theus-cli-linux-x64 0.2.84

package/vendor/theus-arsenal/skills/patrones-django/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: patrones-django
+description: Patrones de arquitectura Django, diseño de API REST con DRF, buenas prácticas del ORM, caché, señales, middleware y apps Django de nivel producción.
+---
+
+# Patrones de desarrollo con Django
+
+Patrones de arquitectura Django de nivel producción para aplicaciones escalables y mantenibles.
+
+## Cuándo activarla
+
+- Construir aplicaciones web con Django
+- Diseñar API con Django REST Framework
+- Trabajar con el ORM y los modelos de Django
+- Definir la estructura de un proyecto Django
+- Implementar caché, señales o middleware
+
+## Estructura del proyecto
+
+### Layout recomendado
+
+```
+miproyecto/
+├── config/
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── settings/
+│   │   ├── __init__.py
+│   │   ├── base.py          # Settings base
+│   │   ├── development.py   # Settings de desarrollo
+│   │   ├── production.py    # Settings de producción
+│   │   └── test.py          # Settings de test
+│   ├── urls.py
+│   ├── wsgi.py
+│   └── asgi.py
+├── manage.py
+└── apps/
+    ├── __init__.py
+    ├── users/
+    │   ├── __init__.py
+    │   ├── models.py
+    │   ├── views.py
+    │   ├── serializers.py
+    │   ├── urls.py
+    │   ├── permissions.py
+    │   ├── filters.py
+    │   ├── services.py
+    │   └── tests/
+    └── products/
+        └── ...
+```
+
+### Patrón de settings divididos
+
+```python
+# config/settings/base.py
+from pathlib import Path
+
+BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
+
+SECRET_KEY = env('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY')
+DEBUG = False
+ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
+
+INSTALLED_APPS = [
+    'django.contrib.admin',
+    'django.contrib.auth',
+    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+    'django.contrib.sessions',
+    'django.contrib.messages',
+    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
+    'rest_framework',
+    'rest_framework.authtoken',
+    'corsheaders',
+    # Apps locales
+    'apps.users',
+    'apps.products',
+]
+
+MIDDLEWARE = [
+    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
+    'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware',
+    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
+    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
+    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
+    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
+    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
+    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
+]
+
+ROOT_URLCONF = 'config.urls'
+WSGI_APPLICATION = 'config.wsgi.application'
+
+DATABASES = {
+    'default': {
+        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
+        'NAME': env('DB_NAME'),
+        'USER': env('DB_USER'),
+        'PASSWORD': env('DB_PASSWORD'),
+        'HOST': env('DB_HOST'),
+        'PORT': env('DB_PORT', default='5432'),
+    }
+}
+
+# config/settings/development.py
+from .base import *
+
+DEBUG = True
+ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['localhost', '127.0.0.1']
+
+DATABASES['default']['NAME'] = 'miproyecto_dev'
+
+INSTALLED_APPS += ['debug_toolbar']
+
+MIDDLEWARE += ['debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware']
+
+EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
+
+# config/settings/production.py
+from .base import *
+
+DEBUG = False
+ALLOWED_HOSTS = env.list('ALLOWED_HOSTS')
+SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
+SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
+CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
+SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000
+SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
+SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True
+
+# Logging
+LOGGING = {
+    'version': 1,
+    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
+    'handlers': {
+        'file': {
+            'level': 'WARNING',
+            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
+            'filename': '/var/log/django/django.log',
+        },
+    },
+    'loggers': {
+        'django': {
+            'handlers': ['file'],
+            'level': 'WARNING',
+            'propagate': True,
+        },
+    },
+}
+```
+
+## Patrones de diseño de modelos
+
+### Buenas prácticas de modelos
+
+```python
+from django.db import models
+from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
+from django.core.validators import MinValueValidator, MaxValueValidator
+
+class User(AbstractUser):
+    """Modelo de usuario personalizado que extiende AbstractUser."""
+    email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
+    phone = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
+    birth_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
+
+    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username']
+
+    class Meta:
+        db_table = 'users'
+        verbose_name = 'user'
+        verbose_name_plural = 'users'
+        ordering = ['-date_joined']
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.email
+
+    def get_full_name(self):
+        return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}".strip()
+
+class Product(models.Model):
+    """Modelo de producto con configuración correcta de campos."""
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
+    slug = models.SlugField(unique=True, max_length=250)
+    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
+    price = models.DecimalField(
+        max_digits=10,
+        decimal_places=2,
+        validators=[MinValueValidator(0)]
+    )
+    stock = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)
+    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
+    category = models.ForeignKey(
+        'Category',
+        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
+        related_name='products'
+    )
+    tags = models.ManyToManyField('Tag', blank=True, related_name='products')
+    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
+    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
+
+    class Meta:
+        db_table = 'products'
+        ordering = ['-created_at']
+        indexes = [
+            models.Index(fields=['slug']),
+            models.Index(fields=['-created_at']),
+            models.Index(fields=['category', 'is_active']),
+        ]
+        constraints = [
+            models.CheckConstraint(
+                check=models.Q(price__gte=0),
+                name='price_non_negative'
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self.slug:
+            self.slug = slugify(self.name)
+        super().save(*args, **kwargs)
+```
+
+### Buenas prácticas de QuerySet
+
+```python
+from django.db import models
+
+class ProductQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
+    """QuerySet personalizado para el modelo Product."""
+
+    def active(self):
+        """Devuelve solo productos activos."""
+        return self.filter(is_active=True)
+
+    def with_category(self):
+        """select_related de la categoría para evitar consultas N+1."""
+        return self.select_related('category')
+
+    def with_tags(self):
+        """Prefetch de tags para la relación muchos-a-muchos."""
+        return self.prefetch_related('tags')
+
+    def in_stock(self):
+        """Devuelve productos con stock > 0."""
+        return self.filter(stock__gt=0)
+
+    def search(self, query):
+        """Busca productos por nombre o descripción."""
+        return self.filter(
+            models.Q(name__icontains=query) |
+            models.Q(description__icontains=query)
+        )
+
+class Product(models.Model):
+    # ... campos ...
+
+    objects = ProductQuerySet.as_manager()  # Usa el QuerySet personalizado
+
+# Uso
+Product.objects.active().with_category().in_stock()
+```
+
+### Métodos de manager
+
+```python
+class ProductManager(models.Manager):
+    """Manager personalizado para consultas complejas."""
+
+    def get_or_none(self, **kwargs):
+        """Devuelve el objeto o None en lugar de DoesNotExist."""
+        try:
+            return self.get(**kwargs)
+        except self.model.DoesNotExist:
+            return None
+
+    def create_with_tags(self, name, price, tag_names):
+        """Crea el producto junto con sus tags asociados."""
+        product = self.create(name=name, price=price)
+        tags = [Tag.objects.get_or_create(name=name)[0] for name in tag_names]
+        product.tags.set(tags)
+        return product
+
+    def bulk_update_stock(self, product_ids, quantity):
+        """Actualiza el stock de varios productos en bloque."""
+        return self.filter(id__in=product_ids).update(stock=quantity)
+
+# En el modelo
+class Product(models.Model):
+    # ... campos ...
+    custom = ProductManager()
+```
+
+## Patrones de Django REST Framework
+
+### Patrones de serializers
+
+```python
+from rest_framework import serializers
+from django.contrib.auth.password_validation import validate_password
+from .models import Product, User
+
+class ProductSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
+    """Serializer del modelo Product."""
+
+    category_name = serializers.CharField(source='category.name', read_only=True)
+    average_rating = serializers.FloatField(read_only=True)
+    discount_price = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
+
+    class Meta:
+        model = Product
+        fields = [
+            'id', 'name', 'slug', 'description', 'price',
+            'discount_price', 'stock', 'category_name',
+            'average_rating', 'created_at'
+        ]
+        read_only_fields = ['id', 'slug', 'created_at']
+
+    def get_discount_price(self, obj):
+        """Calcula el precio con descuento si aplica."""
+        if hasattr(obj, 'discount') and obj.discount:
+            return obj.price * (1 - obj.discount.percent / 100)
+        return obj.price
+
+    def validate_price(self, value):
+        """Garantiza que el precio no sea negativo."""
+        if value < 0:
+            raise serializers.ValidationError("El precio no puede ser negativo.")
+        return value
+
+class ProductCreateSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
+    """Serializer para crear productos."""
+
+    class Meta:
+        model = Product
+        fields = ['name', 'description', 'price', 'stock', 'category']
+
+    def validate(self, data):
+        """Validación personalizada sobre varios campos."""
+        if data['price'] > 10000 and data['stock'] > 100:
+            raise serializers.ValidationError(
+                "No se admiten productos de alto valor con stock grande."
+            )
+        return data
+
+class UserRegistrationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
+    """Serializer para el registro de usuarios."""
+
+    password = serializers.CharField(
+        write_only=True,
+        required=True,
+        validators=[validate_password],
+        style={'input_type': 'password'}
+    )
+    password_confirm = serializers.CharField(write_only=True, style={'input_type': 'password'})
+
+    class Meta:
+        model = User
+        fields = ['email', 'username', 'password', 'password_confirm']
+
+    def validate(self, data):
+        """Valida que las contraseñas coincidan."""
+        if data['password'] != data['password_confirm']:
+            raise serializers.ValidationError({
+                "password_confirm": "Las contraseñas no coinciden."
+            })
+        return data
+
+    def create(self, validated_data):
+        """Crea el usuario con la contraseña hasheada."""
+        validated_data.pop('password_confirm')
+        password = validated_data.pop('password')
+        user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)
+        user.set_password(password)
+        user.save()
+        return user
+```
+
+### Patrones de ViewSet
+
+```python
+from rest_framework import viewsets, status, filters
+from rest_framework.decorators import action
+from rest_framework.response import Response
+from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsAdminUser
+from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
+from .models import Product
+from .serializers import ProductSerializer, ProductCreateSerializer
+from .permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly
+from .filters import ProductFilter
+from .services import ProductService
+
+class ProductViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
+    """ViewSet del modelo Product."""
+
+    queryset = Product.objects.select_related('category').prefetch_related('tags')
+    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated, IsOwnerOrReadOnly]
+    filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend, filters.SearchFilter, filters.OrderingFilter]
+    filterset_class = ProductFilter
+    search_fields = ['name', 'description']
+    ordering_fields = ['price', 'created_at', 'name']
+    ordering = ['-created_at']
+
+    def get_serializer_class(self):
+        """Devuelve el serializer adecuado según la acción."""
+        if self.action == 'create':
+            return ProductCreateSerializer
+        return ProductSerializer
+
+    def perform_create(self, serializer):
+        """Guarda con el contexto del usuario."""
+        serializer.save(created_by=self.request.user)
+
+    @action(detail=False, methods=['get'])
+    def featured(self, request):
+        """Devuelve los productos destacados."""
+        featured = self.queryset.filter(is_featured=True)[:10]
+        serializer = self.get_serializer(featured, many=True)
+        return Response(serializer.data)
+
+    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'])
+    def purchase(self, request, pk=None):
+        """Compra un producto."""
+        product = self.get_object()
+        service = ProductService()
+        result = service.purchase(product, request.user)
+        return Response(result, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
+
+    @action(detail=False, methods=['get'], permission_classes=[IsAuthenticated])
+    def my_products(self, request):
+        """Devuelve los productos creados por el usuario actual."""
+        products = self.queryset.filter(created_by=request.user)
+        page = self.paginate_queryset(products)
+        serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
+        return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
+```
+
+### Acciones personalizadas
+
+```python
+from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes
+from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
+from rest_framework.response import Response
+
+@api_view(['POST'])
+@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
+def add_to_cart(request):
+    """Añade un producto al carrito del usuario."""
+    product_id = request.data.get('product_id')
+    quantity = request.data.get('quantity', 1)
+
+    try:
+        product = Product.objects.get(id=product_id)
+    except Product.DoesNotExist:
+        return Response(
+            {'error': 'Producto no encontrado'},
+            status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND
+        )
+
+    cart, _ = Cart.objects.get_or_create(user=request.user)
+    CartItem.objects.create(
+        cart=cart,
+        product=product,
+        quantity=quantity
+    )
+
+    return Response({'message': 'Añadido al carrito'}, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
+```
+
+## Patrón de capa de servicios
+
+```python
+# apps/orders/services.py
+from typing import Optional
+from django.db import transaction
+from .models import Order, OrderItem
+
+class OrderService:
+    """Capa de servicios para la lógica de negocio de pedidos."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @transaction.atomic
+    def create_order(user, cart: Cart) -> Order:
+        """Crea un pedido a partir del carrito."""
+        order = Order.objects.create(
+            user=user,
+            total_price=cart.total_price
+        )
+
+        for item in cart.items.all():
+            OrderItem.objects.create(
+                order=order,
+                product=item.product,
+                quantity=item.quantity,
+                price=item.product.price
+            )
+
+        # Vaciar el carrito
+        cart.items.all().delete()
+
+        return order
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def process_payment(order: Order, payment_data: dict) -> bool:
+        """Procesa el pago del pedido."""
+        # Integración con la pasarela de pago
+        payment = PaymentGateway.charge(
+            amount=order.total_price,
+            token=payment_data['token']
+        )
+
+        if payment.success:
+            order.status = Order.Status.PAID
+            order.save()
+            # Enviar correo de confirmación
+            OrderService.send_confirmation_email(order)
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def send_confirmation_email(order: Order):
+        """Envía el correo de confirmación del pedido."""
+        # Lógica de envío de correo
+        pass
+```
+
+## Estrategias de caché
+
+### Caché a nivel de vista
+
+```python
+from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page
+from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
+
+@method_decorator(cache_page(60 * 15), name='dispatch')  # 15 minutos
+class ProductListView(generic.ListView):
+    model = Product
+    template_name = 'products/list.html'
+    context_object_name = 'products'
+```
+
+### Caché de fragmentos de plantilla
+
+```django
+{% load cache %}
+{% cache 500 sidebar %}
+    ... contenido costoso de la barra lateral ...
+{% endcache %}
+```
+
+### Caché de bajo nivel
+
+```python
+from django.core.cache import cache
+
+def get_featured_products():
+    """Obtiene los productos destacados con caché."""
+    cache_key = 'featured_products'
+    products = cache.get(cache_key)
+
+    if products is None:
+        products = list(Product.objects.filter(is_featured=True))
+        cache.set(cache_key, products, timeout=60 * 15)  # 15 minutos
+
+    return products
+```
+
+### Caché de QuerySets
+
+```python
+from django.core.cache import cache
+
+def get_popular_categories():
+    cache_key = 'popular_categories'
+    categories = cache.get(cache_key)
+
+    if categories is None:
+        categories = list(Category.objects.annotate(
+            product_count=Count('products')
+        ).filter(product_count__gt=10).order_by('-product_count')[:20])
+        cache.set(cache_key, categories, timeout=60 * 60)  # 1 hora
+
+    return categories
+```
+
+## Señales
+
+### Patrones de señales
+
+```python
+# apps/users/signals.py
+from django.db.models.signals import post_save
+from django.dispatch import receiver
+from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
+from .models import Profile
+
+User = get_user_model()
+
+@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
+def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
+    """Crea el perfil cuando se crea el usuario."""
+    if created:
+        Profile.objects.create(user=instance)
+
+@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
+def save_user_profile(sender, instance, **kwargs):
+    """Guarda el perfil cuando se guarda el usuario."""
+    instance.profile.save()
+
+# apps/users/apps.py
+from django.apps import AppConfig
+
+class UsersConfig(AppConfig):
+    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
+    name = 'apps.users'
+
+    def ready(self):
+        """Importa las señales cuando la app está lista."""
+        import apps.users.signals
+```
+
+## Middleware
+
+### Middleware personalizado
+
+```python
+# middleware/active_user_middleware.py
+import time
+from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
+
+class ActiveUserMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
+    """Middleware para rastrear usuarios activos."""
+
+    def process_request(self, request):
+        """Procesa el request entrante."""
+        if request.user.is_authenticated:
+            # Actualiza la última hora de actividad
+            request.user.last_active = timezone.now()
+            request.user.save(update_fields=['last_active'])
+
+class RequestLoggingMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
+    """Middleware para registrar requests."""
+
+    def process_request(self, request):
+        """Registra la hora de inicio del request."""
+        request.start_time = time.time()
+
+    def process_response(self, request, response):
+        """Registra la duración del request."""
+        if hasattr(request, 'start_time'):
+            duration = time.time() - request.start_time
+            logger.info(f'{request.method} {request.path} - {response.status_code} - {duration:.3f}s')
+        return response
+```
+
+## Optimización de rendimiento
+
+### Prevención de consultas N+1
+
+```python
+# Mal - consultas N+1
+products = Product.objects.all()
+for product in products:
+    print(product.category.name)  # Consulta separada por cada producto
+
+# Bien - una sola consulta con select_related
+products = Product.objects.select_related('category').all()
+for product in products:
+    print(product.category.name)
+
+# Bien - prefetch para muchos-a-muchos
+products = Product.objects.prefetch_related('tags').all()
+for product in products:
+    for tag in product.tags.all():
+        print(tag.name)
+```
+
+### Índices de base de datos
+
+```python
+class Product(models.Model):
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=200, db_index=True)
+    slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)
+    category = models.ForeignKey('Category', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
+
+    class Meta:
+        indexes = [
+            models.Index(fields=['name']),
+            models.Index(fields=['-created_at']),
+            models.Index(fields=['category', 'created_at']),
+        ]
+```
+
+### Operaciones en bloque
+
+```python
+# Creación en bloque
+Product.objects.bulk_create([
+    Product(name=f'Producto {i}', price=10.00)
+    for i in range(1000)
+])
+
+# Actualización en bloque
+products = Product.objects.all()[:100]
+for product in products:
+    product.is_active = True
+Product.objects.bulk_update(products, ['is_active'])
+
+# Borrado en bloque
+Product.objects.filter(stock=0).delete()
+```
+
+## Referencia rápida
+
+| Patrón | Descripción |
+|--------|-------------|
+| Settings divididos | Settings separados para dev/prod/test |
+| QuerySet personalizado | Métodos de consulta reutilizables |
+| Capa de servicios | Separación de la lógica de negocio |
+| ViewSet | Endpoints de API REST |
+| Validación en serializers | Transformación de request/response |
+| select_related | Optimización de claves foráneas |
+| prefetch_related | Optimización de muchos-a-muchos |
+| Caché primero | Cachea las operaciones costosas |
+| Señales | Acciones dirigidas por eventos |
+| Middleware | Procesamiento de request/response |
+
+Recuerda: Django ofrece muchos atajos, pero en aplicaciones de producción la estructura y la organización importan más que el código conciso. Construye pensando en la mantenibilidad.
+
+## Skills relacionadas
+
+- `patrones-django-celery` — Tareas asíncronas y programadas
+- `seguridad-django` — Endurecimiento y despliegue seguro
+- `tdd-django` — Estrategias de testing con pytest-django