three-realtime-rt 0.3.0 → 0.3.2

package/src/SceneCompiler.js

@@ -1,424 +1,447 @@
-import * as THREE from "three";
-import { mergeGeometries } from "three/addons/utils/BufferGeometryUtils.js";
-import {
-  MeshBVH,
-  MeshBVHUniformStruct,
-  FloatVertexAttributeTexture,
-  SAH,
-  CENTER,
-} from "three-mesh-bvh";
-import { decodeBlueNoise, BLUE_NOISE_SIZE } from "./blueNoise.js";
-
-const MAX_LIGHTS = 16; // stage-1 cap; a data-texture light list is future work
-
-// Emissive-mesh triangles sampled by next-event estimation. Beyond the cap the
-// largest-area triangles win (they carry the most light); the rest are dropped
-// from the light list with a warning.
-const MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS = 256;
-
-/**
- * A two-level BVH scene. Static geometry lives in one BVH uploaded to the GPU
- * ONCE; dynamic (moving) meshes live in a second, small BVH that is re-baked and
- * re-uploaded every frame. The lighting shader traces both and takes the nearest
- * hit, so the per-frame cost scales with the *moving* triangle count only — not
- * the size of the static world. (This is the TLAS/BLAS idea, minus per-instance
- * transforms: one merged dynamic mesh is plenty for typical rigid-body scenes.)
- */
-export class CompiledScene {
-  constructor() {
-    // Static level (built once). Per level, one packed RGBA attribute texture
-    // (normal.xyz + materialIndex in .w): two BVH structs already cost 8 of the
-    // 16 guaranteed fragment samplers, so attributes must stay lean.
-    this.staticBvh = null;
-    this.staticBvhUniform = new MeshBVHUniformStruct();
-    this.staticAttrTex = new FloatVertexAttributeTexture();
-
-    // Dynamic level (re-baked/refit each frame).
-    this.dynamicBvh = null;
-    this.dynamicBvhUniform = new MeshBVHUniformStruct();
-    this.dynamicAttrTex = new FloatVertexAttributeTexture();
-    this.dynamicMerged = null;
-    this.dynamicPacked = null; // Float32Array + BufferAttribute for re-baking
-    this.dynamicPackedAttr = null;
-    this.dynamic = []; // [{ mesh, start, count, localPos, localNorm }]
-    this.hasDynamic = false;
-
-    this.materialsTex = null;
-    this.materials = [];
-    this.lightPosType = [];
-    this.lightColorRadius = [];
-    this.lightCount = 0;
-    this.emissiveTriCount = 0;
-    this.triangleCount = 0;
-
-    this._m3 = new THREE.Matrix3();
-    this._normalFrame = 0;
-    this._dynBuildVolume = null; // world-volume of the dynamic set at build time
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Re-bake the dynamic meshes' current world transforms into the dynamic
-   * geometry, refit the dynamic BVH, and re-upload ONLY the (small) dynamic
-   * textures. The static BVH is never touched. Call once per frame after moving
-   * the meshes.
-   */
-  updateDynamic() {
-    if (!this.hasDynamic || this.dynamic.length === 0) return;
-    const posAttr = this.dynamicMerged.getAttribute("position");
-    const pos = posAttr.array;
-    const packed = this.dynamicPacked; // normal.xyz + matIndex.w per vertex
-    let minX = Infinity, minY = Infinity, minZ = Infinity;
-    let maxX = -Infinity, maxY = -Infinity, maxZ = -Infinity;
-
-    for (const seg of this.dynamic) {
-      seg.mesh.updateWorldMatrix(true, false);
-      const m = seg.mesh.matrixWorld.elements;
-      const nm = this._m3.getNormalMatrix(seg.mesh.matrixWorld).elements;
-      const lp = seg.localPos;
-      const ln = seg.localNorm;
-      let o = seg.start * 3;
-      let p = seg.start * 4;
-      for (let i = 0; i < seg.count; i++) {
-        const x = lp[i * 3], y = lp[i * 3 + 1], z = lp[i * 3 + 2];
-        const wx = m[0] * x + m[4] * y + m[8] * z + m[12];
-        const wy = m[1] * x + m[5] * y + m[9] * z + m[13];
-        const wz = m[2] * x + m[6] * y + m[10] * z + m[14];
-        pos[o] = wx;
-        pos[o + 1] = wy;
-        pos[o + 2] = wz;
-        if (wx < minX) minX = wx; if (wx > maxX) maxX = wx;
-        if (wy < minY) minY = wy; if (wy > maxY) maxY = wy;
-        if (wz < minZ) minZ = wz; if (wz > maxZ) maxZ = wz;
-        const nx = ln[i * 3], ny = ln[i * 3 + 1], nz = ln[i * 3 + 2];
-        const tx = nm[0] * nx + nm[3] * ny + nm[6] * nz;
-        const ty = nm[1] * nx + nm[4] * ny + nm[7] * nz;
-        const tz = nm[2] * nx + nm[5] * ny + nm[8] * nz;
-        const il = 1.0 / (Math.hypot(tx, ty, tz) || 1);
-        packed[p] = tx * il;
-        packed[p + 1] = ty * il;
-        packed[p + 2] = tz * il;
-        // packed[p + 3] (matIndex) never changes
-        o += 3;
-        p += 4;
-      }
-    }
-    posAttr.needsUpdate = true;
-
-    // refit() keeps the tree TOPOLOGY from build time. While the props sit in
-    // a pile that's fine — but once they scatter (an explosion), triangles
-    // that are tree-neighbors end up across the room, refitted nodes balloon
-    // into huge overlapping boxes, and every ray wades through them (observed:
-    // 30 fps → 10 on mobile). When the set has spread well past its
-    // build-time volume, rebuild the tree from scratch instead — a few ms,
-    // paid only on large redistributions.
-    const vol =
-      Math.max(maxX - minX, 1e-6) *
-      Math.max(maxY - minY, 1e-6) *
-      Math.max(maxZ - minZ, 1e-6);
-    if (this._dynBuildVolume == null) this._dynBuildVolume = vol;
-    if (vol > this._dynBuildVolume * 3 || vol < this._dynBuildVolume / 3) {
-      this.dynamicBvh = new MeshBVH(this.dynamicMerged, { strategy: CENTER });
-      this._dynBuildVolume = vol;
-    } else {
-      this.dynamicBvh.refit();
-    }
-    this.dynamicBvhUniform.updateFrom(this.dynamicBvh);
-    // Normals only feed GI-bounce shading off movers — amortize their upload.
-    if (this._normalFrame++ % 8 === 0) {
-      this.dynamicAttrTex.updateFrom(this.dynamicPackedAttr);
-    }
-  }
-
-  dispose() {
-    this.staticBvhUniform.dispose();
-    this.staticAttrTex.dispose();
-    this.dynamicBvhUniform.dispose();
-    this.dynamicAttrTex.dispose();
-    if (this.materialsTex) this.materialsTex.dispose();
-    if (this.staticBvh) this.staticBvh.geometry.dispose();
-    if (this.dynamicMerged) this.dynamicMerged.dispose();
-  }
-}
-
-function extractMeshGeometry(mesh, materialIndex) {
-  const src = mesh.geometry.index
-    ? mesh.geometry.toNonIndexed()
-    : mesh.geometry.clone();
-
-  if (!src.getAttribute("normal")) src.computeVertexNormals();
-  const localPos = src.getAttribute("position").array.slice();
-  const localNorm = src.getAttribute("normal").array.slice();
-
-  const geo = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
-  geo.setAttribute("position", src.getAttribute("position").clone());
-  geo.setAttribute("normal", src.getAttribute("normal").clone());
-  geo.applyMatrix4(mesh.matrixWorld); // bake world transform
-
-  const count = geo.getAttribute("position").count;
-  const mi = new Float32Array(count).fill(materialIndex);
-  geo.setAttribute("materialIndex", new THREE.BufferAttribute(mi, 1));
-  return { geo, localPos, localNorm, count };
-}
-
-// Effective emissive colour (already scaled by intensity), or null if the
-// material doesn't emit. Matches the shading table's emissiveMap exclusion.
-function emissiveColor(mat) {
-  if (mat.emissiveMap != null || !mat.emissive) return null;
-  const i = mat.emissiveIntensity ?? 1;
-  if (i <= 0 || mat.emissive.r + mat.emissive.g + mat.emissive.b <= 0) return null;
-  return [mat.emissive.r * i, mat.emissive.g * i, mat.emissive.b * i];
-}
-
-// Row 0: materials, 2 texels each (albedo+rough, emissive+metal).
-// Row 1: emissive triangles for NEE, 4 texels each:
-//   [v0.xyz | area] [e1.xyz | emit.r] [e2.xyz | emit.g] [n.xyz | emit.b]
-// Rows 2..65: a 64x64 RGBA blue-noise tile for low-discrepancy sampling.
-// All packed into ONE texture because the lighting pass already sits at the
-// WebGL2-guaranteed 16-sampler limit — extra samplers are not available.
-function buildSceneDataTexture(materials, emissiveTris) {
-  const bn = decodeBlueNoise();
-  const width = Math.max(materials.length * 2, emissiveTris.length * 4, BLUE_NOISE_SIZE);
-  const height = 2 + BLUE_NOISE_SIZE;
-  const data = new Float32Array(width * height * 4);
-  materials.forEach((mat, i) => {
-    const o = i * 8;
-    const color = mat.color ?? new THREE.Color(1, 1, 1);
-    const emissive = emissiveColor(mat) ?? [0, 0, 0];
-    data[o + 0] = color.r;
-    data[o + 1] = color.g;
-    data[o + 2] = color.b;
-    data[o + 3] = mat.roughness ?? 1;
-    data[o + 4] = emissive[0];
-    data[o + 5] = emissive[1];
-    data[o + 6] = emissive[2];
-    data[o + 7] = mat.metalness ?? 0;
-  });
-  const row = width * 4;
-  emissiveTris.forEach((t, i) => {
-    const o = row + i * 16;
-    data[o + 0] = t.v0[0]; data[o + 1] = t.v0[1]; data[o + 2] = t.v0[2]; data[o + 3] = t.area;
-    data[o + 4] = t.e1[0]; data[o + 5] = t.e1[1]; data[o + 6] = t.e1[2]; data[o + 7] = t.emit[0];
-    data[o + 8] = t.e2[0]; data[o + 9] = t.e2[1]; data[o + 10] = t.e2[2]; data[o + 11] = t.emit[1];
-    data[o + 12] = t.n[0]; data[o + 13] = t.n[1]; data[o + 14] = t.n[2]; data[o + 15] = t.emit[2];
-  });
-  for (let y = 0; y < BLUE_NOISE_SIZE; y++) {
-    const o = (2 + y) * row;
-    const src = y * BLUE_NOISE_SIZE * 4;
-    for (let i = 0; i < BLUE_NOISE_SIZE * 4; i++) {
-      data[o + i] = (bn[src + i] + 0.5) / 256.0;
-    }
-  }
-  const tex = new THREE.DataTexture(data, width, height, THREE.RGBAFormat, THREE.FloatType);
-  tex.minFilter = THREE.NearestFilter;
-  tex.magFilter = THREE.NearestFilter;
-  tex.needsUpdate = true;
-  return tex;
-}
-
-// Collect world-space triangles of an emissive mesh for the NEE light list.
-// `geo` is already non-indexed and world-baked by extractMeshGeometry.
-function collectEmissiveTriangles(geo, emit, out) {
-  const pos = geo.getAttribute("position").array;
-  for (let i = 0; i + 8 < pos.length; i += 9) {
-    const e1 = [pos[i + 3] - pos[i], pos[i + 4] - pos[i + 1], pos[i + 5] - pos[i + 2]];
-    const e2 = [pos[i + 6] - pos[i], pos[i + 7] - pos[i + 1], pos[i + 8] - pos[i + 2]];
-    const cx = e1[1] * e2[2] - e1[2] * e2[1];
-    const cy = e1[2] * e2[0] - e1[0] * e2[2];
-    const cz = e1[0] * e2[1] - e1[1] * e2[0];
-    const len = Math.hypot(cx, cy, cz);
-    if (len < 1e-10) continue; // degenerate
-    out.push({
-      v0: [pos[i], pos[i + 1], pos[i + 2]],
-      e1,
-      e2,
-      n: [cx / len, cy / len, cz / len],
-      area: len * 0.5,
-      emit,
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-// A single degenerate triangle so the dynamic BVH textures are always valid even
-// when there are no dynamic meshes (tracing is gated by a uHasDynamic flag).
-function degenerateGeometry() {
-  const geo = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
-  geo.setAttribute("position", new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(9), 3));
-  geo.setAttribute("normal", new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]), 3));
-  geo.setAttribute("materialIndex", new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(3), 1));
-  return geo;
-}
-
-// Pack normal.xyz + materialIndex.w into one itemSize-4 attribute so each BVH
-// level costs a single sampler for its per-vertex data.
-function packAttributes(merged) {
-  const norm = merged.getAttribute("normal");
-  const matIdx = merged.getAttribute("materialIndex");
-  const count = norm.count;
-  const packed = new Float32Array(count * 4);
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    packed[i * 4] = norm.getX(i);
-    packed[i * 4 + 1] = norm.getY(i);
-    packed[i * 4 + 2] = norm.getZ(i);
-    packed[i * 4 + 3] = matIdx.getX(i);
-  }
-  return { packed, attr: new THREE.BufferAttribute(packed, 4) };
-}
-
-// Build one BVH level (merge geometries, upload BVH + attribute textures).
-function buildLevel(geometries, { dynamic }) {
-  const merged =
-    geometries.length > 0 ? mergeGeometries(geometries, false) : degenerateGeometry();
-  const bvh = new MeshBVH(merged, { strategy: dynamic ? CENTER : SAH });
-  return { merged, bvh, ...packAttributes(merged) };
-}
-
-export function compileScene(scene, options = {}) {
-  scene.updateMatrixWorld(true);
-  const dynamicSet = options.dynamicMeshes ? new Set(options.dynamicMeshes) : null;
-
-  const compiled = new CompiledScene();
-  const materials = compiled.materials;
-  const staticGeoms = [];
-  const dynamicGeoms = [];
-  const emissiveTris = [];
-  let dynVertexOffset = 0;
-  const tmpGeoms = []; // to dispose after merge
-
-  scene.traverse((obj) => {
-    if (!obj.isMesh || !obj.geometry || !obj.visible || obj.userData.rtExclude) return;
-    const mat = Array.isArray(obj.material) ? obj.material[0] : obj.material;
-    // Transparent surfaces must not act as opaque occluders — e.g.
-    // LittlestTokyo's glass display case (texture-alpha, opacity 1) would put
-    // the whole model in shadow. Alpha-textured glass can't be cheaply tested,
-    // so ANY transparent material is skipped like rtExclude (still
-    // rasterized). alphaTest cut-outs (transparent: false) stay occluders.
-    if (mat.transparent) return;
-    let mi = materials.indexOf(mat);
-    if (mi < 0) { mi = materials.length; materials.push(mat); }
-
-    const extracted = extractMeshGeometry(obj, mi);
-    tmpGeoms.push(extracted.geo);
-    // Static emissive meshes become NEE area lights (sampled directly with
-    // shadow rays instead of waiting for a GI ray to stumble into them).
-    // Dynamic emitters are left out — their world-space triangles would go
-    // stale — so they keep lighting the old way, via GI-ray hits.
-    const isDynamic = dynamicSet && dynamicSet.has(obj);
-    if (!isDynamic) {
-      const emit = emissiveColor(mat);
-      if (emit) collectEmissiveTriangles(extracted.geo, emit, emissiveTris);
-    }
-    if (isDynamic) {
-      dynamicGeoms.push(extracted.geo);
-      compiled.dynamic.push({
-        mesh: obj,
-        start: dynVertexOffset,
-        count: extracted.count,
-        localPos: extracted.localPos,
-        localNorm: extracted.localNorm,
-      });
-      dynVertexOffset += extracted.count;
-    } else {
-      staticGeoms.push(extracted.geo);
-    }
-  });
-
-  if (staticGeoms.length === 0 && dynamicGeoms.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error("three-realtime-rt: no meshes found in scene");
-  }
-
-  // Static level.
-  const s = buildLevel(staticGeoms, { dynamic: false });
-  compiled.staticBvh = s.bvh;
-  compiled.staticBvhUniform.updateFrom(s.bvh);
-  compiled.staticAttrTex.updateFrom(s.attr);
-
-  // Dynamic level.
-  compiled.hasDynamic = dynamicGeoms.length > 0;
-  const d = buildLevel(dynamicGeoms, { dynamic: true });
-  compiled.dynamicMerged = d.merged;
-  compiled.dynamicBvh = d.bvh;
-  compiled.dynamicBvhUniform.updateFrom(d.bvh);
-  compiled.dynamicPacked = d.packed;
-  compiled.dynamicPackedAttr = d.attr;
-  compiled.dynamicAttrTex.updateFrom(d.attr);
-
-  compiled.triangleCount =
-    (s.merged.getAttribute("position").count +
-      (compiled.hasDynamic ? d.merged.getAttribute("position").count : 0)) / 3;
-
-  // World-space extent of the static level. Used to auto-scale the ray offset
-  // epsilon: dense/large scenes (e.g. a detailed diorama normalized to a few
-  // units) need a bigger offset or every shadow ray self-intersects nearby
-  // micro-geometry and the scene renders black.
-  s.merged.computeBoundingBox();
-  const bb = s.merged.boundingBox;
-  compiled.sceneDiagonal = bb.isEmpty() ? 1 : bb.min.distanceTo(bb.max);
-
-  if (emissiveTris.length > MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS) {
-    console.warn(
-      `three-realtime-rt: ${emissiveTris.length} emissive triangles exceed the ` +
-      `NEE cap of ${MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS}; keeping the largest by area. Dropped ` +
-      `triangles no longer act as lights — prefer low-poly emitter meshes.`
-    );
-    emissiveTris.sort((a, b) => b.area - a.area);
-    emissiveTris.length = MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS;
-  }
-  compiled.emissiveTriCount = emissiveTris.length;
-  compiled.materialsTex = buildSceneDataTexture(materials, emissiveTris);
-  syncLights(scene, compiled);
-
-  // Static merged geometry is owned by its BVH (disposed with it); dynamic
-  // merged geometry is kept live for re-baking. Dispose the per-mesh temporaries
-  // that aren't the merged buffers.
-  for (const g of tmpGeoms) {
-    if (g !== s.merged && g !== d.merged) g.dispose();
-  }
-  return compiled;
-}
-
-/** (Re)scan the scene's lights into the compiled light tables. Cheap; call anytime. */
-export function syncLights(scene, compiled) {
-  const posType = compiled.lightPosType;
-  const colorRadius = compiled.lightColorRadius;
-  posType.length = 0;
-  colorRadius.length = 0;
-  let count = 0;
-  const tmpP = new THREE.Vector3();
-  const tmpT = new THREE.Vector3();
-
-  scene.traverse((obj) => {
-    if (!obj.isLight || !obj.visible || obj.intensity <= 0) return;
-    if (count >= MAX_LIGHTS) return;
-    if (obj.isPointLight) {
-      obj.getWorldPosition(tmpP);
-      posType.push(tmpP.x, tmpP.y, tmpP.z, 0);
-      colorRadius.push(
-        obj.color.r * obj.intensity,
-        obj.color.g * obj.intensity,
-        obj.color.b * obj.intensity,
-        obj.userData.rtRadius ?? 0.15
-      );
-      count++;
-    } else if (obj.isDirectionalLight) {
-      obj.getWorldPosition(tmpP);
-      obj.target.getWorldPosition(tmpT);
-      const dir = tmpT.sub(tmpP).normalize();
-      posType.push(dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, 1);
-      colorRadius.push(
-        obj.color.r * obj.intensity,
-        obj.color.g * obj.intensity,
-        obj.color.b * obj.intensity,
-        obj.userData.rtRadius ?? 0.02
-      );
-      count++;
-    }
-  });
-
-  compiled.lightCount = count;
-  while (posType.length < MAX_LIGHTS * 4) {
-    posType.push(0, 0, 0, 0);
-    colorRadius.push(0, 0, 0, 0);
-  }
-}
-
-export { MAX_LIGHTS };
+import * as THREE from "three";
+import { mergeGeometries } from "three/addons/utils/BufferGeometryUtils.js";
+import {
+  MeshBVH,
+  MeshBVHUniformStruct,
+  FloatVertexAttributeTexture,
+  SAH,
+  CENTER,
+} from "three-mesh-bvh";
+import { decodeBlueNoise, BLUE_NOISE_SIZE } from "./blueNoise.js";
+
+const MAX_LIGHTS = 32; // stage-1 cap; a data-texture light list is future work
+
+// Emissive-mesh triangles sampled by next-event estimation. Beyond the cap the
+// largest-area triangles win (they carry the most light); the rest are dropped
+// from the light list with a warning.
+const MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS = 256;
+
+/**
+ * A two-level BVH scene. Static geometry lives in one BVH uploaded to the GPU
+ * ONCE; dynamic (moving) meshes live in a second, small BVH that is re-baked and
+ * re-uploaded every frame. The lighting shader traces both and takes the nearest
+ * hit, so the per-frame cost scales with the *moving* triangle count only — not
+ * the size of the static world. (This is the TLAS/BLAS idea, minus per-instance
+ * transforms: one merged dynamic mesh is plenty for typical rigid-body scenes.)
+ */
+export class CompiledScene {
+  constructor() {
+    // Static level (built once). Per level, one packed RGBA attribute texture
+    // (normal.xyz + materialIndex in .w): two BVH structs already cost 8 of the
+    // 16 guaranteed fragment samplers, so attributes must stay lean.
+    this.staticBvh = null;
+    this.staticBvhUniform = new MeshBVHUniformStruct();
+    this.staticAttrTex = new FloatVertexAttributeTexture();
+
+    // Dynamic level (re-baked/refit each frame).
+    this.dynamicBvh = null;
+    this.dynamicBvhUniform = new MeshBVHUniformStruct();
+    this.dynamicAttrTex = new FloatVertexAttributeTexture();
+    this.dynamicMerged = null;
+    this.dynamicPacked = null; // Float32Array + BufferAttribute for re-baking
+    this.dynamicPackedAttr = null;
+    this.dynamic = []; // [{ mesh, start, count, localPos, localNorm }]
+    this.hasDynamic = false;
+
+    this.materialsTex = null;
+    this.materials = [];
+    this.lightPosType = [];
+    this.lightColorRadius = [];
+    this.lightDirCone = []; // spot direction.xyz + cos(outer angle)
+    this.lightCount = 0;
+    this.emissiveTriCount = 0;
+    this.triangleCount = 0;
+
+    this._m3 = new THREE.Matrix3();
+    this._normalFrame = 0;
+    this._dynBuildVolume = null; // world-volume of the dynamic set at build time
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Re-bake the dynamic meshes' current world transforms into the dynamic
+   * geometry, refit the dynamic BVH, and re-upload ONLY the (small) dynamic
+   * textures. The static BVH is never touched. Call once per frame after moving
+   * the meshes.
+   */
+  updateDynamic() {
+    if (!this.hasDynamic || this.dynamic.length === 0) return;
+    const posAttr = this.dynamicMerged.getAttribute("position");
+    const pos = posAttr.array;
+    const packed = this.dynamicPacked; // normal.xyz + matIndex.w per vertex
+    let minX = Infinity, minY = Infinity, minZ = Infinity;
+    let maxX = -Infinity, maxY = -Infinity, maxZ = -Infinity;
+
+    for (const seg of this.dynamic) {
+      seg.mesh.updateWorldMatrix(true, false);
+      const m = seg.mesh.matrixWorld.elements;
+      const nm = this._m3.getNormalMatrix(seg.mesh.matrixWorld).elements;
+      const lp = seg.localPos;
+      const ln = seg.localNorm;
+      let o = seg.start * 3;
+      let p = seg.start * 4;
+      for (let i = 0; i < seg.count; i++) {
+        const x = lp[i * 3], y = lp[i * 3 + 1], z = lp[i * 3 + 2];
+        const wx = m[0] * x + m[4] * y + m[8] * z + m[12];
+        const wy = m[1] * x + m[5] * y + m[9] * z + m[13];
+        const wz = m[2] * x + m[6] * y + m[10] * z + m[14];
+        pos[o] = wx;
+        pos[o + 1] = wy;
+        pos[o + 2] = wz;
+        if (wx < minX) minX = wx; if (wx > maxX) maxX = wx;
+        if (wy < minY) minY = wy; if (wy > maxY) maxY = wy;
+        if (wz < minZ) minZ = wz; if (wz > maxZ) maxZ = wz;
+        const nx = ln[i * 3], ny = ln[i * 3 + 1], nz = ln[i * 3 + 2];
+        const tx = nm[0] * nx + nm[3] * ny + nm[6] * nz;
+        const ty = nm[1] * nx + nm[4] * ny + nm[7] * nz;
+        const tz = nm[2] * nx + nm[5] * ny + nm[8] * nz;
+        const il = 1.0 / (Math.hypot(tx, ty, tz) || 1);
+        packed[p] = tx * il;
+        packed[p + 1] = ty * il;
+        packed[p + 2] = tz * il;
+        // packed[p + 3] (matIndex) never changes
+        o += 3;
+        p += 4;
+      }
+    }
+    posAttr.needsUpdate = true;
+
+    // refit() keeps the tree TOPOLOGY from build time. While the props sit in
+    // a pile that's fine — but once they scatter (an explosion), triangles
+    // that are tree-neighbors end up across the room, refitted nodes balloon
+    // into huge overlapping boxes, and every ray wades through them (observed:
+    // 30 fps → 10 on mobile). When the set has spread well past its
+    // build-time volume, rebuild the tree from scratch instead — a few ms,
+    // paid only on large redistributions.
+    const vol =
+      Math.max(maxX - minX, 1e-6) *
+      Math.max(maxY - minY, 1e-6) *
+      Math.max(maxZ - minZ, 1e-6);
+    if (this._dynBuildVolume == null) this._dynBuildVolume = vol;
+    if (vol > this._dynBuildVolume * 3 || vol < this._dynBuildVolume / 3) {
+      this.dynamicBvh = new MeshBVH(this.dynamicMerged, { strategy: CENTER });
+      this._dynBuildVolume = vol;
+    } else {
+      this.dynamicBvh.refit();
+    }
+    this.dynamicBvhUniform.updateFrom(this.dynamicBvh);
+    // Normals only feed GI-bounce shading off movers — amortize their upload.
+    if (this._normalFrame++ % 8 === 0) {
+      this.dynamicAttrTex.updateFrom(this.dynamicPackedAttr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  dispose() {
+    this.staticBvhUniform.dispose();
+    this.staticAttrTex.dispose();
+    this.dynamicBvhUniform.dispose();
+    this.dynamicAttrTex.dispose();
+    if (this.materialsTex) this.materialsTex.dispose();
+    if (this.staticBvh) this.staticBvh.geometry.dispose();
+    if (this.dynamicMerged) this.dynamicMerged.dispose();
+  }
+}
+
+function extractMeshGeometry(mesh, materialIndex) {
+  const src = mesh.geometry.index
+    ? mesh.geometry.toNonIndexed()
+    : mesh.geometry.clone();
+
+  if (!src.getAttribute("normal")) src.computeVertexNormals();
+  const localPos = src.getAttribute("position").array.slice();
+  const localNorm = src.getAttribute("normal").array.slice();
+
+  const geo = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+  geo.setAttribute("position", src.getAttribute("position").clone());
+  geo.setAttribute("normal", src.getAttribute("normal").clone());
+  geo.applyMatrix4(mesh.matrixWorld); // bake world transform
+
+  const count = geo.getAttribute("position").count;
+  const mi = new Float32Array(count).fill(materialIndex);
+  geo.setAttribute("materialIndex", new THREE.BufferAttribute(mi, 1));
+  return { geo, localPos, localNorm, count };
+}
+
+// Effective emissive colour (already scaled by intensity), or null if the
+// material doesn't emit. Matches the shading table's emissiveMap exclusion.
+function emissiveColor(mat) {
+  if (mat.emissiveMap != null || !mat.emissive) return null;
+  const i = mat.emissiveIntensity ?? 1;
+  if (i <= 0 || mat.emissive.r + mat.emissive.g + mat.emissive.b <= 0) return null;
+  return [mat.emissive.r * i, mat.emissive.g * i, mat.emissive.b * i];
+}
+
+// Row 0: materials, 2 texels each (albedo+rough, emissive+metal).
+// Row 1: emissive triangles for NEE, 4 texels each:
+//   [v0.xyz | area] [e1.xyz | emit.r] [e2.xyz | emit.g] [n.xyz | emit.b]
+// Rows 2..65: a 64x64 RGBA blue-noise tile for low-discrepancy sampling.
+// All packed into ONE texture because the lighting pass already sits at the
+// WebGL2-guaranteed 16-sampler limit — extra samplers are not available.
+function buildSceneDataTexture(materials, emissiveTris) {
+  const bn = decodeBlueNoise();
+  const width = Math.max(materials.length * 2, emissiveTris.length * 4, BLUE_NOISE_SIZE);
+  const height = 2 + BLUE_NOISE_SIZE;
+  const data = new Float32Array(width * height * 4);
+  materials.forEach((mat, i) => {
+    const o = i * 8;
+    const color = mat.color ?? new THREE.Color(1, 1, 1);
+    const emissive = emissiveColor(mat) ?? [0, 0, 0];
+    data[o + 0] = color.r;
+    data[o + 1] = color.g;
+    data[o + 2] = color.b;
+    data[o + 3] = mat.roughness ?? 1;
+    data[o + 4] = emissive[0];
+    data[o + 5] = emissive[1];
+    data[o + 6] = emissive[2];
+    data[o + 7] = mat.metalness ?? 0;
+  });
+  const row = width * 4;
+  emissiveTris.forEach((t, i) => {
+    const o = row + i * 16;
+    data[o + 0] = t.v0[0]; data[o + 1] = t.v0[1]; data[o + 2] = t.v0[2]; data[o + 3] = t.area;
+    data[o + 4] = t.e1[0]; data[o + 5] = t.e1[1]; data[o + 6] = t.e1[2]; data[o + 7] = t.emit[0];
+    data[o + 8] = t.e2[0]; data[o + 9] = t.e2[1]; data[o + 10] = t.e2[2]; data[o + 11] = t.emit[1];
+    data[o + 12] = t.n[0]; data[o + 13] = t.n[1]; data[o + 14] = t.n[2]; data[o + 15] = t.emit[2];
+  });
+  for (let y = 0; y < BLUE_NOISE_SIZE; y++) {
+    const o = (2 + y) * row;
+    const src = y * BLUE_NOISE_SIZE * 4;
+    for (let i = 0; i < BLUE_NOISE_SIZE * 4; i++) {
+      data[o + i] = (bn[src + i] + 0.5) / 256.0;
+    }
+  }
+  const tex = new THREE.DataTexture(data, width, height, THREE.RGBAFormat, THREE.FloatType);
+  tex.minFilter = THREE.NearestFilter;
+  tex.magFilter = THREE.NearestFilter;
+  tex.needsUpdate = true;
+  return tex;
+}
+
+// Collect world-space triangles of an emissive mesh for the NEE light list.
+// `geo` is already non-indexed and world-baked by extractMeshGeometry.
+function collectEmissiveTriangles(geo, emit, out) {
+  const pos = geo.getAttribute("position").array;
+  for (let i = 0; i + 8 < pos.length; i += 9) {
+    const e1 = [pos[i + 3] - pos[i], pos[i + 4] - pos[i + 1], pos[i + 5] - pos[i + 2]];
+    const e2 = [pos[i + 6] - pos[i], pos[i + 7] - pos[i + 1], pos[i + 8] - pos[i + 2]];
+    const cx = e1[1] * e2[2] - e1[2] * e2[1];
+    const cy = e1[2] * e2[0] - e1[0] * e2[2];
+    const cz = e1[0] * e2[1] - e1[1] * e2[0];
+    const len = Math.hypot(cx, cy, cz);
+    if (len < 1e-10) continue; // degenerate
+    out.push({
+      v0: [pos[i], pos[i + 1], pos[i + 2]],
+      e1,
+      e2,
+      n: [cx / len, cy / len, cz / len],
+      area: len * 0.5,
+      emit,
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+// A single degenerate triangle so the dynamic BVH textures are always valid even
+// when there are no dynamic meshes (tracing is gated by a uHasDynamic flag).
+function degenerateGeometry() {
+  const geo = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+  geo.setAttribute("position", new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(9), 3));
+  geo.setAttribute("normal", new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]), 3));
+  geo.setAttribute("materialIndex", new THREE.BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(3), 1));
+  return geo;
+}
+
+// Pack normal.xyz + materialIndex.w into one itemSize-4 attribute so each BVH
+// level costs a single sampler for its per-vertex data.
+function packAttributes(merged) {
+  const norm = merged.getAttribute("normal");
+  const matIdx = merged.getAttribute("materialIndex");
+  const count = norm.count;
+  const packed = new Float32Array(count * 4);
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    packed[i * 4] = norm.getX(i);
+    packed[i * 4 + 1] = norm.getY(i);
+    packed[i * 4 + 2] = norm.getZ(i);
+    packed[i * 4 + 3] = matIdx.getX(i);
+  }
+  return { packed, attr: new THREE.BufferAttribute(packed, 4) };
+}
+
+// Build one BVH level (merge geometries, upload BVH + attribute textures).
+function buildLevel(geometries, { dynamic }) {
+  const merged =
+    geometries.length > 0 ? mergeGeometries(geometries, false) : degenerateGeometry();
+  const bvh = new MeshBVH(merged, { strategy: dynamic ? CENTER : SAH });
+  return { merged, bvh, ...packAttributes(merged) };
+}
+
+export function compileScene(scene, options = {}) {
+  scene.updateMatrixWorld(true);
+  const dynamicSet = options.dynamicMeshes ? new Set(options.dynamicMeshes) : null;
+
+  const compiled = new CompiledScene();
+  const materials = compiled.materials;
+  const staticGeoms = [];
+  const dynamicGeoms = [];
+  const emissiveTris = [];
+  let dynVertexOffset = 0;
+  const tmpGeoms = []; // to dispose after merge
+
+  scene.traverse((obj) => {
+    if (!obj.isMesh || !obj.geometry || !obj.visible || obj.userData.rtExclude) return;
+    const mat = Array.isArray(obj.material) ? obj.material[0] : obj.material;
+    // Transparent surfaces must not act as opaque occluders — e.g.
+    // LittlestTokyo's glass display case (texture-alpha, opacity 1) would put
+    // the whole model in shadow. Alpha-textured glass can't be cheaply tested,
+    // so ANY transparent material is skipped like rtExclude (still
+    // rasterized). alphaTest cut-outs (transparent: false) stay occluders.
+    if (mat.transparent) return;
+    let mi = materials.indexOf(mat);
+    if (mi < 0) { mi = materials.length; materials.push(mat); }
+
+    const extracted = extractMeshGeometry(obj, mi);
+    tmpGeoms.push(extracted.geo);
+    // Static emissive meshes become NEE area lights (sampled directly with
+    // shadow rays instead of waiting for a GI ray to stumble into them).
+    // Dynamic emitters are left out — their world-space triangles would go
+    // stale — so they keep lighting the old way, via GI-ray hits.
+    const isDynamic = dynamicSet && dynamicSet.has(obj);
+    if (!isDynamic) {
+      const emit = emissiveColor(mat);
+      if (emit) collectEmissiveTriangles(extracted.geo, emit, emissiveTris);
+    }
+    if (isDynamic) {
+      dynamicGeoms.push(extracted.geo);
+      compiled.dynamic.push({
+        mesh: obj,
+        start: dynVertexOffset,
+        count: extracted.count,
+        localPos: extracted.localPos,
+        localNorm: extracted.localNorm,
+      });
+      dynVertexOffset += extracted.count;
+    } else {
+      staticGeoms.push(extracted.geo);
+    }
+  });
+
+  if (staticGeoms.length === 0 && dynamicGeoms.length === 0) {
+    throw new Error("three-realtime-rt: no meshes found in scene");
+  }
+
+  // Static level.
+  const s = buildLevel(staticGeoms, { dynamic: false });
+  compiled.staticBvh = s.bvh;
+  compiled.staticBvhUniform.updateFrom(s.bvh);
+  compiled.staticAttrTex.updateFrom(s.attr);
+
+  // Dynamic level.
+  compiled.hasDynamic = dynamicGeoms.length > 0;
+  const d = buildLevel(dynamicGeoms, { dynamic: true });
+  compiled.dynamicMerged = d.merged;
+  compiled.dynamicBvh = d.bvh;
+  compiled.dynamicBvhUniform.updateFrom(d.bvh);
+  compiled.dynamicPacked = d.packed;
+  compiled.dynamicPackedAttr = d.attr;
+  compiled.dynamicAttrTex.updateFrom(d.attr);
+
+  compiled.triangleCount =
+    (s.merged.getAttribute("position").count +
+      (compiled.hasDynamic ? d.merged.getAttribute("position").count : 0)) / 3;
+
+  // World-space extent of the static level. Used to auto-scale the ray offset
+  // epsilon: dense/large scenes (e.g. a detailed diorama normalized to a few
+  // units) need a bigger offset or every shadow ray self-intersects nearby
+  // micro-geometry and the scene renders black.
+  s.merged.computeBoundingBox();
+  const bb = s.merged.boundingBox;
+  compiled.sceneDiagonal = bb.isEmpty() ? 1 : bb.min.distanceTo(bb.max);
+
+  if (emissiveTris.length > MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS) {
+    console.warn(
+      `three-realtime-rt: ${emissiveTris.length} emissive triangles exceed the ` +
+      `NEE cap of ${MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS}; keeping the largest by area. Dropped ` +
+      `triangles no longer act as lights — prefer low-poly emitter meshes.`
+    );
+    emissiveTris.sort((a, b) => b.area - a.area);
+    emissiveTris.length = MAX_EMISSIVE_TRIS;
+  }
+  compiled.emissiveTriCount = emissiveTris.length;
+  compiled.materialsTex = buildSceneDataTexture(materials, emissiveTris);
+  syncLights(scene, compiled);
+
+  // Static merged geometry is owned by its BVH (disposed with it); dynamic
+  // merged geometry is kept live for re-baking. Dispose the per-mesh temporaries
+  // that aren't the merged buffers.
+  for (const g of tmpGeoms) {
+    if (g !== s.merged && g !== d.merged) g.dispose();
+  }
+  return compiled;
+}
+
+/** (Re)scan the scene's lights into the compiled light tables. Cheap; call anytime. */
+export function syncLights(scene, compiled) {
+  const posType = compiled.lightPosType;
+  const colorRadius = compiled.lightColorRadius;
+  const dirCone = compiled.lightDirCone;
+  posType.length = 0;
+  colorRadius.length = 0;
+  dirCone.length = 0;
+  let count = 0;
+  const tmpP = new THREE.Vector3();
+  const tmpT = new THREE.Vector3();
+
+  scene.traverse((obj) => {
+    if (!obj.isLight || !obj.visible || obj.intensity <= 0) return;
+    if (count >= MAX_LIGHTS) return;
+    if (obj.isSpotLight) {
+      // posType.w encodes type AND the inner-cone cosine: w = 2 + cosInner
+      // (any w >= 1.5 is a spot). Direction + outer cosine live in dirCone.
+      obj.getWorldPosition(tmpP);
+      obj.target.getWorldPosition(tmpT);
+      const dir = tmpT.sub(tmpP).normalize();
+      const cosOuter = Math.cos(obj.angle);
+      const cosInner = Math.cos(obj.angle * (1 - (obj.penumbra ?? 0)));
+      posType.push(tmpP.x, tmpP.y, tmpP.z, 2 + cosInner);
+      colorRadius.push(
+        obj.color.r * obj.intensity,
+        obj.color.g * obj.intensity,
+        obj.color.b * obj.intensity,
+        obj.userData.rtRadius ?? 0.1
+      );
+      dirCone.push(dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, cosOuter);
+      count++;
+    } else if (obj.isPointLight) {
+      obj.getWorldPosition(tmpP);
+      posType.push(tmpP.x, tmpP.y, tmpP.z, 0);
+      colorRadius.push(
+        obj.color.r * obj.intensity,
+        obj.color.g * obj.intensity,
+        obj.color.b * obj.intensity,
+        obj.userData.rtRadius ?? 0.15
+      );
+      dirCone.push(0, 0, 0, 0);
+      count++;
+    } else if (obj.isDirectionalLight) {
+      obj.getWorldPosition(tmpP);
+      obj.target.getWorldPosition(tmpT);
+      const dir = tmpT.sub(tmpP).normalize();
+      posType.push(dir.x, dir.y, dir.z, 1);
+      colorRadius.push(
+        obj.color.r * obj.intensity,
+        obj.color.g * obj.intensity,
+        obj.color.b * obj.intensity,
+        obj.userData.rtRadius ?? 0.02
+      );
+      dirCone.push(0, 0, 0, 0);
+      count++;
+    }
+  });
+
+  compiled.lightCount = count;
+  while (posType.length < MAX_LIGHTS * 4) {
+    posType.push(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    colorRadius.push(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    dirCone.push(0, 0, 0, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+export { MAX_LIGHTS };