sudocode 1.1.17 → 1.1.18-dev.0

package/node_modules/commander/lib/command.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+const EventEmitter = require('node:events').EventEmitter;
+const childProcess = require('node:child_process');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const fs = require('node:fs');
+const process = require('node:process');
+
+const { Argument, humanReadableArgName } = require('./argument.js');
+const { CommanderError } = require('./error.js');
+const { Help, stripColor } = require('./help.js');
+const { Option, DualOptions } = require('./option.js');
+const { suggestSimilar } = require('./suggestSimilar');
+
+class Command extends EventEmitter {
+  /**
+   * Initialize a new `Command`.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [name]
+   */
+
+  constructor(name) {
+    super();
+    /** @type {Command[]} */
+    this.commands = [];
+    /** @type {Option[]} */
+    this.options = [];
+    this.parent = null;
+    this._allowUnknownOption = false;
+    this._allowExcessArguments = false;
+    /** @type {Argument[]} */
+    this.registeredArguments = [];
+    this._args = this.registeredArguments; // deprecated old name
+    /** @type {string[]} */
+    this.args = []; // cli args with options removed
+    this.rawArgs = [];
+    this.processedArgs = []; // like .args but after custom processing and collecting variadic
+    this._scriptPath = null;
+    this._name = name || '';
+    this._optionValues = {};
+    this._optionValueSources = {}; // default, env, cli etc
+    this._storeOptionsAsProperties = false;
+    this._actionHandler = null;
+    this._executableHandler = false;
+    this._executableFile = null; // custom name for executable
+    this._executableDir = null; // custom search directory for subcommands
+    this._defaultCommandName = null;
+    this._exitCallback = null;
+    this._aliases = [];
+    this._combineFlagAndOptionalValue = true;
+    this._description = '';
+    this._summary = '';
+    this._argsDescription = undefined; // legacy
+    this._enablePositionalOptions = false;
+    this._passThroughOptions = false;
+    this._lifeCycleHooks = {}; // a hash of arrays
+    /** @type {(boolean | string)} */
+    this._showHelpAfterError = false;
+    this._showSuggestionAfterError = true;
+    this._savedState = null; // used in save/restoreStateBeforeParse
+
+    // see configureOutput() for docs
+    this._outputConfiguration = {
+      writeOut: (str) => process.stdout.write(str),
+      writeErr: (str) => process.stderr.write(str),
+      outputError: (str, write) => write(str),
+      getOutHelpWidth: () =>
+        process.stdout.isTTY ? process.stdout.columns : undefined,
+      getErrHelpWidth: () =>
+        process.stderr.isTTY ? process.stderr.columns : undefined,
+      getOutHasColors: () =>
+        useColor() ?? (process.stdout.isTTY && process.stdout.hasColors?.()),
+      getErrHasColors: () =>
+        useColor() ?? (process.stderr.isTTY && process.stderr.hasColors?.()),
+      stripColor: (str) => stripColor(str),
+    };
+
+    this._hidden = false;
+    /** @type {(Option | null | undefined)} */
+    this._helpOption = undefined; // Lazy created on demand. May be null if help option is disabled.
+    this._addImplicitHelpCommand = undefined; // undecided whether true or false yet, not inherited
+    /** @type {Command} */
+    this._helpCommand = undefined; // lazy initialised, inherited
+    this._helpConfiguration = {};
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copy settings that are useful to have in common across root command and subcommands.
+   *
+   * (Used internally when adding a command using `.command()` so subcommands inherit parent settings.)
+   *
+   * @param {Command} sourceCommand
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  copyInheritedSettings(sourceCommand) {
+    this._outputConfiguration = sourceCommand._outputConfiguration;
+    this._helpOption = sourceCommand._helpOption;
+    this._helpCommand = sourceCommand._helpCommand;
+    this._helpConfiguration = sourceCommand._helpConfiguration;
+    this._exitCallback = sourceCommand._exitCallback;
+    this._storeOptionsAsProperties = sourceCommand._storeOptionsAsProperties;
+    this._combineFlagAndOptionalValue =
+      sourceCommand._combineFlagAndOptionalValue;
+    this._allowExcessArguments = sourceCommand._allowExcessArguments;
+    this._enablePositionalOptions = sourceCommand._enablePositionalOptions;
+    this._showHelpAfterError = sourceCommand._showHelpAfterError;
+    this._showSuggestionAfterError = sourceCommand._showSuggestionAfterError;
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @returns {Command[]}
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _getCommandAndAncestors() {
+    const result = [];
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias
+    for (let command = this; command; command = command.parent) {
+      result.push(command);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define a command.
+   *
+   * There are two styles of command: pay attention to where to put the description.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Command implemented using action handler (description is supplied separately to `.command`)
+   * program
+   *   .command('clone <source> [destination]')
+   *   .description('clone a repository into a newly created directory')
+   *   .action((source, destination) => {
+   *     console.log('clone command called');
+   *   });
+   *
+   * // Command implemented using separate executable file (description is second parameter to `.command`)
+   * program
+   *   .command('start <service>', 'start named service')
+   *   .command('stop [service]', 'stop named service, or all if no name supplied');
+   *
+   * @param {string} nameAndArgs - command name and arguments, args are `<required>` or `[optional]` and last may also be `variadic...`
+   * @param {(object | string)} [actionOptsOrExecDesc] - configuration options (for action), or description (for executable)
+   * @param {object} [execOpts] - configuration options (for executable)
+   * @return {Command} returns new command for action handler, or `this` for executable command
+   */
+
+  command(nameAndArgs, actionOptsOrExecDesc, execOpts) {
+    let desc = actionOptsOrExecDesc;
+    let opts = execOpts;
+    if (typeof desc === 'object' && desc !== null) {
+      opts = desc;
+      desc = null;
+    }
+    opts = opts || {};
+    const [, name, args] = nameAndArgs.match(/([^ ]+) *(.*)/);
+
+    const cmd = this.createCommand(name);
+    if (desc) {
+      cmd.description(desc);
+      cmd._executableHandler = true;
+    }
+    if (opts.isDefault) this._defaultCommandName = cmd._name;
+    cmd._hidden = !!(opts.noHelp || opts.hidden); // noHelp is deprecated old name for hidden
+    cmd._executableFile = opts.executableFile || null; // Custom name for executable file, set missing to null to match constructor
+    if (args) cmd.arguments(args);
+    this._registerCommand(cmd);
+    cmd.parent = this;
+    cmd.copyInheritedSettings(this);
+
+    if (desc) return this;
+    return cmd;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Factory routine to create a new unattached command.
+   *
+   * See .command() for creating an attached subcommand, which uses this routine to
+   * create the command. You can override createCommand to customise subcommands.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [name]
+   * @return {Command} new command
+   */
+
+  createCommand(name) {
+    return new Command(name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * You can customise the help with a subclass of Help by overriding createHelp,
+   * or by overriding Help properties using configureHelp().
+   *
+   * @return {Help}
+   */
+
+  createHelp() {
+    return Object.assign(new Help(), this.configureHelp());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * You can customise the help by overriding Help properties using configureHelp(),
+   * or with a subclass of Help by overriding createHelp().
+   *
+   * @param {object} [configuration] - configuration options
+   * @return {(Command | object)} `this` command for chaining, or stored configuration
+   */
+
+  configureHelp(configuration) {
+    if (configuration === undefined) return this._helpConfiguration;
+
+    this._helpConfiguration = configuration;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The default output goes to stdout and stderr. You can customise this for special
+   * applications. You can also customise the display of errors by overriding outputError.
+   *
+   * The configuration properties are all functions:
+   *
+   *     // change how output being written, defaults to stdout and stderr
+   *     writeOut(str)
+   *     writeErr(str)
+   *     // change how output being written for errors, defaults to writeErr
+   *     outputError(str, write) // used for displaying errors and not used for displaying help
+   *     // specify width for wrapping help
+   *     getOutHelpWidth()
+   *     getErrHelpWidth()
+   *     // color support, currently only used with Help
+   *     getOutHasColors()
+   *     getErrHasColors()
+   *     stripColor() // used to remove ANSI escape codes if output does not have colors
+   *
+   * @param {object} [configuration] - configuration options
+   * @return {(Command | object)} `this` command for chaining, or stored configuration
+   */
+
+  configureOutput(configuration) {
+    if (configuration === undefined) return this._outputConfiguration;
+
+    Object.assign(this._outputConfiguration, configuration);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display the help or a custom message after an error occurs.
+   *
+   * @param {(boolean|string)} [displayHelp]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  showHelpAfterError(displayHelp = true) {
+    if (typeof displayHelp !== 'string') displayHelp = !!displayHelp;
+    this._showHelpAfterError = displayHelp;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display suggestion of similar commands for unknown commands, or options for unknown options.
+   *
+   * @param {boolean} [displaySuggestion]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  showSuggestionAfterError(displaySuggestion = true) {
+    this._showSuggestionAfterError = !!displaySuggestion;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a prepared subcommand.
+   *
+   * See .command() for creating an attached subcommand which inherits settings from its parent.
+   *
+   * @param {Command} cmd - new subcommand
+   * @param {object} [opts] - configuration options
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  addCommand(cmd, opts) {
+    if (!cmd._name) {
+      throw new Error(`Command passed to .addCommand() must have a name
+- specify the name in Command constructor or using .name()`);
+    }
+
+    opts = opts || {};
+    if (opts.isDefault) this._defaultCommandName = cmd._name;
+    if (opts.noHelp || opts.hidden) cmd._hidden = true; // modifying passed command due to existing implementation
+
+    this._registerCommand(cmd);
+    cmd.parent = this;
+    cmd._checkForBrokenPassThrough();
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Factory routine to create a new unattached argument.
+   *
+   * See .argument() for creating an attached argument, which uses this routine to
+   * create the argument. You can override createArgument to return a custom argument.
+   *
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @param {string} [description]
+   * @return {Argument} new argument
+   */
+
+  createArgument(name, description) {
+    return new Argument(name, description);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define argument syntax for command.
+   *
+   * The default is that the argument is required, and you can explicitly
+   * indicate this with <> around the name. Put [] around the name for an optional argument.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program.argument('<input-file>');
+   * program.argument('[output-file]');
+   *
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @param {string} [description]
+   * @param {(Function|*)} [fn] - custom argument processing function
+   * @param {*} [defaultValue]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  argument(name, description, fn, defaultValue) {
+    const argument = this.createArgument(name, description);
+    if (typeof fn === 'function') {
+      argument.default(defaultValue).argParser(fn);
+    } else {
+      argument.default(fn);
+    }
+    this.addArgument(argument);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define argument syntax for command, adding multiple at once (without descriptions).
+   *
+   * See also .argument().
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program.arguments('<cmd> [env]');
+   *
+   * @param {string} names
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  arguments(names) {
+    names
+      .trim()
+      .split(/ +/)
+      .forEach((detail) => {
+        this.argument(detail);
+      });
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define argument syntax for command, adding a prepared argument.
+   *
+   * @param {Argument} argument
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  addArgument(argument) {
+    const previousArgument = this.registeredArguments.slice(-1)[0];
+    if (previousArgument && previousArgument.variadic) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `only the last argument can be variadic '${previousArgument.name()}'`,
+      );
+    }
+    if (
+      argument.required &&
+      argument.defaultValue !== undefined &&
+      argument.parseArg === undefined
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `a default value for a required argument is never used: '${argument.name()}'`,
+      );
+    }
+    this.registeredArguments.push(argument);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Customise or override default help command. By default a help command is automatically added if your command has subcommands.
+   *
+   * @example
+   *    program.helpCommand('help [cmd]');
+   *    program.helpCommand('help [cmd]', 'show help');
+   *    program.helpCommand(false); // suppress default help command
+   *    program.helpCommand(true); // add help command even if no subcommands
+   *
+   * @param {string|boolean} enableOrNameAndArgs - enable with custom name and/or arguments, or boolean to override whether added
+   * @param {string} [description] - custom description
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  helpCommand(enableOrNameAndArgs, description) {
+    if (typeof enableOrNameAndArgs === 'boolean') {
+      this._addImplicitHelpCommand = enableOrNameAndArgs;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    enableOrNameAndArgs = enableOrNameAndArgs ?? 'help [command]';
+    const [, helpName, helpArgs] = enableOrNameAndArgs.match(/([^ ]+) *(.*)/);
+    const helpDescription = description ?? 'display help for command';
+
+    const helpCommand = this.createCommand(helpName);
+    helpCommand.helpOption(false);
+    if (helpArgs) helpCommand.arguments(helpArgs);
+    if (helpDescription) helpCommand.description(helpDescription);
+
+    this._addImplicitHelpCommand = true;
+    this._helpCommand = helpCommand;
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add prepared custom help command.
+   *
+   * @param {(Command|string|boolean)} helpCommand - custom help command, or deprecated enableOrNameAndArgs as for `.helpCommand()`
+   * @param {string} [deprecatedDescription] - deprecated custom description used with custom name only
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  addHelpCommand(helpCommand, deprecatedDescription) {
+    // If not passed an object, call through to helpCommand for backwards compatibility,
+    // as addHelpCommand was originally used like helpCommand is now.
+    if (typeof helpCommand !== 'object') {
+      this.helpCommand(helpCommand, deprecatedDescription);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    this._addImplicitHelpCommand = true;
+    this._helpCommand = helpCommand;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Lazy create help command.
+   *
+   * @return {(Command|null)}
+   * @package
+   */
+  _getHelpCommand() {
+    const hasImplicitHelpCommand =
+      this._addImplicitHelpCommand ??
+      (this.commands.length &&
+        !this._actionHandler &&
+        !this._findCommand('help'));
+
+    if (hasImplicitHelpCommand) {
+      if (this._helpCommand === undefined) {
+        this.helpCommand(undefined, undefined); // use default name and description
+      }
+      return this._helpCommand;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add hook for life cycle event.
+   *
+   * @param {string} event
+   * @param {Function} listener
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  hook(event, listener) {
+    const allowedValues = ['preSubcommand', 'preAction', 'postAction'];
+    if (!allowedValues.includes(event)) {
+      throw new Error(`Unexpected value for event passed to hook : '${event}'.
+Expecting one of '${allowedValues.join("', '")}'`);
+    }
+    if (this._lifeCycleHooks[event]) {
+      this._lifeCycleHooks[event].push(listener);
+    } else {
+      this._lifeCycleHooks[event] = [listener];
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register callback to use as replacement for calling process.exit.
+   *
+   * @param {Function} [fn] optional callback which will be passed a CommanderError, defaults to throwing
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  exitOverride(fn) {
+    if (fn) {
+      this._exitCallback = fn;
+    } else {
+      this._exitCallback = (err) => {
+        if (err.code !== 'commander.executeSubCommandAsync') {
+          throw err;
+        } else {
+          // Async callback from spawn events, not useful to throw.
+        }
+      };
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Call process.exit, and _exitCallback if defined.
+   *
+   * @param {number} exitCode exit code for using with process.exit
+   * @param {string} code an id string representing the error
+   * @param {string} message human-readable description of the error
+   * @return never
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _exit(exitCode, code, message) {
+    if (this._exitCallback) {
+      this._exitCallback(new CommanderError(exitCode, code, message));
+      // Expecting this line is not reached.
+    }
+    process.exit(exitCode);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register callback `fn` for the command.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program
+   *   .command('serve')
+   *   .description('start service')
+   *   .action(function() {
+   *      // do work here
+   *   });
+   *
+   * @param {Function} fn
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  action(fn) {
+    const listener = (args) => {
+      // The .action callback takes an extra parameter which is the command or options.
+      const expectedArgsCount = this.registeredArguments.length;
+      const actionArgs = args.slice(0, expectedArgsCount);
+      if (this._storeOptionsAsProperties) {
+        actionArgs[expectedArgsCount] = this; // backwards compatible "options"
+      } else {
+        actionArgs[expectedArgsCount] = this.opts();
+      }
+      actionArgs.push(this);
+
+      return fn.apply(this, actionArgs);
+    };
+    this._actionHandler = listener;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Factory routine to create a new unattached option.
+   *
+   * See .option() for creating an attached option, which uses this routine to
+   * create the option. You can override createOption to return a custom option.
+   *
+   * @param {string} flags
+   * @param {string} [description]
+   * @return {Option} new option
+   */
+
+  createOption(flags, description) {
+    return new Option(flags, description);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wrap parseArgs to catch 'commander.invalidArgument'.
+   *
+   * @param {(Option | Argument)} target
+   * @param {string} value
+   * @param {*} previous
+   * @param {string} invalidArgumentMessage
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _callParseArg(target, value, previous, invalidArgumentMessage) {
+    try {
+      return target.parseArg(value, previous);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err.code === 'commander.invalidArgument') {
+        const message = `${invalidArgumentMessage} ${err.message}`;
+        this.error(message, { exitCode: err.exitCode, code: err.code });
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check for option flag conflicts.
+   * Register option if no conflicts found, or throw on conflict.
+   *
+   * @param {Option} option
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _registerOption(option) {
+    const matchingOption =
+      (option.short && this._findOption(option.short)) ||
+      (option.long && this._findOption(option.long));
+    if (matchingOption) {
+      const matchingFlag =
+        option.long && this._findOption(option.long)
+          ? option.long
+          : option.short;
+      throw new Error(`Cannot add option '${option.flags}'${this._name && ` to command '${this._name}'`} due to conflicting flag '${matchingFlag}'
+-  already used by option '${matchingOption.flags}'`);
+    }
+
+    this.options.push(option);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check for command name and alias conflicts with existing commands.
+   * Register command if no conflicts found, or throw on conflict.
+   *
+   * @param {Command} command
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _registerCommand(command) {
+    const knownBy = (cmd) => {
+      return [cmd.name()].concat(cmd.aliases());
+    };
+
+    const alreadyUsed = knownBy(command).find((name) =>
+      this._findCommand(name),
+    );
+    if (alreadyUsed) {
+      const existingCmd = knownBy(this._findCommand(alreadyUsed)).join('|');
+      const newCmd = knownBy(command).join('|');
+      throw new Error(
+        `cannot add command '${newCmd}' as already have command '${existingCmd}'`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    this.commands.push(command);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add an option.
+   *
+   * @param {Option} option
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  addOption(option) {
+    this._registerOption(option);
+
+    const oname = option.name();
+    const name = option.attributeName();
+
+    // store default value
+    if (option.negate) {
+      // --no-foo is special and defaults foo to true, unless a --foo option is already defined
+      const positiveLongFlag = option.long.replace(/^--no-/, '--');
+      if (!this._findOption(positiveLongFlag)) {
+        this.setOptionValueWithSource(
+          name,
+          option.defaultValue === undefined ? true : option.defaultValue,
+          'default',
+        );
+      }
+    } else if (option.defaultValue !== undefined) {
+      this.setOptionValueWithSource(name, option.defaultValue, 'default');
+    }
+
+    // handler for cli and env supplied values
+    const handleOptionValue = (val, invalidValueMessage, valueSource) => {
+      // val is null for optional option used without an optional-argument.
+      // val is undefined for boolean and negated option.
+      if (val == null && option.presetArg !== undefined) {
+        val = option.presetArg;
+      }
+
+      // custom processing
+      const oldValue = this.getOptionValue(name);
+      if (val !== null && option.parseArg) {
+        val = this._callParseArg(option, val, oldValue, invalidValueMessage);
+      } else if (val !== null && option.variadic) {
+        val = option._concatValue(val, oldValue);
+      }
+
+      // Fill-in appropriate missing values. Long winded but easy to follow.
+      if (val == null) {
+        if (option.negate) {
+          val = false;
+        } else if (option.isBoolean() || option.optional) {
+          val = true;
+        } else {
+          val = ''; // not normal, parseArg might have failed or be a mock function for testing
+        }
+      }
+      this.setOptionValueWithSource(name, val, valueSource);
+    };
+
+    this.on('option:' + oname, (val) => {
+      const invalidValueMessage = `error: option '${option.flags}' argument '${val}' is invalid.`;
+      handleOptionValue(val, invalidValueMessage, 'cli');
+    });
+
+    if (option.envVar) {
+      this.on('optionEnv:' + oname, (val) => {
+        const invalidValueMessage = `error: option '${option.flags}' value '${val}' from env '${option.envVar}' is invalid.`;
+        handleOptionValue(val, invalidValueMessage, 'env');
+      });
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Internal implementation shared by .option() and .requiredOption()
+   *
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   * @private
+   */
+  _optionEx(config, flags, description, fn, defaultValue) {
+    if (typeof flags === 'object' && flags instanceof Option) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'To add an Option object use addOption() instead of option() or requiredOption()',
+      );
+    }
+    const option = this.createOption(flags, description);
+    option.makeOptionMandatory(!!config.mandatory);
+    if (typeof fn === 'function') {
+      option.default(defaultValue).argParser(fn);
+    } else if (fn instanceof RegExp) {
+      // deprecated
+      const regex = fn;
+      fn = (val, def) => {
+        const m = regex.exec(val);
+        return m ? m[0] : def;
+      };
+      option.default(defaultValue).argParser(fn);
+    } else {
+      option.default(fn);
+    }
+
+    return this.addOption(option);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Define option with `flags`, `description`, and optional argument parsing function or `defaultValue` or both.
+   *
+   * The `flags` string contains the short and/or long flags, separated by comma, a pipe or space. A required
+   * option-argument is indicated by `<>` and an optional option-argument by `[]`.
+   *
+   * See the README for more details, and see also addOption() and requiredOption().
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program
+   *     .option('-p, --pepper', 'add pepper')
+   *     .option('--pt, --pizza-type <TYPE>', 'type of pizza') // required option-argument
+   *     .option('-c, --cheese [CHEESE]', 'add extra cheese', 'mozzarella') // optional option-argument with default
+   *     .option('-t, --tip <VALUE>', 'add tip to purchase cost', parseFloat) // custom parse function
+   *
+   * @param {string} flags
+   * @param {string} [description]
+   * @param {(Function|*)} [parseArg] - custom option processing function or default value
+   * @param {*} [defaultValue]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  option(flags, description, parseArg, defaultValue) {
+    return this._optionEx({}, flags, description, parseArg, defaultValue);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a required option which must have a value after parsing. This usually means
+   * the option must be specified on the command line. (Otherwise the same as .option().)
+   *
+   * The `flags` string contains the short and/or long flags, separated by comma, a pipe or space.
+   *
+   * @param {string} flags
+   * @param {string} [description]
+   * @param {(Function|*)} [parseArg] - custom option processing function or default value
+   * @param {*} [defaultValue]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  requiredOption(flags, description, parseArg, defaultValue) {
+    return this._optionEx(
+      { mandatory: true },
+      flags,
+      description,
+      parseArg,
+      defaultValue,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Alter parsing of short flags with optional values.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // for `.option('-f,--flag [value]'):
+   * program.combineFlagAndOptionalValue(true);  // `-f80` is treated like `--flag=80`, this is the default behaviour
+   * program.combineFlagAndOptionalValue(false) // `-fb` is treated like `-f -b`
+   *
+   * @param {boolean} [combine] - if `true` or omitted, an optional value can be specified directly after the flag.
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  combineFlagAndOptionalValue(combine = true) {
+    this._combineFlagAndOptionalValue = !!combine;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Allow unknown options on the command line.
+   *
+   * @param {boolean} [allowUnknown] - if `true` or omitted, no error will be thrown for unknown options.
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  allowUnknownOption(allowUnknown = true) {
+    this._allowUnknownOption = !!allowUnknown;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Allow excess command-arguments on the command line. Pass false to make excess arguments an error.
+   *
+   * @param {boolean} [allowExcess] - if `true` or omitted, no error will be thrown for excess arguments.
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  allowExcessArguments(allowExcess = true) {
+    this._allowExcessArguments = !!allowExcess;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enable positional options. Positional means global options are specified before subcommands which lets
+   * subcommands reuse the same option names, and also enables subcommands to turn on passThroughOptions.
+   * The default behaviour is non-positional and global options may appear anywhere on the command line.
+   *
+   * @param {boolean} [positional]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  enablePositionalOptions(positional = true) {
+    this._enablePositionalOptions = !!positional;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Pass through options that come after command-arguments rather than treat them as command-options,
+   * so actual command-options come before command-arguments. Turning this on for a subcommand requires
+   * positional options to have been enabled on the program (parent commands).
+   * The default behaviour is non-positional and options may appear before or after command-arguments.
+   *
+   * @param {boolean} [passThrough] for unknown options.
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  passThroughOptions(passThrough = true) {
+    this._passThroughOptions = !!passThrough;
+    this._checkForBrokenPassThrough();
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _checkForBrokenPassThrough() {
+    if (
+      this.parent &&
+      this._passThroughOptions &&
+      !this.parent._enablePositionalOptions
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `passThroughOptions cannot be used for '${this._name}' without turning on enablePositionalOptions for parent command(s)`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Whether to store option values as properties on command object,
+   * or store separately (specify false). In both cases the option values can be accessed using .opts().
+   *
+   * @param {boolean} [storeAsProperties=true]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  storeOptionsAsProperties(storeAsProperties = true) {
+    if (this.options.length) {
+      throw new Error('call .storeOptionsAsProperties() before adding options');
+    }
+    if (Object.keys(this._optionValues).length) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'call .storeOptionsAsProperties() before setting option values',
+      );
+    }
+    this._storeOptionsAsProperties = !!storeAsProperties;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve option value.
+   *
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @return {object} value
+   */
+
+  getOptionValue(key) {
+    if (this._storeOptionsAsProperties) {
+      return this[key];
+    }
+    return this._optionValues[key];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Store option value.
+   *
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @param {object} value
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  setOptionValue(key, value) {
+    return this.setOptionValueWithSource(key, value, undefined);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Store option value and where the value came from.
+   *
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @param {object} value
+   * @param {string} source - expected values are default/config/env/cli/implied
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  setOptionValueWithSource(key, value, source) {
+    if (this._storeOptionsAsProperties) {
+      this[key] = value;
+    } else {
+      this._optionValues[key] = value;
+    }
+    this._optionValueSources[key] = source;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get source of option value.
+   * Expected values are default | config | env | cli | implied
+   *
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @return {string}
+   */
+
+  getOptionValueSource(key) {
+    return this._optionValueSources[key];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get source of option value. See also .optsWithGlobals().
+   * Expected values are default | config | env | cli | implied
+   *
+   * @param {string} key
+   * @return {string}
+   */
+
+  getOptionValueSourceWithGlobals(key) {
+    // global overwrites local, like optsWithGlobals
+    let source;
+    this._getCommandAndAncestors().forEach((cmd) => {
+      if (cmd.getOptionValueSource(key) !== undefined) {
+        source = cmd.getOptionValueSource(key);
+      }
+    });
+    return source;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get user arguments from implied or explicit arguments.
+   * Side-effects: set _scriptPath if args included script. Used for default program name, and subcommand searches.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _prepareUserArgs(argv, parseOptions) {
+    if (argv !== undefined && !Array.isArray(argv)) {
+      throw new Error('first parameter to parse must be array or undefined');
+    }
+    parseOptions = parseOptions || {};
+
+    // auto-detect argument conventions if nothing supplied
+    if (argv === undefined && parseOptions.from === undefined) {
+      if (process.versions?.electron) {
+        parseOptions.from = 'electron';
+      }
+      // check node specific options for scenarios where user CLI args follow executable without scriptname
+      const execArgv = process.execArgv ?? [];
+      if (
+        execArgv.includes('-e') ||
+        execArgv.includes('--eval') ||
+        execArgv.includes('-p') ||
+        execArgv.includes('--print')
+      ) {
+        parseOptions.from = 'eval'; // internal usage, not documented
+      }
+    }
+
+    // default to using process.argv
+    if (argv === undefined) {
+      argv = process.argv;
+    }
+    this.rawArgs = argv.slice();
+
+    // extract the user args and scriptPath
+    let userArgs;
+    switch (parseOptions.from) {
+      case undefined:
+      case 'node':
+        this._scriptPath = argv[1];
+        userArgs = argv.slice(2);
+        break;
+      case 'electron':
+        // @ts-ignore: because defaultApp is an unknown property
+        if (process.defaultApp) {
+          this._scriptPath = argv[1];
+          userArgs = argv.slice(2);
+        } else {
+          userArgs = argv.slice(1);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 'user':
+        userArgs = argv.slice(0);
+        break;
+      case 'eval':
+        userArgs = argv.slice(1);
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw new Error(
+          `unexpected parse option { from: '${parseOptions.from}' }`,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Find default name for program from arguments.
+    if (!this._name && this._scriptPath)
+      this.nameFromFilename(this._scriptPath);
+    this._name = this._name || 'program';
+
+    return userArgs;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse `argv`, setting options and invoking commands when defined.
+   *
+   * Use parseAsync instead of parse if any of your action handlers are async.
+   *
+   * Call with no parameters to parse `process.argv`. Detects Electron and special node options like `node --eval`. Easy mode!
+   *
+   * Or call with an array of strings to parse, and optionally where the user arguments start by specifying where the arguments are `from`:
+   * - `'node'`: default, `argv[0]` is the application and `argv[1]` is the script being run, with user arguments after that
+   * - `'electron'`: `argv[0]` is the application and `argv[1]` varies depending on whether the electron application is packaged
+   * - `'user'`: just user arguments
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program.parse(); // parse process.argv and auto-detect electron and special node flags
+   * program.parse(process.argv); // assume argv[0] is app and argv[1] is script
+   * program.parse(my-args, { from: 'user' }); // just user supplied arguments, nothing special about argv[0]
+   *
+   * @param {string[]} [argv] - optional, defaults to process.argv
+   * @param {object} [parseOptions] - optionally specify style of options with from: node/user/electron
+   * @param {string} [parseOptions.from] - where the args are from: 'node', 'user', 'electron'
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  parse(argv, parseOptions) {
+    this._prepareForParse();
+    const userArgs = this._prepareUserArgs(argv, parseOptions);
+    this._parseCommand([], userArgs);
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse `argv`, setting options and invoking commands when defined.
+   *
+   * Call with no parameters to parse `process.argv`. Detects Electron and special node options like `node --eval`. Easy mode!
+   *
+   * Or call with an array of strings to parse, and optionally where the user arguments start by specifying where the arguments are `from`:
+   * - `'node'`: default, `argv[0]` is the application and `argv[1]` is the script being run, with user arguments after that
+   * - `'electron'`: `argv[0]` is the application and `argv[1]` varies depending on whether the electron application is packaged
+   * - `'user'`: just user arguments
+   *
+   * @example
+   * await program.parseAsync(); // parse process.argv and auto-detect electron and special node flags
+   * await program.parseAsync(process.argv); // assume argv[0] is app and argv[1] is script
+   * await program.parseAsync(my-args, { from: 'user' }); // just user supplied arguments, nothing special about argv[0]
+   *
+   * @param {string[]} [argv]
+   * @param {object} [parseOptions]
+   * @param {string} parseOptions.from - where the args are from: 'node', 'user', 'electron'
+   * @return {Promise}
+   */
+
+  async parseAsync(argv, parseOptions) {
+    this._prepareForParse();
+    const userArgs = this._prepareUserArgs(argv, parseOptions);
+    await this._parseCommand([], userArgs);
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  _prepareForParse() {
+    if (this._savedState === null) {
+      this.saveStateBeforeParse();
+    } else {
+      this.restoreStateBeforeParse();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Called the first time parse is called to save state and allow a restore before subsequent calls to parse.
+   * Not usually called directly, but available for subclasses to save their custom state.
+   *
+   * This is called in a lazy way. Only commands used in parsing chain will have state saved.
+   */
+  saveStateBeforeParse() {
+    this._savedState = {
+      // name is stable if supplied by author, but may be unspecified for root command and deduced during parsing
+      _name: this._name,
+      // option values before parse have default values (including false for negated options)
+      // shallow clones
+      _optionValues: { ...this._optionValues },
+      _optionValueSources: { ...this._optionValueSources },
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Restore state before parse for calls after the first.
+   * Not usually called directly, but available for subclasses to save their custom state.
+   *
+   * This is called in a lazy way. Only commands used in parsing chain will have state restored.
+   */
+  restoreStateBeforeParse() {
+    if (this._storeOptionsAsProperties)
+      throw new Error(`Can not call parse again when storeOptionsAsProperties is true.
+- either make a new Command for each call to parse, or stop storing options as properties`);
+
+    // clear state from _prepareUserArgs
+    this._name = this._savedState._name;
+    this._scriptPath = null;
+    this.rawArgs = [];
+    // clear state from setOptionValueWithSource
+    this._optionValues = { ...this._savedState._optionValues };
+    this._optionValueSources = { ...this._savedState._optionValueSources };
+    // clear state from _parseCommand
+    this.args = [];
+    // clear state from _processArguments
+    this.processedArgs = [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Throw if expected executable is missing. Add lots of help for author.
+   *
+   * @param {string} executableFile
+   * @param {string} executableDir
+   * @param {string} subcommandName
+   */
+  _checkForMissingExecutable(executableFile, executableDir, subcommandName) {
+    if (fs.existsSync(executableFile)) return;
+
+    const executableDirMessage = executableDir
+      ? `searched for local subcommand relative to directory '${executableDir}'`
+      : 'no directory for search for local subcommand, use .executableDir() to supply a custom directory';
+    const executableMissing = `'${executableFile}' does not exist
+ - if '${subcommandName}' is not meant to be an executable command, remove description parameter from '.command()' and use '.description()' instead
+ - if the default executable name is not suitable, use the executableFile option to supply a custom name or path
+ - ${executableDirMessage}`;
+    throw new Error(executableMissing);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a sub-command executable.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _executeSubCommand(subcommand, args) {
+    args = args.slice();
+    let launchWithNode = false; // Use node for source targets so do not need to get permissions correct, and on Windows.
+    const sourceExt = ['.js', '.ts', '.tsx', '.mjs', '.cjs'];
+
+    function findFile(baseDir, baseName) {
+      // Look for specified file
+      const localBin = path.resolve(baseDir, baseName);
+      if (fs.existsSync(localBin)) return localBin;
+
+      // Stop looking if candidate already has an expected extension.
+      if (sourceExt.includes(path.extname(baseName))) return undefined;
+
+      // Try all the extensions.
+      const foundExt = sourceExt.find((ext) =>
+        fs.existsSync(`${localBin}${ext}`),
+      );
+      if (foundExt) return `${localBin}${foundExt}`;
+
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    // Not checking for help first. Unlikely to have mandatory and executable, and can't robustly test for help flags in external command.
+    this._checkForMissingMandatoryOptions();
+    this._checkForConflictingOptions();
+
+    // executableFile and executableDir might be full path, or just a name
+    let executableFile =
+      subcommand._executableFile || `${this._name}-${subcommand._name}`;
+    let executableDir = this._executableDir || '';
+    if (this._scriptPath) {
+      let resolvedScriptPath; // resolve possible symlink for installed npm binary
+      try {
+        resolvedScriptPath = fs.realpathSync(this._scriptPath);
+      } catch {
+        resolvedScriptPath = this._scriptPath;
+      }
+      executableDir = path.resolve(
+        path.dirname(resolvedScriptPath),
+        executableDir,
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Look for a local file in preference to a command in PATH.
+    if (executableDir) {
+      let localFile = findFile(executableDir, executableFile);
+
+      // Legacy search using prefix of script name instead of command name
+      if (!localFile && !subcommand._executableFile && this._scriptPath) {
+        const legacyName = path.basename(
+          this._scriptPath,
+          path.extname(this._scriptPath),
+        );
+        if (legacyName !== this._name) {
+          localFile = findFile(
+            executableDir,
+            `${legacyName}-${subcommand._name}`,
+          );
+        }
+      }
+      executableFile = localFile || executableFile;
+    }
+
+    launchWithNode = sourceExt.includes(path.extname(executableFile));
+
+    let proc;
+    if (process.platform !== 'win32') {
+      if (launchWithNode) {
+        args.unshift(executableFile);
+        // add executable arguments to spawn
+        args = incrementNodeInspectorPort(process.execArgv).concat(args);
+
+        proc = childProcess.spawn(process.argv[0], args, { stdio: 'inherit' });
+      } else {
+        proc = childProcess.spawn(executableFile, args, { stdio: 'inherit' });
+      }
+    } else {
+      this._checkForMissingExecutable(
+        executableFile,
+        executableDir,
+        subcommand._name,
+      );
+      args.unshift(executableFile);
+      // add executable arguments to spawn
+      args = incrementNodeInspectorPort(process.execArgv).concat(args);
+      proc = childProcess.spawn(process.execPath, args, { stdio: 'inherit' });
+    }
+
+    if (!proc.killed) {
+      // testing mainly to avoid leak warnings during unit tests with mocked spawn
+      const signals = ['SIGUSR1', 'SIGUSR2', 'SIGTERM', 'SIGINT', 'SIGHUP'];
+      signals.forEach((signal) => {
+        process.on(signal, () => {
+          if (proc.killed === false && proc.exitCode === null) {
+            // @ts-ignore because signals not typed to known strings
+            proc.kill(signal);
+          }
+        });
+      });
+    }
+
+    // By default terminate process when spawned process terminates.
+    const exitCallback = this._exitCallback;
+    proc.on('close', (code) => {
+      code = code ?? 1; // code is null if spawned process terminated due to a signal
+      if (!exitCallback) {
+        process.exit(code);
+      } else {
+        exitCallback(
+          new CommanderError(
+            code,
+            'commander.executeSubCommandAsync',
+            '(close)',
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+    });
+    proc.on('error', (err) => {
+      // @ts-ignore: because err.code is an unknown property
+      if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
+        this._checkForMissingExecutable(
+          executableFile,
+          executableDir,
+          subcommand._name,
+        );
+        // @ts-ignore: because err.code is an unknown property
+      } else if (err.code === 'EACCES') {
+        throw new Error(`'${executableFile}' not executable`);
+      }
+      if (!exitCallback) {
+        process.exit(1);
+      } else {
+        const wrappedError = new CommanderError(
+          1,
+          'commander.executeSubCommandAsync',
+          '(error)',
+        );
+        wrappedError.nestedError = err;
+        exitCallback(wrappedError);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Store the reference to the child process
+    this.runningCommand = proc;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _dispatchSubcommand(commandName, operands, unknown) {
+    const subCommand = this._findCommand(commandName);
+    if (!subCommand) this.help({ error: true });
+
+    subCommand._prepareForParse();
+    let promiseChain;
+    promiseChain = this._chainOrCallSubCommandHook(
+      promiseChain,
+      subCommand,
+      'preSubcommand',
+    );
+    promiseChain = this._chainOrCall(promiseChain, () => {
+      if (subCommand._executableHandler) {
+        this._executeSubCommand(subCommand, operands.concat(unknown));
+      } else {
+        return subCommand._parseCommand(operands, unknown);
+      }
+    });
+    return promiseChain;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Invoke help directly if possible, or dispatch if necessary.
+   * e.g. help foo
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _dispatchHelpCommand(subcommandName) {
+    if (!subcommandName) {
+      this.help();
+    }
+    const subCommand = this._findCommand(subcommandName);
+    if (subCommand && !subCommand._executableHandler) {
+      subCommand.help();
+    }
+
+    // Fallback to parsing the help flag to invoke the help.
+    return this._dispatchSubcommand(
+      subcommandName,
+      [],
+      [this._getHelpOption()?.long ?? this._getHelpOption()?.short ?? '--help'],
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check this.args against expected this.registeredArguments.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _checkNumberOfArguments() {
+    // too few
+    this.registeredArguments.forEach((arg, i) => {
+      if (arg.required && this.args[i] == null) {
+        this.missingArgument(arg.name());
+      }
+    });
+    // too many
+    if (
+      this.registeredArguments.length > 0 &&
+      this.registeredArguments[this.registeredArguments.length - 1].variadic
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this.args.length > this.registeredArguments.length) {
+      this._excessArguments(this.args);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Process this.args using this.registeredArguments and save as this.processedArgs!
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _processArguments() {
+    const myParseArg = (argument, value, previous) => {
+      // Extra processing for nice error message on parsing failure.
+      let parsedValue = value;
+      if (value !== null && argument.parseArg) {
+        const invalidValueMessage = `error: command-argument value '${value}' is invalid for argument '${argument.name()}'.`;
+        parsedValue = this._callParseArg(
+          argument,
+          value,
+          previous,
+          invalidValueMessage,
+        );
+      }
+      return parsedValue;
+    };
+
+    this._checkNumberOfArguments();
+
+    const processedArgs = [];
+    this.registeredArguments.forEach((declaredArg, index) => {
+      let value = declaredArg.defaultValue;
+      if (declaredArg.variadic) {
+        // Collect together remaining arguments for passing together as an array.
+        if (index < this.args.length) {
+          value = this.args.slice(index);
+          if (declaredArg.parseArg) {
+            value = value.reduce((processed, v) => {
+              return myParseArg(declaredArg, v, processed);
+            }, declaredArg.defaultValue);
+          }
+        } else if (value === undefined) {
+          value = [];
+        }
+      } else if (index < this.args.length) {
+        value = this.args[index];
+        if (declaredArg.parseArg) {
+          value = myParseArg(declaredArg, value, declaredArg.defaultValue);
+        }
+      }
+      processedArgs[index] = value;
+    });
+    this.processedArgs = processedArgs;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Once we have a promise we chain, but call synchronously until then.
+   *
+   * @param {(Promise|undefined)} promise
+   * @param {Function} fn
+   * @return {(Promise|undefined)}
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _chainOrCall(promise, fn) {
+    // thenable
+    if (promise && promise.then && typeof promise.then === 'function') {
+      // already have a promise, chain callback
+      return promise.then(() => fn());
+    }
+    // callback might return a promise
+    return fn();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param {(Promise|undefined)} promise
+   * @param {string} event
+   * @return {(Promise|undefined)}
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _chainOrCallHooks(promise, event) {
+    let result = promise;
+    const hooks = [];
+    this._getCommandAndAncestors()
+      .reverse()
+      .filter((cmd) => cmd._lifeCycleHooks[event] !== undefined)
+      .forEach((hookedCommand) => {
+        hookedCommand._lifeCycleHooks[event].forEach((callback) => {
+          hooks.push({ hookedCommand, callback });
+        });
+      });
+    if (event === 'postAction') {
+      hooks.reverse();
+    }
+
+    hooks.forEach((hookDetail) => {
+      result = this._chainOrCall(result, () => {
+        return hookDetail.callback(hookDetail.hookedCommand, this);
+      });
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param {(Promise|undefined)} promise
+   * @param {Command} subCommand
+   * @param {string} event
+   * @return {(Promise|undefined)}
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _chainOrCallSubCommandHook(promise, subCommand, event) {
+    let result = promise;
+    if (this._lifeCycleHooks[event] !== undefined) {
+      this._lifeCycleHooks[event].forEach((hook) => {
+        result = this._chainOrCall(result, () => {
+          return hook(this, subCommand);
+        });
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Process arguments in context of this command.
+   * Returns action result, in case it is a promise.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _parseCommand(operands, unknown) {
+    const parsed = this.parseOptions(unknown);
+    this._parseOptionsEnv(); // after cli, so parseArg not called on both cli and env
+    this._parseOptionsImplied();
+    operands = operands.concat(parsed.operands);
+    unknown = parsed.unknown;
+    this.args = operands.concat(unknown);
+
+    if (operands && this._findCommand(operands[0])) {
+      return this._dispatchSubcommand(operands[0], operands.slice(1), unknown);
+    }
+    if (
+      this._getHelpCommand() &&
+      operands[0] === this._getHelpCommand().name()
+    ) {
+      return this._dispatchHelpCommand(operands[1]);
+    }
+    if (this._defaultCommandName) {
+      this._outputHelpIfRequested(unknown); // Run the help for default command from parent rather than passing to default command
+      return this._dispatchSubcommand(
+        this._defaultCommandName,
+        operands,
+        unknown,
+      );
+    }
+    if (
+      this.commands.length &&
+      this.args.length === 0 &&
+      !this._actionHandler &&
+      !this._defaultCommandName
+    ) {
+      // probably missing subcommand and no handler, user needs help (and exit)
+      this.help({ error: true });
+    }
+
+    this._outputHelpIfRequested(parsed.unknown);
+    this._checkForMissingMandatoryOptions();
+    this._checkForConflictingOptions();
+
+    // We do not always call this check to avoid masking a "better" error, like unknown command.
+    const checkForUnknownOptions = () => {
+      if (parsed.unknown.length > 0) {
+        this.unknownOption(parsed.unknown[0]);
+      }
+    };
+
+    const commandEvent = `command:${this.name()}`;
+    if (this._actionHandler) {
+      checkForUnknownOptions();
+      this._processArguments();
+
+      let promiseChain;
+      promiseChain = this._chainOrCallHooks(promiseChain, 'preAction');
+      promiseChain = this._chainOrCall(promiseChain, () =>
+        this._actionHandler(this.processedArgs),
+      );
+      if (this.parent) {
+        promiseChain = this._chainOrCall(promiseChain, () => {
+          this.parent.emit(commandEvent, operands, unknown); // legacy
+        });
+      }
+      promiseChain = this._chainOrCallHooks(promiseChain, 'postAction');
+      return promiseChain;
+    }
+    if (this.parent && this.parent.listenerCount(commandEvent)) {
+      checkForUnknownOptions();
+      this._processArguments();
+      this.parent.emit(commandEvent, operands, unknown); // legacy
+    } else if (operands.length) {
+      if (this._findCommand('*')) {
+        // legacy default command
+        return this._dispatchSubcommand('*', operands, unknown);
+      }
+      if (this.listenerCount('command:*')) {
+        // skip option check, emit event for possible misspelling suggestion
+        this.emit('command:*', operands, unknown);
+      } else if (this.commands.length) {
+        this.unknownCommand();
+      } else {
+        checkForUnknownOptions();
+        this._processArguments();
+      }
+    } else if (this.commands.length) {
+      checkForUnknownOptions();
+      // This command has subcommands and nothing hooked up at this level, so display help (and exit).
+      this.help({ error: true });
+    } else {
+      checkForUnknownOptions();
+      this._processArguments();
+      // fall through for caller to handle after calling .parse()
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find matching command.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @return {Command | undefined}
+   */
+  _findCommand(name) {
+    if (!name) return undefined;
+    return this.commands.find(
+      (cmd) => cmd._name === name || cmd._aliases.includes(name),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return an option matching `arg` if any.
+   *
+   * @param {string} arg
+   * @return {Option}
+   * @package
+   */
+
+  _findOption(arg) {
+    return this.options.find((option) => option.is(arg));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display an error message if a mandatory option does not have a value.
+   * Called after checking for help flags in leaf subcommand.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _checkForMissingMandatoryOptions() {
+    // Walk up hierarchy so can call in subcommand after checking for displaying help.
+    this._getCommandAndAncestors().forEach((cmd) => {
+      cmd.options.forEach((anOption) => {
+        if (
+          anOption.mandatory &&
+          cmd.getOptionValue(anOption.attributeName()) === undefined
+        ) {
+          cmd.missingMandatoryOptionValue(anOption);
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display an error message if conflicting options are used together in this.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+  _checkForConflictingLocalOptions() {
+    const definedNonDefaultOptions = this.options.filter((option) => {
+      const optionKey = option.attributeName();
+      if (this.getOptionValue(optionKey) === undefined) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return this.getOptionValueSource(optionKey) !== 'default';
+    });
+
+    const optionsWithConflicting = definedNonDefaultOptions.filter(
+      (option) => option.conflictsWith.length > 0,
+    );
+
+    optionsWithConflicting.forEach((option) => {
+      const conflictingAndDefined = definedNonDefaultOptions.find((defined) =>
+        option.conflictsWith.includes(defined.attributeName()),
+      );
+      if (conflictingAndDefined) {
+        this._conflictingOption(option, conflictingAndDefined);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display an error message if conflicting options are used together.
+   * Called after checking for help flags in leaf subcommand.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+  _checkForConflictingOptions() {
+    // Walk up hierarchy so can call in subcommand after checking for displaying help.
+    this._getCommandAndAncestors().forEach((cmd) => {
+      cmd._checkForConflictingLocalOptions();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse options from `argv` removing known options,
+   * and return argv split into operands and unknown arguments.
+   *
+   * Side effects: modifies command by storing options. Does not reset state if called again.
+   *
+   * Examples:
+   *
+   *     argv => operands, unknown
+   *     --known kkk op => [op], []
+   *     op --known kkk => [op], []
+   *     sub --unknown uuu op => [sub], [--unknown uuu op]
+   *     sub -- --unknown uuu op => [sub --unknown uuu op], []
+   *
+   * @param {string[]} argv
+   * @return {{operands: string[], unknown: string[]}}
+   */
+
+  parseOptions(argv) {
+    const operands = []; // operands, not options or values
+    const unknown = []; // first unknown option and remaining unknown args
+    let dest = operands;
+    const args = argv.slice();
+
+    function maybeOption(arg) {
+      return arg.length > 1 && arg[0] === '-';
+    }
+
+    // parse options
+    let activeVariadicOption = null;
+    while (args.length) {
+      const arg = args.shift();
+
+      // literal
+      if (arg === '--') {
+        if (dest === unknown) dest.push(arg);
+        dest.push(...args);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (activeVariadicOption && !maybeOption(arg)) {
+        this.emit(`option:${activeVariadicOption.name()}`, arg);
+        continue;
+      }
+      activeVariadicOption = null;
+
+      if (maybeOption(arg)) {
+        const option = this._findOption(arg);
+        // recognised option, call listener to assign value with possible custom processing
+        if (option) {
+          if (option.required) {
+            const value = args.shift();
+            if (value === undefined) this.optionMissingArgument(option);
+            this.emit(`option:${option.name()}`, value);
+          } else if (option.optional) {
+            let value = null;
+            // historical behaviour is optional value is following arg unless an option
+            if (args.length > 0 && !maybeOption(args[0])) {
+              value = args.shift();
+            }
+            this.emit(`option:${option.name()}`, value);
+          } else {
+            // boolean flag
+            this.emit(`option:${option.name()}`);
+          }
+          activeVariadicOption = option.variadic ? option : null;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Look for combo options following single dash, eat first one if known.
+      if (arg.length > 2 && arg[0] === '-' && arg[1] !== '-') {
+        const option = this._findOption(`-${arg[1]}`);
+        if (option) {
+          if (
+            option.required ||
+            (option.optional && this._combineFlagAndOptionalValue)
+          ) {
+            // option with value following in same argument
+            this.emit(`option:${option.name()}`, arg.slice(2));
+          } else {
+            // boolean option, emit and put back remainder of arg for further processing
+            this.emit(`option:${option.name()}`);
+            args.unshift(`-${arg.slice(2)}`);
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Look for known long flag with value, like --foo=bar
+      if (/^--[^=]+=/.test(arg)) {
+        const index = arg.indexOf('=');
+        const option = this._findOption(arg.slice(0, index));
+        if (option && (option.required || option.optional)) {
+          this.emit(`option:${option.name()}`, arg.slice(index + 1));
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Not a recognised option by this command.
+      // Might be a command-argument, or subcommand option, or unknown option, or help command or option.
+
+      // An unknown option means further arguments also classified as unknown so can be reprocessed by subcommands.
+      if (maybeOption(arg)) {
+        dest = unknown;
+      }
+
+      // If using positionalOptions, stop processing our options at subcommand.
+      if (
+        (this._enablePositionalOptions || this._passThroughOptions) &&
+        operands.length === 0 &&
+        unknown.length === 0
+      ) {
+        if (this._findCommand(arg)) {
+          operands.push(arg);
+          if (args.length > 0) unknown.push(...args);
+          break;
+        } else if (
+          this._getHelpCommand() &&
+          arg === this._getHelpCommand().name()
+        ) {
+          operands.push(arg);
+          if (args.length > 0) operands.push(...args);
+          break;
+        } else if (this._defaultCommandName) {
+          unknown.push(arg);
+          if (args.length > 0) unknown.push(...args);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // If using passThroughOptions, stop processing options at first command-argument.
+      if (this._passThroughOptions) {
+        dest.push(arg);
+        if (args.length > 0) dest.push(...args);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // add arg
+      dest.push(arg);
+    }
+
+    return { operands, unknown };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return an object containing local option values as key-value pairs.
+   *
+   * @return {object}
+   */
+  opts() {
+    if (this._storeOptionsAsProperties) {
+      // Preserve original behaviour so backwards compatible when still using properties
+      const result = {};
+      const len = this.options.length;
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        const key = this.options[i].attributeName();
+        result[key] =
+          key === this._versionOptionName ? this._version : this[key];
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    return this._optionValues;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return an object containing merged local and global option values as key-value pairs.
+   *
+   * @return {object}
+   */
+  optsWithGlobals() {
+    // globals overwrite locals
+    return this._getCommandAndAncestors().reduce(
+      (combinedOptions, cmd) => Object.assign(combinedOptions, cmd.opts()),
+      {},
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display error message and exit (or call exitOverride).
+   *
+   * @param {string} message
+   * @param {object} [errorOptions]
+   * @param {string} [errorOptions.code] - an id string representing the error
+   * @param {number} [errorOptions.exitCode] - used with process.exit
+   */
+  error(message, errorOptions) {
+    // output handling
+    this._outputConfiguration.outputError(
+      `${message}\n`,
+      this._outputConfiguration.writeErr,
+    );
+    if (typeof this._showHelpAfterError === 'string') {
+      this._outputConfiguration.writeErr(`${this._showHelpAfterError}\n`);
+    } else if (this._showHelpAfterError) {
+      this._outputConfiguration.writeErr('\n');
+      this.outputHelp({ error: true });
+    }
+
+    // exit handling
+    const config = errorOptions || {};
+    const exitCode = config.exitCode || 1;
+    const code = config.code || 'commander.error';
+    this._exit(exitCode, code, message);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Apply any option related environment variables, if option does
+   * not have a value from cli or client code.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+  _parseOptionsEnv() {
+    this.options.forEach((option) => {
+      if (option.envVar && option.envVar in process.env) {
+        const optionKey = option.attributeName();
+        // Priority check. Do not overwrite cli or options from unknown source (client-code).
+        if (
+          this.getOptionValue(optionKey) === undefined ||
+          ['default', 'config', 'env'].includes(
+            this.getOptionValueSource(optionKey),
+          )
+        ) {
+          if (option.required || option.optional) {
+            // option can take a value
+            // keep very simple, optional always takes value
+            this.emit(`optionEnv:${option.name()}`, process.env[option.envVar]);
+          } else {
+            // boolean
+            // keep very simple, only care that envVar defined and not the value
+            this.emit(`optionEnv:${option.name()}`);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Apply any implied option values, if option is undefined or default value.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+  _parseOptionsImplied() {
+    const dualHelper = new DualOptions(this.options);
+    const hasCustomOptionValue = (optionKey) => {
+      return (
+        this.getOptionValue(optionKey) !== undefined &&
+        !['default', 'implied'].includes(this.getOptionValueSource(optionKey))
+      );
+    };
+    this.options
+      .filter(
+        (option) =>
+          option.implied !== undefined &&
+          hasCustomOptionValue(option.attributeName()) &&
+          dualHelper.valueFromOption(
+            this.getOptionValue(option.attributeName()),
+            option,
+          ),
+      )
+      .forEach((option) => {
+        Object.keys(option.implied)
+          .filter((impliedKey) => !hasCustomOptionValue(impliedKey))
+          .forEach((impliedKey) => {
+            this.setOptionValueWithSource(
+              impliedKey,
+              option.implied[impliedKey],
+              'implied',
+            );
+          });
+      });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Argument `name` is missing.
+   *
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  missingArgument(name) {
+    const message = `error: missing required argument '${name}'`;
+    this.error(message, { code: 'commander.missingArgument' });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `Option` is missing an argument.
+   *
+   * @param {Option} option
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  optionMissingArgument(option) {
+    const message = `error: option '${option.flags}' argument missing`;
+    this.error(message, { code: 'commander.optionMissingArgument' });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `Option` does not have a value, and is a mandatory option.
+   *
+   * @param {Option} option
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  missingMandatoryOptionValue(option) {
+    const message = `error: required option '${option.flags}' not specified`;
+    this.error(message, { code: 'commander.missingMandatoryOptionValue' });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `Option` conflicts with another option.
+   *
+   * @param {Option} option
+   * @param {Option} conflictingOption
+   * @private
+   */
+  _conflictingOption(option, conflictingOption) {
+    // The calling code does not know whether a negated option is the source of the
+    // value, so do some work to take an educated guess.
+    const findBestOptionFromValue = (option) => {
+      const optionKey = option.attributeName();
+      const optionValue = this.getOptionValue(optionKey);
+      const negativeOption = this.options.find(
+        (target) => target.negate && optionKey === target.attributeName(),
+      );
+      const positiveOption = this.options.find(
+        (target) => !target.negate && optionKey === target.attributeName(),
+      );
+      if (
+        negativeOption &&
+        ((negativeOption.presetArg === undefined && optionValue === false) ||
+          (negativeOption.presetArg !== undefined &&
+            optionValue === negativeOption.presetArg))
+      ) {
+        return negativeOption;
+      }
+      return positiveOption || option;
+    };
+
+    const getErrorMessage = (option) => {
+      const bestOption = findBestOptionFromValue(option);
+      const optionKey = bestOption.attributeName();
+      const source = this.getOptionValueSource(optionKey);
+      if (source === 'env') {
+        return `environment variable '${bestOption.envVar}'`;
+      }
+      return `option '${bestOption.flags}'`;
+    };
+
+    const message = `error: ${getErrorMessage(option)} cannot be used with ${getErrorMessage(conflictingOption)}`;
+    this.error(message, { code: 'commander.conflictingOption' });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unknown option `flag`.
+   *
+   * @param {string} flag
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  unknownOption(flag) {
+    if (this._allowUnknownOption) return;
+    let suggestion = '';
+
+    if (flag.startsWith('--') && this._showSuggestionAfterError) {
+      // Looping to pick up the global options too
+      let candidateFlags = [];
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias
+      let command = this;
+      do {
+        const moreFlags = command
+          .createHelp()
+          .visibleOptions(command)
+          .filter((option) => option.long)
+          .map((option) => option.long);
+        candidateFlags = candidateFlags.concat(moreFlags);
+        command = command.parent;
+      } while (command && !command._enablePositionalOptions);
+      suggestion = suggestSimilar(flag, candidateFlags);
+    }
+
+    const message = `error: unknown option '${flag}'${suggestion}`;
+    this.error(message, { code: 'commander.unknownOption' });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Excess arguments, more than expected.
+   *
+   * @param {string[]} receivedArgs
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _excessArguments(receivedArgs) {
+    if (this._allowExcessArguments) return;
+
+    const expected = this.registeredArguments.length;
+    const s = expected === 1 ? '' : 's';
+    const forSubcommand = this.parent ? ` for '${this.name()}'` : '';
+    const message = `error: too many arguments${forSubcommand}. Expected ${expected} argument${s} but got ${receivedArgs.length}.`;
+    this.error(message, { code: 'commander.excessArguments' });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unknown command.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  unknownCommand() {
+    const unknownName = this.args[0];
+    let suggestion = '';
+
+    if (this._showSuggestionAfterError) {
+      const candidateNames = [];
+      this.createHelp()
+        .visibleCommands(this)
+        .forEach((command) => {
+          candidateNames.push(command.name());
+          // just visible alias
+          if (command.alias()) candidateNames.push(command.alias());
+        });
+      suggestion = suggestSimilar(unknownName, candidateNames);
+    }
+
+    const message = `error: unknown command '${unknownName}'${suggestion}`;
+    this.error(message, { code: 'commander.unknownCommand' });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get or set the program version.
+   *
+   * This method auto-registers the "-V, --version" option which will print the version number.
+   *
+   * You can optionally supply the flags and description to override the defaults.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [str]
+   * @param {string} [flags]
+   * @param {string} [description]
+   * @return {(this | string | undefined)} `this` command for chaining, or version string if no arguments
+   */
+
+  version(str, flags, description) {
+    if (str === undefined) return this._version;
+    this._version = str;
+    flags = flags || '-V, --version';
+    description = description || 'output the version number';
+    const versionOption = this.createOption(flags, description);
+    this._versionOptionName = versionOption.attributeName();
+    this._registerOption(versionOption);
+
+    this.on('option:' + versionOption.name(), () => {
+      this._outputConfiguration.writeOut(`${str}\n`);
+      this._exit(0, 'commander.version', str);
+    });
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the description.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [str]
+   * @param {object} [argsDescription]
+   * @return {(string|Command)}
+   */
+  description(str, argsDescription) {
+    if (str === undefined && argsDescription === undefined)
+      return this._description;
+    this._description = str;
+    if (argsDescription) {
+      this._argsDescription = argsDescription;
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the summary. Used when listed as subcommand of parent.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [str]
+   * @return {(string|Command)}
+   */
+  summary(str) {
+    if (str === undefined) return this._summary;
+    this._summary = str;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set an alias for the command.
+   *
+   * You may call more than once to add multiple aliases. Only the first alias is shown in the auto-generated help.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [alias]
+   * @return {(string|Command)}
+   */
+
+  alias(alias) {
+    if (alias === undefined) return this._aliases[0]; // just return first, for backwards compatibility
+
+    /** @type {Command} */
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias
+    let command = this;
+    if (
+      this.commands.length !== 0 &&
+      this.commands[this.commands.length - 1]._executableHandler
+    ) {
+      // assume adding alias for last added executable subcommand, rather than this
+      command = this.commands[this.commands.length - 1];
+    }
+
+    if (alias === command._name)
+      throw new Error("Command alias can't be the same as its name");
+    const matchingCommand = this.parent?._findCommand(alias);
+    if (matchingCommand) {
+      // c.f. _registerCommand
+      const existingCmd = [matchingCommand.name()]
+        .concat(matchingCommand.aliases())
+        .join('|');
+      throw new Error(
+        `cannot add alias '${alias}' to command '${this.name()}' as already have command '${existingCmd}'`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    command._aliases.push(alias);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set aliases for the command.
+   *
+   * Only the first alias is shown in the auto-generated help.
+   *
+   * @param {string[]} [aliases]
+   * @return {(string[]|Command)}
+   */
+
+  aliases(aliases) {
+    // Getter for the array of aliases is the main reason for having aliases() in addition to alias().
+    if (aliases === undefined) return this._aliases;
+
+    aliases.forEach((alias) => this.alias(alias));
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set / get the command usage `str`.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [str]
+   * @return {(string|Command)}
+   */
+
+  usage(str) {
+    if (str === undefined) {
+      if (this._usage) return this._usage;
+
+      const args = this.registeredArguments.map((arg) => {
+        return humanReadableArgName(arg);
+      });
+      return []
+        .concat(
+          this.options.length || this._helpOption !== null ? '[options]' : [],
+          this.commands.length ? '[command]' : [],
+          this.registeredArguments.length ? args : [],
+        )
+        .join(' ');
+    }
+
+    this._usage = str;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get or set the name of the command.
+   *
+   * @param {string} [str]
+   * @return {(string|Command)}
+   */
+
+  name(str) {
+    if (str === undefined) return this._name;
+    this._name = str;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the name of the command from script filename, such as process.argv[1],
+   * or require.main.filename, or __filename.
+   *
+   * (Used internally and public although not documented in README.)
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program.nameFromFilename(require.main.filename);
+   *
+   * @param {string} filename
+   * @return {Command}
+   */
+
+  nameFromFilename(filename) {
+    this._name = path.basename(filename, path.extname(filename));
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get or set the directory for searching for executable subcommands of this command.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program.executableDir(__dirname);
+   * // or
+   * program.executableDir('subcommands');
+   *
+   * @param {string} [path]
+   * @return {(string|null|Command)}
+   */
+
+  executableDir(path) {
+    if (path === undefined) return this._executableDir;
+    this._executableDir = path;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return program help documentation.
+   *
+   * @param {{ error: boolean }} [contextOptions] - pass {error:true} to wrap for stderr instead of stdout
+   * @return {string}
+   */
+
+  helpInformation(contextOptions) {
+    const helper = this.createHelp();
+    const context = this._getOutputContext(contextOptions);
+    helper.prepareContext({
+      error: context.error,
+      helpWidth: context.helpWidth,
+      outputHasColors: context.hasColors,
+    });
+    const text = helper.formatHelp(this, helper);
+    if (context.hasColors) return text;
+    return this._outputConfiguration.stripColor(text);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @typedef HelpContext
+   * @type {object}
+   * @property {boolean} error
+   * @property {number} helpWidth
+   * @property {boolean} hasColors
+   * @property {function} write - includes stripColor if needed
+   *
+   * @returns {HelpContext}
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _getOutputContext(contextOptions) {
+    contextOptions = contextOptions || {};
+    const error = !!contextOptions.error;
+    let baseWrite;
+    let hasColors;
+    let helpWidth;
+    if (error) {
+      baseWrite = (str) => this._outputConfiguration.writeErr(str);
+      hasColors = this._outputConfiguration.getErrHasColors();
+      helpWidth = this._outputConfiguration.getErrHelpWidth();
+    } else {
+      baseWrite = (str) => this._outputConfiguration.writeOut(str);
+      hasColors = this._outputConfiguration.getOutHasColors();
+      helpWidth = this._outputConfiguration.getOutHelpWidth();
+    }
+    const write = (str) => {
+      if (!hasColors) str = this._outputConfiguration.stripColor(str);
+      return baseWrite(str);
+    };
+    return { error, write, hasColors, helpWidth };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Output help information for this command.
+   *
+   * Outputs built-in help, and custom text added using `.addHelpText()`.
+   *
+   * @param {{ error: boolean } | Function} [contextOptions] - pass {error:true} to write to stderr instead of stdout
+   */
+
+  outputHelp(contextOptions) {
+    let deprecatedCallback;
+    if (typeof contextOptions === 'function') {
+      deprecatedCallback = contextOptions;
+      contextOptions = undefined;
+    }
+
+    const outputContext = this._getOutputContext(contextOptions);
+    /** @type {HelpTextEventContext} */
+    const eventContext = {
+      error: outputContext.error,
+      write: outputContext.write,
+      command: this,
+    };
+
+    this._getCommandAndAncestors()
+      .reverse()
+      .forEach((command) => command.emit('beforeAllHelp', eventContext));
+    this.emit('beforeHelp', eventContext);
+
+    let helpInformation = this.helpInformation({ error: outputContext.error });
+    if (deprecatedCallback) {
+      helpInformation = deprecatedCallback(helpInformation);
+      if (
+        typeof helpInformation !== 'string' &&
+        !Buffer.isBuffer(helpInformation)
+      ) {
+        throw new Error('outputHelp callback must return a string or a Buffer');
+      }
+    }
+    outputContext.write(helpInformation);
+
+    if (this._getHelpOption()?.long) {
+      this.emit(this._getHelpOption().long); // deprecated
+    }
+    this.emit('afterHelp', eventContext);
+    this._getCommandAndAncestors().forEach((command) =>
+      command.emit('afterAllHelp', eventContext),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * You can pass in flags and a description to customise the built-in help option.
+   * Pass in false to disable the built-in help option.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * program.helpOption('-?, --help' 'show help'); // customise
+   * program.helpOption(false); // disable
+   *
+   * @param {(string | boolean)} flags
+   * @param {string} [description]
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  helpOption(flags, description) {
+    // Support disabling built-in help option.
+    if (typeof flags === 'boolean') {
+      // true is not an expected value. Do something sensible but no unit-test.
+      // istanbul ignore if
+      if (flags) {
+        this._helpOption = this._helpOption ?? undefined; // preserve existing option
+      } else {
+        this._helpOption = null; // disable
+      }
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // Customise flags and description.
+    flags = flags ?? '-h, --help';
+    description = description ?? 'display help for command';
+    this._helpOption = this.createOption(flags, description);
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Lazy create help option.
+   * Returns null if has been disabled with .helpOption(false).
+   *
+   * @returns {(Option | null)} the help option
+   * @package
+   */
+  _getHelpOption() {
+    // Lazy create help option on demand.
+    if (this._helpOption === undefined) {
+      this.helpOption(undefined, undefined);
+    }
+    return this._helpOption;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Supply your own option to use for the built-in help option.
+   * This is an alternative to using helpOption() to customise the flags and description etc.
+   *
+   * @param {Option} option
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+  addHelpOption(option) {
+    this._helpOption = option;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Output help information and exit.
+   *
+   * Outputs built-in help, and custom text added using `.addHelpText()`.
+   *
+   * @param {{ error: boolean }} [contextOptions] - pass {error:true} to write to stderr instead of stdout
+   */
+
+  help(contextOptions) {
+    this.outputHelp(contextOptions);
+    let exitCode = Number(process.exitCode ?? 0); // process.exitCode does allow a string or an integer, but we prefer just a number
+    if (
+      exitCode === 0 &&
+      contextOptions &&
+      typeof contextOptions !== 'function' &&
+      contextOptions.error
+    ) {
+      exitCode = 1;
+    }
+    // message: do not have all displayed text available so only passing placeholder.
+    this._exit(exitCode, 'commander.help', '(outputHelp)');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * // Do a little typing to coordinate emit and listener for the help text events.
+   * @typedef HelpTextEventContext
+   * @type {object}
+   * @property {boolean} error
+   * @property {Command} command
+   * @property {function} write
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * Add additional text to be displayed with the built-in help.
+   *
+   * Position is 'before' or 'after' to affect just this command,
+   * and 'beforeAll' or 'afterAll' to affect this command and all its subcommands.
+   *
+   * @param {string} position - before or after built-in help
+   * @param {(string | Function)} text - string to add, or a function returning a string
+   * @return {Command} `this` command for chaining
+   */
+
+  addHelpText(position, text) {
+    const allowedValues = ['beforeAll', 'before', 'after', 'afterAll'];
+    if (!allowedValues.includes(position)) {
+      throw new Error(`Unexpected value for position to addHelpText.
+Expecting one of '${allowedValues.join("', '")}'`);
+    }
+
+    const helpEvent = `${position}Help`;
+    this.on(helpEvent, (/** @type {HelpTextEventContext} */ context) => {
+      let helpStr;
+      if (typeof text === 'function') {
+        helpStr = text({ error: context.error, command: context.command });
+      } else {
+        helpStr = text;
+      }
+      // Ignore falsy value when nothing to output.
+      if (helpStr) {
+        context.write(`${helpStr}\n`);
+      }
+    });
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Output help information if help flags specified
+   *
+   * @param {Array} args - array of options to search for help flags
+   * @private
+   */
+
+  _outputHelpIfRequested(args) {
+    const helpOption = this._getHelpOption();
+    const helpRequested = helpOption && args.find((arg) => helpOption.is(arg));
+    if (helpRequested) {
+      this.outputHelp();
+      // (Do not have all displayed text available so only passing placeholder.)
+      this._exit(0, 'commander.helpDisplayed', '(outputHelp)');
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Scan arguments and increment port number for inspect calls (to avoid conflicts when spawning new command).
+ *
+ * @param {string[]} args - array of arguments from node.execArgv
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ * @private
+ */
+
+function incrementNodeInspectorPort(args) {
+  // Testing for these options:
+  //  --inspect[=[host:]port]
+  //  --inspect-brk[=[host:]port]
+  //  --inspect-port=[host:]port
+  return args.map((arg) => {
+    if (!arg.startsWith('--inspect')) {
+      return arg;
+    }
+    let debugOption;
+    let debugHost = '127.0.0.1';
+    let debugPort = '9229';
+    let match;
+    if ((match = arg.match(/^(--inspect(-brk)?)$/)) !== null) {
+      // e.g. --inspect
+      debugOption = match[1];
+    } else if (
+      (match = arg.match(/^(--inspect(-brk|-port)?)=([^:]+)$/)) !== null
+    ) {
+      debugOption = match[1];
+      if (/^\d+$/.test(match[3])) {
+        // e.g. --inspect=1234
+        debugPort = match[3];
+      } else {
+        // e.g. --inspect=localhost
+        debugHost = match[3];
+      }
+    } else if (
+      (match = arg.match(/^(--inspect(-brk|-port)?)=([^:]+):(\d+)$/)) !== null
+    ) {
+      // e.g. --inspect=localhost:1234
+      debugOption = match[1];
+      debugHost = match[3];
+      debugPort = match[4];
+    }
+
+    if (debugOption && debugPort !== '0') {
+      return `${debugOption}=${debugHost}:${parseInt(debugPort) + 1}`;
+    }
+    return arg;
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * @returns {boolean | undefined}
+ * @package
+ */
+function useColor() {
+  // Test for common conventions.
+  // NB: the observed behaviour is in combination with how author adds color! For example:
+  //   - we do not test NODE_DISABLE_COLORS, but util:styletext does
+  //   - we do test NO_COLOR, but Chalk does not
+  //
+  // References:
+  // https://no-color.org
+  // https://bixense.com/clicolors/
+  // https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/0a00217a5f67ef4a22384cfc80eb6dd9a917fdc1/lib/internal/tty.js#L109
+  // https://github.com/chalk/supports-color/blob/c214314a14bcb174b12b3014b2b0a8de375029ae/index.js#L33
+  // (https://force-color.org recent web page from 2023, does not match major javascript implementations)
+
+  if (
+    process.env.NO_COLOR ||
+    process.env.FORCE_COLOR === '0' ||
+    process.env.FORCE_COLOR === 'false'
+  )
+    return false;
+  if (process.env.FORCE_COLOR || process.env.CLICOLOR_FORCE !== undefined)
+    return true;
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+exports.Command = Command;
+exports.useColor = useColor; // exporting for tests