tree-multimap-typed 1.42.5

package/src/data-structures/binary-tree/binary-tree.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1558 @@
+/**
+ * data-structure-typed
+ *
+ * @author Tyler Zeng
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Tyler Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>
+ * @license MIT License
+ */
+
+import type {BinaryTreeNodeNested, BinaryTreeOptions, BTNCallback, BTNKey} from '../../types';
+import {BinaryTreeDeletedResult, DFSOrderPattern, FamilyPosition, IterationType} from '../../types';
+import {IBinaryTree} from '../../interfaces';
+import {trampoline} from '../../utils';
+import {Queue} from '../queue';
+
+/**
+ * Represents a node in a binary tree.
+ * @template V - The type of data stored in the node.
+ * @template N - The type of the family relationship in the binary tree.
+ */
+export class BinaryTreeNode<V = any, N extends BinaryTreeNode<V, N> = BinaryTreeNode<V, BinaryTreeNodeNested<V>>> {
+  /**
+   * The key associated with the node.
+   */
+  key: BTNKey;
+
+  /**
+   * The value stored in the node.
+   */
+  value: V | undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * The parent node of the current node.
+   */
+  parent: N | null | undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new instance of BinaryTreeNode.
+   * @param {BTNKey} key - The key associated with the node.
+   * @param {V} value - The value stored in the node.
+   */
+  constructor(key: BTNKey, value?: V) {
+    this.key = key;
+    this.value = value;
+  }
+
+  protected _left: N | null | undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the left child node.
+   */
+  get left(): N | null | undefined {
+    return this._left;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the left child node.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} v - The left child node.
+   */
+  set left(v: N | null | undefined) {
+    if (v) {
+      v.parent = this as unknown as N;
+    }
+    this._left = v;
+  }
+
+  protected _right: N | null | undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the right child node.
+   */
+  get right(): N | null | undefined {
+    return this._right;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the right child node.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} v - The right child node.
+   */
+  set right(v: N | null | undefined) {
+    if (v) {
+      v.parent = this as unknown as N;
+    }
+    this._right = v;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the position of the node within its family.
+   * @returns {FamilyPosition} - The family position of the node.
+   */
+  get familyPosition(): FamilyPosition {
+    const that = this as unknown as N;
+    if (!this.parent) {
+      return this.left || this.right ? FamilyPosition.ROOT : FamilyPosition.ISOLATED;
+    }
+
+    if (this.parent.left === that) {
+      return this.left || this.right ? FamilyPosition.ROOT_LEFT : FamilyPosition.LEFT;
+    } else if (this.parent.right === that) {
+      return this.left || this.right ? FamilyPosition.ROOT_RIGHT : FamilyPosition.RIGHT;
+    }
+
+    return FamilyPosition.MAL_NODE;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a binary tree data structure.
+ * @template N - The type of the binary tree's nodes.
+ */
+export class BinaryTree<V = any, N extends BinaryTreeNode<V, N> = BinaryTreeNode<V, BinaryTreeNodeNested<V>>>
+  implements IBinaryTree<V, N>
+{
+  iterationType: IterationType = IterationType.ITERATIVE;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new instance of BinaryTree.
+   * @param {BinaryTreeOptions} [options] - The options for the binary tree.
+   */
+  constructor(options?: BinaryTreeOptions) {
+    if (options !== undefined) {
+      const {iterationType = IterationType.ITERATIVE} = options;
+      this.iterationType = iterationType;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected _root: N | null | undefined = undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the root node of the binary tree.
+   */
+  get root(): N | null | undefined {
+    return this._root;
+  }
+
+  protected _size = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the number of nodes in the binary tree.
+   */
+  get size(): number {
+    return this._size;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new instance of BinaryTreeNode with the given key and value.
+   * @param {BTNKey} key - The key for the new node.
+   * @param {V} value - The value for the new node.
+   * @returns {N} - The newly created BinaryTreeNode.
+   */
+  createNode(key: BTNKey, value?: V): N {
+    return new BinaryTreeNode<V, N>(key, value) as N;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clear the binary tree, removing all nodes.
+   */
+  clear() {
+    this._setRoot(undefined);
+    this._size = 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if the binary tree is empty.
+   * @returns {boolean} - True if the binary tree is empty, false otherwise.
+   */
+  isEmpty(): boolean {
+    return this.size === 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a node with the given key and value to the binary tree.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N | null} keyOrNode - The key or node to add to the binary tree.
+   * @param {V} value - The value for the new node (optional).
+   * @returns {N | null | undefined} - The inserted node, or null if nothing was inserted, or undefined if the operation failed.
+   */
+  add(keyOrNode: BTNKey | N | null | undefined, value?: V): N | null | undefined {
+    const _bfs = (root: N, newNode: N | null): N | undefined | null => {
+      const queue = new Queue<N | null>([root]);
+      while (queue.size > 0) {
+        const cur = queue.shift();
+        if (cur) {
+          if (newNode && cur.key === newNode.key) {
+            cur.value = newNode.value;
+            return;
+          }
+          const inserted = this._addTo(newNode, cur);
+          if (inserted !== undefined) return inserted;
+          if (cur.left) queue.push(cur.left);
+          if (cur.right) queue.push(cur.right);
+        } else return;
+      }
+      return;
+    };
+
+    let inserted: N | null | undefined, needInsert: N | null;
+
+    if (keyOrNode === null) {
+      needInsert = null;
+    } else if (typeof keyOrNode === 'number') {
+      needInsert = this.createNode(keyOrNode, value);
+    } else if (keyOrNode instanceof BinaryTreeNode) {
+      needInsert = keyOrNode;
+    } else {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // const key = typeof keyOrNode === 'number' ? keyOrNode : keyOrNode ? keyOrNode.key : undefined;
+    // const existNode = key !== undefined ? this.getNode(key, (node: N) => node.key) : undefined;
+
+    if (this.root) {
+      // if (existNode) {
+      //   existNode.value = value;
+      //   inserted = existNode;
+      // } else {
+      inserted = _bfs(this.root, needInsert);
+      // }
+    } else {
+      this._setRoot(needInsert);
+      if (needInsert !== null) {
+        this._size = 1;
+      } else {
+        this._size = 0;
+      }
+      inserted = this.root;
+    }
+    return inserted;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The `addMany` function takes an array of binary tree node IDs or nodes, and optionally an array of corresponding data
+   * values, and adds them to the binary tree.
+   * @param {(BTNKey | null)[] | (N | null)[]} keysOrNodes - An array of BTNKey or BinaryTreeNode
+   * objects, or null values.
+   * @param {V[]} [values] - The `values` parameter is an optional array of values (`V[]`) that corresponds to
+   * the nodes or node IDs being added. It is used to set the value of each node being added. If `values` is not provided,
+   * the value of the nodes will be `undefined`.
+   * @returns The function `addMany` returns an array of `N`, `null`, or `undefined` values.
+   */
+  addMany(keysOrNodes: (BTNKey | null | undefined)[] | (N | null | undefined)[], values?: V[]): (N | null | undefined)[] {
+    // TODO not sure addMany not be run multi times
+    return keysOrNodes.map((keyOrNode, i) => {
+      if (keyOrNode instanceof BinaryTreeNode) {
+        return this.add(keyOrNode.key, keyOrNode.value);
+      }
+
+      if (keyOrNode === null) {
+        return this.add(null);
+      }
+
+      const value = values?.[i];
+      return this.add(keyOrNode, value);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The `refill` function clears the binary tree and adds multiple nodes with the given IDs or nodes and optional data.
+   * @param {(BTNKey | N)[]} keysOrNodes - The `keysOrNodes` parameter is an array that can contain either
+   * `BTNKey` or `N` values.
+   * @param {N[] | Array<V>} [data] - The `data` parameter is an optional array of values that will be assigned to
+   * the nodes being added. If provided, the length of the `data` array should be equal to the length of the `keysOrNodes`
+   * array. Each value in the `data` array will be assigned to the
+   * @returns The method is returning a boolean value.
+   */
+  refill(keysOrNodes: (BTNKey | null | undefined)[] | (N | null | undefined)[], data?: Array<V>): boolean {
+    this.clear();
+    return keysOrNodes.length === this.addMany(keysOrNodes, data).length;
+  }
+
+  delete<C extends BTNCallback<N, BTNKey>>(identifier: BTNKey, callback?: C): BinaryTreeDeletedResult<N>[];
+
+  delete<C extends BTNCallback<N, N>>(identifier: N | null | undefined, callback?: C): BinaryTreeDeletedResult<N>[];
+
+  delete<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(identifier: ReturnType<C>, callback: C): BinaryTreeDeletedResult<N>[];
+
+  /**
+   * The `delete` function removes a node from a binary search tree and returns the deleted node along
+   * with the parent node that needs to be balanced.
+   * a key (`BTNKey`). If it is a key, the function will find the corresponding node in the
+   * binary tree.
+   * @returns an array of `BinaryTreeDeletedResult<N>` objects.
+   * @param {ReturnType<C>} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is either a
+   * `BTNKey` or a generic type `N`. It represents the property of the node that we are
+   * searching for. It can be a specific key value or any other property of the node.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that takes a node as input and returns a
+   * value. This value is compared with the `identifier` parameter to determine if the node should be
+   * included in the result. The `callback` parameter has a default value of
+   * `this.defaultOneParamCallback`, which
+   */
+  delete<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C> | null | undefined,
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C
+  ): BinaryTreeDeletedResult<N>[] {
+    const bstDeletedResult: BinaryTreeDeletedResult<N>[] = [];
+    if (!this.root) return bstDeletedResult;
+    if ((identifier as any) instanceof BinaryTreeNode) callback = (node => node) as C;
+
+    const curr = this.getNode(identifier, callback);
+    if (!curr) return bstDeletedResult;
+
+    const parent: N | null | undefined = curr?.parent ? curr.parent : null;
+    let needBalanced: N | null | undefined = null,
+      orgCurrent = curr;
+
+    if (!curr.left) {
+      if (!parent) {
+        // Handle the case when there's only one root node
+        this._setRoot(null);
+      } else {
+        const {familyPosition: fp} = curr;
+        if (fp === FamilyPosition.LEFT || fp === FamilyPosition.ROOT_LEFT) {
+          parent.left = curr.right;
+        } else if (fp === FamilyPosition.RIGHT || fp === FamilyPosition.ROOT_RIGHT) {
+          parent.right = curr.right;
+        }
+        needBalanced = parent;
+      }
+    } else {
+      const leftSubTreeRightMost = curr.left ? this.getRightMost(curr.left) : null;
+      if (leftSubTreeRightMost) {
+        const parentOfLeftSubTreeMax = leftSubTreeRightMost.parent;
+        orgCurrent = this._swap(curr, leftSubTreeRightMost);
+        if (parentOfLeftSubTreeMax) {
+          if (parentOfLeftSubTreeMax.right === leftSubTreeRightMost)
+            parentOfLeftSubTreeMax.right = leftSubTreeRightMost.left;
+          else parentOfLeftSubTreeMax.left = leftSubTreeRightMost.left;
+          needBalanced = parentOfLeftSubTreeMax;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    this._size = this.size - 1;
+
+    bstDeletedResult.push({deleted: orgCurrent, needBalanced});
+    return bstDeletedResult;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function `getDepth` calculates the depth of a given node in a binary tree relative to a
+   * specified root node.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N | null | undefined} distNode - The `distNode` parameter represents the node
+   * whose depth we want to find in the binary tree. It can be either a node object (`N`), a key value
+   * of the node (`BTNKey`), or `null`.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter represents the
+   * starting node from which we want to calculate the depth. It can be either a node object or the key
+   * of a node in the binary tree. If no value is provided for `beginRoot`, it defaults to the root
+   * node of the binary tree.
+   * @returns the depth of the `distNode` relative to the `beginRoot`.
+   */
+  getDepth(distNode: BTNKey | N | null | undefined, beginRoot: BTNKey | N | null | undefined = this.root): number {
+    if (typeof distNode === 'number') distNode = this.getNode(distNode);
+    if (typeof beginRoot === 'number') beginRoot = this.getNode(beginRoot);
+    let depth = 0;
+    while (distNode?.parent) {
+      if (distNode === beginRoot) {
+        return depth;
+      }
+      depth++;
+      distNode = distNode.parent;
+    }
+    return depth;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The `getHeight` function calculates the maximum height of a binary tree using either recursive or
+   * iterative approach.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter represents the
+   * starting node from which the height of the binary tree is calculated. It can be either a node
+   * object (`N`), a key value of a node in the tree (`BTNKey`), or `null` if no starting
+   * node is specified. If `
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is used to determine whether to calculate the
+   * height of the binary tree using a recursive approach or an iterative approach. It can have two
+   * possible values:
+   * @returns the height of the binary tree.
+   */
+  getHeight(beginRoot: BTNKey | N | null | undefined = this.root, iterationType = this.iterationType): number {
+    if (typeof beginRoot === 'number') beginRoot = this.getNode(beginRoot);
+    if (!beginRoot) return -1;
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _getMaxHeight = (cur: N | null | undefined): number => {
+        if (!cur) return -1;
+        const leftHeight = _getMaxHeight(cur.left);
+        const rightHeight = _getMaxHeight(cur.right);
+        return Math.max(leftHeight, rightHeight) + 1;
+      };
+
+      return _getMaxHeight(beginRoot);
+    } else {
+      if (!beginRoot) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+
+      const stack: {node: N; depth: number}[] = [{node: beginRoot, depth: 0}];
+      let maxHeight = 0;
+
+      while (stack.length > 0) {
+        const {node, depth} = stack.pop()!;
+
+        if (node.left) {
+          stack.push({node: node.left, depth: depth + 1});
+        }
+
+        if (node.right) {
+          stack.push({node: node.right, depth: depth + 1});
+        }
+
+        maxHeight = Math.max(maxHeight, depth);
+      }
+
+      return maxHeight;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The `getMinHeight` function calculates the minimum height of a binary tree using either a
+   * recursive or iterative approach.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting node from which we want to
+   * calculate the minimum height of the tree. It is optional and defaults to the root of the tree if
+   * not provided.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is used to determine the method of iteration
+   * to calculate the minimum height of a binary tree. It can have two possible values:
+   * @returns The function `getMinHeight` returns the minimum height of a binary tree.
+   */
+  getMinHeight(beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root, iterationType = this.iterationType): number {
+    if (!beginRoot) return -1;
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _getMinHeight = (cur: N | null | undefined): number => {
+        if (!cur) return 0;
+        if (!cur.left && !cur.right) return 0;
+        const leftMinHeight = _getMinHeight(cur.left);
+        const rightMinHeight = _getMinHeight(cur.right);
+        return Math.min(leftMinHeight, rightMinHeight) + 1;
+      };
+
+      return _getMinHeight(beginRoot);
+    } else {
+      const stack: N[] = [];
+      let node: N | null | undefined = beginRoot,
+        last: N | null | undefined = null;
+      const depths: Map<N, number> = new Map();
+
+      while (stack.length > 0 || node) {
+        if (node) {
+          stack.push(node);
+          node = node.left;
+        } else {
+          node = stack[stack.length - 1];
+          if (!node.right || last === node.right) {
+            node = stack.pop();
+            if (node) {
+              const leftMinHeight = node.left ? depths.get(node.left) ?? -1 : -1;
+              const rightMinHeight = node.right ? depths.get(node.right) ?? -1 : -1;
+              depths.set(node, 1 + Math.min(leftMinHeight, rightMinHeight));
+              last = node;
+              node = null;
+            }
+          } else node = node.right;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return depths.get(beginRoot) ?? -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function checks if a binary tree is perfectly balanced by comparing the minimum height and the
+   * height of the tree.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The parameter `beginRoot` is of type `N | null | undefined`, which means it can
+   * either be of type `N` (representing a node in a tree) or `null` (representing an empty tree).
+   * @returns The method is returning a boolean value.
+   */
+  isPerfectlyBalanced(beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root): boolean {
+    return this.getMinHeight(beginRoot) + 1 >= this.getHeight(beginRoot);
+  }
+
+  getNodes<C extends BTNCallback<N, BTNKey>>(
+    identifier: BTNKey,
+    callback?: C,
+    onlyOne?: boolean,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): N[];
+
+  getNodes<C extends BTNCallback<N, N>>(
+    identifier: N | null | undefined,
+    callback?: C,
+    onlyOne?: boolean,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): N[];
+
+  getNodes<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C>,
+    callback: C,
+    onlyOne?: boolean,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): N[];
+
+  /**
+   * The function `getNodes` returns an array of nodes that match a given node property, using either
+   * recursive or iterative traversal.
+   * @param {ReturnType<C>} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is either a
+   * `BTNKey` or a generic type `N`. It represents the property of the node that we are
+   * searching for. It can be a specific key value or any other property of the node.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that takes a node as input and returns a
+   * value. This value is compared with the `identifier` parameter to determine if the node should be
+   * included in the result. The `callback` parameter has a default value of
+   * `this.defaultOneParamCallback`, which
+   * @param [onlyOne=false] - A boolean value indicating whether to stop searching after finding the
+   * first node that matches the identifier. If set to true, the function will return an array with
+   * only one element (or an empty array if no matching node is found). If set to false (default), the
+   * function will continue searching for all
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting node from which the
+   * traversal of the binary tree will begin. It is optional and defaults to the root of the binary
+   * tree.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter determines the type of iteration used to
+   * traverse the binary tree. It can have two possible values:
+   * @returns The function `getNodes` returns an array of nodes (`N[]`).
+   */
+  getNodes<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C> | null | undefined,
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    onlyOne = false,
+    beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root,
+    iterationType = this.iterationType
+  ): N[] {
+    if (!beginRoot) return [];
+    if ((identifier as any) instanceof BinaryTreeNode) callback = (node => node) as C;
+    const ans: N[] = [];
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _traverse = (cur: N) => {
+        if (callback(cur) === identifier) {
+          ans.push(cur);
+          if (onlyOne) return;
+        }
+        if (!cur.left && !cur.right) return;
+        cur.left && _traverse(cur.left);
+        cur.right && _traverse(cur.right);
+      };
+
+      _traverse(beginRoot);
+    } else {
+      const queue = new Queue<N>([beginRoot]);
+      while (queue.size > 0) {
+        const cur = queue.shift();
+        if (cur) {
+          if (callback(cur) === identifier) {
+            ans.push(cur);
+            if (onlyOne) return ans;
+          }
+          cur.left && queue.push(cur.left);
+          cur.right && queue.push(cur.right);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  has<C extends BTNCallback<N, BTNKey>>(
+    identifier: BTNKey,
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): boolean;
+
+  has<C extends BTNCallback<N, N>>(
+    identifier: N | null | undefined,
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): boolean;
+
+  has<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C> | null | undefined,
+    callback: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * The function checks if a binary tree has a node with a given property or key.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is the key or value of
+   * the node that you want to find in the binary tree. It can be either a `BTNKey` or a
+   * generic type `N`.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that is used to determine whether a node
+   * matches the desired criteria. It takes a node as input and returns a boolean value indicating
+   * whether the node matches the criteria or not. The default callback function
+   * `this.defaultOneParamCallback` is used if no callback function is
+   * @param beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting point for the search. It specifies
+   * the node from which the search should begin. By default, it is set to `this.root`, which means the
+   * search will start from the root node of the binary tree. However, you can provide a different node
+   * as
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter specifies the type of iteration to be
+   * performed when searching for nodes in the binary tree. It can have one of the following values:
+   * @returns a boolean value.
+   */
+  has<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C> | null | undefined,
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    beginRoot = this.root,
+    iterationType = this.iterationType
+  ): boolean {
+    if ((identifier as any) instanceof BinaryTreeNode) callback = (node => node) as C;
+
+    return this.getNodes(identifier, callback, true, beginRoot, iterationType).length > 0;
+  }
+
+  getNode<C extends BTNCallback<N, BTNKey>>(
+    identifier: BTNKey,
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): N | null | undefined;
+
+  getNode<C extends BTNCallback<N, N>>(
+    identifier: N | null | undefined,
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): N | null | undefined;
+
+  getNode<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C>,
+    callback: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): N | null | undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * The function `get` returns the first node in a binary tree that matches the given property or key.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is the key or value of
+   * the node that you want to find in the binary tree. It can be either a `BTNKey` or `N`
+   * type.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that is used to determine whether a node
+   * matches the desired criteria. It takes a node as input and returns a boolean value indicating
+   * whether the node matches the criteria or not. The default callback function
+   * (`this.defaultOneParamCallback`) is used if no callback function is
+   * @param beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting point for the search. It specifies
+   * the root node from which the search should begin.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter specifies the type of iteration to be
+   * performed when searching for a node in the binary tree. It can have one of the following values:
+   * @returns either the found node (of type N) or null if no node is found.
+   */
+  getNode<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C> | null | undefined,
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    beginRoot = this.root,
+    iterationType = this.iterationType
+  ): N | null | undefined {
+    if ((identifier as any) instanceof BinaryTreeNode) callback = (node => node) as C;
+
+    return this.getNodes(identifier, callback, true, beginRoot, iterationType)[0] ?? null;
+  }
+
+  get<C extends BTNCallback<N, BTNKey>>(
+    identifier: BTNKey,
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): V | undefined;
+
+  get<C extends BTNCallback<N, N>>(
+    identifier: N | null | undefined,
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): V | undefined;
+
+  get<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C>,
+    callback: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType
+  ): V | undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * The function `get` returns the first node value in a binary tree that matches the given property or key.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is the key or value of
+   * the node that you want to find in the binary tree. It can be either a `BTNKey` or `N`
+   * type.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that is used to determine whether a node
+   * matches the desired criteria. It takes a node as input and returns a boolean value indicating
+   * whether the node matches the criteria or not. The default callback function
+   * (`this.defaultOneParamCallback`) is used if no callback function is
+   * @param beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting point for the search. It specifies
+   * the root node from which the search should begin.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter specifies the type of iteration to be
+   * performed when searching for a node in the binary tree. It can have one of the following values:
+   * @returns either the found value (of type V) or undefined if no node value is found.
+   */
+  get<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    identifier: ReturnType<C> | null | undefined,
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    beginRoot = this.root,
+    iterationType = this.iterationType
+  ): V | undefined {
+    if ((identifier as any) instanceof BinaryTreeNode) callback = (node => node) as C;
+
+    return this.getNode(identifier, callback, beginRoot, iterationType)?.value ?? undefined;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function `getPathToRoot` returns an array of nodes starting from a given node and traversing
+   * up to the root node, with the option to reverse the order of the nodes.
+   * @param {N} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter represents the starting node from which you want
+   * to find the path to the root node.
+   * @param [isReverse=true] - The `isReverse` parameter is a boolean flag that determines whether the
+   * resulting path should be reversed or not. If `isReverse` is set to `true`, the path will be
+   * reversed before returning it. If `isReverse` is set to `false` or not provided, the path will
+   * @returns The function `getPathToRoot` returns an array of type `N[]`.
+   */
+  getPathToRoot(beginRoot: N, isReverse = true): N[] {
+    // TODO to support get path through passing key
+    const result: N[] = [];
+    while (beginRoot.parent) {
+      // Array.push + Array.reverse is more efficient than Array.unshift
+      // TODO may consider using Deque, so far this is not the performance bottleneck
+      result.push(beginRoot);
+      beginRoot = beginRoot.parent;
+    }
+    result.push(beginRoot);
+    return isReverse ? result.reverse() : result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function `getLeftMost` returns the leftmost node in a binary tree, either using recursive or
+   * iterative traversal.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting point
+   * for finding the leftmost node in a binary tree. It can be either a node object (`N`), a key value
+   * of a node (`BTNKey`), or `null` if the tree is empty.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is used to determine the type of iteration to
+   * be performed when finding the leftmost node in a binary tree. It can have two possible values:
+   * @returns The function `getLeftMost` returns the leftmost node (`N`) in a binary tree. If there is
+   * no leftmost node, it returns `null`.
+   */
+  getLeftMost(beginRoot: BTNKey | N | null | undefined = this.root, iterationType = this.iterationType): N | null | undefined {
+    if (typeof beginRoot === 'number') beginRoot = this.getNode(beginRoot);
+
+    if (!beginRoot) return beginRoot;
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _traverse = (cur: N): N => {
+        if (!cur.left) return cur;
+        return _traverse(cur.left);
+      };
+
+      return _traverse(beginRoot);
+    } else {
+      // Indirect implementation of iteration using tail recursion optimization
+      const _traverse = trampoline((cur: N) => {
+        if (!cur.left) return cur;
+        return _traverse.cont(cur.left);
+      });
+
+      return _traverse(beginRoot);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function `getRightMost` returns the rightmost node in a binary tree, either recursively or
+   * iteratively.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting node from which we want to
+   * find the rightmost node. It is of type `N | null | undefined`, which means it can either be a node of type `N`
+   * or `null`. If it is `null`, it means there is no starting node
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is used to determine the type of iteration to
+   * be performed when finding the rightmost node in a binary tree. It can have two possible values:
+   * @returns The function `getRightMost` returns the rightmost node (`N`) in a binary tree. If the
+   * `beginRoot` parameter is `null`, it returns `null`.
+   */
+  getRightMost(beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root, iterationType = this.iterationType): N | null | undefined {
+    // TODO support get right most by passing key in
+    if (!beginRoot) return beginRoot;
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _traverse = (cur: N): N => {
+        if (!cur.right) return cur;
+        return _traverse(cur.right);
+      };
+
+      return _traverse(beginRoot);
+    } else {
+      // Indirect implementation of iteration using tail recursion optimization
+      const _traverse = trampoline((cur: N) => {
+        if (!cur.right) return cur;
+        return _traverse.cont(cur.right);
+      });
+
+      return _traverse(beginRoot);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function `isSubtreeBST` checks if a given binary tree is a valid binary search tree.
+   * @param {N} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the root node of the binary tree that you want
+   * to check if it is a binary search tree (BST) subtree.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is an optional parameter that specifies the
+   * type of iteration to use when checking if a subtree is a binary search tree (BST). It can have two
+   * possible values:
+   * @returns The function `isSubtreeBST` returns a boolean value.
+   */
+  isSubtreeBST(beginRoot: N | null | undefined, iterationType = this.iterationType): boolean {
+    // TODO there is a bug
+    if (!beginRoot) return true;
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const dfs = (cur: N | null | undefined, min: BTNKey, max: BTNKey): boolean => {
+        if (!cur) return true;
+        if (cur.key <= min || cur.key >= max) return false;
+        return dfs(cur.left, min, cur.key) && dfs(cur.right, cur.key, max);
+      };
+
+      return dfs(beginRoot, Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
+    } else {
+      const stack = [];
+      let prev = Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER,
+        curr: N | null | undefined = beginRoot;
+      while (curr || stack.length > 0) {
+        while (curr) {
+          stack.push(curr);
+          curr = curr.left;
+        }
+        curr = stack.pop()!;
+        if (!curr || prev >= curr.key) return false;
+        prev = curr.key;
+        curr = curr.right;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function checks if a binary tree is a binary search tree.
+   * @param iterationType - The parameter "iterationType" is used to specify the type of iteration to
+   * be used when checking if the binary tree is a binary search tree (BST). It is an optional
+   * parameter with a default value of "this.iterationType". The value of "this.iterationType" is not
+   * provided in
+   * @returns a boolean value.
+   */
+  isBST(iterationType = this.iterationType): boolean {
+    if (this.root === null) return true;
+    return this.isSubtreeBST(this.root, iterationType);
+  }
+
+  subTreeTraverse<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: BTNKey | N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  subTreeTraverse<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: BTNKey | N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: undefined
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  subTreeTraverse<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: BTNKey | N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: true
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  /**
+   * The function `subTreeTraverse` traverses a binary tree and applies a callback function to each
+   * node, either recursively or iteratively.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called on each node in the
+   * subtree traversal. It takes a single argument, which is the current node being traversed, and
+   * returns a value. The return values from each callback invocation will be collected and returned as
+   * an array.
+   * @param {BTNKey | N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting point
+   * for traversing the subtree. It can be either a node object, a key value of a node, or `null` to
+   * start from the root of the tree.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter determines the type of traversal to be
+   * performed on the binary tree. It can have two possible values:
+   * @param includeNull - The choice to output null values during binary tree traversal should be provided.
+   * @returns The function `subTreeTraverse` returns an array of `ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>`.
+   */
+  subTreeTraverse<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    beginRoot: BTNKey | N | null | undefined = this.root,
+    iterationType = this.iterationType,
+    includeNull = false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[] {
+    if (typeof beginRoot === 'number') beginRoot = this.getNode(beginRoot);
+
+    const ans: (ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>> | null | undefined)[] = [];
+    if (!beginRoot) return ans;
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _traverse = (cur: N | null | undefined) => {
+        if (cur !== undefined) {
+          ans.push(callback(cur));
+          if (includeNull) {
+            cur && this.isNodeOrNull(cur.left) && _traverse(cur.left);
+            cur && this.isNodeOrNull(cur.right) && _traverse(cur.right);
+          } else {
+            cur && cur.left && _traverse(cur.left);
+            cur && cur.right && _traverse(cur.right);
+          }
+        }
+      };
+
+      _traverse(beginRoot);
+    } else {
+      const stack: (N | null | undefined)[] = [beginRoot];
+
+      while (stack.length > 0) {
+        const cur = stack.pop();
+        if (cur !== undefined) {
+          ans.push(callback(cur));
+          if (includeNull) {
+            cur && this.isNodeOrNull(cur.right) && stack.push(cur.right);
+            cur && this.isNodeOrNull(cur.left) && stack.push(cur.left);
+          } else {
+            cur && cur.right && stack.push(cur.right);
+            cur && cur.left && stack.push(cur.left);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+  
+  isNode(node: any): node is N {
+    return node instanceof BinaryTreeNode && node.key.toString() !== 'NaN';
+  }
+
+  isNIL(node: any) {
+    return node instanceof BinaryTreeNode && node.key.toString() === 'NaN';
+  }
+
+  isNodeOrNull(node: any): node is (N | null){
+    return this.isNode(node) || node === null;
+  }
+
+  dfs<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    pattern?: DFSOrderPattern,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  dfs<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    pattern?: DFSOrderPattern,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: undefined
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  dfs<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    pattern?: DFSOrderPattern,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: true
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  /**
+   * The `dfs` function performs a depth-first search traversal on a binary tree, executing a callback
+   * function on each node according to a specified order pattern.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called on each node during
+   * the depth-first search traversal. It takes a node as input and returns a value. The default value
+   * is `this.defaultOneParamCallback`, which is a callback function defined elsewhere in the code.
+   * @param {DFSOrderPattern} [pattern=in] - The `pattern` parameter determines the order in which the
+   * nodes are visited during the depth-first search. There are three possible values for `pattern`:
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting node for the depth-first
+   * search. It determines where the search will begin in the tree or graph structure. If `beginRoot`
+   * is `null`, an empty array will be returned.
+   * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter determines the type of
+   * iteration used in the depth-first search algorithm. It can have two possible values:
+   * @param includeNull - The choice to output null values during binary tree traversal should be provided.
+   * @returns The function `dfs` returns an array of `ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>` values.
+   */
+  dfs<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    pattern: DFSOrderPattern = 'in',
+    beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root,
+    iterationType: IterationType = IterationType.ITERATIVE,
+    includeNull = false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[] {
+    if (!beginRoot) return [];
+    const ans: ReturnType<C>[] = [];
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _traverse = (node: N | null | undefined) => {
+        switch (pattern) {
+          case 'in':
+            if (includeNull) {
+              if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.left)) _traverse(node.left);
+              this.isNodeOrNull(node) && ans.push(callback(node));
+              if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.right)) _traverse(node.right);
+            } else {
+              if (node && node.left) _traverse(node.left);
+              this.isNode(node) && ans.push(callback(node));
+              if (node && node.right) _traverse(node.right);
+            }
+            break;
+          case 'pre':
+            if (includeNull) {
+              this.isNodeOrNull(node) && ans.push(callback(node));
+              if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.left)) _traverse(node.left);
+              if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.right)) _traverse(node.right);
+            } else {
+              this.isNode(node) && ans.push(callback(node));
+              if (node && node.left) _traverse(node.left);
+              if (node && node.right) _traverse(node.right);
+            }
+            break;
+          case 'post':
+            if (includeNull) {
+              if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.left)) _traverse(node.left);
+              if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.right)) _traverse(node.right);
+              this.isNodeOrNull(node) && ans.push(callback(node));
+            } else {
+              if (node && node.left) _traverse(node.left);
+              if (node && node.right) _traverse(node.right);
+              this.isNode(node) && ans.push(callback(node));
+            }
+
+            break;
+        }
+      };
+
+      _traverse(beginRoot);
+    } else {
+      // 0: visit, 1: print
+      const stack: {opt: 0 | 1; node: N | null | undefined}[] = [{opt: 0, node: beginRoot}];
+
+      while (stack.length > 0) {
+        const cur = stack.pop();
+        if (cur === undefined || this.isNIL(cur.node)) continue;
+        if (includeNull) {
+          if (cur.node === undefined) continue;
+        } else {
+          if (cur.node === null || cur.node === undefined) continue;
+        }
+        if (cur.opt === 1) {
+          ans.push(callback(cur.node));
+        } else {
+          switch (pattern) {
+            case 'in':
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.right});
+              stack.push({opt: 1, node: cur.node});
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.left});
+              break;
+            case 'pre':
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.right});
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.left});
+              stack.push({opt: 1, node: cur.node});
+              break;
+            case 'post':
+              stack.push({opt: 1, node: cur.node});
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.right});
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.left});
+              break;
+            default:
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.right});
+              stack.push({opt: 1, node: cur.node});
+              cur.node && stack.push({opt: 0, node: cur.node.left});
+              break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  bfs<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  bfs<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: undefined
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  bfs<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: true
+  ): ReturnType<C>[];
+
+  /**
+   * The bfs function performs a breadth-first search traversal on a binary tree, executing a callback
+   * function on each node.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called for each node in the
+   * breadth-first search. It takes a node of type `N` as its argument and returns a value of type
+   * `ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>`. The default value for this parameter is `this.defaultOneParamCallback
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting node for the breadth-first
+   * search. It determines from which node the search will begin. If `beginRoot` is `null`, the search
+   * will not be performed and an empty array will be returned.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter determines the type of iteration to be used
+   * in the breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm. It can have two possible values:
+   * @param includeNull - The choice to output null values during binary tree traversal should be provided.
+   * @returns The function `bfs` returns an array of `ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>[]`.
+   */
+  bfs<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root,
+    iterationType = this.iterationType,
+    includeNull = false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[] {
+    if (!beginRoot) return [];
+
+    const ans: ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>[] = [];
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const queue: Queue<N | null | undefined> = new Queue<N | null | undefined>([beginRoot]);
+
+      const traverse = (level: number) => {
+        if (queue.size === 0) return;
+
+        const current = queue.shift()!;
+        ans.push(callback(current));
+
+        if (includeNull) {
+          if (current && this.isNodeOrNull(current.left)) queue.push(current.left);
+          if (current && this.isNodeOrNull(current.right)) queue.push(current.right);
+        } else {
+          if (current.left) queue.push(current.left);
+          if (current.right) queue.push(current.right);
+        }
+
+        traverse(level + 1);
+      };
+
+      traverse(0);
+    } else {
+      const queue = new Queue<N | null | undefined>([beginRoot]);
+      while (queue.size > 0) {
+        const levelSize = queue.size;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < levelSize; i++) {
+          const current = queue.shift()!;
+          ans.push(callback(current));
+
+          if (includeNull) {
+            if (current && this.isNodeOrNull(current.left)) queue.push(current.left);
+            if (current && this.isNodeOrNull(current.right)) queue.push(current.right);
+          } else {
+            if (current.left) queue.push(current.left);
+            if (current.right) queue.push(current.right);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  listLevels<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[][];
+
+  listLevels<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: undefined
+  ): ReturnType<C>[][];
+
+  listLevels<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback?: C,
+    beginRoot?: N | null | undefined,
+    iterationType?: IterationType,
+    includeNull?: true
+  ): ReturnType<C>[][];
+
+  /**
+   * The `listLevels` function takes a binary tree node and a callback function, and returns an array
+   * of arrays representing the levels of the tree.
+   * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called on each node in
+   * the tree. It takes a node as input and returns a value. The return type of the callback function
+   * is determined by the generic type `C`.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter represents the starting node of the binary tree
+   * traversal. It can be any node in the binary tree. If no node is provided, the traversal will start
+   * from the root node of the binary tree.
+   * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter determines whether the tree traversal is done
+   * recursively or iteratively. It can have two possible values:
+   * @param includeNull - The choice to output null values during binary tree traversal should be provided.
+   * @returns The function `listLevels` returns an array of arrays, where each inner array represents a
+   * level in a binary tree. Each inner array contains the return type of the provided callback
+   * function `C` applied to the nodes at that level.
+   */
+  listLevels<C extends BTNCallback<N | null | undefined>>(
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root,
+    iterationType = this.iterationType,
+    includeNull = false
+  ): ReturnType<C>[][] {
+    if (!beginRoot) return [];
+    const levelsNodes: ReturnType<C>[][] = [];
+
+    if (iterationType === IterationType.RECURSIVE) {
+      const _recursive = (node: N | null | undefined, level: number) => {
+        if (!levelsNodes[level]) levelsNodes[level] = [];
+        levelsNodes[level].push(callback(node));
+        if (includeNull) {
+          if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.left)) _recursive(node.left, level + 1);
+          if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.right)) _recursive(node.right, level + 1);
+        } else {
+          if (node && node.left) _recursive(node.left, level + 1);
+          if (node && node.right) _recursive(node.right, level + 1);
+        }
+      };
+
+      _recursive(beginRoot, 0);
+    } else {
+      const stack: [N | null | undefined, number][] = [[beginRoot, 0]];
+
+      while (stack.length > 0) {
+        const head = stack.pop()!;
+        const [node, level] = head;
+
+        if (!levelsNodes[level]) levelsNodes[level] = [];
+        levelsNodes[level].push(callback(node));
+
+        if (includeNull) {
+          if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.right)) stack.push([node.right, level + 1]);
+          if (node && this.isNodeOrNull(node.left)) stack.push([node.left, level + 1]);
+        } else {
+          if (node && node.right) stack.push([node.right, level + 1]);
+          if (node && node.left) stack.push([node.left, level + 1]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return levelsNodes;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function returns the predecessor node of a given node in a binary tree.
+   * @param {N} node - The parameter "node" represents a node in a binary tree.
+   * @returns The function `getPredecessor` returns the predecessor node of the given node `node`.
+   */
+  getPredecessor(node: N): N {
+    if (node.left) {
+      let predecessor: N | null | undefined = node.left;
+      while (!predecessor || (predecessor.right && predecessor.right !== node)) {
+        if (predecessor) {
+          predecessor = predecessor.right;
+        }
+      }
+      return predecessor;
+    } else {
+      return node;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function `getSuccessor` returns the next node in a binary tree given a node `x`, or `null` if
+   * `x` is the last node.
+   * @param {N} x - N - a node in a binary tree
+   * @returns The function `getSuccessor` returns a value of type `N` (the successor node), or `null`
+   * if there is no successor, or `undefined` if the input `x` is `undefined`.
+   */
+  getSuccessor(x: N): N | null | undefined {
+    if (x.right) {
+      return this.getLeftMost(x.right);
+    }
+
+    let y: N | null | undefined = x.parent;
+    while (y && y && x === y.right) {
+      x = y;
+      y = y.parent;
+    }
+    return y;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The `morris` function performs a depth-first traversal of a binary tree using the Morris traversal
+   * algorithm and returns an array of values obtained by applying a callback function to each node.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called on each node in the
+   * tree. It takes a node of type `N` as input and returns a value of type `ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>`. The
+   * default value for this parameter is `this.defaultOneParamCallback`.
+   * @param {DFSOrderPattern} [pattern=in] - The `pattern` parameter in the `morris` function
+   * determines the order in which the nodes of a binary tree are traversed. It can have one of the
+   * following values:
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting node for the Morris
+   * traversal. It specifies the root node of the tree from which the traversal should begin. If
+   * `beginRoot` is `null`, an empty array will be returned.
+   * @returns The `morris` function returns an array of `ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>` values.
+   */
+  morris<C extends BTNCallback<N>>(
+    callback: C = this.defaultOneParamCallback as C,
+    pattern: DFSOrderPattern = 'in',
+    beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root
+  ): ReturnType<C>[] {
+    if (beginRoot === null) return [];
+    const ans: ReturnType<BTNCallback<N>>[] = [];
+
+    let cur: N | null | undefined = beginRoot;
+    const _reverseEdge = (node: N | null | undefined) => {
+      let pre: N | null | undefined = null;
+      let next: N | null | undefined = null;
+      while (node) {
+        next = node.right;
+        node.right = pre;
+        pre = node;
+        node = next;
+      }
+      return pre;
+    };
+    const _printEdge = (node: N | null | undefined) => {
+      const tail: N | null | undefined = _reverseEdge(node);
+      let cur: N | null | undefined = tail;
+      while (cur) {
+        ans.push(callback(cur));
+        cur = cur.right;
+      }
+      _reverseEdge(tail);
+    };
+    switch (pattern) {
+      case 'in':
+        while (cur) {
+          if (cur.left) {
+            const predecessor = this.getPredecessor(cur);
+            if (!predecessor.right) {
+              predecessor.right = cur;
+              cur = cur.left;
+              continue;
+            } else {
+              predecessor.right = null;
+            }
+          }
+          ans.push(callback(cur));
+          cur = cur.right;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 'pre':
+        while (cur) {
+          if (cur.left) {
+            const predecessor = this.getPredecessor(cur);
+            if (!predecessor.right) {
+              predecessor.right = cur;
+              ans.push(callback(cur));
+              cur = cur.left;
+              continue;
+            } else {
+              predecessor.right = null;
+            }
+          } else {
+            ans.push(callback(cur));
+          }
+          cur = cur.right;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 'post':
+        while (cur) {
+          if (cur.left) {
+            const predecessor = this.getPredecessor(cur);
+            if (predecessor.right === null) {
+              predecessor.right = cur;
+              cur = cur.left;
+              continue;
+            } else {
+              predecessor.right = null;
+              _printEdge(cur.left);
+            }
+          }
+          cur = cur.right;
+        }
+        _printEdge(beginRoot);
+        break;
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  // --- start additional methods ---
+
+  /**
+   * The above function is an iterator for a binary tree that can be used to traverse the tree in
+   * either an iterative or recursive manner.
+   * @param node - The `node` parameter represents the current node in the binary tree from which the
+   * iteration starts. It is an optional parameter with a default value of `this.root`, which means
+   * that if no node is provided, the iteration will start from the root of the binary tree.
+   * @returns The `*[Symbol.iterator]` method returns a generator object that yields the keys of the
+   * binary tree nodes in a specific order.
+   */
+  *[Symbol.iterator](node = this.root): Generator<BTNKey, void, undefined> {
+    if (!node) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (this.iterationType === IterationType.ITERATIVE) {
+      const stack: (N | null | undefined)[] = [];
+      let current: N | null | undefined = node;
+
+      while (current || stack.length > 0) {
+        while (current) {
+          stack.push(current);
+          current = current.left;
+        }
+
+        current = stack.pop();
+
+        if (current) yield current.key;
+        if (current) current = current.right;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (node.left) {
+        // @ts-ignore
+        yield* this[Symbol.iterator](node.left);
+      }
+      yield node.key;
+      if (node.right) {
+        // @ts-ignore
+        yield* this[Symbol.iterator](node.right);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected defaultOneParamCallback = (node: N) => node.key;
+
+  /**
+   * Swap the data of two nodes in the binary tree.
+   * @param {N} srcNode - The source node to swap.
+   * @param {N} destNode - The destination node to swap.
+   * @returns {N} - The destination node after the swap.
+   */
+  protected _swap(srcNode: N, destNode: N): N {
+    const {key, value} = destNode;
+    const tempNode = this.createNode(key, value);
+
+    if (tempNode) {
+      destNode.key = srcNode.key;
+      destNode.value = srcNode.value;
+
+      srcNode.key = tempNode.key;
+      srcNode.value = tempNode.value;
+    }
+
+    return destNode;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function `_addTo` adds a new node to a binary tree if there is an available position.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} newNode - The `newNode` parameter represents the node that you want to add to
+   * the binary tree. It can be either a node object or `null`.
+   * @param {N} parent - The `parent` parameter represents the parent node to which the new node will
+   * be added as a child.
+   * @returns either the left or right child node of the parent node, depending on which child is
+   * available for adding the new node. If a new node is added, the function also updates the size of
+   * the binary tree. If neither the left nor right child is available, the function returns undefined.
+   * If the parent node is null, the function also returns undefined.
+   */
+  protected _addTo(newNode: N | null | undefined, parent: N): N | null | undefined {
+    if (parent) {
+      // When all leaf nodes are null, it will no longer be possible to add new entity nodes to this binary tree.
+      // In this scenario, null nodes serve as "sentinel nodes," "virtual nodes," or "placeholder nodes."
+      if (parent.left === undefined) {
+        parent.left = newNode;
+        if (newNode) {
+          this._size = this.size + 1;
+        }
+        return parent.left;
+      } else if (parent.right === undefined) {
+        parent.right = newNode;
+        if (newNode) {
+          this._size = this.size + 1;
+        }
+        return parent.right;
+      } else {
+        return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The function sets the root property of an object to a given value, and if the value is not null,
+   * it also sets the parent property of the value to undefined.
+   * @param {N | null | undefined} v - The parameter `v` is of type `N | null | undefined`, which means it can either be of
+   * type `N` or `null`.
+   */
+  protected _setRoot(v: N | null | undefined) {
+    if (v) {
+      v.parent = undefined;
+    }
+    this._root = v;
+  }
+
+  print(beginRoot: N | null | undefined = this.root) {
+    const display = (root: N | null | undefined): void => {
+      const [lines, , ,] = _displayAux(root);
+      for (const line of lines) {
+        console.log(line);
+      }
+    };
+
+    const _displayAux = (node: N | null  | undefined): [string[], number, number, number] => {
+      if (node === undefined || node === null) {
+        return [[], 0, 0, 0];
+      }
+
+      if (node && node.right === undefined && node.left === undefined) {
+        const line = `${node.key}`;
+        const width = line.length;
+        const height = 1;
+        const middle = Math.floor(width / 2);
+        return [[line], width, height, middle];
+      }
+
+      if (node && node.right === undefined) {
+        const [lines, n, p, x] = _displayAux(node.left);
+        const s = `${node.key}`;
+        const u = s.length;
+        const first_line = ' '.repeat(x + 1) + '_'.repeat(n - x - 1) + s;
+        const second_line = ' '.repeat(x) + '/' + ' '.repeat(n - x - 1 + u);
+        const shifted_lines = lines.map(line => line + ' '.repeat(u));
+        return [[first_line, second_line, ...shifted_lines], n + u, p + 2, n + Math.floor(u / 2)];
+      }
+
+      if (node && node.left === undefined) {
+        const [lines, n, p, u] = _displayAux(node.right);
+        const s = `${node.key}`;
+        const x = s.length;
+        const first_line = s + '_'.repeat(x) + ' '.repeat(n - x);
+        const second_line = ' '.repeat(u + x) + '\\' + ' '.repeat(n - x - 1);
+        const shifted_lines = lines.map(line => ' '.repeat(u) + line);
+        return [[first_line, second_line, ...shifted_lines], n + x, p + 2, Math.floor(u / 2)];
+      }
+
+      const [left, n, p, x] = _displayAux(node.left);
+      const [right, m, q, y] = _displayAux(node.right);
+      const s = `${node.key}`;
+      const u = s.length;
+      const first_line = ' '.repeat(x + 1) + '_'.repeat(n - x - 1) + s + '_'.repeat(y) + ' '.repeat(m - y);
+      const second_line = ' '.repeat(x) + '/' + ' '.repeat(n - x - 1 + u + y) + '\\' + ' '.repeat(m - y - 1);
+      if (p < q) {
+        left.push(...new Array(q - p).fill(' '.repeat(n)));
+      } else if (q < p) {
+        right.push(...new Array(p - q).fill(' '.repeat(m)));
+      }
+      const zipped_lines = left.map((a, i) => a + ' '.repeat(u) + right[i]);
+      return [[first_line, second_line, ...zipped_lines], n + m + u, Math.max(p, q) + 2, n + Math.floor(u / 2)];
+    };
+
+    display(beginRoot);
+  }
+  // --- end additional methods ---
+}