npm - sparkforensics-server - Versions diffs - 0.2.3 → 0.3.0 - Mend

sparkforensics-server 0.2.3 → 0.3.0

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 <span class="line"></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Full reshuffle to a target count when the distribution itself needs fixing</span></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">df.repartition(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">).write.parquet(path)</span></span></code></pre></div><p>For runtime control, <a href="./aqe.html">Adaptive Query Execution</a> can merge tiny shuffle partitions on its own. With <code>spark.sql.adaptive.enabled</code> and <code>spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.enabled</code> (default true) set, AQE coalesces contiguous shuffle partitions toward <code>spark.sql.adaptive.advisoryPartitionSizeInBytes</code> (default 64 MB)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:5">[4:5]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:1">[5:1]</a></sup>. Just mind the scope: AQE only engages after the first shuffle, so it fixes shuffle-output partition counts but will not repair input-side partitioning or a bad file layout on disk<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>The core inference, that one output file per partition times a high partition count yields many tiny files, is grounded directly in Spark&#39;s write behavior<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:6">[4:6]</a></sup>, and the mitigation levers (<code>coalesce()</code>, <code>repartition()</code>, and AQE coalescing) are documented Spark features<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:7">[4:7]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5:2">[5:2]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A high file count can be perfectly legitimate: partitioned output deliberately fans data across many files by partition column, so a large count there is by design, not a defect. And AQE coalescing is not a cure-all here, since it only affects post-shuffle partitions and leaves the input file layout untouched<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:1">[6:1]</a></sup>. The signal reflects the shape, not intent, so confirm the write is not an intended partitioned layout before acting.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Partition sizing:</strong> <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></li><li><strong>Too many small tasks:</strong> <a href="./bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html">Tiny Tasks</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Spark: The Definitive Guide</em>, Chambers &amp; Zaharia, ch. 19 <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das, Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/spark/v3.5.0/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/internal/SQLConf.scala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SQLConf.scala</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Performance Tuning (Spark SQL, DataFrames and Datasets Guide)</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref5:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/the-apache-spark-optimization-checklist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">The Apache Spark Optimization Checklist</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Duplicate Plan Subtree</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Broadcast Sizing</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Execution/storage share of (JVM heap - 300MiB) (default 0.6);</span></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># raising it grows execution memory but starves the untracked user-memory region</span></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.memory.fraction</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=0.6</span></span></code></pre></div><p>For the <strong>skew</strong> case (only a few tasks spill), the fix is <code>df.repartition(n)</code>, not more memory: see <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a>.</p><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>The core detection (any <code>memoryBytesSpilled &gt; 0</code>) and the skew-vs-volume classification are validated: both the skew branch (most tasks spill nothing, so the shape of the data is the problem) and the volume branch (nearly every task spills, so the pool is too small) map to a well-understood fix, and neither needs further validation. <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span> When a spill matches neither shape, it falls back to a low-confidence unclassified finding that still requires validation, because there is no confirmed cause to act on; the page defaults it to the volume remedy, but that is a guess, not a diagnosis.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>Some spill is normal. A large aggregation or join can spill by design once its working set outgrows execution memory, and a small spill on a healthy stage rarely repays the effort of chasing it. The raw <code>memoryBytesSpilled &gt; 0</code> trigger fires on both the actionable and the routine cases, so treat a small spill as informational until the skew-vs-volume split says otherwise.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Why it happens:</strong> <a href="./memory-model.html">Memory Management</a>, <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/dive-into-spark-memory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Diving into Spark Memory Management</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das, Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/spark/v3.5.0/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/internal/SQLConf.scala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SQLConf.scala</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html#spark-history-server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Spark: The Definitive Guide</em>, Chambers &amp; Zaharia, ch. 19 <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-29544" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SPARK-29544: Optimize Skewed Join in SQL Adaptive Execution</a> <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref7:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Performance Tuning (Spark SQL, DataFrames and Datasets Guide)</a> <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://docs.databricks.com/aws/en/archive/legacy/skew-join" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Skew Join Optimization</a> <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/spark/v3.5.0/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/rdd/RDD.scala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">RDD.scala</a> <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn12" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/how-to-tune-your-apache-spark-jobs-part-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">How to Tune Your Apache Spark Jobs (Part 2): Cloudera Engineering Blog</a> <a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn13" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Tuning Guide</a> <a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Shuffle I/O</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>GC Pressure</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 <span class="line"></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Absolute-duration trigger for stages with very few tasks (since Spark 3.0)</span></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.speculation.task.duration.threshold</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=10s   </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 10s is an example</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>Validated.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>The 4x-median rule flags a slow task, but slow is not the same as broken. The same threshold trips on a skewed key that simply has more data to process, or on a task that spent its time in a GC pause rather than doing extra work, so a flagged task is not automatically a slow host. Small stages make this worse: with only a handful of tasks the median is unstable, and one moderately slow task can look like a straggler against a median computed from too few peers.</p><h2 id="bottleneck-speculation-waste" tabindex="-1">Speculation waste <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-speculation-waste" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Speculation waste {#bottleneck-speculation-waste}&quot;"></a></h2><p><span class="tag">SPEC</span></p><p>A straggler is reported by whichever signal, straggler share or speculative-task count, best explains it. Speculation waste is a separate, narrower signal: the executor time speculative attempts burned without confirming a genuine straggler, whether the speculative copy lost the race to the original attempt or the other way around. Either way, the losing attempt&#39;s executor time is pure waste.</p><h3 id="how-it-s-detected-1" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h3><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Signal</th><th>Fires when</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Wasted speculative attempts in a stage</td><td>≥ 5</td></tr><tr><td>Wasted executor time from those attempts</td><td>≥ 60 seconds</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Both conditions have to hold together. Severity tracks the estimated recoverable time as a share of the app&#39;s total runtime, the same model used across this page: ≥2% is critical, ≥0.5% is warning, anything smaller is info.</p><h3 id="why-it-matters-1" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h3><p>Every wasted speculative attempt occupies an executor slot that could have run other work, so a stage generating a lot of speculative waste is trading cluster capacity for copies that never pay off.</p><h3 id="how-to-fix-it-1" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h3><p>If task durations are naturally variable rather than genuine stragglers, speculation is firing too eagerly: tune <code>spark.speculation.multiplier</code> (require a bigger gap from the median before speculating) or <code>spark.speculation.quantile</code> (wait for more of the stage to finish first) so fewer ordinary slow tasks get speculated in the first place.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>When the real cause is a skewed key:</strong> <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a>, <a href="./aqe.html">Adaptive Query Execution</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html#spark-history-server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html#optimizing-skew-join" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Optimizing Skew Join (Spark SQL, DataFrames and Datasets Guide)</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-29544" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SPARK-29544: Optimize Skewed Join at Runtime with New Adaptive Execution</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Task Failures</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Retry Waste</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 <span class="line"></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Middle ground: reduce partition count but still rebalance (pays a shuffle)</span></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">df </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> df.coalesce(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">100</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">shuffle</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">True</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>Very short tasks are not always a problem. A tiny final stage can be perfectly fine, and one that just writes a small result set doesn&#39;t need to be resized. The scheduling-overhead penalty only bites when tiny tasks dominate the stage, so treat a handful of short tasks as noise rather than a finding.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Partition sizing:</strong> <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Tuning (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/how-to-tune-your-apache-spark-jobs-part-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">How to Tune Your Apache Spark Jobs (Part 2): Cloudera</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-30602" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SPARK-30602</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Retry Waste</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Job Failure Rate</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Scale back executors requested for many-small-task workloads (default ratio 1.0)</span></span>
 <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">spark.conf.set(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;spark.dynamicAllocation.executorAllocationRatio&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;0.5&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)  </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 0.5 is an example</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A low average-to-peak ratio isn&#39;t always waste. A bursty or I/O-bound job legitimately holds executors while tasks wait on external systems rather than burning cores, and the ratio is sensitive to short stages, where a brief spike in allocation skews the average without meaning the cluster was genuinely idle.</p><h2 id="bottleneck-core-locality" tabindex="-1">Core locality <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-core-locality" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Core locality {#bottleneck-core-locality}&quot;"></a></h2><p><span class="tag">LOCAL</span></p><p>Idle cores are one half of wasted capacity; this is the other half. A core running a task without process- or node-local data placement is still busy, but that task now has to fetch its input across the network or from a different process instead of reading it in place, work the core wouldn&#39;t have to do at all if it were scheduled on data it already holds.</p><h3 id="how-it-s-detected-1" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h3><p>The share of tasks that ran RACK_LOCAL or ANY, out of every task with a recorded locality level, is the non-local task share. NO_PREF tasks stay in the denominator only, since shuffle-read stages legitimately report that level without it indicating a placement problem. This applies once a run has logged at least 50 total tasks.</p><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Signal</th><th>Warning</th><th>Critical</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Non-local task share</td><td>≥ 15%</td><td>≥ 35%</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id="why-it-matters-1" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h3><p>A task denied process- or node-local placement pulls its input over the network or through inter-process I/O instead of reading it from local memory or disk, adding latency to every task that lands that way. Spread across a whole run, a high non-local share adds up to a meaningful share of total task time spent moving data that a better-placed schedule wouldn&#39;t have had to move.</p><h3 id="how-to-fix-it-1" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>Check <code>spark.locality.wait</code> (default 3s) and its per-level overrides (<code>.process</code>/<code>.node</code>/<code>.rack</code>): a wait set too short gives Spark less time to find a local slot before it falls back to a less-local one.</li><li>Check executor and data colocation: if the executors are running far from where the data actually lives (a different rack, a different zone), no amount of locality-wait tuning fixes a placement that isn&#39;t available to begin with.</li></ul><h2 id="bottleneck-caching-opportunity" tabindex="-1">Caching opportunity <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-caching-opportunity" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Caching opportunity {#bottleneck-caching-opportunity}&quot;"></a></h2><p><span class="tag">CACHE</span></p><p>When the same DataFrame, RDD, or input is scanned more than once, low utilization can trace back to repeated recomputation rather than idle cores. Spark keeps nothing between actions: transformations only build a DAG, and once an action finishes its intermediate results are discarded<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>. Call a second action on the same logic and Spark re-runs the whole DAG from the source, which can mean re-reading a terabyte from S3, re-reading Kafka, or repeating expensive decompression<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:1">[6:1]</a></sup>. Fork that logic into two pipeline branches and you sign up to recompute everything twice<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:2">[6:2]</a></sup>.</p><h3 id="how-it-s-detected-2" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected-2" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h3><p>An input relation that recurs across at least 2 SQL executions in one run is flagged by its scan format and path identity. A join or union subtree that recurs across at least 2 executions is matched by operator name, metric names, and its join or filter condition normalized to strip per-analysis ids and canonicalize commutative operand order, while columns and literal values are kept intact: two executions of the exact same join or filter still match even when Spark&#39;s internal ids differ between runs, but a genuinely different filter or join value does not. A qualifying join or union subtree is reported as one finding covering everything beneath it. Every finding here reports at the info level.</p><img class="light-only" src="/docs/assets/duplicate-plan-subtree.B4cvN6fj.svg" alt="How two branches that repeat the same scan and operators each recompute it, until a shared cached or reused node lets both read one materialized result."><img class="dark-only" src="/docs/assets/duplicate-plan-subtree.dark.Dw8wS0Ag.svg" alt="How two branches that repeat the same scan and operators each recompute it, until a shared cached or reused node lets both read one materialized result."><p><a href="./caching.html"><code>cache()</code> and <code>persist()</code></a> are how you stop that. Persisting materializes the RDD (usually in memory on the executors) so it can be reused within the job, while Spark keeps its lineage to recompute any lost partition<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup>. For a dataset you read repeatedly, this is one of the most useful optimizations available: it parks a DataFrame, table, or RDD in temporary storage across the executors and makes later reads fast<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup>. Materialization is lazy and per-block, so only an action that touches every partition (<code>count()</code> or a full write) caches all of it; a subset scan like <code>take(10)</code> leaves a partial cache<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:3">[6:3]</a></sup>.</p><p><code>cache()</code> is shorthand; <code>persist()</code> takes a <code>StorageLevel</code> and lets you pick the tradeoff:</p><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Level</th><th>Tradeoff</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>MEMORY_ONLY</code></td><td>Fastest reads (deserialized JVM objects), but partitions that don&#39;t fit are recomputed on the fly each time<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8:1">[8:1]</a></sup>.</td></tr><tr><td><code>MEMORY_AND_DISK</code></td><td>Spills the overflow to disk instead of recomputing; Spark&#39;s default caching strategy and fine for most pipelines<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup>. For DataFrames, <code>.cache()</code> maps to this<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:4">[6:4]</a></sup>.</td></tr><tr><td>Serialized (<code>_SER</code>)</td><td>Byte arrays instead of raw objects: smaller footprint, slower reads. Reach for it when memory is tight<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9:1">[9:1]</a></sup>.</td></tr><tr><td>Replicated (<code>_2</code>)</td><td>A second copy for fast fault recovery instead of waiting on recomputation, at twice the space<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9:2">[9:2]</a></sup>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Whether to spill to disk hinges on recomputation cost: reading a block back from disk only beats recomputing it when the work that produced the data is expensive or filters out a large fraction, so the RDD guide says don&#39;t enable disk otherwise<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10:1">[10:1]</a></sup>.</p><p>Caching is not free, and several cases don&#39;t warrant it:</p><ul><li><strong>Single use.</strong> Caching adds serialization, deserialization, and storage cost, so caching data you read once only slows you down<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8:2">[8:2]</a></sup>.</li><li><strong>Data larger than storage memory,</strong> or a cheap transformation that isn&#39;t reused often regardless of size<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11">[11]</a></sup>.</li><li><strong>Memory pressure.</strong> Cache memory is memory taken from processing, and under the default spill strategy cached data can land on slower disk, so caching can cost more than just re-reading the source<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9:3">[9:3]</a></sup>.</li><li><strong>Lost optimizer freedom.</strong> Once a dataset is cached, Catalyst works on the in-memory copy and can no longer push filters down to the source<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9:4">[9:4]</a></sup>.</li></ul><p>A persisted RDD you&#39;ve stopped using still occupies memory until the app ends or eviction forces it out, so call <code>unpersist()</code> to reclaim it deliberately, which matters most on shared clusters<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9:5">[9:5]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Task parallelism:</strong> <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></li><li><strong>Executor sizing:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das &amp; Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><em>High Performance Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Karau, Polak &amp; Warren, ch. 8 <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration — Spark</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Spark: The Definitive Guide</em>, Chambers &amp; Zaharia, ch. 19 <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/job-scheduling.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Job Scheduling — Dynamic Resource Allocation</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/explaining-the-mechanics-of-spark-caching" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Explaining the Mechanics of Spark Caching</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p><em>High Performance Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Karau, Polak &amp; Warren, ch. 2 <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Spark: The Definitive Guide</em>, Chambers &amp; Zaharia, ch. 19 <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref8:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref8:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-tips-caching" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Tips: Caching</a> <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref9:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref9:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref9:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref9:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref9:5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/rdd-programming-guide.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">RDD Programming Guide — Spark</a> <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref10:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das &amp; Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Cold Start</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-slow-host.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Slow Host</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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