squirreling 0.12.24 → 0.12.26

package/README.md

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 
 Squirreling is a streaming async SQL engine in pure JavaScript. Built for the browser from the ground up: streaming input and output, pluggable data sources, and lazy async cell evaluation. This makes Squirreling ideal for querying data from network sources, APIs, or LLMs where latency and cost matter.
 
+> Part of **[HypStack](https://hypstack.ai/)**, an open-source stack for AI observability.
+
 - **Standard SQL**: Full SQL support for querying data (read-only)
 - **Async UDFs**: User-defined functions can call APIs or models
 - **Tiny**: 13 kb bundle, zero dependencies, instant startup

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "squirreling",
-  "version": "0.12.24",
+  "version": "0.12.26",
   "description": "Squirreling Async SQL Engine",
   "author": "Hyperparam",
   "homepage": "https://hyperparam.app",
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@
     "test": "vitest run"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@types/node": "25.9.3",
-    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "4.1.8",
+    "@types/node": "26.1.0",
+    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "4.1.9",
     "eslint": "9.39.4",
-    "eslint-plugin-jsdoc": "63.0.2",
+    "eslint-plugin-jsdoc": "63.0.10",
     "typescript": "6.0.3",
-    "vitest": "4.1.8"
+    "vitest": "4.1.9"
   }
 }

package/src/backend/dataSource.js

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**
- * @import { AsyncCells, AsyncDataSource, AsyncRow, ScanColumnOptions, SqlPrimitive } from '../types.js'
+ * @import { AsyncCells, AsyncDataSource, AsyncRow, SqlPrimitive } from '../types.js'
  */
 
 /**
@@ -71,13 +71,15 @@ export function memorySource({ data, columns }) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Wraps a data source that caches all accessed rows in memory
+ * Wraps a data source, memoizing accessed cells. The row cache is a WeakMap
+ * keyed on row identity so entries are collectible once the row is unreachable,
+ * keeping a streaming scan O(1) instead of O(rows).
  * @param {AsyncDataSource} source
  * @returns {AsyncDataSource}
  */
 export function cachedDataSource(source) {
-  /** @type {Map<string, Promise<SqlPrimitive>>} */
-  const cache = new Map()
+  /** @type {WeakMap<object, Map<string, Promise<SqlPrimitive>>>} */
+  const cache = new WeakMap()
   return {
     ...source,
     scan(options) {
@@ -90,68 +92,38 @@ export function cachedDataSource(source) {
         return { rows, appliedWhere, appliedLimitOffset }
       }
 
-      // Adjust index when source applied offset so cache keys match original rows
-      const indexOffset = appliedLimitOffset && options.offset ? options.offset : 0
-
       return {
         async *rows() {
-          let index = 0
           for await (const row of rows()) {
             if (options.signal?.aborted) break
-            const rowIndex = index + indexOffset
+            const anchor = row.resolved ?? row
+            let rowCache = cache.get(anchor)
+            if (!rowCache) {
+              rowCache = new Map()
+              cache.set(anchor, rowCache)
+            }
             /** @type {AsyncCells} */
             const cells = {}
             for (const key of row.columns) {
               const cell = row.cells[key]
-              // Wrap the cell to cache accesses
               cells[key] = () => {
-                const cacheKey = `${rowIndex}:${key}`
-                let value = cache.get(cacheKey)
+                let value = rowCache.get(key)
                 if (!value) {
                   value = cell()
-                  cache.set(cacheKey, value)
+                  rowCache.set(key, value)
                 }
                 return value
               }
             }
-            yield { columns: row.columns, cells }
-            index++
+            // Preserve resolved so downstream fast paths still apply.
+            yield { columns: row.columns, cells, resolved: row.resolved }
           }
         },
         appliedWhere,
         appliedLimitOffset,
       }
     },
-    ...source.scanColumn && {
-      /**
-       * @param {ScanColumnOptions} options
-       * @returns {AsyncIterable<ArrayLike<SqlPrimitive>>}
-       */
-      scanColumn(options) {
-        const inner = source.scanColumn(options)
-        const indexOffset = options.offset ?? 0
-        return (async function* () {
-          let chunkStart = 0
-          for await (const chunk of inner) {
-            if (options.signal?.aborted) break
-            /** @type {SqlPrimitive[]} */
-            const cached = new Array(chunk.length)
-            for (let i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
-              const cacheKey = `${chunkStart + i + indexOffset}:${options.column}`
-              const existing = cache.get(cacheKey)
-              if (existing) {
-                cached[i] = await existing
-              } else {
-                const value = chunk[i]
-                cache.set(cacheKey, Promise.resolve(value))
-                cached[i] = value
-              }
-            }
-            yield cached
-            chunkStart += chunk.length
-          }
-        })()
-      },
-    },
+    // scanColumn passes through from ...source unwrapped: column values are
+    // already materialized, so caching them only retained memory unboundedly.
   }
 }

package/src/execute/aggregates.js

@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ export function executeHashAggregate(plan, context) {
         }
         allRows.push(row)
       }
+      context.signal?.throwIfAborted()
 
       // Group rows by GROUP BY keys.
       // Each chunk dispatches all per-row key evaluations in parallel so
@@ -211,6 +212,7 @@ export function executeScalarAggregate(plan, context) {
         }
         group.push(row)
       }
+      context.signal?.throwIfAborted()
 
       const asyncRow = projectAggregateColumns(plan.columns, group, context)
 
@@ -282,9 +284,36 @@ function tryColumnScanAggregate(plan, { tables, signal }) {
     /** @type {AsyncCells} */
     const cells = {}
 
+    // Group specs by column so each column is scanned at most once no matter how
+    // many aggregates read it (e.g. MIN(x), MAX(x), AVG(x) share one pass).
+    /** @type {Map<string, ColumnAggSpec[]>} */
+    const specsByColumn = new Map()
+    for (const spec of specs) {
+      const group = specsByColumn.get(spec.column)
+      if (group) group.push(spec)
+      else specsByColumn.set(spec.column, [spec])
+    }
+
+    // Each column's single pass is computed once and shared by all its cells;
+    // a column is only scanned if one of its aggregates is actually read.
+    /** @type {Map<string, Promise<Map<string, SqlPrimitive>>>} */
+    const passes = new Map()
+    /**
+     * @param {string} column
+     * @returns {Promise<Map<string, SqlPrimitive>>}
+     */
+    function scanOnce(column) {
+      let pass = passes.get(column)
+      if (!pass) {
+        pass = scanColumnGroup({ table, specs: specsByColumn.get(column) ?? [], limit, offset, signal })
+        passes.set(column, pass)
+      }
+      return pass
+    }
+
     for (const spec of specs) {
       columns.push(spec.alias)
-      cells[spec.alias] = () => scanColumnAggregate({ table, spec, limit, offset, signal })
+      cells[spec.alias] = async () => (await scanOnce(spec.column)).get(spec.alias) ?? null
     }
 
     yield { columns, cells }
@@ -316,68 +345,93 @@ function extractColumnAggSpec({ expr, alias }) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Scans a single column and computes an aggregate value.
+ * @typedef {{
+ *   spec: ColumnAggSpec,
+ *   count: number,
+ *   sum: number,
+ *   min: SqlPrimitive,
+ *   max: SqlPrimitive,
+ *   seen: Set<unknown> | null,
+ * }} AggAccumulator
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Scans a column once and computes every aggregate over it in a single pass.
+ * All specs share the one scanColumn walk, so MIN(x)/MAX(x)/AVG(x) decode x once.
  *
  * @param {Object} options
  * @param {AsyncDataSource} options.table
- * @param {ColumnAggSpec} options.spec
+ * @param {ColumnAggSpec[]} options.specs - aggregates over the same column
  * @param {number} [options.limit]
  * @param {number} [options.offset]
  * @param {AbortSignal} [options.signal]
- * @returns {Promise<SqlPrimitive>}
+ * @returns {Promise<Map<string, SqlPrimitive>>} alias → aggregate value
  */
-async function scanColumnAggregate({ table, spec, limit, offset, signal }) {
-  const values = table.scanColumn({ column: spec.column, limit, offset, signal })
-
-  if (spec.funcName === 'COUNT' && spec.distinct) {
-    const seen = new Set()
-    for await (const chunk of values) {
-      if (signal?.aborted) return
-      for (let i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
-        const v = chunk[i]
-        if (v == null) continue
-        seen.add(keyify(v))
-      }
-    }
-    return seen.size
-  }
-
-  if (spec.funcName === 'COUNT') {
-    let count = 0
-    for await (const chunk of values) {
-      if (signal?.aborted) return
-      for (let i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
-        if (chunk[i] != null) count++
-      }
-    }
-    return count
-  }
-
-  // SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX
-  let sum = 0
-  let count = 0
-  /** @type {SqlPrimitive} */
-  let min = null
-  /** @type {SqlPrimitive} */
-  let max = null
+async function scanColumnGroup({ table, specs, limit, offset, signal }) {
+  const { column } = specs[0]
+  const values = table.scanColumn({ column, limit, offset, signal })
+
+  /** @type {AggAccumulator[]} */
+  const accs = specs.map(spec => /** @type {AggAccumulator} */ ({
+    spec,
+    count: 0,
+    sum: 0,
+    min: null,
+    max: null,
+    seen: spec.funcName === 'COUNT' && spec.distinct ? new Set() : null,
+  }))
 
   for await (const chunk of values) {
-    if (signal?.aborted) return
+    signal?.throwIfAborted()
     for (let i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
       const v = chunk[i]
       if (v == null) continue
-      if (min === null || v < min) min = v
-      if (max === null || v > max) max = v
-      const num = Number(v)
-      if (!Number.isFinite(num)) continue
-      sum += num
-      count++
+      for (const acc of accs) {
+        switch (acc.spec.funcName) {
+        case 'COUNT':
+          if (acc.seen) acc.seen.add(keyify(v))
+          else acc.count++
+          break
+        case 'MIN':
+          if (acc.min === null || v < acc.min) acc.min = v
+          break
+        case 'MAX':
+          if (acc.max === null || v > acc.max) acc.max = v
+          break
+        default: { // SUM, AVG
+          const num = Number(v)
+          if (Number.isFinite(num)) {
+            acc.sum += num
+            acc.count++
+          }
+        }
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
+  signal?.throwIfAborted()
 
-  if (spec.funcName === 'SUM') return count === 0 ? null : sum
-  if (spec.funcName === 'AVG') return count === 0 ? null : sum / count
-  if (spec.funcName === 'MIN') return min
-  if (spec.funcName === 'MAX') return max
-  return null
+  /** @type {Map<string, SqlPrimitive>} */
+  const result = new Map()
+  for (const acc of accs) {
+    result.set(acc.spec.alias, finalizeAgg(acc))
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reduces one accumulator to its final aggregate value.
+ *
+ * @param {AggAccumulator} acc
+ * @returns {SqlPrimitive}
+ */
+function finalizeAgg(acc) {
+  switch (acc.spec.funcName) {
+  case 'COUNT': return acc.seen ? acc.seen.size : acc.count
+  case 'SUM': return acc.count === 0 ? null : acc.sum
+  case 'AVG': return acc.count === 0 ? null : acc.sum / acc.count
+  case 'MIN': return acc.min
+  case 'MAX': return acc.max
+  default: return null
+  }
 }

package/src/execute/execute.js

@@ -356,16 +356,20 @@ function executeCount(plan, context) {
     numRows: 1,
     maxRows: 1,
     async *rows() {
-      // Use source numRows if available
-      const countPromise = table.numRows !== undefined ? Promise.resolve(table.numRows) : (async () => {
+      const countPromise = (async () => {
+        signal?.throwIfAborted()
+        // Use source numRows if available
+        if (table.numRows !== undefined) return table.numRows
+
         // Fall back to counting rows via scan
         let count = 0
         const { rows } = table.scan({ signal })
         // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
         for await (const _ of rows()) {
-          if (signal?.aborted) return
+          signal?.throwIfAborted()
           count++
         }
+        signal?.throwIfAborted()
         return count
       })()
 

package/src/execute/join.js

@@ -24,43 +24,65 @@ export function executeNestedLoopJoin(plan, context) {
   }
   const left = executePlan({ plan: plan.left, context })
   const right = executePlan({ plan: plan.right, context })
+  // Buffer the smaller side when both sizes are known, streaming the larger
+  // side through the outer loop. Swapping reorders output rows, which SQL
+  // leaves unspecified.
+  const leftSize = left.numRows ?? left.maxRows
+  const rightSize = right.numRows ?? right.maxRows
+  const swap = leftSize !== undefined && rightSize !== undefined && leftSize < rightSize
   return {
     columns: mergeColumnNames(left.columns, right.columns, plan.leftAlias, plan.rightAlias),
     async *rows() {
       const leftTable = plan.leftAlias
       const rightTable = plan.rightAlias
+      const inner = swap ? left : right
+      const outer = swap ? right : left
+      // Which sides must also emit their unmatched rows
+      const innerOuter = plan.joinType === 'FULL' || plan.joinType === (swap ? 'LEFT' : 'RIGHT')
+      const outerOuter = plan.joinType === 'FULL' || plan.joinType === (swap ? 'RIGHT' : 'LEFT')
+
+      /**
+       * @param {AsyncRow} outerRow
+       * @param {AsyncRow} innerRow
+       * @returns {AsyncRow}
+       */
+      function merge(outerRow, innerRow) {
+        return swap
+          ? mergeRows(innerRow, outerRow, leftTable, rightTable)
+          : mergeRows(outerRow, innerRow, leftTable, rightTable)
+      }
 
-      // Buffer right rows
+      // Buffer the inner side
       /** @type {AsyncRow[]} */
-      const rightRows = []
-      for await (const row of right.rows()) {
+      const innerRows = []
+      for await (const row of inner.rows()) {
         if (context.signal?.aborted) return
-        rightRows.push(row)
+        innerRows.push(row)
       }
 
-      const rightCols = rightRows.length ? rightRows[0].columns : []
+      const innerCols = innerRows.length ? innerRows[0].columns : []
 
       /** @type {string[] | undefined} */
-      let leftCols = undefined
+      let outerCols = undefined
       /** @type {Set<AsyncRow> | undefined} */
-      const matchedRightRows = plan.joinType === 'RIGHT' || plan.joinType === 'FULL' ? new Set() : undefined
+      const matchedInnerRows = innerOuter ? new Set() : undefined
 
       let innerCount = 0
-      for await (const leftRow of left.rows()) {
-        if (context.signal?.aborted) break
+      for await (const outerRow of outer.rows()) {
+        if (context.signal?.aborted) return
 
-        if (!leftCols) {
-          leftCols = leftRow.columns
+        if (!outerCols) {
+          outerCols = outerRow.columns
         }
 
         let hasMatch = false
 
-        for (const rightRow of rightRows) {
+        for (const innerRow of innerRows) {
           if (++innerCount % YIELD_INTERVAL === 0) {
             await yieldToEventLoop()
             if (context.signal?.aborted) return
           }
-          const tempMerged = mergeRows(leftRow, rightRow, leftTable, rightTable)
+          const tempMerged = merge(outerRow, innerRow)
           const matches = await evaluateExpr({
             node: plan.condition,
             row: tempMerged,
@@ -69,23 +91,23 @@ export function executeNestedLoopJoin(plan, context) {
 
           if (matches) {
             hasMatch = true
-            matchedRightRows?.add(rightRow)
+            matchedInnerRows?.add(innerRow)
             yield tempMerged
           }
         }
 
-        if (!hasMatch && (plan.joinType === 'LEFT' || plan.joinType === 'FULL')) {
-          const nullRight = createNullRow(rightCols)
-          yield mergeRows(leftRow, nullRight, leftTable, rightTable)
+        if (!hasMatch && outerOuter) {
+          yield merge(outerRow, createNullRow(innerCols))
         }
       }
 
-      // Unmatched right rows for RIGHT/FULL joins
-      if (matchedRightRows) {
-        for (const rightRow of rightRows) {
-          if (!matchedRightRows.has(rightRow)) {
-            const nullLeft = createNullRow(leftCols ?? [])
-            yield mergeRows(nullLeft, rightRow, leftTable, rightTable)
+      if (context.signal?.aborted) return
+
+      // Unmatched inner rows for outer joins on the buffered side
+      if (matchedInnerRows) {
+        for (const innerRow of innerRows) {
+          if (!matchedInnerRows.has(innerRow)) {
+            yield merge(createNullRow(outerCols ?? []), innerRow)
           }
         }
       }
@@ -165,29 +187,27 @@ export function executePositionalJoin(plan, context) {
       const leftTable = plan.leftAlias
       const rightTable = plan.rightAlias
 
-      // Buffer both sides (required for positional join)
-      /** @type {AsyncRow[]} */
-      const leftRows = []
-      for await (const row of left.rows()) {
-        if (signal?.aborted) return
-        leftRows.push(row)
-      }
-
-      /** @type {AsyncRow[]} */
-      const rightRows = []
-      for await (const row of right.rows()) {
-        if (signal?.aborted) return
-        rightRows.push(row)
-      }
-
-      const maxLen = Math.max(leftRows.length, rightRows.length)
-      const leftCols = leftRows[0]?.columns ?? []
-      const rightCols = rightRows[0]?.columns ?? []
-
-      for (let i = 0; i < maxLen; i++) {
+      // Zip both sides in lockstep without buffering either; the shorter
+      // side is padded with NULL rows until the longer side is exhausted
+      const leftRows = left.rows()
+      const rightRows = right.rows()
+      /** @type {string[]} */
+      let leftCols = []
+      /** @type {string[]} */
+      let rightCols = []
+      let tick = 0
+      while (true) {
+        const [leftResult, rightResult] = await Promise.all([leftRows.next(), rightRows.next()])
+        if (leftResult.done && rightResult.done) return
         if (signal?.aborted) return
-        const leftRow = leftRows[i] ?? createNullRow(leftCols)
-        const rightRow = rightRows[i] ?? createNullRow(rightCols)
+        if (++tick % YIELD_INTERVAL === 0) {
+          await yieldToEventLoop()
+          if (signal?.aborted) return
+        }
+        if (!leftResult.done && !leftCols.length) leftCols = leftResult.value.columns
+        if (!rightResult.done && !rightCols.length) rightCols = rightResult.value.columns
+        const leftRow = leftResult.done ? createNullRow(leftCols) : leftResult.value
+        const rightRow = rightResult.done ? createNullRow(rightCols) : rightResult.value
         yield mergeRows(leftRow, rightRow, leftTable, rightTable)
       }
     },
@@ -204,26 +224,59 @@ export function executePositionalJoin(plan, context) {
 export function executeHashJoin(plan, context) {
   const left = executePlan({ plan: plan.left, context })
   const right = executePlan({ plan: plan.right, context })
+  // Build the hash table on the smaller side when both sizes are known,
+  // so joining a small table against a large one buffers the small one.
+  // Swapping reorders output rows, which SQL leaves unspecified.
+  const leftSize = left.numRows ?? left.maxRows
+  const rightSize = right.numRows ?? right.maxRows
+  const swap = leftSize !== undefined && rightSize !== undefined && leftSize < rightSize
   return {
     columns: mergeColumnNames(left.columns, right.columns, plan.leftAlias, plan.rightAlias),
     async *rows() {
       const leftTable = plan.leftAlias
       const rightTable = plan.rightAlias
-      const { leftKeys, rightKeys, residual } = plan
-
-      // Buffer right rows and build hash map
-      /** @type {AsyncRow[]} */
-      const rightRows = []
-      for await (const row of right.rows()) {
-        if (context.signal?.aborted) return
-        rightRows.push(row)
+      const { residual } = plan
+      const build = swap ? left : right
+      const probe = swap ? right : left
+      const buildKeys = swap ? plan.leftKeys : plan.rightKeys
+      const probeKeys = swap ? plan.rightKeys : plan.leftKeys
+      // Which sides must also emit their unmatched rows
+      const buildOuter = plan.joinType === 'FULL' || plan.joinType === (swap ? 'LEFT' : 'RIGHT')
+      const probeOuter = plan.joinType === 'FULL' || plan.joinType === (swap ? 'RIGHT' : 'LEFT')
+
+      /**
+       * @param {AsyncRow} probeRow
+       * @param {AsyncRow} buildRow
+       * @returns {AsyncRow}
+       */
+      function merge(probeRow, buildRow) {
+        return swap
+          ? mergeRows(buildRow, probeRow, leftTable, rightTable)
+          : mergeRows(probeRow, buildRow, leftTable, rightTable)
       }
 
+      // Build phase: stream one side into the hash map. The full row list is
+      // only retained when unmatched build rows must be emitted afterwards;
+      // otherwise rows with NULL join keys are released immediately.
       /** @type {Map<string | number | bigint | boolean, AsyncRow[]>} */
       const hashMap = new Map()
-      for (const rightRow of rightRows) {
+      /** @type {AsyncRow[] | undefined} */
+      const buildRows = buildOuter ? [] : undefined
+      /** @type {string[]} */
+      let buildCols = []
+      let innerCount = 0
+      for await (const buildRow of build.rows()) {
+        if (context.signal?.aborted) return
+        if (++innerCount % YIELD_INTERVAL === 0) {
+          await yieldToEventLoop()
+          if (context.signal?.aborted) return
+        }
+        if (!buildCols.length) {
+          buildCols = buildRow.columns
+        }
+        buildRows?.push(buildRow)
         const keyValues = await Promise.all(
-          rightKeys.map(node => evaluateExpr({ node, row: rightRow, context }))
+          buildKeys.map(node => evaluateExpr({ node, row: buildRow, context }))
         )
         // SQL semantics: NULL never equals anything, so a row with any NULL
         // join key is excluded from the hash table.
@@ -234,63 +287,59 @@ export function executeHashJoin(plan, context) {
           bucket = []
           hashMap.set(key, bucket)
         }
-        bucket.push(rightRow)
+        bucket.push(buildRow)
       }
 
-      // Get column info for NULL row generation
-      const rightCols = rightRows.length ? rightRows[0].columns : []
-
       /** @type {string[] | undefined} */
-      let leftCols
+      let probeCols
       /** @type {Set<AsyncRow> | undefined} */
-      const matchedRightRows = plan.joinType === 'RIGHT' || plan.joinType === 'FULL' ? new Set() : undefined
+      const matchedBuildRows = buildOuter ? new Set() : undefined
 
-      // Probe phase: stream left rows
-      let innerCount = 0
-      for await (const leftRow of left.rows()) {
-        if (context.signal?.aborted) break
+      // Probe phase: stream the other side
+      for await (const probeRow of probe.rows()) {
+        if (context.signal?.aborted) return
 
-        if (!leftCols) {
-          leftCols = leftRow.columns
+        if (!probeCols) {
+          probeCols = probeRow.columns
         }
 
         const keyValues = await Promise.all(
-          leftKeys.map(node => evaluateExpr({ node, row: leftRow, context }))
+          probeKeys.map(node => evaluateExpr({ node, row: probeRow, context }))
         )
         let matched = false
         if (!keyValues.some(v => v == null)) {
           const key = keyify(...keyValues)
           const candidates = hashMap.get(key)
           if (candidates?.length) {
-            for (const rightRow of candidates) {
+            for (const buildRow of candidates) {
               if (++innerCount % YIELD_INTERVAL === 0) {
                 await yieldToEventLoop()
                 if (context.signal?.aborted) return
               }
-              const merged = mergeRows(leftRow, rightRow, leftTable, rightTable)
+              const merged = merge(probeRow, buildRow)
               if (residual) {
                 const ok = await evaluateExpr({ node: residual, row: merged, context })
                 if (!ok) continue
               }
               matched = true
-              matchedRightRows?.add(rightRow)
+              matchedBuildRows?.add(buildRow)
               yield merged
             }
           }
         }
 
-        if (!matched && (plan.joinType === 'LEFT' || plan.joinType === 'FULL')) {
-          const nullRight = createNullRow(rightCols)
-          yield mergeRows(leftRow, nullRight, leftTable, rightTable)
+        if (!matched && probeOuter) {
+          yield merge(probeRow, createNullRow(buildCols))
         }
       }
 
-      // Unmatched right rows for RIGHT/FULL joins
-      if (matchedRightRows) {
-        for (const rightRow of rightRows) {
-          if (!matchedRightRows.has(rightRow)) {
-            const nullLeft = createNullRow(leftCols ?? [])
-            yield mergeRows(nullLeft, rightRow, leftTable, rightTable)
+      if (context.signal?.aborted) return
+
+      // Unmatched build rows for outer joins on the build side
+      if (buildRows && matchedBuildRows) {
+        for (const buildRow of buildRows) {
+          if (!matchedBuildRows.has(buildRow)) {
+            yield merge(createNullRow(probeCols ?? []), buildRow)
           }
         }
       }

package/src/execute/sort.js

@@ -124,25 +124,47 @@ export async function sortEntriesByTerms({ entries, orderBy, context, cacheValue
  */
 export function executeSort(plan, context) {
   const child = executePlan({ plan: plan.child, context })
+  const { topK } = plan
+  // With a LIMIT bound pushed into the sort, keep at most this many buffered
+  // rows: periodically sort and discard everything past topK, so memory is
+  // bounded by the limit instead of the input size.
+  const bufferLimit = topK === undefined ? Infinity : Math.max(topK * 2, 1024)
   return {
     columns: child.columns,
-    numRows: child.numRows,
-    maxRows: child.maxRows,
+    numRows: topK === undefined || child.numRows === undefined
+      ? child.numRows
+      : Math.min(child.numRows, topK),
+    maxRows: topK === undefined
+      ? child.maxRows
+      : Math.min(child.maxRows ?? Infinity, topK),
     async *rows() {
-      // Buffer all rows
-      /** @type {AsyncRow[]} */
-      const rows = []
+      /** @type {SortEntry[]} */
+      let entries = []
       for await (const row of child.rows()) {
         if (context.signal?.aborted) return
-        rows.push(row)
+        entries.push({ row })
+        if (entries.length >= bufferLimit) {
+          // Sort keys are cached on the rows, so survivors of one truncation
+          // are not re-evaluated by the next
+          const sorted = await sortEntriesByTerms({
+            entries,
+            orderBy: plan.orderBy,
+            context,
+            cacheValues: true,
+          })
+          entries = sorted.slice(0, topK).map(({ row }) => ({ row }))
+        }
       }
 
-      const sortedRows = await sortEntriesByTerms({
-        entries: rows.map(row => ({ row })),
+      let sortedRows = await sortEntriesByTerms({
+        entries,
         orderBy: plan.orderBy,
         context,
         cacheValues: true,
       })
+      if (topK !== undefined && sortedRows.length > topK) {
+        sortedRows = sortedRows.slice(0, topK)
+      }
 
       // Yield sorted rows
       for (const { row } of sortedRows) {

package/src/plan/plan.js

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ function planSetOperation({ compound, ctePlans, cteColumns, tables, parentColumn
     plan = { type: 'Sort', orderBy: compound.orderBy, child: plan }
   }
   if (compound.limit !== undefined || compound.offset) {
+    if (compound.limit !== undefined) pushLimitIntoSort(plan, compound.limit, compound.offset)
     plan = { type: 'Limit', limit: compound.limit, offset: compound.offset, child: plan }
   }
 
@@ -273,6 +274,7 @@ function planSelect({ select, ctePlans, cteColumns, tables, parentColumns, outer
 
     // LIMIT/OFFSET
     if (select.limit !== undefined || select.offset) {
+      if (select.limit !== undefined) pushLimitIntoSort(plan, select.limit, select.offset)
       plan = { type: 'Limit', limit: select.limit, offset: select.offset, child: plan }
     }
   } else {
@@ -321,6 +323,7 @@ function planSelect({ select, ctePlans, cteColumns, tables, parentColumns, outer
     }
 
     if (!(isOwnScan && !needsBuffering && !select.distinct) && (select.limit !== undefined || select.offset)) {
+      if (select.limit !== undefined) pushLimitIntoSort(plan, select.limit, select.offset)
       plan = { type: 'Limit', limit: select.limit, offset: select.offset, child: plan }
     }
   }
@@ -328,6 +331,24 @@ function planSelect({ select, ctePlans, cteColumns, tables, parentColumns, outer
   return plan
 }
 
+/**
+ * Pushes a LIMIT bound into a Sort node below, descending only through
+ * row-preserving Project nodes, so the sort can discard rows beyond
+ * LIMIT + OFFSET while sorting. A Distinct between blocks the pushdown,
+ * since deduplication after truncation could need more input rows.
+ *
+ * @param {QueryPlan} plan
+ * @param {number} limit
+ * @param {number} [offset]
+ */
+function pushLimitIntoSort(plan, limit, offset) {
+  let node = plan
+  while (node.type === 'Project') node = node.child
+  if (node.type === 'Sort') {
+    node.topK = limit + (offset ?? 0)
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * @param {object} options
  * @param {SelectStatement} options.select

package/src/plan/types.d.ts

@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ export interface ProjectNode {
 export interface SortNode {
   type: 'Sort'
   orderBy: OrderByItem[]
+  // Upper bound on rows needed from this sort (LIMIT + OFFSET pushed down
+  // at plan time), letting the executor discard rows beyond it while sorting
+  topK?: number
   child: QueryPlan
 }