word.\n   */\n\n  get isEnd(): boolean {\n    return this._isEnd;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Mark this node as the end of a word or not.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param value - Whether this node ends a word.\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  set isEnd(value: boolean) {\n    this._isEnd = value;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Prefix tree (Trie) for fast prefix queries and word storage.\n * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n * @template R\n * 1. Node Structure: Each node in a Trie represents a string (or a part of a string). The root node typically represents an empty string.\n * 2. Child Node Relationship: Each node's children represent the strings that can be formed by adding one character to the string at the current node. For example, if a node represents the string 'ca', one of its children might represent 'cat'.\n * 3. Fast Retrieval: Trie allows retrieval in O(m) time complexity, where m is the length of the string to be searched.\n * 4. Space Efficiency: Trie can store a large number of strings very space-efficiently, especially when these strings share common prefixes.\n * 5. Autocomplete and Prediction: Trie can be used for implementing autocomplete and word prediction features, as it can quickly find all strings with a common prefix.\n * 6. Sorting: Trie can be used to sort a set of strings in alphabetical order.\n * 7. String Retrieval: For example, searching for a specific string in a large set of strings.\n * 8. Autocomplete: Providing recommended words or phrases as a user types.\n * 9. Spell Check: Checking the spelling of words.\n * 10. IP Routing: Used in certain types of IP routing algorithms.\n * 11. Text Word Frequency Count: Counting and storing the frequency of words in a large amount of text data.\n * @example\n * // Autocomplete: Prefix validation and checking\n *     const autocomplete = new Trie<string>(['gmail.com', 'gmail.co.nz', 'gmail.co.jp', 'yahoo.com', 'outlook.com']);\n *\n *     // Get all completions for a prefix\n *     const gmailCompletions = autocomplete.getWords('gmail');\n *     console.log(gmailCompletions); // ['gmail.com', 'gmail.co.nz', 'gmail.co.jp']\n * @example\n * // File System Path Operations\n *     const fileSystem = new Trie<string>([\n *       '/home/user/documents/file1.txt',\n *       '/home/user/documents/file2.txt',\n *       '/home/user/pictures/photo.jpg',\n *       '/home/user/pictures/vacation/',\n *       '/home/user/downloads'\n *     ]);\n *\n *     // Find common directory prefix\n *     console.log(fileSystem.getLongestCommonPrefix()); // '/home/user/'\n *\n *     // List all files in a directory\n *     const documentsFiles = fileSystem.getWords('/home/user/documents/');\n *     console.log(documentsFiles); // ['/home/user/documents/file1.txt', '/home/user/documents/file2.txt']\n * @example\n * // Autocomplete: Basic word suggestions\n *     // Create a trie for autocomplete\n *     const autocomplete = new Trie<string>([\n *       'function',\n *       'functional',\n *       'functions',\n *       'class',\n *       'classes',\n *       'classical',\n *       'closure',\n *       'const',\n *       'constructor'\n *     ]);\n *\n *     // Test autocomplete with different prefixes\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('fun')); // ['functional', 'functions', 'function']\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('cla')); // ['classes', 'classical', 'class']\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('con')); // ['constructor', 'const']\n *\n *     // Test with non-matching prefix\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('xyz')); // []\n * @example\n * // Dictionary: Case-insensitive word lookup\n *     // Create a case-insensitive dictionary\n *     const dictionary = new Trie<string>([], { caseSensitive: false });\n *\n *     // Add words with mixed casing\n *     dictionary.add('Hello');\n *     dictionary.add('WORLD');\n *     dictionary.add('JavaScript');\n *\n *     // Test lookups with different casings\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('hello')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('HELLO')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('Hello')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('javascript')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('JAVASCRIPT')); // true\n * @example\n * // IP Address Routing Table\n *     // Add IP address prefixes and their corresponding routes\n *     const routes = {\n *       '192.168.1': 'LAN_SUBNET_1',\n *       '192.168.2': 'LAN_SUBNET_2',\n *       '10.0.0': 'PRIVATE_NETWORK_1',\n *       '10.0.1': 'PRIVATE_NETWORK_2'\n *     };\n *\n *     const ipRoutingTable = new Trie<string>(Object.keys(routes));\n *\n *     // Check IP address prefix matching\n *     console.log(ipRoutingTable.hasPrefix('192.168.1')); // true\n *     console.log(ipRoutingTable.hasPrefix('192.168.2')); // true\n *\n *     // Validate IP address belongs to subnet\n *     const ip = '192.168.1.100';\n *     const subnet = ip.split('.').slice(0, 3).join('.');\n *     console.log(ipRoutingTable.hasPrefix(subnet)); // true\n */\nexport class Trie<R = any> extends IterableElementBase<string, R> {\n  /**\n   * Create a Trie and optionally bulk-insert words.\n   * @remarks Time O(totalChars), Space O(totalChars)\n   * @param [words] - Iterable of strings (or raw records if toElementFn is provided).\n   * @param [options] - Options such as toElementFn and caseSensitive.\n   * @returns New Trie instance.\n   */\n\n  constructor(words: Iterable<string> | Iterable<R> = [], options?: TrieOptions<R>) {\n    super(options);\n    if (options) {\n      const { caseSensitive } = options;\n      if (caseSensitive !== undefined) this._caseSensitive = caseSensitive;\n    }\n    if (words) {\n      this.addMany(words);\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected _size: number = 0;\n\n  /**\n   * Get the number of stored words.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Word count.\n   */\n\n  get size(): number {\n    return this._size;\n  }\n\n  protected _caseSensitive: boolean = true;\n\n  /**\n   * Get whether comparisons are case-sensitive.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns True if case-sensitive.\n   */\n\n  get caseSensitive(): boolean {\n    return this._caseSensitive;\n  }\n\n  protected _root: TrieNode = new TrieNode('');\n\n  /**\n   * Get the root node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Root TrieNode.\n   */\n\n  get root() {\n    return this._root;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Get total count for base class iteration.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Total number of elements.\n   */\n\n  protected get _total() {\n    return this._size;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Insert one word into the trie.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(L)\n   * @param word - Word to insert.\n   * @returns True if the word was newly added.\n   */\n\n  add(word: string): boolean {\n    word = this._caseProcess(word);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    let isNewWord = false;\n    for (const c of word) {\n      let nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) {\n        nodeC = new TrieNode(c);\n        cur.children.set(c, nodeC);\n      }\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    if (!cur.isEnd) {\n      isNewWord = true;\n      cur.isEnd = true;\n      this._size++;\n    }\n    return isNewWord;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Insert many words from an iterable.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @param words - Iterable of strings (or raw records if toElementFn is provided).\n   * @returns Array of per-word 'added' flags.\n   */\n\n  addMany(words: Iterable<string> | Iterable<R>): boolean[] {\n    const ans: boolean[] = [];\n    for (const word of words) {\n      if (this.toElementFn) {\n        ans.push(this.add(this.toElementFn(word as R)));\n      } else {\n        ans.push(this.add(word as string));\n      }\n    }\n    return ans;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether a word exists.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param word - Word to search for.\n   * @returns True if present.\n   */\n\n  override has(word: string): boolean {\n    word = this._caseProcess(word);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    for (const c of word) {\n      const nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) return false;\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    return cur.isEnd;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether the trie is empty.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns True if size is 0.\n   */\n\n  isEmpty(): boolean {\n    return this._size === 0;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove all words and reset to a fresh root.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  clear(): void {\n    this._size = 0;\n    this._root = new TrieNode('');\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Delete one word if present.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param word - Word to delete.\n   * @returns True if a word was removed.\n   */\n\n  delete(word: string): boolean {\n    word = this._caseProcess(word);\n    let isDeleted = false;\n    const dfs = (cur: TrieNode, i: number): boolean => {\n      const char = word[i];\n      const child = cur.children.get(char);\n      if (child) {\n        if (i === word.length - 1) {\n          if (child.isEnd) {\n            if (child.children.size > 0) {\n              child.isEnd = false;\n            } else {\n              cur.children.delete(char);\n            }\n            isDeleted = true;\n            return true;\n          }\n          return false;\n        }\n        const res = dfs(child, i + 1);\n        if (res && !cur.isEnd && child.children.size === 0) {\n          cur.children.delete(char);\n          return true;\n        }\n        return false;\n      }\n      return false;\n    };\n\n    dfs(this.root, 0);\n    if (isDeleted) {\n      this._size--;\n    }\n    return isDeleted;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compute the height (max depth) of the trie.\n   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(H)\n   * @returns Maximum depth from root to a leaf.\n   */\n\n  getHeight(): number {\n    const startNode = this.root;\n    let maxDepth = 0;\n    if (startNode) {\n      const bfs = (node: TrieNode, level: number) => {\n        if (level > maxDepth) {\n          maxDepth = level;\n        }\n        const { children } = node;\n        if (children) {\n          for (const child of children.entries()) {\n            bfs(child[1], level + 1);\n          }\n        }\n      };\n      bfs(startNode, 0);\n    }\n    return maxDepth;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether input is a proper prefix of at least one word.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param input - String to test as prefix.\n   * @returns True if input is a prefix but not a full word.\n   */\n\n  hasPurePrefix(input: string): boolean {\n    input = this._caseProcess(input);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    for (const c of input) {\n      const nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) return false;\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    return !cur.isEnd;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether any word starts with input.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param input - String to test as prefix.\n   * @returns True if input matches a path from root.\n   */\n\n  hasPrefix(input: string): boolean {\n    input = this._caseProcess(input);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    for (const c of input) {\n      const nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) return false;\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether the trie’s longest common prefix equals input.\n   * @remarks Time O(min(H,L)), Space O(1)\n   * @param input - Candidate longest common prefix.\n   * @returns True if input equals the common prefix.\n   */\n\n  hasCommonPrefix(input: string): boolean {\n    input = this._caseProcess(input);\n    let commonPre = '';\n    const dfs = (cur: TrieNode) => {\n      commonPre += cur.key;\n      if (commonPre === input) return;\n      if (cur.isEnd) return;\n      if (cur && cur.children && cur.children.size === 1) dfs(Array.from(cur.children.values())[0]);\n      else return;\n    };\n    dfs(this.root);\n    return commonPre === input;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Return the longest common prefix among all words.\n   * @remarks Time O(H), Space O(1)\n   * @returns The longest common prefix string.\n   */\n\n  getLongestCommonPrefix(): string {\n    let commonPre = '';\n    const dfs = (cur: TrieNode) => {\n      commonPre += cur.key;\n      if (cur.isEnd) return;\n      if (cur && cur.children && cur.children.size === 1) dfs(Array.from(cur.children.values())[0]);\n      else return;\n    };\n    dfs(this.root);\n    return commonPre;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Collect words under a prefix up to a maximum count.\n   * @remarks Time O(K·L), Space O(K·L)\n   * @param [prefix] - Prefix to match; default empty string for root.\n   * @param [max] - Maximum number of words to return; default is Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER.\n   * @param [isAllWhenEmptyPrefix] - When true, collect from root even if prefix is empty.\n   * @returns Array of collected words (at most max).\n   */\n\n  getWords(prefix = '', max = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, isAllWhenEmptyPrefix = false): string[] {\n    prefix = this._caseProcess(prefix);\n    const words: string[] = [];\n    let found = 0;\n\n    function dfs(node: TrieNode, word: string) {\n      for (const char of node.children.keys()) {\n        const charNode = node.children.get(char);\n        if (charNode !== undefined) {\n          dfs(charNode, word.concat(char));\n        }\n      }\n      if (node.isEnd) {\n        if (found > max - 1) return;\n        words.push(word);\n        found++;\n      }\n    }\n\n    let startNode = this.root;\n\n    if (prefix) {\n      for (const c of prefix) {\n        const nodeC = startNode.children.get(c);\n        if (nodeC) {\n          startNode = nodeC;\n        } else {\n          return [];\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (isAllWhenEmptyPrefix || startNode !== this.root) dfs(startNode, prefix);\n\n    return words;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Deep clone this trie by iterating and inserting all words.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @returns A new trie with the same words and options.\n   */\n\n  clone(): this {\n    const next = this._createInstance();\n    for (const x of this) next.add(x);\n    return next;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Filter words into a new trie of the same class.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @param predicate - Predicate (word, index, trie) → boolean to keep word.\n   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.\n   * @returns A new trie containing words that satisfy the predicate.\n   */\n\n  filter(predicate: ElementCallback<string, R, boolean>, thisArg?: any): this {\n    const results = this._createInstance();\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const word of this) {\n      if (predicate.call(thisArg, word, index, this)) {\n        results.add(word);\n      }\n      index++;\n    }\n    return results;\n  }\n\n  map<RM>(callback: ElementCallback<string, R, string>, options?: TrieOptions<RM>, thisArg?: any): Trie<RM>;\n\n  /**\n   * Map words into a new trie (possibly different record type).\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @template EM\n   * @template RM\n   * @param callback - Mapping function (word, index, trie) → newWord (string).\n   * @param [options] - Options for the output trie (e.g., toElementFn, caseSensitive).\n   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.\n   * @returns A new Trie constructed from mapped words.\n   */\n\n  map<EM, RM>(\n    callback: ElementCallback<string, R, EM>,\n    options?: TrieOptions<RM>,\n    thisArg?: any\n  ): IterableElementBase<EM, RM>;\n\n  map<EM, RM>(callback: ElementCallback<string, R, EM>, options?: TrieOptions<RM>, thisArg?: any): any {\n    const newTrie = this._createLike<RM>([], options);\n    let i = 0;\n    for (const x of this) {\n      const v = thisArg === undefined ? callback(x, i++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, x, i++, this);\n      if (typeof v !== 'string') {\n        throw new TypeError(`Trie.map callback must return string; got ${typeof v}`);\n      }\n      newTrie.add(v);\n    }\n    return newTrie;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Map words into a new trie of the same element type.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @param callback - Mapping function (word, index, trie) → string.\n   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.\n   * @returns A new trie with mapped words.\n   */\n\n  mapSame(callback: ElementCallback<string, R, string>, thisArg?: any): this {\n    const next = this._createInstance();\n    let i = 0;\n    for (const key of this) {\n      const mapped = thisArg === undefined ? callback(key, i++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, key, i++, this);\n      next.add(mapped);\n    }\n    return next;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.\n   * @returns An empty like-kind trie instance.\n   */\n\n  protected _createInstance(options?: TrieOptions<R>): this {\n    const Ctor: any = this.constructor;\n    const next: any = new Ctor([], {\n      toElementFn: this.toElementFn,\n      caseSensitive: this.caseSensitive,\n      ...(options ?? {})\n    });\n    return next as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Create a like-kind trie and seed it from an iterable.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @template RM\n   * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new trie.\n   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.\n   * @returns A like-kind Trie instance.\n   */\n\n  protected _createLike<RM>(elements: Iterable<string> | Iterable<RM> = [], options?: TrieOptions<RM>): Trie<RM> {\n    const Ctor: any = this.constructor;\n    return new Ctor(elements, options) as Trie<RM>;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Spawn an empty like-kind trie instance.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @template RM\n   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.\n   * @returns An empty like-kind Trie instance.\n   */\n\n  protected _spawnLike<RM>(options?: TrieOptions<RM>): Trie<RM> {\n    return this._createLike<RM>([], options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Iterate all words in lexicographic order of edges.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(H)\n   * @returns Iterator of words.\n   */\n\n  protected *_getIterator(): IterableIterator<string> {\n    function* _dfs(node: TrieNode, path: string): IterableIterator<string> {\n      if (node.isEnd) {\n        yield path;\n      }\n      for (const [char, childNode] of node.children) {\n        yield* _dfs(childNode, path + char);\n      }\n    }\n\n    yield* _dfs(this.root, '');\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Normalize a string according to case sensitivity.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(L)\n   * @param str - Input string to normalize.\n   * @returns Normalized string based on caseSensitive.\n   */\n\n  protected _caseProcess(str: string) {\n    if (!this._caseSensitive) {\n      str = str.toLowerCase();\n    }\n    return str;\n  }\n}\n","/**\n * data-structure-typed\n *\n * @author Pablo Zeng\n * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>\n * @license MIT License\n */\nimport type { Comparable, ComparablePrimitive, Trampoline, TrampolineThunk } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * The function generates a random UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) in TypeScript.\n * @returns A randomly generated UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) in the format\n * 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx' where each 'x' is replaced with a random hexadecimal\n * character.\n */\nexport const uuidV4 = function () {\n  return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[x]/g, function (c) {\n    const r = (Math.random() * 16) | 0,\n      v = c == 'x' ? r : (r & 0x3) | 0x8;\n    return v.toString(16);\n  });\n};\n\n/**\n * The `arrayRemove` function removes elements from an array based on a specified predicate function\n * and returns the removed elements.\n * @param {T[]} array - An array of elements that you want to filter based on the provided predicate\n * function.\n * @param predicate - The `predicate` parameter is a function that takes three arguments:\n * @returns The `arrayRemove` function returns an array containing the elements that satisfy the given\n * `predicate` function.\n */\nexport const arrayRemove = function <T>(array: T[], predicate: (item: T, index: number, array: T[]) => boolean): T[] {\n  let i = -1,\n    len = array ? array.length : 0;\n  const result = [];\n\n  while (++i < len) {\n    const value = array[i];\n    if (predicate(value, i, array)) {\n      result.push(value);\n      Array.prototype.splice.call(array, i--, 1);\n      len--;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return result;\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `getMSB` returns the most significant bit of a given number.\n * @param {number} value - The `value` parameter is a number for which we want to find the position of\n * the Most Significant Bit (MSB). The function `getMSB` takes this number as input and calculates the\n * position of the MSB in its binary representation.\n * @returns The function `getMSB` returns the most significant bit (MSB) of the input `value`. If the\n * input value is less than or equal to 0, it returns 0. Otherwise, it calculates the position of the\n * MSB using the `Math.clz32` function and bitwise left shifts 1 to that position.\n */\nexport const getMSB = (value: number): number => {\n  if (value <= 0) {\n    return 0;\n  }\n  return 1 << (31 - Math.clz32(value));\n};\n\n/**\n * The `rangeCheck` function in TypeScript is used to validate if an index is within a specified range\n * and throws a `RangeError` with a custom message if it is out of bounds.\n * @param {number} index - The `index` parameter represents the value that you want to check if it\n * falls within a specified range.\n * @param {number} min - The `min` parameter represents the minimum value that the `index` should be\n * compared against in the `rangeCheck` function.\n * @param {number} max - The `max` parameter in the `rangeCheck` function represents the maximum value\n * that the `index` parameter is allowed to have. If the `index` is greater than this `max` value, a\n * `RangeError` will be thrown.\n * @param [message=Index out of bounds.] - The `message` parameter is a string that represents the\n * error message to be thrown if the index is out of bounds. By default, if no message is provided when\n * calling the `rangeCheck` function, the message \"Index out of bounds.\" will be used.\n */\nexport const rangeCheck = (index: number, min: number, max: number, message = 'Index out of bounds.'): void => {\n  if (index < min || index > max) throw new RangeError(message);\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `throwRangeError` throws a RangeError with a custom message if called.\n * @param [message=The value is off-limits.] - The `message` parameter is a string that represents the\n * error message to be displayed when a `RangeError` is thrown. If no message is provided, the default\n * message is 'The value is off-limits.'.\n */\nexport const throwRangeError = (message = 'The value is off-limits.'): void => {\n  throw new RangeError(message);\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `isWeakKey` checks if the input is an object or a function in TypeScript.\n * @param {unknown} input - The `input` parameter in the `isWeakKey` function is of type `unknown`,\n * which means it can be any type. The function checks if the `input` is an object (excluding `null`)\n * or a function, and returns a boolean indicating whether the `input` is a weak\n * @returns The function `isWeakKey` returns a boolean value indicating whether the input is an object\n * or a function.\n */\nexport const isWeakKey = (input: unknown): input is object => {\n  const inputType = typeof input;\n  return (inputType === 'object' && input !== null) || inputType === 'function';\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `calcMinUnitsRequired` calculates the minimum number of units required to accommodate a\n * given total quantity based on a specified unit size.\n * @param {number} totalQuantity - The `totalQuantity` parameter represents the total quantity of items\n * that need to be processed or handled.\n * @param {number} unitSize - The `unitSize` parameter represents the size of each unit or package. It\n * is used in the `calcMinUnitsRequired` function to calculate the minimum number of units required to\n * accommodate a total quantity of items.\n */\nexport const calcMinUnitsRequired = (totalQuantity: number, unitSize: number) =>\n  Math.floor((totalQuantity + unitSize - 1) / unitSize);\n\n/**\n * The `roundFixed` function in TypeScript rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.\n * @param {number} num - The `num` parameter is a number that you want to round to a certain number of\n * decimal places.\n * @param {number} [digit=10] - The `digit` parameter in the `roundFixed` function specifies the number\n * of decimal places to round the number to. By default, it is set to 10 if not provided explicitly.\n * @returns The function `roundFixed` returns a number that is rounded to the specified number of\n * decimal places (default is 10 decimal places).\n */\nexport const roundFixed = (num: number, digit: number = 10) => {\n  const multiplier = Math.pow(10, digit);\n  return Math.round(num * multiplier) / multiplier;\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `isPrimitiveComparable` checks if a value is a primitive type that can be compared.\n * @param {unknown} value - The `value` parameter in the `isPrimitiveComparable` function is of type\n * `unknown`, which means it can be any type. The function checks if the `value` is a primitive type\n * that can be compared, such as number, bigint, string, or boolean.\n * @returns The function `isPrimitiveComparable` returns a boolean value indicating whether the input\n * `value` is a primitive value that can be compared using standard comparison operators (<, >, <=,\n * >=).\n */\nfunction isPrimitiveComparable(value: unknown): value is ComparablePrimitive {\n  const valueType = typeof value;\n  if (valueType === 'number') return true;\n  // if (valueType === 'number') return !Number.isNaN(value);\n  return valueType === 'bigint' || valueType === 'string' || valueType === 'boolean';\n}\n\n/**\n * The function `tryObjectToPrimitive` attempts to convert an object to a comparable primitive value by\n * first checking the `valueOf` method and then the `toString` method.\n * @param {object} obj - The `obj` parameter in the `tryObjectToPrimitive` function is an object that\n * you want to convert to a primitive value. The function attempts to convert the object to a primitive\n * value by first checking if the object has a `valueOf` method. If the `valueOf` method exists, it\n * @returns The function `tryObjectToPrimitive` returns a value of type `ComparablePrimitive` if a\n * primitive comparable value is found within the object, or a string value if the object has a custom\n * `toString` method that does not return `'[object Object]'`. If neither condition is met, the\n * function returns `null`.\n */\nfunction tryObjectToPrimitive(obj: object): ComparablePrimitive | null {\n  if (typeof obj.valueOf === 'function') {\n    const valueOfResult = obj.valueOf();\n    if (valueOfResult !== obj) {\n      if (isPrimitiveComparable(valueOfResult)) return valueOfResult;\n      if (typeof valueOfResult === 'object' && valueOfResult !== null) return tryObjectToPrimitive(valueOfResult);\n    }\n  }\n  if (typeof obj.toString === 'function') {\n    const stringResult = obj.toString();\n    if (stringResult !== '[object Object]') return stringResult;\n  }\n  return null;\n}\n\n/**\n * The function `isComparable` in TypeScript checks if a value is comparable, handling primitive values\n * and objects with optional force comparison.\n * @param {unknown} value - The `value` parameter in the `isComparable` function represents the value\n * that you want to check if it is comparable. It can be of any type (`unknown`), and the function will\n * determine if it is comparable based on certain conditions.\n * @param [isForceObjectComparable=false] - The `isForceObjectComparable` parameter in the\n * `isComparable` function is a boolean flag that determines whether to treat non-primitive values as\n * comparable objects. When set to `true`, it forces the function to consider non-primitive values as\n * comparable objects, regardless of their type.\n * @returns The function `isComparable` returns a boolean value indicating whether the `value` is\n * considered comparable or not.\n */\nexport function isComparable(value: unknown, isForceObjectComparable = false): value is Comparable {\n  if (value === null || value === undefined) return false;\n  if (isPrimitiveComparable(value)) return true;\n\n  if (typeof value !== 'object') return false;\n  if (value instanceof Date) return true;\n  // if (value instanceof Date) return !Number.isNaN(value.getTime());\n  if (isForceObjectComparable) return true;\n  const comparableValue = tryObjectToPrimitive(value);\n  if (comparableValue === null || comparableValue === undefined) return false;\n  return isPrimitiveComparable(comparableValue);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a trampoline thunk object.\n *\n * A \"thunk\" is a deferred computation — instead of performing a recursive call immediately,\n * it wraps the next step of the computation in a function. This allows recursive processes\n * to be executed iteratively, preventing stack overflows.\n *\n * @template T - The type of the final computation result.\n * @param computation - A function that, when executed, returns the next trampoline step.\n * @returns A TrampolineThunk object containing the deferred computation.\n */\nexport const makeTrampolineThunk = <T>(computation: () => Trampoline<T>): TrampolineThunk<T> => ({\n  isThunk: true, // Marker indicating this is a thunk\n  fn: computation // The deferred computation function\n});\n\n/**\n * Type guard to check whether a given value is a TrampolineThunk.\n *\n * This function is used to distinguish between a final computation result (value)\n * and a deferred computation (thunk).\n *\n * @template T - The type of the value being checked.\n * @param value - The value to test.\n * @returns True if the value is a valid TrampolineThunk, false otherwise.\n */\nexport const isTrampolineThunk = <T>(value: Trampoline<T>): value is TrampolineThunk<T> =>\n  typeof value === 'object' && // Must be an object\n  value !== null && // Must not be null\n  'isThunk' in value && // Must have the 'isThunk' property\n  value.isThunk; // The flag must be true\n\n/**\n * Executes a trampoline computation until a final (non-thunk) result is obtained.\n *\n * The trampoline function repeatedly invokes the deferred computations (thunks)\n * in an iterative loop. This avoids deep recursive calls and prevents stack overflow,\n * which is particularly useful for implementing recursion in a stack-safe manner.\n *\n * @template T - The type of the final result.\n * @param initial - The initial Trampoline value or thunk to start execution from.\n * @returns The final result of the computation (a non-thunk value).\n */\nexport function trampoline<T>(initial: Trampoline<T>): T {\n  let current = initial; // Start with the initial trampoline value\n  while (isTrampolineThunk(current)) {\n    // Keep unwrapping while we have thunks\n    current = current.fn(); // Execute the deferred function to get the next step\n  }\n  return current; // Once no thunks remain, return the final result\n}\n\n/**\n * Wraps a recursive function inside a trampoline executor.\n *\n * This function transforms a potentially recursive function (that returns a Trampoline<Result>)\n * into a *stack-safe* function that executes iteratively using the `trampoline` runner.\n *\n * In other words, it allows you to write functions that look recursive,\n * but actually run in constant stack space.\n *\n * @template Args - The tuple type representing the argument list of the original function.\n * @template Result - The final return type after all trampoline steps are resolved.\n *\n * @param fn - A function that performs a single step of computation\n *             and returns a Trampoline (either a final value or a deferred thunk).\n *\n * @returns A new function with the same arguments, but which automatically\n *          runs the trampoline process and returns the *final result* instead\n *          of a Trampoline.\n *\n * @example\n * // Example: Computing factorial in a stack-safe way\n * const factorial = makeTrampoline(function fact(n: number, acc: number = 1): Trampoline<number> {\n *   return n === 0\n *     ? acc\n *     : makeTrampolineThunk(() => fact(n - 1, acc * n));\n * });\n *\n * console.log(factorial(100000)); // Works without stack overflow\n */\nexport function makeTrampoline<Args extends any[], Result>(\n  fn: (...args: Args) => Trampoline<Result> // A function that returns a trampoline step\n): (...args: Args) => Result {\n  // Return a wrapped function that automatically runs the trampoline execution loop\n  return (...args: Args) => trampoline(fn(...args));\n}\n\n/**\n * Executes an asynchronous trampoline computation until a final (non-thunk) result is obtained.\n *\n * This function repeatedly invokes asynchronous deferred computations (thunks)\n * in an iterative loop. Each thunk may return either a Trampoline<T> or a Promise<Trampoline<T>>.\n *\n * It ensures that asynchronous recursive functions can run without growing the call stack,\n * making it suitable for stack-safe async recursion.\n *\n * @template T - The type of the final result.\n * @param initial - The initial Trampoline or Promise of Trampoline to start execution from.\n * @returns A Promise that resolves to the final result (a non-thunk value).\n */\nexport async function asyncTrampoline<T>(initial: Trampoline<T> | Promise<Trampoline<T>>): Promise<T> {\n  let current = await initial; // Wait for the initial step to resolve if it's a Promise\n\n  // Keep executing thunks until we reach a non-thunk (final) value\n  while (isTrampolineThunk(current)) {\n    current = await current.fn(); // Execute the thunk function (may be async)\n  }\n\n  // Once the final value is reached, return it\n  return current;\n}\n\n/**\n * Wraps an asynchronous recursive function inside an async trampoline executor.\n *\n * This helper transforms a recursive async function that returns a Trampoline<Result>\n * (or Promise<Trampoline<Result>>) into a *stack-safe* async function that executes\n * iteratively via the `asyncTrampoline` runner.\n *\n * @template Args - The tuple type representing the argument list of the original function.\n * @template Result - The final return type after all async trampoline steps are resolved.\n *\n * @param fn - An async or sync function that performs a single step of computation\n *             and returns a Trampoline (either a final value or a deferred thunk).\n *\n * @returns An async function with the same arguments, but which automatically\n *          runs the trampoline process and resolves to the *final result*.\n *\n * @example\n * // Example: Async factorial using trampoline\n * const asyncFactorial = makeAsyncTrampoline(async function fact(\n *   n: number,\n *   acc: number = 1\n * ): Promise<Trampoline<number>> {\n *   return n === 0\n *     ? acc\n *     : makeTrampolineThunk(() => fact(n - 1, acc * n));\n * });\n *\n * asyncFactorial(100000).then(console.log); // Works without stack overflow\n */\nexport function makeAsyncTrampoline<Args extends any[], Result>(\n  fn: (...args: Args) => Trampoline<Result> | Promise<Trampoline<Result>>\n): (...args: Args) => Promise<Result> {\n  // Return a wrapped async function that runs through the async trampoline loop\n  return async (...args: Args): Promise<Result> => {\n    return asyncTrampoline(fn(...args));\n  };\n}\n","import { isComparable } from '../utils';\n\nexport enum DFSOperation {\n  VISIT = 0,\n  PROCESS = 1\n}\n\nexport class Range<K> {\n  constructor(\n    public low: K,\n    public high: K,\n    public includeLow: boolean = true,\n    public includeHigh: boolean = true\n  ) {\n    if (!(isComparable(low) && isComparable(high))) throw new RangeError('low or high is not comparable');\n    if (low > high) throw new RangeError('low must be less than or equal to high');\n  }\n\n  // Determine whether a key is within the range\n  isInRange(key: K, comparator: (a: K, b: K) => number): boolean {\n    const lowCheck = this.includeLow ? comparator(key, this.low) >= 0 : comparator(key, this.low) > 0;\n    const highCheck = this.includeHigh ? comparator(key, this.high) <= 0 : comparator(key, this.high) < 0;\n    return lowCheck && highCheck;\n  }\n}\n"]}
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type { ElementCallback, IterableElementBaseOptions, ReduceElementCallback } from '../../types';\n\n/**\n * Base class that makes a data structure iterable and provides common\n * element-wise utilities (e.g., map/filter/reduce/find).\n *\n * @template E The public element type yielded by the structure.\n * @template R The underlying \"raw\" element type used internally or by converters.\n *\n * @remarks\n * This class implements the JavaScript iteration protocol (via `Symbol.iterator`)\n * and offers array-like helpers with predictable time/space complexity.\n */\nexport abstract class IterableElementBase<E, R> implements Iterable<E> {\n  /**\n   * Create a new iterable base.\n   *\n   * @param options Optional behavior overrides. When provided, a `toElementFn`\n   * is used to convert a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(1), Space O(1).\n   */\n  protected constructor(options?: IterableElementBaseOptions<E, R>) {\n    if (options) {\n      const { toElementFn } = options;\n      if (typeof toElementFn === 'function') this._toElementFn = toElementFn;\n      else if (toElementFn) throw new TypeError('toElementFn must be a function type');\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The converter used to transform a raw element (`R`) into a public element (`E`).\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(1), Space O(1).\n   */\n  protected _toElementFn?: (rawElement: R) => E;\n\n  /**\n   * Exposes the current `toElementFn`, if configured.\n   *\n   * @returns The converter function or `undefined` when not set.\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(1), Space O(1).\n   */\n  get toElementFn(): ((rawElement: R) => E) | undefined {\n    return this._toElementFn;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns an iterator over the structure's elements.\n   *\n   * @param args Optional iterator arguments forwarded to the internal iterator.\n   * @returns An `IterableIterator<E>` that yields the elements in traversal order.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Producing the iterator is O(1); consuming the entire iterator is Time O(n) with O(1) extra space.\n   */\n  *[Symbol.iterator](...args: unknown[]): IterableIterator<E> {\n    yield* this._getIterator(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns an iterator over the values (alias of the default iterator).\n   *\n   * @returns An `IterableIterator<E>` over all elements.\n   * @remarks\n   * Creating the iterator is O(1); full iteration is Time O(n), Space O(1).\n   */\n  *values(): IterableIterator<E> {\n    for (const item of this) yield item;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Tests whether all elements satisfy the predicate.\n   *\n   * @template TReturn\n   * @param predicate Function invoked for each element with signature `(value, index, self)`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns `true` if every element passes; otherwise `false`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early when the first failure is found. Space O(1).\n   */\n  every(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): boolean {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        if (!predicate(item, index++, this)) return false;\n      } else {\n        const fn = predicate as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => boolean;\n        if (!fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return false;\n      }\n    }\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Tests whether at least one element satisfies the predicate.\n   *\n   * @param predicate Function invoked for each element with signature `(value, index, self)`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns `true` if any element passes; otherwise `false`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early on first success. Space O(1).\n   */\n  some(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): boolean {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        if (predicate(item, index++, this)) return true;\n      } else {\n        const fn = predicate as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => boolean;\n        if (fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return true;\n      }\n    }\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Invokes a callback for each element in iteration order.\n   *\n   * @param callbackfn Function invoked per element with signature `(value, index, self)`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the callback.\n   * @returns `void`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(1).\n   */\n  forEach(callbackfn: ElementCallback<E, R, void>, thisArg?: unknown): void {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        callbackfn(item, index++, this);\n      } else {\n        const fn = callbackfn as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => void;\n        fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Finds the first element that satisfies the predicate and returns it.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * Finds the first element of type `S` (a subtype of `E`) that satisfies the predicate and returns it.\n   * @template S\n   * @param predicate Type-guard predicate: `(value, index, self) => value is S`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns The matched element typed as `S`, or `undefined` if not found.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @param predicate Boolean predicate: `(value, index, self) => boolean`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns The first matching element as `E`, or `undefined` if not found.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case; may exit early on the first match. Space O(1).\n   */\n  find<S extends E>(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, S>, thisArg?: unknown): S | undefined;\n  find(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, unknown>, thisArg?: unknown): E | undefined;\n\n  // Implementation signature\n  find(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): E | undefined {\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const item of this) {\n      if (thisArg === undefined) {\n        if (predicate(item, index++, this)) return item;\n      } else {\n        const fn = predicate as (this: unknown, v: E, i: number, self: this) => boolean;\n        if (fn.call(thisArg, item, index++, this)) return item;\n      }\n    }\n    return;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Checks whether a strictly-equal element exists in the structure.\n   *\n   * @param element The element to test with `===` equality.\n   * @returns `true` if an equal element is found; otherwise `false`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) in the worst case. Space O(1).\n   */\n  has(element: E): boolean {\n    for (const ele of this) if (ele === element) return true;\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  reduce(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R>): E;\n  reduce(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R>, initialValue: E): E;\n  reduce<U>(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R, U>, initialValue: U): U;\n\n  /**\n   * Reduces all elements to a single accumulated value.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc, value, index, self) => nextAcc`. The first element is used as the initial accumulator.\n   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `E`.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc, value, index, self) => nextAcc`.\n   * @param initialValue The initial accumulator value of type `E`.\n   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `E`.\n   *\n   * @overload\n   * @template U The accumulator type when it differs from `E`.\n   * @param callbackfn Reducer of signature `(acc: U, value, index, self) => U`.\n   * @param initialValue The initial accumulator value of type `U`.\n   * @returns The final accumulated value typed as `U`.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(1). Throws if called on an empty structure without `initialValue`.\n   */\n  reduce<U>(callbackfn: ReduceElementCallback<E, R, U>, initialValue?: U): U {\n    let index = 0;\n    const iter = this[Symbol.iterator]();\n    let acc: U;\n\n    if (arguments.length >= 2) {\n      acc = initialValue as U;\n    } else {\n      const first = iter.next();\n      if (first.done) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty structure with no initial value');\n      acc = first.value as unknown as U;\n      index = 1;\n    }\n\n    for (const value of iter as unknown as Iterable<E>) {\n      acc = callbackfn(acc, value, index++, this);\n    }\n    return acc;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Materializes the elements into a new array.\n   *\n   * @returns A shallow array copy of the iteration order.\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  toArray(): E[] {\n    return [...this];\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns a representation of the structure suitable for quick visualization.\n   * Defaults to an array of elements; subclasses may override to provide richer visuals.\n   *\n   * @returns A visual representation (array by default).\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  toVisual(): E[] {\n    return [...this];\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Prints `toVisual()` to the console. Intended for quick debugging.\n   *\n   * @returns `void`.\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n) due to materialization, Space O(n) for the intermediate representation.\n   */\n  print(): void {\n    console.log(this.toVisual());\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Indicates whether the structure currently contains no elements.\n   *\n   * @returns `true` if empty; otherwise `false`.\n   * @remarks\n   * Expected Time O(1), Space O(1) for most implementations.\n   */\n  abstract isEmpty(): boolean;\n\n  /**\n   * Removes all elements from the structure.\n   *\n   * @returns `void`.\n   * @remarks\n   * Expected Time O(1) or O(n) depending on the implementation; Space O(1).\n   */\n  abstract clear(): void;\n\n  /**\n   * Creates a structural copy with the same element values and configuration.\n   *\n   * @returns A clone of the current instance (same concrete type).\n   * @remarks\n   * Expected Time O(n) to copy elements; Space O(n).\n   */\n  abstract clone(): this;\n\n  /**\n   * Maps each element to a new element and returns a new iterable structure.\n   *\n   * @template EM The mapped element type.\n   * @template RM The mapped raw element type used internally by the target structure.\n   * @param callback Function with signature `(value, index, self) => mapped`.\n   * @param options Optional options for the returned structure, including its `toElementFn`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the callback.\n   * @returns A new `IterableElementBase<EM, RM>` containing mapped elements.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  abstract map<EM, RM>(\n    callback: ElementCallback<E, R, EM>,\n    options?: IterableElementBaseOptions<EM, RM>,\n    thisArg?: unknown\n  ): IterableElementBase<EM, RM>;\n\n  /**\n   * Maps each element to the same element type and returns the same concrete structure type.\n   *\n   * @param callback Function with signature `(value, index, self) => mappedValue`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the callback.\n   * @returns A new instance of the same concrete type with mapped elements.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(n).\n   */\n  abstract mapSame(callback: ElementCallback<E, R, E>, thisArg?: unknown): this;\n\n  /**\n   * Filters elements using the provided predicate and returns the same concrete structure type.\n   *\n   * @param predicate Function with signature `(value, index, self) => boolean`.\n   * @param thisArg Optional `this` binding for the predicate.\n   * @returns A new instance of the same concrete type containing only elements that pass the predicate.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Time O(n), Space O(k) where `k` is the number of kept elements.\n   */\n  abstract filter(predicate: ElementCallback<E, R, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): this;\n\n  /**\n   * Internal iterator factory used by the default iterator.\n   *\n   * @param args Optional iterator arguments.\n   * @returns An iterator over elements.\n   *\n   * @remarks\n   * Implementations should yield in O(1) per element with O(1) extra space when possible.\n   */\n  protected abstract _getIterator(...args: unknown[]): IterableIterator<E>;\n}\n","/**\n * data-structure-typed\n *\n * @author Pablo Zeng\n * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>\n * @license MIT License\n */\n\nimport type { ElementCallback, TrieOptions } from '../../types';\nimport { IterableElementBase } from '../base';\n\n/**\n * Node used by Trie to store one character and its children.\n * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n */\nexport class TrieNode {\n  /**\n   * Create a Trie node with a character key.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns New TrieNode instance.\n   */\n\n  constructor(key: string) {\n    this._key = key;\n    this._isEnd = false;\n    this._children = new Map<string, TrieNode>();\n  }\n\n  protected _key: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Get the character key of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Character key string.\n   */\n\n  get key(): string {\n    return this._key;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Set the character key of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param value - New character key.\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  set key(value: string) {\n    this._key = value;\n  }\n\n  protected _children: Map<string, TrieNode>;\n\n  /**\n   * Get the child map of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Map from character to child node.\n   */\n\n  get children(): Map<string, TrieNode> {\n    return this._children;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Replace the child map of this node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param value - New map of character → node.\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  set children(value: Map<string, TrieNode>) {\n    this._children = value;\n  }\n\n  protected _isEnd: boolean;\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether this node marks the end of a word.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns True if this node ends a word.\n   */\n\n  get isEnd(): boolean {\n    return this._isEnd;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Mark this node as the end of a word or not.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param value - Whether this node ends a word.\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  set isEnd(value: boolean) {\n    this._isEnd = value;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Prefix tree (Trie) for fast prefix queries and word storage.\n * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n * @template R\n * 1. Node Structure: Each node in a Trie represents a string (or a part of a string). The root node typically represents an empty string.\n * 2. Child Node Relationship: Each node's children represent the strings that can be formed by adding one character to the string at the current node. For example, if a node represents the string 'ca', one of its children might represent 'cat'.\n * 3. Fast Retrieval: Trie allows retrieval in O(m) time complexity, where m is the length of the string to be searched.\n * 4. Space Efficiency: Trie can store a large number of strings very space-efficiently, especially when these strings share common prefixes.\n * 5. Autocomplete and Prediction: Trie can be used for implementing autocomplete and word prediction features, as it can quickly find all strings with a common prefix.\n * 6. Sorting: Trie can be used to sort a set of strings in alphabetical order.\n * 7. String Retrieval: For example, searching for a specific string in a large set of strings.\n * 8. Autocomplete: Providing recommended words or phrases as a user types.\n * 9. Spell Check: Checking the spelling of words.\n * 10. IP Routing: Used in certain types of IP routing algorithms.\n * 11. Text Word Frequency Count: Counting and storing the frequency of words in a large amount of text data.\n * @example\n * // Autocomplete: Prefix validation and checking\n *     const autocomplete = new Trie<string>(['gmail.com', 'gmail.co.nz', 'gmail.co.jp', 'yahoo.com', 'outlook.com']);\n *\n *     // Get all completions for a prefix\n *     const gmailCompletions = autocomplete.getWords('gmail');\n *     console.log(gmailCompletions); // ['gmail.com', 'gmail.co.nz', 'gmail.co.jp']\n * @example\n * // File System Path Operations\n *     const fileSystem = new Trie<string>([\n *       '/home/user/documents/file1.txt',\n *       '/home/user/documents/file2.txt',\n *       '/home/user/pictures/photo.jpg',\n *       '/home/user/pictures/vacation/',\n *       '/home/user/downloads'\n *     ]);\n *\n *     // Find common directory prefix\n *     console.log(fileSystem.getLongestCommonPrefix()); // '/home/user/'\n *\n *     // List all files in a directory\n *     const documentsFiles = fileSystem.getWords('/home/user/documents/');\n *     console.log(documentsFiles); // ['/home/user/documents/file1.txt', '/home/user/documents/file2.txt']\n * @example\n * // Autocomplete: Basic word suggestions\n *     // Create a trie for autocomplete\n *     const autocomplete = new Trie<string>([\n *       'function',\n *       'functional',\n *       'functions',\n *       'class',\n *       'classes',\n *       'classical',\n *       'closure',\n *       'const',\n *       'constructor'\n *     ]);\n *\n *     // Test autocomplete with different prefixes\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('fun')); // ['functional', 'functions', 'function']\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('cla')); // ['classes', 'classical', 'class']\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('con')); // ['constructor', 'const']\n *\n *     // Test with non-matching prefix\n *     console.log(autocomplete.getWords('xyz')); // []\n * @example\n * // Dictionary: Case-insensitive word lookup\n *     // Create a case-insensitive dictionary\n *     const dictionary = new Trie<string>([], { caseSensitive: false });\n *\n *     // Add words with mixed casing\n *     dictionary.add('Hello');\n *     dictionary.add('WORLD');\n *     dictionary.add('JavaScript');\n *\n *     // Test lookups with different casings\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('hello')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('HELLO')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('Hello')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('javascript')); // true\n *     console.log(dictionary.has('JAVASCRIPT')); // true\n * @example\n * // IP Address Routing Table\n *     // Add IP address prefixes and their corresponding routes\n *     const routes = {\n *       '192.168.1': 'LAN_SUBNET_1',\n *       '192.168.2': 'LAN_SUBNET_2',\n *       '10.0.0': 'PRIVATE_NETWORK_1',\n *       '10.0.1': 'PRIVATE_NETWORK_2'\n *     };\n *\n *     const ipRoutingTable = new Trie<string>(Object.keys(routes));\n *\n *     // Check IP address prefix matching\n *     console.log(ipRoutingTable.hasPrefix('192.168.1')); // true\n *     console.log(ipRoutingTable.hasPrefix('192.168.2')); // true\n *\n *     // Validate IP address belongs to subnet\n *     const ip = '192.168.1.100';\n *     const subnet = ip.split('.').slice(0, 3).join('.');\n *     console.log(ipRoutingTable.hasPrefix(subnet)); // true\n */\nexport class Trie<R = any> extends IterableElementBase<string, R> {\n  /**\n   * Create a Trie and optionally bulk-insert words.\n   * @remarks Time O(totalChars), Space O(totalChars)\n   * @param [words] - Iterable of strings (or raw records if toElementFn is provided).\n   * @param [options] - Options such as toElementFn and caseSensitive.\n   * @returns New Trie instance.\n   */\n\n  constructor(words: Iterable<string> | Iterable<R> = [], options?: TrieOptions<R>) {\n    super(options);\n    if (options) {\n      const { caseSensitive } = options;\n      if (caseSensitive !== undefined) this._caseSensitive = caseSensitive;\n    }\n    if (words) {\n      this.addMany(words);\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected _size: number = 0;\n\n  /**\n   * Get the number of stored words.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Word count.\n   */\n\n  get size(): number {\n    return this._size;\n  }\n\n  protected _caseSensitive: boolean = true;\n\n  /**\n   * Get whether comparisons are case-sensitive.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns True if case-sensitive.\n   */\n\n  get caseSensitive(): boolean {\n    return this._caseSensitive;\n  }\n\n  protected _root: TrieNode = new TrieNode('');\n\n  /**\n   * Get the root node.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Root TrieNode.\n   */\n\n  get root() {\n    return this._root;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Get total count for base class iteration.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns Total number of elements.\n   */\n\n  protected get _total() {\n    return this._size;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Insert one word into the trie.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(L)\n   * @param word - Word to insert.\n   * @returns True if the word was newly added.\n   */\n\n  add(word: string): boolean {\n    word = this._caseProcess(word);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    let isNewWord = false;\n    for (const c of word) {\n      let nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) {\n        nodeC = new TrieNode(c);\n        cur.children.set(c, nodeC);\n      }\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    if (!cur.isEnd) {\n      isNewWord = true;\n      cur.isEnd = true;\n      this._size++;\n    }\n    return isNewWord;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Insert many words from an iterable.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @param words - Iterable of strings (or raw records if toElementFn is provided).\n   * @returns Array of per-word 'added' flags.\n   */\n\n  addMany(words: Iterable<string> | Iterable<R>): boolean[] {\n    const ans: boolean[] = [];\n    for (const word of words) {\n      if (this.toElementFn) {\n        ans.push(this.add(this.toElementFn(word as R)));\n      } else {\n        ans.push(this.add(word as string));\n      }\n    }\n    return ans;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether a word exists.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param word - Word to search for.\n   * @returns True if present.\n   */\n\n  override has(word: string): boolean {\n    word = this._caseProcess(word);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    for (const c of word) {\n      const nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) return false;\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    return cur.isEnd;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether the trie is empty.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns True if size is 0.\n   */\n\n  isEmpty(): boolean {\n    return this._size === 0;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove all words and reset to a fresh root.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @returns void\n   */\n\n  clear(): void {\n    this._size = 0;\n    this._root = new TrieNode('');\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Delete one word if present.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param word - Word to delete.\n   * @returns True if a word was removed.\n   */\n\n  delete(word: string): boolean {\n    word = this._caseProcess(word);\n    let isDeleted = false;\n    const dfs = (cur: TrieNode, i: number): boolean => {\n      const char = word[i];\n      const child = cur.children.get(char);\n      if (child) {\n        if (i === word.length - 1) {\n          if (child.isEnd) {\n            if (child.children.size > 0) {\n              child.isEnd = false;\n            } else {\n              cur.children.delete(char);\n            }\n            isDeleted = true;\n            return true;\n          }\n          return false;\n        }\n        const res = dfs(child, i + 1);\n        if (res && !cur.isEnd && child.children.size === 0) {\n          cur.children.delete(char);\n          return true;\n        }\n        return false;\n      }\n      return false;\n    };\n\n    dfs(this.root, 0);\n    if (isDeleted) {\n      this._size--;\n    }\n    return isDeleted;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compute the height (max depth) of the trie.\n   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(H)\n   * @returns Maximum depth from root to a leaf.\n   */\n\n  getHeight(): number {\n    const startNode = this.root;\n    let maxDepth = 0;\n    if (startNode) {\n      const bfs = (node: TrieNode, level: number) => {\n        if (level > maxDepth) {\n          maxDepth = level;\n        }\n        const { children } = node;\n        if (children) {\n          for (const child of children.entries()) {\n            bfs(child[1], level + 1);\n          }\n        }\n      };\n      bfs(startNode, 0);\n    }\n    return maxDepth;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether input is a proper prefix of at least one word.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param input - String to test as prefix.\n   * @returns True if input is a prefix but not a full word.\n   */\n\n  hasPurePrefix(input: string): boolean {\n    input = this._caseProcess(input);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    for (const c of input) {\n      const nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) return false;\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    return !cur.isEnd;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether any word starts with input.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(1)\n   * @param input - String to test as prefix.\n   * @returns True if input matches a path from root.\n   */\n\n  hasPrefix(input: string): boolean {\n    input = this._caseProcess(input);\n    let cur = this.root;\n    for (const c of input) {\n      const nodeC = cur.children.get(c);\n      if (!nodeC) return false;\n      cur = nodeC;\n    }\n    return true;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check whether the trie’s longest common prefix equals input.\n   * @remarks Time O(min(H,L)), Space O(1)\n   * @param input - Candidate longest common prefix.\n   * @returns True if input equals the common prefix.\n   */\n\n  hasCommonPrefix(input: string): boolean {\n    input = this._caseProcess(input);\n    let commonPre = '';\n    const dfs = (cur: TrieNode) => {\n      commonPre += cur.key;\n      if (commonPre === input) return;\n      if (cur.isEnd) return;\n      if (cur && cur.children && cur.children.size === 1) dfs(Array.from(cur.children.values())[0]);\n      else return;\n    };\n    dfs(this.root);\n    return commonPre === input;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Return the longest common prefix among all words.\n   * @remarks Time O(H), Space O(1)\n   * @returns The longest common prefix string.\n   */\n\n  getLongestCommonPrefix(): string {\n    let commonPre = '';\n    const dfs = (cur: TrieNode) => {\n      commonPre += cur.key;\n      if (cur.isEnd) return;\n      if (cur && cur.children && cur.children.size === 1) dfs(Array.from(cur.children.values())[0]);\n      else return;\n    };\n    dfs(this.root);\n    return commonPre;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Collect words under a prefix up to a maximum count.\n   * @remarks Time O(K·L), Space O(K·L)\n   * @param [prefix] - Prefix to match; default empty string for root.\n   * @param [max] - Maximum number of words to return; default is Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER.\n   * @param [isAllWhenEmptyPrefix] - When true, collect from root even if prefix is empty.\n   * @returns Array of collected words (at most max).\n   */\n\n  getWords(prefix = '', max = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, isAllWhenEmptyPrefix = false): string[] {\n    prefix = this._caseProcess(prefix);\n    const words: string[] = [];\n    let found = 0;\n\n    function dfs(node: TrieNode, word: string) {\n      for (const char of node.children.keys()) {\n        const charNode = node.children.get(char);\n        if (charNode !== undefined) {\n          dfs(charNode, word.concat(char));\n        }\n      }\n      if (node.isEnd) {\n        if (found > max - 1) return;\n        words.push(word);\n        found++;\n      }\n    }\n\n    let startNode = this.root;\n\n    if (prefix) {\n      for (const c of prefix) {\n        const nodeC = startNode.children.get(c);\n        if (nodeC) {\n          startNode = nodeC;\n        } else {\n          return [];\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (isAllWhenEmptyPrefix || startNode !== this.root) dfs(startNode, prefix);\n\n    return words;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Deep clone this trie by iterating and inserting all words.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @returns A new trie with the same words and options.\n   */\n\n  clone(): this {\n    const next = this._createInstance();\n    for (const x of this) next.add(x);\n    return next;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Filter words into a new trie of the same class.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @param predicate - Predicate (word, index, trie) → boolean to keep word.\n   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.\n   * @returns A new trie containing words that satisfy the predicate.\n   */\n\n  filter(predicate: ElementCallback<string, R, boolean>, thisArg?: any): this {\n    const results = this._createInstance();\n    let index = 0;\n    for (const word of this) {\n      if (predicate.call(thisArg, word, index, this)) {\n        results.add(word);\n      }\n      index++;\n    }\n    return results;\n  }\n\n  map<RM>(callback: ElementCallback<string, R, string>, options?: TrieOptions<RM>, thisArg?: any): Trie<RM>;\n\n  /**\n   * Map words into a new trie (possibly different record type).\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @template EM\n   * @template RM\n   * @param callback - Mapping function (word, index, trie) → newWord (string).\n   * @param [options] - Options for the output trie (e.g., toElementFn, caseSensitive).\n   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.\n   * @returns A new Trie constructed from mapped words.\n   */\n\n  map<EM, RM>(\n    callback: ElementCallback<string, R, EM>,\n    options?: TrieOptions<RM>,\n    thisArg?: any\n  ): IterableElementBase<EM, RM>;\n\n  map<EM, RM>(callback: ElementCallback<string, R, EM>, options?: TrieOptions<RM>, thisArg?: any): any {\n    const newTrie = this._createLike<RM>([], options);\n    let i = 0;\n    for (const x of this) {\n      const v = thisArg === undefined ? callback(x, i++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, x, i++, this);\n      if (typeof v !== 'string') {\n        throw new TypeError(`Trie.map callback must return string; got ${typeof v}`);\n      }\n      newTrie.add(v);\n    }\n    return newTrie;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Map words into a new trie of the same element type.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @param callback - Mapping function (word, index, trie) → string.\n   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.\n   * @returns A new trie with mapped words.\n   */\n\n  mapSame(callback: ElementCallback<string, R, string>, thisArg?: any): this {\n    const next = this._createInstance();\n    let i = 0;\n    for (const key of this) {\n      const mapped = thisArg === undefined ? callback(key, i++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, key, i++, this);\n      next.add(mapped);\n    }\n    return next;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.\n   * @returns An empty like-kind trie instance.\n   */\n\n  protected _createInstance(options?: TrieOptions<R>): this {\n    const Ctor: any = this.constructor;\n    const next: any = new Ctor([], {\n      toElementFn: this.toElementFn,\n      caseSensitive: this.caseSensitive,\n      ...(options ?? {})\n    });\n    return next as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Create a like-kind trie and seed it from an iterable.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(ΣL)\n   * @template RM\n   * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new trie.\n   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.\n   * @returns A like-kind Trie instance.\n   */\n\n  protected _createLike<RM>(elements: Iterable<string> | Iterable<RM> = [], options?: TrieOptions<RM>): Trie<RM> {\n    const Ctor: any = this.constructor;\n    return new Ctor(elements, options) as Trie<RM>;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Spawn an empty like-kind trie instance.\n   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)\n   * @template RM\n   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.\n   * @returns An empty like-kind Trie instance.\n   */\n\n  protected _spawnLike<RM>(options?: TrieOptions<RM>): Trie<RM> {\n    return this._createLike<RM>([], options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Iterate all words in lexicographic order of edges.\n   * @remarks Time O(ΣL), Space O(H)\n   * @returns Iterator of words.\n   */\n\n  protected *_getIterator(): IterableIterator<string> {\n    function* _dfs(node: TrieNode, path: string): IterableIterator<string> {\n      if (node.isEnd) {\n        yield path;\n      }\n      for (const [char, childNode] of node.children) {\n        yield* _dfs(childNode, path + char);\n      }\n    }\n\n    yield* _dfs(this.root, '');\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * (Protected) Normalize a string according to case sensitivity.\n   * @remarks Time O(L), Space O(L)\n   * @param str - Input string to normalize.\n   * @returns Normalized string based on caseSensitive.\n   */\n\n  protected _caseProcess(str: string) {\n    if (!this._caseSensitive) {\n      str = str.toLowerCase();\n    }\n    return str;\n  }\n}\n","/**\n * data-structure-typed\n *\n * @author Pablo Zeng\n * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>\n * @license MIT License\n */\nimport type { Comparable, ComparablePrimitive, Trampoline, TrampolineThunk } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * The function generates a random UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) in TypeScript.\n * @returns A randomly generated UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) in the format\n * 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx' where each 'x' is replaced with a random hexadecimal\n * character.\n */\nexport const uuidV4 = function () {\n  return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[x]/g, function (c) {\n    const r = (Math.random() * 16) | 0,\n      v = c == 'x' ? r : (r & 0x3) | 0x8;\n    return v.toString(16);\n  });\n};\n\n/**\n * The `arrayRemove` function removes elements from an array based on a specified predicate function\n * and returns the removed elements.\n * @param {T[]} array - An array of elements that you want to filter based on the provided predicate\n * function.\n * @param predicate - The `predicate` parameter is a function that takes three arguments:\n * @returns The `arrayRemove` function returns an array containing the elements that satisfy the given\n * `predicate` function.\n */\nexport const arrayRemove = function <T>(array: T[], predicate: (item: T, index: number, array: T[]) => boolean): T[] {\n  let i = -1,\n    len = array ? array.length : 0;\n  const result = [];\n\n  while (++i < len) {\n    const value = array[i];\n    if (predicate(value, i, array)) {\n      result.push(value);\n      Array.prototype.splice.call(array, i--, 1);\n      len--;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return result;\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `getMSB` returns the most significant bit of a given number.\n * @param {number} value - The `value` parameter is a number for which we want to find the position of\n * the Most Significant Bit (MSB). The function `getMSB` takes this number as input and calculates the\n * position of the MSB in its binary representation.\n * @returns The function `getMSB` returns the most significant bit (MSB) of the input `value`. If the\n * input value is less than or equal to 0, it returns 0. Otherwise, it calculates the position of the\n * MSB using the `Math.clz32` function and bitwise left shifts 1 to that position.\n */\nexport const getMSB = (value: number): number => {\n  if (value <= 0) {\n    return 0;\n  }\n  return 1 << (31 - Math.clz32(value));\n};\n\n/**\n * The `rangeCheck` function in TypeScript is used to validate if an index is within a specified range\n * and throws a `RangeError` with a custom message if it is out of bounds.\n * @param {number} index - The `index` parameter represents the value that you want to check if it\n * falls within a specified range.\n * @param {number} min - The `min` parameter represents the minimum value that the `index` should be\n * compared against in the `rangeCheck` function.\n * @param {number} max - The `max` parameter in the `rangeCheck` function represents the maximum value\n * that the `index` parameter is allowed to have. If the `index` is greater than this `max` value, a\n * `RangeError` will be thrown.\n * @param [message=Index out of bounds.] - The `message` parameter is a string that represents the\n * error message to be thrown if the index is out of bounds. By default, if no message is provided when\n * calling the `rangeCheck` function, the message \"Index out of bounds.\" will be used.\n */\nexport const rangeCheck = (index: number, min: number, max: number, message = 'Index out of bounds.'): void => {\n  if (index < min || index > max) throw new RangeError(message);\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `throwRangeError` throws a RangeError with a custom message if called.\n * @param [message=The value is off-limits.] - The `message` parameter is a string that represents the\n * error message to be displayed when a `RangeError` is thrown. If no message is provided, the default\n * message is 'The value is off-limits.'.\n */\nexport const throwRangeError = (message = 'The value is off-limits.'): void => {\n  throw new RangeError(message);\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `isWeakKey` checks if the input is an object or a function in TypeScript.\n * @param {unknown} input - The `input` parameter in the `isWeakKey` function is of type `unknown`,\n * which means it can be any type. The function checks if the `input` is an object (excluding `null`)\n * or a function, and returns a boolean indicating whether the `input` is a weak\n * @returns The function `isWeakKey` returns a boolean value indicating whether the input is an object\n * or a function.\n */\nexport const isWeakKey = (input: unknown): input is object => {\n  const inputType = typeof input;\n  return (inputType === 'object' && input !== null) || inputType === 'function';\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `calcMinUnitsRequired` calculates the minimum number of units required to accommodate a\n * given total quantity based on a specified unit size.\n * @param {number} totalQuantity - The `totalQuantity` parameter represents the total quantity of items\n * that need to be processed or handled.\n * @param {number} unitSize - The `unitSize` parameter represents the size of each unit or package. It\n * is used in the `calcMinUnitsRequired` function to calculate the minimum number of units required to\n * accommodate a total quantity of items.\n */\nexport const calcMinUnitsRequired = (totalQuantity: number, unitSize: number) =>\n  Math.floor((totalQuantity + unitSize - 1) / unitSize);\n\n/**\n * The `roundFixed` function in TypeScript rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.\n * @param {number} num - The `num` parameter is a number that you want to round to a certain number of\n * decimal places.\n * @param {number} [digit=10] - The `digit` parameter in the `roundFixed` function specifies the number\n * of decimal places to round the number to. By default, it is set to 10 if not provided explicitly.\n * @returns The function `roundFixed` returns a number that is rounded to the specified number of\n * decimal places (default is 10 decimal places).\n */\nexport const roundFixed = (num: number, digit: number = 10) => {\n  const multiplier = Math.pow(10, digit);\n  return Math.round(num * multiplier) / multiplier;\n};\n\n/**\n * The function `isPrimitiveComparable` checks if a value is a primitive type that can be compared.\n * @param {unknown} value - The `value` parameter in the `isPrimitiveComparable` function is of type\n * `unknown`, which means it can be any type. The function checks if the `value` is a primitive type\n * that can be compared, such as number, bigint, string, or boolean.\n * @returns The function `isPrimitiveComparable` returns a boolean value indicating whether the input\n * `value` is a primitive value that can be compared using standard comparison operators (<, >, <=,\n * >=).\n */\nfunction isPrimitiveComparable(value: unknown): value is ComparablePrimitive {\n  const valueType = typeof value;\n  if (valueType === 'number') return true;\n  // if (valueType === 'number') return !Number.isNaN(value);\n  return valueType === 'bigint' || valueType === 'string' || valueType === 'boolean';\n}\n\n/**\n * The function `tryObjectToPrimitive` attempts to convert an object to a comparable primitive value by\n * first checking the `valueOf` method and then the `toString` method.\n * @param {object} obj - The `obj` parameter in the `tryObjectToPrimitive` function is an object that\n * you want to convert to a primitive value. The function attempts to convert the object to a primitive\n * value by first checking if the object has a `valueOf` method. If the `valueOf` method exists, it\n * @returns The function `tryObjectToPrimitive` returns a value of type `ComparablePrimitive` if a\n * primitive comparable value is found within the object, or a string value if the object has a custom\n * `toString` method that does not return `'[object Object]'`. If neither condition is met, the\n * function returns `null`.\n */\nfunction tryObjectToPrimitive(obj: object): ComparablePrimitive | null {\n  if (typeof obj.valueOf === 'function') {\n    const valueOfResult = obj.valueOf();\n    if (valueOfResult !== obj) {\n      if (isPrimitiveComparable(valueOfResult)) return valueOfResult;\n      if (typeof valueOfResult === 'object' && valueOfResult !== null) return tryObjectToPrimitive(valueOfResult);\n    }\n  }\n  if (typeof obj.toString === 'function') {\n    const stringResult = obj.toString();\n    if (stringResult !== '[object Object]') return stringResult;\n  }\n  return null;\n}\n\n/**\n * The function `isComparable` in TypeScript checks if a value is comparable, handling primitive values\n * and objects with optional force comparison.\n * @param {unknown} value - The `value` parameter in the `isComparable` function represents the value\n * that you want to check if it is comparable. It can be of any type (`unknown`), and the function will\n * determine if it is comparable based on certain conditions.\n * @param [isForceObjectComparable=false] - The `isForceObjectComparable` parameter in the\n * `isComparable` function is a boolean flag that determines whether to treat non-primitive values as\n * comparable objects. When set to `true`, it forces the function to consider non-primitive values as\n * comparable objects, regardless of their type.\n * @returns The function `isComparable` returns a boolean value indicating whether the `value` is\n * considered comparable or not.\n */\nexport function isComparable(value: unknown, isForceObjectComparable = false): value is Comparable {\n  if (value === null || value === undefined) return false;\n  if (isPrimitiveComparable(value)) return true;\n\n  if (typeof value !== 'object') return false;\n  if (value instanceof Date) return true;\n  // if (value instanceof Date) return !Number.isNaN(value.getTime());\n  if (isForceObjectComparable) return true;\n  const comparableValue = tryObjectToPrimitive(value);\n  if (comparableValue === null || comparableValue === undefined) return false;\n  return isPrimitiveComparable(comparableValue);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a trampoline thunk object.\n *\n * A \"thunk\" is a deferred computation — instead of performing a recursive call immediately,\n * it wraps the next step of the computation in a function. This allows recursive processes\n * to be executed iteratively, preventing stack overflows.\n *\n * @template T - The type of the final computation result.\n * @param computation - A function that, when executed, returns the next trampoline step.\n * @returns A TrampolineThunk object containing the deferred computation.\n */\nexport const makeTrampolineThunk = <T>(computation: () => Trampoline<T>): TrampolineThunk<T> => ({\n  isThunk: true, // Marker indicating this is a thunk\n  fn: computation // The deferred computation function\n});\n\n/**\n * Type guard to check whether a given value is a TrampolineThunk.\n *\n * This function is used to distinguish between a final computation result (value)\n * and a deferred computation (thunk).\n *\n * @template T - The type of the value being checked.\n * @param value - The value to test.\n * @returns True if the value is a valid TrampolineThunk, false otherwise.\n */\nexport const isTrampolineThunk = <T>(value: Trampoline<T>): value is TrampolineThunk<T> =>\n  typeof value === 'object' && // Must be an object\n  value !== null && // Must not be null\n  'isThunk' in value && // Must have the 'isThunk' property\n  value.isThunk; // The flag must be true\n\n/**\n * Executes a trampoline computation until a final (non-thunk) result is obtained.\n *\n * The trampoline function repeatedly invokes the deferred computations (thunks)\n * in an iterative loop. This avoids deep recursive calls and prevents stack overflow,\n * which is particularly useful for implementing recursion in a stack-safe manner.\n *\n * @template T - The type of the final result.\n * @param initial - The initial Trampoline value or thunk to start execution from.\n * @returns The final result of the computation (a non-thunk value).\n */\nexport function trampoline<T>(initial: Trampoline<T>): T {\n  let current = initial; // Start with the initial trampoline value\n  while (isTrampolineThunk(current)) {\n    // Keep unwrapping while we have thunks\n    current = current.fn(); // Execute the deferred function to get the next step\n  }\n  return current; // Once no thunks remain, return the final result\n}\n\n/**\n * Wraps a recursive function inside a trampoline executor.\n *\n * This function transforms a potentially recursive function (that returns a Trampoline<Result>)\n * into a *stack-safe* function that executes iteratively using the `trampoline` runner.\n *\n * In other words, it allows you to write functions that look recursive,\n * but actually run in constant stack space.\n *\n * @template Args - The tuple type representing the argument list of the original function.\n * @template Result - The final return type after all trampoline steps are resolved.\n *\n * @param fn - A function that performs a single step of computation\n *             and returns a Trampoline (either a final value or a deferred thunk).\n *\n * @returns A new function with the same arguments, but which automatically\n *          runs the trampoline process and returns the *final result* instead\n *          of a Trampoline.\n *\n * @example\n * // Example: Computing factorial in a stack-safe way\n * const factorial = makeTrampoline(function fact(n: number, acc: number = 1): Trampoline<number> {\n *   return n === 0\n *     ? acc\n *     : makeTrampolineThunk(() => fact(n - 1, acc * n));\n * });\n *\n * console.log(factorial(100000)); // Works without stack overflow\n */\nexport function makeTrampoline<Args extends any[], Result>(\n  fn: (...args: Args) => Trampoline<Result> // A function that returns a trampoline step\n): (...args: Args) => Result {\n  // Return a wrapped function that automatically runs the trampoline execution loop\n  return (...args: Args) => trampoline(fn(...args));\n}\n\n/**\n * Executes an asynchronous trampoline computation until a final (non-thunk) result is obtained.\n *\n * This function repeatedly invokes asynchronous deferred computations (thunks)\n * in an iterative loop. Each thunk may return either a Trampoline<T> or a Promise<Trampoline<T>>.\n *\n * It ensures that asynchronous recursive functions can run without growing the call stack,\n * making it suitable for stack-safe async recursion.\n *\n * @template T - The type of the final result.\n * @param initial - The initial Trampoline or Promise of Trampoline to start execution from.\n * @returns A Promise that resolves to the final result (a non-thunk value).\n */\nexport async function asyncTrampoline<T>(initial: Trampoline<T> | Promise<Trampoline<T>>): Promise<T> {\n  let current = await initial; // Wait for the initial step to resolve if it's a Promise\n\n  // Keep executing thunks until we reach a non-thunk (final) value\n  while (isTrampolineThunk(current)) {\n    current = await current.fn(); // Execute the thunk function (may be async)\n  }\n\n  // Once the final value is reached, return it\n  return current;\n}\n\n/**\n * Wraps an asynchronous recursive function inside an async trampoline executor.\n *\n * This helper transforms a recursive async function that returns a Trampoline<Result>\n * (or Promise<Trampoline<Result>>) into a *stack-safe* async function that executes\n * iteratively via the `asyncTrampoline` runner.\n *\n * @template Args - The tuple type representing the argument list of the original function.\n * @template Result - The final return type after all async trampoline steps are resolved.\n *\n * @param fn - An async or sync function that performs a single step of computation\n *             and returns a Trampoline (either a final value or a deferred thunk).\n *\n * @returns An async function with the same arguments, but which automatically\n *          runs the trampoline process and resolves to the *final result*.\n *\n * @example\n * // Example: Async factorial using trampoline\n * const asyncFactorial = makeAsyncTrampoline(async function fact(\n *   n: number,\n *   acc: number = 1\n * ): Promise<Trampoline<number>> {\n *   return n === 0\n *     ? acc\n *     : makeTrampolineThunk(() => fact(n - 1, acc * n));\n * });\n *\n * asyncFactorial(100000).then(console.log); // Works without stack overflow\n */\nexport function makeAsyncTrampoline<Args extends any[], Result>(\n  fn: (...args: Args) => Trampoline<Result> | Promise<Trampoline<Result>>\n): (...args: Args) => Promise<Result> {\n  // Return a wrapped async function that runs through the async trampoline loop\n  return async (...args: Args): Promise<Result> => {\n    return asyncTrampoline(fn(...args));\n  };\n}\n","import { isComparable } from '../utils';\n\nexport enum DFSOperation {\n  VISIT = 0,\n  PROCESS = 1\n}\n\nexport class Range<K> {\n  constructor(\n    public low: K,\n    public high: K,\n    public includeLow: boolean = true,\n    public includeHigh: boolean = true\n  ) {\n    if (!(isComparable(low) && isComparable(high))) throw new RangeError('low or high is not comparable');\n    if (low > high) throw new RangeError('low must be less than or equal to high');\n  }\n\n  // Determine whether a key is within the range\n  isInRange(key: K, comparator: (a: K, b: K) => number): boolean {\n    const lowCheck = this.includeLow ? comparator(key, this.low) >= 0 : comparator(key, this.low) > 0;\n    const highCheck = this.includeHigh ? comparator(key, this.high) <= 0 : comparator(key, this.high) < 0;\n    return lowCheck && highCheck;\n  }\n}\n"]}