sparkforensics-server 0.2.2 → 0.2.4

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Files changed (213) hide show
  1. package/package.json +1 -1
  2. package/public/assets/{AutoscalingChurn-B96FKx97.js → AutoscalingChurn-BOiUUfuY.js} +1 -1
  3. package/public/assets/CacheUtilization-DwX7lisd.js +1 -0
  4. package/public/assets/CachingOpportunity-DUE3GKpx.js +1 -0
  5. package/public/assets/{ColdStart-w8QYTNKo.js → ColdStart-ZHxPrJmI.js} +1 -1
  6. package/public/assets/ConfigAudit-BkVnq2XE.js +1 -0
  7. package/public/assets/{CoreUsageArea-o3kqQwyi.js → CoreUsageArea-DobrSXk2.js} +1 -1
  8. package/public/assets/Dashboard-y3_9iQJo.js +1 -0
  9. package/public/assets/{DuplicatePlanSubtree-Cm_UU3lY.js → DuplicatePlanSubtree-BSQZFeNq.js} +1 -1
  10. package/public/assets/{DurationHistogram-ltF-7M0A.js → DurationHistogram-DlQv4ZCB.js} +1 -1
  11. package/public/assets/{EmptyState-BCA3xioa.js → EmptyState-DqnSxTjJ.js} +1 -1
  12. package/public/assets/{ExecutorUtilization-Cn69i0uq.js → ExecutorUtilization-CuQUxaCd.js} +1 -1
  13. package/public/assets/GcPressure-CLT5hkMJ.js +1 -0
  14. package/public/assets/{ImpactEstimate-BGt-4WX5.js → ImpactEstimate-Df_laG-n.js} +1 -1
  15. package/public/assets/{IncompleteRun-s6uQ8OLf.js → IncompleteRun-CpIkS4XZ.js} +1 -1
  16. package/public/assets/{JobFailures-DJ2dDvPA.js → JobFailures-DKbvYc4J.js} +1 -1
  17. package/public/assets/{MemoryUtilization-C9G7P94X.js → MemoryUtilization-C5kHmXIb.js} +1 -1
  18. package/public/assets/{OverBroadcast-DYauoYWQ.js → OverBroadcast-C5pF66aq.js} +1 -1
  19. package/public/assets/PartitionSizing-BvEJQ5M1.js +1 -0
  20. package/public/assets/{PlanExplorer-_2oB5ouy.js → PlanExplorer-DjGTZifP.js} +1 -1
  21. package/public/assets/PlanGraphRoute-DoIGA7_H.js +1 -0
  22. package/public/assets/{RetryWaste-D_m8ASwP.js → RetryWaste-C0znHd_w.js} +1 -1
  23. package/public/assets/{RowPagination-BLsm8I6i.js → RowPagination-2icPidMP.js} +1 -1
  24. package/public/assets/ShuffleIO-L_XSnJ_V.js +1 -0
  25. package/public/assets/{Skew-BGLJuZZR.js → Skew-w4uV5H_g.js} +1 -1
  26. package/public/assets/{SlowHost-ChdWVvGO.js → SlowHost-D5tWJ1UR.js} +1 -1
  27. package/public/assets/{SmallFiles-gTilBtjW.js → SmallFiles-CTtNiSOh.js} +1 -1
  28. package/public/assets/{SpeculationWaste-CVzgJnSj.js → SpeculationWaste-xCKwjz2K.js} +1 -1
  29. package/public/assets/{Spill-NGJGQaTB.js → Spill-BT8my24K.js} +1 -1
  30. package/public/assets/{StageFailed-sGhki53z.js → StageFailed-De3vVDbc.js} +1 -1
  31. package/public/assets/{StageFindingGroup-AyI7BMd3.js → StageFindingGroup-R4OW-g4U.js} +1 -1
  32. package/public/assets/{StageHeader-BTzGkK8k.js → StageHeader-CGeWqC-0.js} +1 -1
  33. package/public/assets/{StagePill-BlMOW_pU.js → StagePill-BwwKLcFl.js} +1 -1
  34. package/public/assets/{StageShape-DfOW93Z1.js → StageShape-D4LmPVyV.js} +1 -1
  35. package/public/assets/{StageSlowness-BMZ-K_5e.js → StageSlowness-8-z6qn4Q.js} +1 -1
  36. package/public/assets/Straggler-BIgxsowI.js +1 -0
  37. package/public/assets/{TaskFailures-DGDwUK2A.js → TaskFailures-B9lLt6Rw.js} +1 -1
  38. package/public/assets/{TinyTask-CfT8zZDr.js → TinyTask-DYXks5sT.js} +1 -1
  39. package/public/assets/{UnderBroadcast-CiOiJ0k1.js → UnderBroadcast-BWqWMpeG.js} +1 -1
  40. package/public/assets/{finding-anchor-DEV8JvgH.js → finding-anchor-CDbHtqKT.js} +1 -1
  41. package/public/assets/{inbox-_QCYkBsP.js → inbox-M_EuWNiK.js} +1 -1
  42. package/public/assets/index-pnImGbgQ.js +9 -0
  43. package/public/assets/parser-worker-C3BAO6z9.js +117 -0
  44. package/public/assets/{select-kuy1MiAo.js → select-C-MZGNpb.js} +1 -1
  45. package/public/assets/{toggle-group-CUd-KWkp.js → toggle-group-C3nz7UQ_.js} +1 -1
  46. package/public/assets/useRecentFiles-0XuhS91q.js +11 -0
  47. package/public/assets/{useSortMode-BaeAA5cw.js → useSortMode-DHlKZeWv.js} +1 -1
  48. package/public/assets/zstd-worker-C1Jq9lfb.js +1 -0
  49. package/public/docs/404.html +2 -2
  50. package/public/docs/assets/{app.APoq_UBs.js → app.DsFQcynM.js} +1 -1
  51. package/public/docs/assets/chunks/@localSearchIndexroot.BEfYag5Q.js +1 -0
  52. package/public/docs/assets/chunks/{VPLocalSearchBox.B3TPzlHq.js → VPLocalSearchBox.oa8NbaiV.js} +1 -1
  53. package/public/docs/assets/chunks/{theme.PavXO_vz.js → theme.Ca4dR9dL.js} +2 -2
  54. package/public/docs/assets/contributor-guide_architecture_board-widgets.md.9ToZXcTk.js +1 -0
  55. package/public/docs/assets/{contributor-guide_architecture_board-widgets.md.CWpj01WU.lean.js → contributor-guide_architecture_board-widgets.md.9ToZXcTk.lean.js} +1 -1
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  58. package/public/docs/assets/{contributor-guide_architecture_drill-down.md.BtPdlM7r.js → contributor-guide_architecture_drill-down.md.Bawx6NgP.js} +1 -1
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  60. package/public/docs/assets/contributor-guide_architecture_impact-estimation.md.sf9DU2bA.lean.js +1 -0
  61. package/public/docs/assets/contributor-guide_architecture_overview.md.BXQdgG5u.js +1 -0
  62. package/public/docs/assets/{contributor-guide_architecture_overview.md.CehiRmGn.lean.js → contributor-guide_architecture_overview.md.BXQdgG5u.lean.js} +1 -1
  63. package/public/docs/assets/contributor-guide_architecture_widget-rendering.md.DYwFeyjV.js +1 -0
  64. package/public/docs/assets/{contributor-guide_architecture_worker-protocol.md.IbnfNrV3.js → contributor-guide_architecture_worker-protocol.md.P7d1vtEJ.js} +2 -2
  65. package/public/docs/assets/{contributor-guide_architecture_worker-protocol.md.IbnfNrV3.lean.js → contributor-guide_architecture_worker-protocol.md.P7d1vtEJ.lean.js} +1 -1
  66. package/public/docs/assets/{contributor-guide_development-setup.md.DvAN_9mK.js → contributor-guide_development-setup.md.DvMV1xhQ.js} +3 -3
  67. package/public/docs/assets/contributor-guide_development-setup.md.DvMV1xhQ.lean.js +1 -0
  68. package/public/docs/assets/contributor-guide_testing.md.BU6vyA-9.js +1 -0
  69. package/public/docs/assets/contributor-guide_testing.md.BU6vyA-9.lean.js +1 -0
  70. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-failures.md.4z5BXGJ2.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-failures.md.CAsFf3RR.js} +1 -1
  71. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-gc.md.DSxzZRK7.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-gc.md.B4T3kJYV.js} +2 -2
  72. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-gc.md.DSxzZRK7.lean.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-gc.md.B4T3kJYV.lean.js} +1 -1
  73. package/public/docs/assets/tuning-reference_bottleneck-shuffle.md.DDMQVOW6.js +12 -0
  74. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-shuffle.md.CM-nTmIH.lean.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-shuffle.md.DDMQVOW6.lean.js} +1 -1
  75. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-skew.md.BdUwiDhn.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-skew.md.B0MzhWcX.js} +4 -4
  76. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-skew.md.BdUwiDhn.lean.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-skew.md.B0MzhWcX.lean.js} +1 -1
  77. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-small-files.md.B8kloyx8.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-small-files.md.DHGMTmPs.js} +2 -2
  78. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-small-files.md.B8kloyx8.lean.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-small-files.md.DHGMTmPs.lean.js} +1 -1
  79. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-straggler.md.DY36fHN5.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-straggler.md.DIbXdAcQ.js} +2 -2
  80. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-straggler.md.DY36fHN5.lean.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-straggler.md.DIbXdAcQ.lean.js} +1 -1
  81. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_bottleneck-tiny-tasks.md.QTV7O8kU.js → tuning-reference_bottleneck-tiny-tasks.md.CB05v3zh.js} +1 -1
  82. package/public/docs/assets/tuning-reference_bottleneck-utilization.md.DqC_iGkw.js +5 -0
  83. package/public/docs/assets/tuning-reference_bottleneck-utilization.md.DqC_iGkw.lean.js +1 -0
  84. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_cluster-config.md.ZVmDGsQ3.js → tuning-reference_cluster-config.md.CD6vzYtD.js} +1 -1
  85. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_cluster-config.md.ZVmDGsQ3.lean.js → tuning-reference_cluster-config.md.CD6vzYtD.lean.js} +1 -1
  86. package/public/docs/assets/{tuning-reference_memory-model.md.DhT-n4y3.js → tuning-reference_memory-model.md.CWhvgevP.js} +1 -1
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  88. package/public/docs/assets/{user-guide_mcp-tools.md.Vi3RoflJ.js → user-guide_mcp-tools.md.DGvolGzt.js} +1 -1
  89. package/public/docs/assets/user-guide_understanding-findings.md.B29f0ucS.js +1 -0
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  91. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/board-widgets.html +5 -5
  92. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/detector-contract.html +5 -5
  93. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/drill-down.html +5 -5
  94. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/impact-estimation.html +5 -5
  95. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/index.html +3 -3
  96. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/overview.html +5 -5
  97. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/state-and-history.html +3 -3
  98. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/widget-rendering.html +5 -5
  99. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/architecture/worker-protocol.html +6 -6
  100. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/contributing.html +3 -3
  101. package/public/docs/contributor-guide/development-setup.html +5 -5
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  103. package/public/docs/hashmap.json +1 -1
  104. package/public/docs/index.html +3 -3
  105. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html +3 -3
  106. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/aqe.html +3 -3
  107. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html +3 -3
  108. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html +3 -3
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  111. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html +5 -5
  112. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html +3 -3
  113. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html +3 -3
  114. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html +3 -3
  115. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html +6 -6
  116. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-skew.html +7 -7
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  120. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html +5 -5
  121. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html +5 -5
  122. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html +6 -6
  123. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/caching.html +3 -3
  124. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/cluster-config.html +5 -5
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  130. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/memory-model.html +5 -5
  131. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/metrics.html +3 -3
  132. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/partitioning.html +3 -3
  133. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/pyspark.html +3 -3
  134. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/shuffle.html +3 -3
  135. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/spark-architecture.html +3 -3
  136. package/public/docs/tuning-reference/table-formats.html +3 -3
  137. package/public/docs/user-guide/alternative-log-retrieval.html +3 -3
  138. package/public/docs/user-guide/getting-started.html +3 -3
  139. package/public/docs/user-guide/mcp-tools.html +5 -5
  140. package/public/docs/user-guide/run-comparison.html +3 -3
  141. package/public/docs/user-guide/understanding-findings.html +5 -5
  142. package/public/index.html +1 -1
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  145. package/vendor-core/detectors.js +243 -53
  146. package/vendor-core/docs-config.js +34 -8
  147. package/vendor-core/docs-content/chapters/03-memory-model.md +39 -0
  148. package/vendor-core/docs-content/chapters/11-cluster-config.md +40 -0
  149. package/vendor-core/docs-content/detection/gc.md +2 -0
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  156. package/vendor-core/docs-content/detection/tiny.md +2 -1
  157. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/failures.md +1 -1
  158. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/gc.md +11 -4
  159. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/shuffle.md +25 -5
  160. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/skew.md +14 -6
  161. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/small-files.md +12 -7
  162. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/straggler.md +34 -0
  163. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/tiny-tasks.md +1 -1
  164. package/vendor-core/docs-content/tuning/utilization.md +57 -7
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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-skew" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-skew" tabindex="-1">Task Skew <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-skew" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Task Skew {#bottleneck-skew}&quot;">​</a></h1><p><span class="tag">SKEW</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;">​</a></h2><p>Task skew happens when a shuffle produces one or a few oversized partitions instead of a roughly even split. Spark&#39;s own skew-join optimizer defines a partition as skewed once it is both larger than a multiple of the median partition size and larger than an absolute byte threshold<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>: in the shipped implementation, more than 5× the median size and more than 256 MB by default<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. Whatever task draws that oversized partition ends up processing far more data than everyone else in the same stage.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;">​</a></h2><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Signal</th><th>Warning</th><th>Critical</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>P95 / median task duration</td><td>&gt; 3×</td><td>&gt; 5×</td></tr><tr><td>Max / median task duration (task count &lt; 20)</td><td>&gt; 3×</td><td>&gt; 5×</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;">​</a></h2><p>An oversized partition becomes a <a href="./bottleneck-straggler.html">straggler task</a>: it&#39;s processed inside a single task, so the stage can&#39;t finish until that task does, no matter how long it takes. Spark&#39;s own skew handling treats splitting the partition as a deliberate trade-off: reading the other join side&#39;s matching partition once per split costs extra I/O, but the design behind the feature argues that cost is worth paying once the skew is severe enough to be producing a straggler in the first place<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>Enable Adaptive Query Execution&#39;s skew-join handling (<code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled</code>, default <code>true</code> once <code>spark.sql.adaptive.enabled</code> is also on<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>). It divides any partition that crosses the skew thresholds into several smaller sub-partitions, joins each one against the matching data on the other side, and unions the results back together<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>.</li><li>Before AQE existed, the only options were manual, and each carries real limitations, which is exactly the gap AQE&#39;s skew handling was built to close<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:3">[1:3]</a></sup>: salt the join key, over-size <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code>, or push the <a href="./bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html">broadcast-join threshold</a> up so the join goes broadcast instead of sort-merge.</li><li>To salt by hand: add a random suffix to the join key on both sides, exploding the smaller side into one row per salt value so every salted variant of the key still finds a match, then join on the combined (key, salt) pair<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>.</li><li>On Databricks, a <code>SKEW</code> hint can name the skewed relation and column (and, optionally, the exact skewed values) directly, letting the planner build a skew-aware plan without hand-rolled salting<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>PySpark:</strong> salting is plain DataFrame code, no special API, just <code>withColumn(&quot;salt&quot;, (fn.rand() * n).cast(&quot;int&quot;))</code> on the larger side and an <code>explode</code> over the salt range on the smaller side before joining on the combined key.</p></blockquote><p>The AQE toggle, plus the manual salting fallback as runnable code:</p><div class="language-python vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">python</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> pyspark.sql </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> functions </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> fn</span></span>
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href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Reference</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/docs/tuning-reference/metrics.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Metrics Glossary</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/docs/tuning-reference/config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Spark Config Quick-Reference</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-39a288b8></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" data-v-a5bbad30><div class="outline-marker" data-v-a5bbad30></div><div aria-level="2" class="outline-title" id="doc-outline-aria-label" role="heading" data-v-a5bbad30>On this page</div><ul class="VPDocOutlineItem root" data-v-a5bbad30 data-v-b933a997><!--[--><!--]--></ul></div></nav><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-3f215769></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-skew" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-skew" tabindex="-1">Task Skew <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-skew" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Task Skew {#bottleneck-skew}&quot;">​</a></h1><p><span class="tag">SKEW</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;">​</a></h2><p>Task skew happens when a shuffle produces one or a few oversized partitions instead of a roughly even split. Spark&#39;s own skew-join optimizer defines a partition as skewed once it is both larger than a multiple of the median partition size and larger than an absolute byte threshold<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>: in the shipped implementation, more than 5× the median size and more than 256 MB by default<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. Whatever task draws that oversized partition ends up processing far more data than everyone else in the same stage.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;">​</a></h2><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Signal</th><th>Fires when</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>P95 / median task duration (stage has ≥ 20 tasks)</td><td>&gt; 3×</td></tr><tr><td>Max / median task duration (stage has &lt; 20 tasks)</td><td>&gt; 3×</td></tr></tbody></table><p>A 3× ratio marks a stage as skewed. Beyond that ratio, the estimated recoverable time (the P95-minus-median, or max-minus-median, delta) needs to clear 0.5% of the app&#39;s total runtime before it registers, a floor that filters out a 3× ratio sitting on a few milliseconds. Severity then tracks that same recoverable-time estimate as a share of the app&#39;s total runtime: ≥2% is critical, ≥0.5% is warning, anything smaller is info. A 3× ratio on a stage that barely dents an eight-hour run typically surfaces as info; the same ratio on a stage that dominates a short run reads as critical.</p><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;">​</a></h2><p>An oversized partition becomes a <a href="./bottleneck-straggler.html">straggler task</a>: it&#39;s processed inside a single task, so the stage can&#39;t finish until that task does, no matter how long it takes. Spark&#39;s own skew handling treats splitting the partition as a deliberate trade-off: reading the other join side&#39;s matching partition once per split costs extra I/O, but the design behind the feature argues that cost is worth paying once the skew is severe enough to be producing a straggler in the first place<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>Enable Adaptive Query Execution&#39;s skew-join handling (<code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled</code>, default <code>true</code> once <code>spark.sql.adaptive.enabled</code> is also on<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>). It divides any partition that crosses the skew thresholds into several smaller sub-partitions, joins each one against the matching data on the other side, and unions the results back together<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>.</li><li>Before AQE existed, the only options were manual, and each carries real limitations, which is exactly the gap AQE&#39;s skew handling was built to close<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:3">[1:3]</a></sup>: salt the join key, over-size <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code>, or push the <a href="./bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html">broadcast-join threshold</a> up so the join goes broadcast instead of sort-merge.</li><li>To salt by hand: add a random suffix to the join key on both sides, exploding the smaller side into one row per salt value so every salted variant of the key still finds a match, then join on the combined (key, salt) pair<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>.</li><li>On Databricks, a <code>SKEW</code> hint can name the skewed relation and column (and, optionally, the exact skewed values) directly, letting the planner build a skew-aware plan without hand-rolled salting<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>PySpark:</strong> salting is plain DataFrame code, no special API, just <code>withColumn(&quot;salt&quot;, (fn.rand() * n).cast(&quot;int&quot;))</code> on the larger side and an <code>explode</code> over the salt range on the smaller side before joining on the combined key.</p></blockquote><p>The AQE toggle, plus the manual salting fallback as runnable code:</p><div class="language-python vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">python</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> pyspark.sql </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> functions </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> fn</span></span>
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- <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># AQE skew-join handling, active once AQE itself is enabled</span></span>
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+ <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># AQE skew-join handling — active once AQE itself is enabled</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">spark.conf.set(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;spark.sql.adaptive.enabled&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;true&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">spark.conf.set(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;true&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
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  <span class="line"></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Manual salting fallback (pre-AQE): spread the skewed key across N salted variants.</span></span>
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- <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># N is an example, size it to how badly the key is skewed.</span></span>
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+ <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># N is an example — size it to how badly the key is skewed.</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">N </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 16</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">salted_big </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> big.withColumn(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, (fn.rand() </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> N).cast(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;int&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">))</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">salted_small </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> small.withColumn(</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, fn.explode(fn.array([fn.lit(i) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> i </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(N)]))</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">joined </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> salted_big.join(salted_small, [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;key&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]).drop(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;">​</a></h2><p>Validated. These thresholds mirror Spark&#39;s own skew-join optimizer, which defines a skewed partition by the same style of ratio-plus-absolute test applied here to task durations<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:4">[1:4]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:2">[2:2]</a></sup>.</p><p>The <code>Stage shape</code> subsection below is a separate, experimental branch: its heuristics are informational stage-shape observations, not a validated finding, so it carries an <code>EXPERIMENTAL</code> badge and should not be read as a diagnosis on its own.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;">​</a></h2><p>A task-duration ratio is a proxy for skew, not proof of it. A single long task can just as easily be a garbage-collection pause or a genuinely slow host, and either one inflates the max/median ratio without any partition being oversized. Small stages make the number jumpy: with only a handful of tasks, one slow outlier moves the median enough to trip the threshold on noise alone. Treat the signal as a prompt to look at the stage, not a verdict.</p><h2 id="bottleneck-stage-shape" tabindex="-1">Stage shape <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-stage-shape" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Stage shape {#bottleneck-stage-shape}&quot;">​</a></h2><p><span class="tag">SHAPE</span> <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span></p><p>These are experimental, information-only heuristics about a stage&#39;s overall shape, not a graded finding. They read the relationship between a stage&#39;s task count and the cluster&#39;s resources, and none of them alone means something is wrong.</p><p>A stage&#39;s task count equals the number of partitions in its output, and each task runs as a single thread against one partition, so that count is what caps how much of the cluster the stage can actually use. Three shapes are worth noticing:</p><ul><li><strong>Low parallelism</strong> (task count far below total executor cores). When a stage has fewer tasks than there are core slots to run them in, cores sit idle and the stage cannot put the cluster&#39;s CPU to work; the same shape also concentrates more memory pressure into each task&#39;s aggregation<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>. Spark&#39;s guidance is to keep parallelism high enough that the cluster does not stay under-used, roughly 2 to 3 tasks per CPU core in general<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>.</li><li><strong>Data explosion</strong> (task count far above cores, partitions tiny). Push the count too high and partitions shrink until per-task overhead floods the stage, so the scheduling cost starts to dominate the useful work<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup>.</li><li><strong>Task and stage skew</strong> (uneven task count or duration). A lopsided split shows up as a few tasks carrying the stage while the rest finish early, which is the same imbalance the graded <code>skew</code> finding above tracks by duration ratio.</li></ul><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><strong>Why it happens:</strong> <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a>, <a href="./joins.html">Join Optimization</a></li><li><strong>How Spark fixes it automatically:</strong> <a href="./aqe.html">Adaptive Query Execution</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-29544" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SPARK-29544: Optimize Skewed Join at Runtime</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-tips-partition-tuning" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Tips: Partition Tuning</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://docs.databricks.com/aws/en/archive/legacy/skew-join" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Skew Join Hint</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/how-to-tune-your-apache-spark-jobs-part-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">How to Tune Your Apache Spark Jobs (Part 2)</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Tuning - Spark</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/docs/tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Anti-Patterns</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Shuffle I/O</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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  <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.locality.wait</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=3s </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># default; lower to fall back sooner</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;">​</a></h2><p>The core <code>durationShare</code> dimension is validated: it measures host-wide task-duration inflation against the cluster median, the signal that separates a genuinely slow machine from normal task-time variance. Two secondary dimensions run best-effort and stay experimental. The <code>multiDim</code> dimension <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span> folds several per-host signals into one score, but that combined heuristic has not been validated. The <code>storageMemory</code> dimension <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span> likewise reads host-level memory pressure as a contributing factor without validation, so treat both as hints rather than verdicts.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;">​</a></h2><p>A host that looks slow is not always a bad node. It can simply hold data locality for the tasks scheduled there, or carry one heavy stage that happens to be pinned to it, either of which inflates its mean task time without any hardware fault. The multi-dimensional scoring that reinforces the core signal is best-effort, so a match warrants a look at what that host was actually running before you conclude the machine itself is the problem.</p><h2 id="bottleneck-stage-slowness" tabindex="-1">Stage slowness <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-stage-slowness" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Stage slowness {#bottleneck-stage-slowness}&quot;">​</a></h2><p><span class="tag">SLOW</span> <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span></p><p>This is an experimental fallback heuristic that shares the slow-host anchor and is suppressed whenever <code>slowHost</code> fires. It answers a different question: when no single machine is dragging, why does one stage still lag the rest of the job? The cause usually traces back to how the work was divided rather than where it ran.</p><p><strong>Too few partitions caps parallelism.</strong> Wide stages (joins, groupBy, aggregations) take their partition count from <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code>, which sits at a default of 200 whether the shuffle moves 20 MB or 500 GB unless you change it<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>. When that count is small relative to the cluster, only a handful of tasks carry the stage while cores sit idle, so it stretches out even as better-sized neighbors finish quickly. The first move is to raise its parallelism, aiming for at least two or three tasks per CPU core on a data-heavy stage, tuned through <code>spark.default.parallelism</code> and <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>.</p><p><strong>Large data volume per task makes each task run long.</strong> That 200-partition default does not scale with input size, so a stage handling hundreds of gigabytes hands each task a large slice: fewer tasks run at once, per-executor load climbs, and the stage often trips memory errors. Roughly 100-200 MB per task tends to work well, and tasks grinding through around 3 GB each while spilling are a sign you need more partitions<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:1">[4:1]</a></sup>.</p><p><strong>Heavy shuffle and spill inflate the stage&#39;s cost.</strong> Shuffles move data across executors so rows with the same key land together, and during those map and <a href="./shuffle.html">shuffle</a> operations Spark writes to and reads from local-disk shuffle files, which is heavy I/O that can become a bottleneck under the default configuration<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>. Volume per task feeds straight into it: once a partition outgrows the memory available in an executor, Spark <a href="./bottleneck-spill.html">spills</a> part of the data to disk, and spills are about the slowest thing a job can do because of the extra disk I/O and garbage collection, so the stage finishes but runs far less efficiently than the rest<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:2">[4:2]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><strong>Speculation &amp; locality tuning:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html#spark-history-server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das, Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Spark: The Definitive Guide</em>, Chambers &amp; Zaharia (O&#39;Reilly, 2018) <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Executor Utilization</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/docs/tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Task Failures</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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