toiljs 0.0.3 → 0.0.5

package/examples/basic/node_modules/toilscript/std/assembly/util/number.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,873 @@
+/// <reference path="../rt/index.d.ts" />
+
+import { idof } from "../builtins";
+import { CharCode } from "./string";
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+export const MAX_DOUBLE_LENGTH = 28;
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy @inline const POWERS10 = memory.data<u32>([
+  1,
+  10,
+  100,
+  1000,
+  10000,
+  100000,
+  1000000,
+  10000000,
+  100000000,
+  1000000000
+]);
+
+/*
+  Lookup table for pairwise char codes in range [0-99]
+
+  "00", "01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09",
+  "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "16", "17", "18", "19",
+  "20", "21", "22", "23", "24", "25", "26", "27", "28", "29",
+  "30", "31", "32", "33", "34", "35", "36", "37", "38", "39",
+  "40", "41", "42", "43", "44", "45", "46", "47", "48", "49",
+  "50", "51", "52", "53", "54", "55", "56", "57", "58", "59",
+  "60", "61", "62", "63", "64", "65", "66", "67", "68", "69",
+  "70", "71", "72", "73", "74", "75", "76", "77", "78", "79",
+  "80", "81", "82", "83", "84", "85", "86", "87", "88", "89",
+  "90", "91", "92", "93", "94", "95", "96", "97", "98", "99"
+*/
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy @inline const DIGITS = memory.data<u32>([
+  0x00300030, 0x00310030, 0x00320030, 0x00330030, 0x00340030,
+  0x00350030, 0x00360030, 0x00370030, 0x00380030, 0x00390030,
+  0x00300031, 0x00310031, 0x00320031, 0x00330031, 0x00340031,
+  0x00350031, 0x00360031, 0x00370031, 0x00380031, 0x00390031,
+  0x00300032, 0x00310032, 0x00320032, 0x00330032, 0x00340032,
+  0x00350032, 0x00360032, 0x00370032, 0x00380032, 0x00390032,
+  0x00300033, 0x00310033, 0x00320033, 0x00330033, 0x00340033,
+  0x00350033, 0x00360033, 0x00370033, 0x00380033, 0x00390033,
+  0x00300034, 0x00310034, 0x00320034, 0x00330034, 0x00340034,
+  0x00350034, 0x00360034, 0x00370034, 0x00380034, 0x00390034,
+  0x00300035, 0x00310035, 0x00320035, 0x00330035, 0x00340035,
+  0x00350035, 0x00360035, 0x00370035, 0x00380035, 0x00390035,
+  0x00300036, 0x00310036, 0x00320036, 0x00330036, 0x00340036,
+  0x00350036, 0x00360036, 0x00370036, 0x00380036, 0x00390036,
+  0x00300037, 0x00310037, 0x00320037, 0x00330037, 0x00340037,
+  0x00350037, 0x00360037, 0x00370037, 0x00380037, 0x00390037,
+  0x00300038, 0x00310038, 0x00320038, 0x00330038, 0x00340038,
+  0x00350038, 0x00360038, 0x00370038, 0x00380038, 0x00390038,
+  0x00300039, 0x00310039, 0x00320039, 0x00330039, 0x00340039,
+  0x00350039, 0x00360039, 0x00370039, 0x00380039, 0x00390039
+]);
+
+// Lookup table for pairwise char codes in range [0x00-0xFF]
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy @inline const HEX_DIGITS =
+"000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f\
+101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f\
+202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f\
+303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f\
+404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f\
+505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f\
+606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f\
+707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f\
+808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f\
+909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9f\
+a0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeaf\
+b0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebf\
+c0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecf\
+d0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedf\
+e0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeef\
+f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff";
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy @inline const ANY_DIGITS = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy @inline const EXP_POWERS = memory.data<i16>([/* eslint-disable indent */
+  -1220, -1193, -1166, -1140, -1113, -1087, -1060, -1034, -1007,  -980,
+   -954,  -927,  -901,  -874,  -847,  -821,  -794,  -768,  -741,  -715,
+   -688,  -661,  -635,  -608,  -582,  -555,  -529,  -502,  -475,  -449,
+   -422,  -396,  -369,  -343,  -316,  -289,  -263,  -236,  -210,  -183,
+   -157,  -130,  -103,   -77,   -50,   -24,     3,    30,    56,    83,
+    109,   136,   162,   189,   216,   242,   269,   295,   322,   348,
+    375,   402,   428,   455,   481,   508,   534,   561,   588,   614,
+    641,   667,   694,   720,   747,   774,   800,   827,   853,   880,
+    907,   933,   960,   986,  1013,  1039,  1066
+/* eslint-enable indent */]);
+
+// 1e-348, 1e-340, ..., 1e340
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy @inline const FRC_POWERS = memory.data<u64>([
+  0xFA8FD5A0081C0288, 0xBAAEE17FA23EBF76, 0x8B16FB203055AC76, 0xCF42894A5DCE35EA,
+  0x9A6BB0AA55653B2D, 0xE61ACF033D1A45DF, 0xAB70FE17C79AC6CA, 0xFF77B1FCBEBCDC4F,
+  0xBE5691EF416BD60C, 0x8DD01FAD907FFC3C, 0xD3515C2831559A83, 0x9D71AC8FADA6C9B5,
+  0xEA9C227723EE8BCB, 0xAECC49914078536D, 0x823C12795DB6CE57, 0xC21094364DFB5637,
+  0x9096EA6F3848984F, 0xD77485CB25823AC7, 0xA086CFCD97BF97F4, 0xEF340A98172AACE5,
+  0xB23867FB2A35B28E, 0x84C8D4DFD2C63F3B, 0xC5DD44271AD3CDBA, 0x936B9FCEBB25C996,
+  0xDBAC6C247D62A584, 0xA3AB66580D5FDAF6, 0xF3E2F893DEC3F126, 0xB5B5ADA8AAFF80B8,
+  0x87625F056C7C4A8B, 0xC9BCFF6034C13053, 0x964E858C91BA2655, 0xDFF9772470297EBD,
+  0xA6DFBD9FB8E5B88F, 0xF8A95FCF88747D94, 0xB94470938FA89BCF, 0x8A08F0F8BF0F156B,
+  0xCDB02555653131B6, 0x993FE2C6D07B7FAC, 0xE45C10C42A2B3B06, 0xAA242499697392D3,
+  0xFD87B5F28300CA0E, 0xBCE5086492111AEB, 0x8CBCCC096F5088CC, 0xD1B71758E219652C,
+  0x9C40000000000000, 0xE8D4A51000000000, 0xAD78EBC5AC620000, 0x813F3978F8940984,
+  0xC097CE7BC90715B3, 0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C70, 0xD5D238A4ABE98068, 0x9F4F2726179A2245,
+  0xED63A231D4C4FB27, 0xB0DE65388CC8ADA8, 0x83C7088E1AAB65DB, 0xC45D1DF942711D9A,
+  0x924D692CA61BE758, 0xDA01EE641A708DEA, 0xA26DA3999AEF774A, 0xF209787BB47D6B85,
+  0xB454E4A179DD1877, 0x865B86925B9BC5C2, 0xC83553C5C8965D3D, 0x952AB45CFA97A0B3,
+  0xDE469FBD99A05FE3, 0xA59BC234DB398C25, 0xF6C69A72A3989F5C, 0xB7DCBF5354E9BECE,
+  0x88FCF317F22241E2, 0xCC20CE9BD35C78A5, 0x98165AF37B2153DF, 0xE2A0B5DC971F303A,
+  0xA8D9D1535CE3B396, 0xFB9B7CD9A4A7443C, 0xBB764C4CA7A44410, 0x8BAB8EEFB6409C1A,
+  0xD01FEF10A657842C, 0x9B10A4E5E9913129, 0xE7109BFBA19C0C9D, 0xAC2820D9623BF429,
+  0x80444B5E7AA7CF85, 0xBF21E44003ACDD2D, 0x8E679C2F5E44FF8F, 0xD433179D9C8CB841,
+  0x9E19DB92B4E31BA9, 0xEB96BF6EBADF77D9, 0xAF87023B9BF0EE6B
+]);
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+export function isPowerOf2<T extends number>(value: T): bool {
+  return popcnt<T>(value) == 1;
+}
+
+// Count number of decimals for u32 values
+// In our case input value always non-zero so we can simplify some parts
+export function decimalCount32(value: u32): u32 {
+  if (value < 100000) {
+    if (value < 100) {
+      return 1 + u32(value >= 10);
+    } else {
+      return 3 + u32(value >= 10000) + u32(value >= 1000);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (value < 10000000) {
+      return 6 + u32(value >= 1000000);
+    } else {
+      return 8 + u32(value >= 1000000000) + u32(value >= 100000000);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Count number of decimals for u64 values
+// In our case input value always greater than 2^32-1 so we can skip some parts
+export function decimalCount64High(value: u64): u32 {
+  if (value < 1000000000000000) {
+    if (value < 1000000000000) {
+      return 10 + u32(value >= 100000000000) + u32(value >= 10000000000);
+    } else {
+      return 13 + u32(value >= 100000000000000) + u32(value >= 10000000000000);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (value < 100000000000000000) {
+      return 16 + u32(value >= 10000000000000000);
+    } else {
+      return 18 + u32(value >= 10000000000000000000) + u32(value >= 1000000000000000000);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function ulog_base(num: u64, base: i32): u32 {
+  if (isPowerOf2(base)) {
+    return (63 - <u32>clz(num)) / (31 - <u32>clz(base)) + 1;
+  }
+  let b64 = u64(base), b = b64, e: u32 = 1;
+  while (num >= b) {
+    num /= b;
+    b *= b;
+    e <<= 1;
+  }
+  while (num >= 1) {
+    num /= b64;
+    e++;
+  }
+  return e - 1;
+}
+
+function utoa32_dec_lut(buffer: usize, num: u32, offset: usize): void {
+  while (num >= 10000) {
+    // in most VMs i32/u32 div and modulo by constant can be shared and simplificate
+    let t = num / 10000;
+    let r = num % 10000;
+    num = t;
+
+    let d1 = r / 100;
+    let d2 = r % 100;
+
+    let digits1 = <u64>load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>d1 << alignof<u32>()));
+    let digits2 = <u64>load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>d2 << alignof<u32>()));
+
+    offset -= 4;
+    store<u64>(buffer + (offset << 1), digits1 | (digits2 << 32));
+  }
+
+  if (num >= 100) {
+    let t  = num / 100;
+    let d1 = num % 100;
+    num = t;
+    offset -= 2;
+    let digits = load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>d1 << alignof<u32>()));
+    store<u32>(buffer + (offset << 1), digits);
+  }
+
+  if (num >= 10) {
+    offset -= 2;
+    let digits = load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>num << alignof<u32>()));
+    store<u32>(buffer + (offset << 1), digits);
+  } else {
+    offset -= 1;
+    let digit = CharCode._0 + num;
+    store<u16>(buffer + (offset << 1), digit);
+  }
+}
+
+function utoa64_dec_lut(buffer: usize, num: u64, offset: usize): void {
+  while (num >= 100000000) {
+    let t = num / 100000000;
+    let r = <usize>(num - t * 100000000);
+    num = t;
+
+    let b = r / 10000;
+    let c = r % 10000;
+
+    let b1 = b / 100;
+    let b2 = b % 100;
+    let c1 = c / 100;
+    let c2 = c % 100;
+
+    let digits1 = <u64>load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>c1 << alignof<u32>()));
+    let digits2 = <u64>load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>c2 << alignof<u32>()));
+
+    offset -= 4;
+    store<u64>(buffer + (offset << 1), digits1 | (digits2 << 32));
+
+    digits1 = <u64>load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>b1 << alignof<u32>()));
+    digits2 = <u64>load<u32>(DIGITS + (<usize>b2 << alignof<u32>()));
+
+    offset -= 4;
+    store<u64>(buffer + (offset << 1), digits1 | (digits2 << 32));
+  }
+
+  utoa32_dec_lut(buffer, <u32>num, offset);
+}
+
+function utoa_hex_lut(buffer: usize, num: u64, offset: usize): void {
+  const lut = changetype<usize>(HEX_DIGITS);
+  while (offset >= 2) {
+    offset -= 2;
+    store<u32>(
+      buffer + (offset << 1),
+      load<u32>(lut + ((<usize>num & 0xFF) << alignof<u32>()))
+    );
+    num >>= 8;
+  }
+  if (offset & 1) {
+    store<u16>(buffer, load<u16>(lut + (<usize>num << 6)));
+  }
+}
+
+function utoa_dec_simple<T extends number>(buffer: usize, num: T, offset: usize): void {
+  do {
+    let t = num / 10;
+    let r = <u32>(num % 10);
+    num = changetype<T>(t);
+    offset--;
+    store<u16>(buffer + (offset << 1), CharCode._0 + r);
+  } while (num);
+}
+
+function utoa_hex_simple<T extends number>(buffer: usize, num: T, offset: usize): void {
+  do {
+    let d = num & 0x0F | CharCode._0;
+    d += select<T>(<T>0x27, <T>0, d > <T>CharCode._9);
+    offset--;
+    store<u16>(buffer + (offset << 1), d);
+    // @ts-ignore: type
+    num >>= 4;
+  } while (num);
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+export function utoa32_dec_core(buffer: usize, num: u32, offset: usize): void {
+  if (ASC_SHRINK_LEVEL >= 1) {
+    utoa_dec_simple<u32>(buffer, num, offset);
+  } else {
+    utoa32_dec_lut(buffer, num, offset);
+  }
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function utoa32_hex_core(buffer: usize, num: u32, offset: usize): void {
+  if (ASC_SHRINK_LEVEL >= 1) {
+    utoa_hex_simple<u32>(buffer, num, offset);
+  } else {
+    utoa_hex_lut(buffer, num, offset);
+  }
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function utoa64_dec_core(buffer: usize, num: u64, offset: usize): void {
+  if (ASC_SHRINK_LEVEL >= 1) {
+    utoa_dec_simple<u64>(buffer, num, offset);
+  } else {
+    utoa64_dec_lut(buffer, num, offset);
+  }
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function utoa64_hex_core(buffer: usize, num: u64, offset: usize): void {
+  if (ASC_SHRINK_LEVEL >= 1) {
+    utoa_hex_simple<u64>(buffer, num, offset);
+  } else {
+    utoa_hex_lut(buffer, num, offset);
+  }
+}
+
+function utoa64_any_core(buffer: usize, num: u64, offset: usize, radix: i32): void {
+  const lut = changetype<usize>(ANY_DIGITS);
+  let base = u64(radix);
+  if ((radix & (radix - 1)) == 0) { // for radix which pow of two
+    let shift = u64(ctz(radix) & 7);
+    let mask = base - 1;
+    do {
+      offset--;
+      store<u16>(buffer + (offset << 1), load<u16>(lut + (usize(num & mask) << 1)));
+      num >>= shift;
+    } while (num);
+  } else {
+    do {
+      offset--;
+      let q = num / base;
+      store<u16>(buffer + (offset << 1), load<u16>(lut + (usize(num - q * base) << 1)));
+      num = q;
+    } while (num);
+  }
+}
+
+export function utoa32(value: u32, radix: i32): String {
+  if (radix < 2 || radix > 36) {
+    throw new RangeError("toString() radix argument must be between 2 and 36");
+  }
+  if (!value) return "0";
+  let out: String;
+
+  if (radix == 10) {
+    let decimals = decimalCount32(value);
+    out = changetype<String>(__new(decimals << 1, idof<String>()));
+    utoa32_dec_core(changetype<usize>(out), value, decimals);
+  } else if (radix == 16) {
+    let decimals = (31 - clz(value) >> 2) + 1;
+    out = changetype<String>(__new(decimals << 1, idof<String>()));
+    utoa32_hex_core(changetype<usize>(out), value, decimals);
+  } else {
+    let decimals = ulog_base(value, radix);
+    out = changetype<String>(__new(decimals << 1, idof<String>()));
+    utoa64_any_core(changetype<usize>(out), value, decimals, radix);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function itoa32(value: i32, radix: i32): String {
+  if (radix < 2 || radix > 36) {
+    throw new RangeError("toString() radix argument must be between 2 and 36");
+  }
+  if (!value) return "0";
+
+  let sign = (value >>> 31) << 1;
+  if (sign) value = -value;
+  let out: String;
+
+  if (radix == 10) {
+    let decimals = decimalCount32(value);
+    out = changetype<String>(__new((decimals << 1) + sign, idof<String>()));
+    utoa32_dec_core(changetype<usize>(out) + sign, value, decimals);
+  } else if (radix == 16) {
+    let decimals = (31 - clz(value) >> 2) + 1;
+    out = changetype<String>(__new((decimals << 1) + sign, idof<String>()));
+    utoa32_hex_core(changetype<usize>(out) + sign, value, decimals);
+  } else {
+    let val32 = u32(value);
+    let decimals = ulog_base(val32, radix);
+    out = changetype<String>(__new((decimals << 1) + sign, idof<String>()));
+    utoa64_any_core(changetype<usize>(out) + sign, val32, decimals, radix);
+  }
+  if (sign) store<u16>(changetype<usize>(out), CharCode.MINUS);
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function utoa64(value: u64, radix: i32): String {
+  if (radix < 2 || radix > 36) {
+    throw new RangeError("toString() radix argument must be between 2 and 36");
+  }
+  if (!value) return "0";
+  let out: String;
+
+  if (radix == 10) {
+    if (value <= u32.MAX_VALUE) {
+      let val32    = <u32>value;
+      let decimals = decimalCount32(val32);
+      out = changetype<String>(__new(decimals << 1, idof<String>()));
+      utoa32_dec_core(changetype<usize>(out), val32, decimals);
+    } else {
+      let decimals = decimalCount64High(value);
+      out = changetype<String>(__new(decimals << 1, idof<String>()));
+      utoa64_dec_core(changetype<usize>(out), value, decimals);
+    }
+  } else if (radix == 16) {
+    let decimals = (63 - u32(clz(value)) >> 2) + 1;
+    out = changetype<String>(__new(decimals << 1, idof<String>()));
+    utoa64_hex_core(changetype<usize>(out), value, decimals);
+  } else {
+    let decimals = ulog_base(value, radix);
+    out = changetype<String>(__new(decimals << 1, idof<String>()));
+    utoa64_any_core(changetype<usize>(out), value, decimals, radix);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function itoa64(value: i64, radix: i32): String {
+  if (radix < 2 || radix > 36) {
+    throw new RangeError("toString() radix argument must be between 2 and 36");
+  }
+  if (!value) return "0";
+
+  let sign = u32(value >>> 63) << 1;
+  if (sign) value = -value;
+  let out: String;
+
+  if (radix == 10) {
+    if (<u64>value <= <u64>u32.MAX_VALUE) {
+      let val32    = <u32>value;
+      let decimals = decimalCount32(val32);
+      out = changetype<String>(__new((decimals << 1) + sign, idof<String>()));
+      utoa32_dec_core(changetype<usize>(out) + sign, val32, decimals);
+    } else {
+      let decimals = decimalCount64High(value);
+      out = changetype<String>(__new((decimals << 1) + sign, idof<String>()));
+      utoa64_dec_core(changetype<usize>(out) + sign, value, decimals);
+    }
+  } else if (radix == 16) {
+    let decimals = (63 - u32(clz(value)) >> 2) + 1;
+    out = changetype<String>(__new((decimals << 1) + sign, idof<String>()));
+    utoa64_hex_core(changetype<usize>(out) + sign, value, decimals);
+  } else {
+    let decimals = ulog_base(value, radix);
+    out = changetype<String>(__new((decimals << 1) + sign, idof<String>()));
+    utoa64_any_core(changetype<usize>(out) + sign, value, decimals, radix);
+  }
+  if (sign) store<u16>(changetype<usize>(out), CharCode.MINUS);
+  return out;
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy let _K: i32 = 0;
+
+// // @ts-ignore: decorator
+// @lazy
+// let _frc: u64 = 0;
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy let _exp: i32 = 0;
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy let _frc_minus: u64 = 0;
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy let _frc_plus: u64 = 0;
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy let _frc_pow: u64 = 0;
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy let _exp_pow: i32 = 0;
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function umul64f(u: u64, v: u64): u64 {
+  let u0 = u & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  let v0 = v & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+  let u1 = u >> 32;
+  let v1 = v >> 32;
+
+  let l = u0 * v0;
+  let t = u1 * v0 + (l >> 32);
+  let w = u0 * v1 + (t & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+
+  w += 0x7FFFFFFF; // rounding
+
+  t >>= 32;
+  w >>= 32;
+
+  return u1 * v1 + t + w;
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function umul64e(e1: i32, e2: i32): i32 {
+  return e1 + e2 + 64; // where 64 is significand size
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function normalizedBoundaries(f: u64, e: i32, isSingle: bool): void {
+  let frc = (f << 1) + 1;
+  let exp = e - 1;
+  let off = <i32>clz<u64>(frc);
+  frc <<= off;
+  exp  -= off;
+
+  let m = 1 + i32(f == (isSingle ? 0x00800000 : 0x0010000000000000));
+
+  _frc_plus  = frc;
+  _frc_minus = ((f << m) - 1) << e - m - exp;
+  _exp = exp;
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function grisuRound(buffer: usize, len: i32, delta: u64, rest: u64, ten_kappa: u64, wp_w: u64): void {
+  let lastp = buffer + ((len - 1) << 1);
+  let digit = load<u16>(lastp);
+  while (
+    rest < wp_w &&
+    delta - rest >= ten_kappa && (
+      rest + ten_kappa < wp_w ||
+      wp_w - rest > rest + ten_kappa - wp_w
+    )
+  ) {
+    --digit;
+    rest += ten_kappa;
+  }
+  store<u16>(lastp, digit);
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function getCachedPower(minExp: i32): void {
+  const c = reinterpret<f64>(0x3FD34413509F79FE); // 1 / lg(10) = 0.30102999566398114
+  let dk = (-61 - minExp) * c + 347;	            // dk must be positive, so can do ceiling in positive
+  let k = <i32>dk;
+  k += i32(k != dk); // conversion with ceil
+
+  let index = (k >> 3) + 1;
+  _K = 348 - (index << 3);	// decimal exponent no need lookup table
+  _frc_pow = load<u64>(FRC_POWERS + (<usize>index << alignof<u64>()));
+  _exp_pow = load<i16>(EXP_POWERS + (<usize>index << alignof<i16>()));
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function grisu2(value: f64, buffer: usize, sign: i32, isSingle: bool): i32 {
+  let frc: u64;
+  let exp: i32;
+
+  // frexp routine
+  if (isSingle) {
+    let uv = reinterpret<u32>(<f32>value);
+    exp = (uv & 0x7F800000) >>> 23;
+    let sid = uv & 0x007FFFFF;
+    frc = (u64(exp != 0) << 23) + sid;
+    exp = (exp || 1) - (0x7F + 23);
+  } else {
+    let uv = reinterpret<u64>(value);
+    exp = i32((uv & 0x7FF0000000000000) >>> 52);
+    let sid = uv & 0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFF;
+    frc = (u64(exp != 0) << 52) + sid;
+    exp = (exp || 1) - (0x3FF + 52);
+  }
+
+  normalizedBoundaries(frc, exp, isSingle);
+  getCachedPower(_exp);
+
+  // normalize
+  let off = <i32>clz<u64>(frc);
+  frc <<= off;
+  exp  -= off;
+
+  let frc_pow = _frc_pow;
+  let exp_pow = _exp_pow;
+
+  let w_frc = umul64f(frc, frc_pow);
+  let w_exp = umul64e(exp, exp_pow);
+
+  let wp_frc = umul64f(_frc_plus, frc_pow) - 1;
+  let wp_exp = umul64e(_exp, exp_pow);
+
+  let wm_frc = umul64f(_frc_minus, frc_pow) + 1;
+  let delta  = wp_frc - wm_frc;
+
+  return genDigits(buffer, w_frc, w_exp, wp_frc, wp_exp, delta, sign);
+}
+
+function genDigits(buffer: usize, w_frc: u64, w_exp: i32, mp_frc: u64, mp_exp: i32, delta: u64, sign: i32): i32 {
+  let one_exp = -mp_exp;
+  let one_frc = (<u64>1) << one_exp;
+  let mask    = one_frc - 1;
+
+  let wp_w_frc = mp_frc - w_frc;
+
+  let p1 = u32(mp_frc >> one_exp);
+  let p2 = mp_frc & mask;
+
+  let kappa = <i32>decimalCount32(p1);
+  let len = sign;
+
+  while (kappa > 0) {
+    let d: u32;
+    switch (kappa) {
+      case 10: { d = p1 / 1000000000; p1 %= 1000000000; break; }
+      case  9: { d = p1 /  100000000; p1 %=  100000000; break; }
+      case  8: { d = p1 /   10000000; p1 %=   10000000; break; }
+      case  7: { d = p1 /    1000000; p1 %=    1000000; break; }
+      case  6: { d = p1 /     100000; p1 %=     100000; break; }
+      case  5: { d = p1 /      10000; p1 %=      10000; break; }
+      case  4: { d = p1 /       1000; p1 %=       1000; break; }
+      case  3: { d = p1 /        100; p1 %=        100; break; }
+      case  2: { d = p1 /         10; p1 %=         10; break; }
+      case  1: { d = p1;              p1 =           0; break; }
+      default: { d = 0; break; }
+    }
+
+    if (d | len) store<u16>(buffer + (len++ << 1), CharCode._0 + <u16>d);
+
+    --kappa;
+    let tmp = ((<u64>p1) << one_exp) + p2;
+    if (tmp <= delta) {
+      _K += kappa;
+      grisuRound(buffer, len, delta, tmp, <u64>load<u32>(POWERS10 + (<usize>kappa << alignof<u32>())) << one_exp, wp_w_frc);
+      return len;
+    }
+  }
+
+  while (true) {
+    p2    *= 10;
+    delta *= 10;
+
+    let d = p2 >> one_exp;
+    if (d | len) store<u16>(buffer + (len++ << 1), CharCode._0 + <u16>d);
+
+    p2 &= mask;
+    --kappa;
+    if (p2 < delta) {
+      _K += kappa;
+      wp_w_frc *= <u64>load<u32>(POWERS10 + (<usize>-kappa << alignof<u32>()));
+      grisuRound(buffer, len, delta, p2, one_frc, wp_w_frc);
+      return len;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function genExponent(buffer: usize, k: i32): i32 {
+  let sign = k < 0;
+  if (sign) k = -k;
+  let decimals = decimalCount32(k) + 1;
+  utoa32_dec_core(buffer, k, decimals);
+  store<u16>(buffer, <u16>select<u32>(CharCode.MINUS, CharCode.PLUS, sign));
+  return decimals;
+}
+
+function prettify(buffer: usize, length: i32, k: i32): i32 {
+  if (!k) {
+    store<u32>(buffer + (length << 1), CharCode.DOT | (CharCode._0 << 16));
+    return length + 2;
+  }
+
+  let kk = length + k;
+  if (length <= kk && kk <= 21) {
+    // 1234e7 -> 12340000000
+    for (let i = length; i < kk; ++i) {
+      store<u16>(buffer + (i << 1), CharCode._0);
+    }
+    store<u32>(buffer + (kk << 1), CharCode.DOT | (CharCode._0 << 16));
+    return kk + 2;
+  } else if (kk > 0 && kk <= 21) {
+    // 1234e-2 -> 12.34
+    let ptr = buffer + (kk << 1);
+    memory.copy(
+      ptr + 2,
+      ptr,
+      -k << 1
+    );
+    store<u16>(buffer + (kk << 1), CharCode.DOT);
+    return length + 1;
+  } else if (-6 < kk && kk <= 0) {
+    // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
+    let offset = 2 - kk;
+    memory.copy(
+      buffer + (offset << 1),
+      buffer,
+      length << 1
+    );
+    store<u32>(buffer, CharCode._0 | (CharCode.DOT << 16));
+    for (let i = 2; i < offset; ++i) {
+      store<u16>(buffer + (i << 1), CharCode._0);
+    }
+    return length + offset;
+  } else if (length == 1) {
+    // 1e30
+    store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.e, 2);
+    length = genExponent(buffer + 4, kk - 1);
+    return length + 2;
+  } else {
+    let len = length << 1;
+    memory.copy(
+      buffer + 4,
+      buffer + 2,
+      len - 2
+    );
+    store<u16>(buffer,       CharCode.DOT, 2);
+    store<u16>(buffer + len, CharCode.e,   2);
+    length += genExponent(buffer + len + 4, kk - 1);
+    return length + 2;
+  }
+}
+
+function dtoa_core(buffer: usize, value: f64, isSingle: bool): i32 {
+  let sign = i32(value < 0);
+  if (sign) {
+    value = -value;
+    store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.MINUS);
+  }
+  // assert(value > 0 && value <= (isSingle ? f32.MAX_VALUE : f64.MAX_VALUE));
+  let len = grisu2(value, buffer, sign, isSingle);
+  len = prettify(buffer + (sign << 1), len - sign, _K);
+  return len + sign;
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@lazy @inline const dtoa_buf = memory.data(MAX_DOUBLE_LENGTH << 1);
+
+export function dtoa<T extends number>(value: T): String {
+  const isSingle = isFloat<T>() && sizeof<T>() == 4;
+  return dtoa_impl(value, isSingle);
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function dtoa_impl(value: f64, isSingle: bool): String {
+  if (value == 0) return "0.0";
+  if (!isFinite(value)) {
+    if (isNaN(value)) return "NaN";
+    return select<String>("-Infinity", "Infinity", value < 0);
+  }
+  let size = dtoa_core(dtoa_buf, value, isSingle) << 1;
+  let result = changetype<String>(__new(size, idof<String>()));
+  memory.copy(changetype<usize>(result), dtoa_buf, size);
+  return result;
+}
+
+export function itoa_buffered<T extends number>(buffer: usize, value: T): u32 {
+  let sign: u32 = 0;
+  if (isSigned<T>()) {
+    sign = u32(value < 0);
+    if (sign) {
+      if (sizeof<T>() == 1) {
+        if (value == -0x80) {
+          // -0x80  ->  -128
+          store<u64>(buffer,
+            <u64>CharCode.MINUS |
+            <u64>(CharCode._0 + 1) << 16 |
+            <u64>(CharCode._0 + 2) << 32 |
+            <u64>(CharCode._0 + 8) << 48
+          );
+          return 4;
+        }
+      }
+      if (sizeof<T>() == 2) {
+        if (value == -0x8000) {
+          // -0x8000  ->  -32768
+          store<u64>(buffer,
+            <u64>CharCode.MINUS |
+            <u64>(CharCode._0 + 3) << 16 |
+            <u64>(CharCode._0 + 2) << 32 |
+            <u64>(CharCode._0 + 7) << 48
+          ); // -327
+          store<u32>(buffer + 8,
+            (CharCode._0 + 6) << 0 |
+            (CharCode._0 + 8) << 16
+          ); // 68
+          return 6;
+        }
+      }
+      store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.MINUS);
+      // @ts-ignore
+      value = -value;
+    }
+  }
+  let dest = buffer + (sign << 1);
+  if (ASC_SHRINK_LEVEL <= 1) {
+    if (isSigned<T>()) {
+      if (sizeof<T>() <= 4) {
+        if (<u32>value < 10) {
+          store<u16>(dest, value | CharCode._0);
+          return 1 + sign;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (<u64>value < 10) {
+          store<u16>(dest, value | CharCode._0);
+          return 1 + sign;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (value < 10) {
+        store<u16>(buffer, value | CharCode._0);
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  let decimals: u32 = 0;
+  if (sizeof<T>() <= 4) {
+    let val32 = <u32>value;
+    decimals = decimalCount32(val32);
+    utoa32_dec_core(dest, val32, decimals);
+  } else {
+    if (<u64>value <= <u64>u32.MAX_VALUE) {
+      let val32 = <u32>value;
+      decimals = decimalCount32(val32);
+      utoa32_dec_core(dest, val32, decimals);
+    } else {
+      let val64 = <u64>value;
+      decimals = decimalCount64High(val64);
+      utoa64_dec_core(dest, val64, decimals);
+    }
+  }
+  return sign + decimals;
+}
+
+export function dtoa_buffered<T extends number>(buffer: usize, value: T): u32 {
+  const isSingle = isFloat<T>() && sizeof<T>() == 4;
+  return dtoa_buffered_impl(buffer, value, isSingle);
+}
+
+// @ts-ignore: decorator
+@inline
+function dtoa_buffered_impl(buffer: usize, value: f64, isSingle: bool): u32 {
+  if (value == 0) {
+    store<u16>(buffer, CharCode._0);
+    store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.DOT, 2);
+    store<u16>(buffer, CharCode._0,  4);
+    return 3;
+  }
+  if (!isFinite(value)) {
+    if (isNaN(value)) {
+      store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.N);
+      store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.a, 2);
+      store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.N, 4);
+      return 3;
+    } else {
+      let sign = value < 0;
+      if (sign) {
+        store<u16>(buffer, CharCode.MINUS); // -
+        buffer += 2;
+      }
+      store<u64>(buffer, 0x690066006E0049, 0); // ifnI
+      store<u64>(buffer, 0x7900740069006E, 8); // ytin
+      return 8 + u32(sign);
+    }
+  }
+  return dtoa_core(buffer, value, isSingle);
+}