npm - sparkforensics-cli - Versions diffs - 0.1.0 → 0.2.2 - Mend

sparkforensics-cli 0.1.0 → 0.2.2

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Specifics</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/aqe.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Adaptive Query Execution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/cluster-config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cluster Tuning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Anti-Patterns</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 has-active" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Detector Catalog</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-skew.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Skew</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle I/O</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-spill.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory / Disk Spill</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>GC Pressure</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cold Start</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Executor Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-slow-host.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Slow Host</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Failures</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Stragglers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Retry Waste</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" 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href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Reference</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/metrics.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Metrics Glossary</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Spark Config Quick-Reference</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" 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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-retry-waste" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-retry-waste" tabindex="-1">Retry Waste <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-retry-waste" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Retry Waste {#bottleneck-retry-waste}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">RETRY</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>When a task attempt is superseded by a later retry, every bit of executor time the abandoned attempt spent counts for nothing. Every attempt, successful or not, accrues the standard task metrics: <code>executorRunTime</code> (&quot;elapsed time the executor spent running this task,&quot; including time fetching shuffle data) and <code>executorCpuTime</code><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>, but only the winning attempt&#39;s output survives. The TaskScheduler is what triggers the do-over: &quot;if an executor dies or a task throws an exception, the TaskScheduler resubmits the task to another executor, respecting Spark&#39;s task locality preferences&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. Whatever the discarded attempt had already run is gone; none of it carries forward into the job&#39;s result.</p><img class="light-only" src="../assets/retry-escalation-ladder.DyTKJJmZ.svg" alt="Where a superseded retry sits in the escalation ladder, below the stage and application budgets that a job crosses only when the same failures keep recurring."><img class="dark-only" src="../assets/retry-escalation-ladder.dark.BdsabtU3.svg" alt="Where a superseded retry sits in the escalation ladder, below the stage and application budgets that a job crosses only when the same failures keep recurring."><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p>A stage&#39;s superseded task attempts are the signal: a later retry supersedes an earlier attempt after <a href="./bottleneck-failures.html">an executor is lost</a> (<code>ExecutorLostFailure</code>) or after a shuffle <code>FetchFailed</code>, since &quot;if an executor dies or a task throws an exception, the TaskScheduler resubmits the task to another executor, respecting Spark&#39;s task locality preferences&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>. Because only the winning attempt&#39;s output survives, the abandoned attempt&#39;s <code>executorRunTime</code> (the elapsed executor time defined above) is the wasted time.</p><p>The two causes are handled differently by Spark&#39;s own machinery, which is how they can be told apart after the fact. An <code>ExecutorLostFailure</code> removes the executor (and any shuffle map output it had already written) from the pool outright<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>. A shuffle <code>FetchFailed</code>, by contrast, is a read-side failure against a still-alive remote executor, and Spark&#39;s own exclusion machinery treats it as a distinct category from a general executor loss: <code>spark.excludeOnFailure.killExcludedExecutors</code> governs whether Spark kills executors &quot;excluded on fetch failure or excluded for the entire application&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>, a separate bucket from executor loss in Spark&#39;s accounting. That distinction (executor-loss bucket vs. fetch-failure bucket) is the basis for identifying which cause dominated a given stage&#39;s retry waste.</p><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>A lost executor can waste more than just the in-flight task&#39;s time: &quot;dynamic allocation may remove an executor before the shuffle completes, in which case the shuffle files written by that executor must be recomputed unnecessarily&quot;<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3:1]</a></sup>, so prior map-output work from that same executor may need redoing too. A <code>FetchFailed</code> doesn&#39;t carry that same risk, since the remote executor stays alive and only the one failed read is lost<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:1">[4:1]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>Check the retried-attempt count and accumulated <code>executorRunTime</code>/<code>executorCpuTime</code> on the abandoned attempts directly, rather than trusting the stage&#39;s final wall-clock duration: a clean-looking stage can still be hiding significant wasted compute<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>.</li><li>If the dominant cause is executor loss, investigate node-level stability (OOM-kills, node death, aggressive dynamic-allocation deallocation) rather than the task logic itself, since the lost executor&#39;s prior shuffle-write work may also need recomputing<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:2">[3:2]</a></sup>.</li><li>If the dominant cause is <code>FetchFailed</code>, check whether <code>spark.excludeOnFailure.killExcludedExecutors</code> is causing repeated exclusion churn on otherwise-live executors, and treat it separately from outright executor loss<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:2">[4:2]</a></sup>.</li><li>See also <a href="./bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html">job failure rate</a>: retry waste can pile up quietly on a job that ultimately succeeds, while the same underlying causes (exhausted at a higher threshold) are what push a job to fail outright.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>PySpark:</strong> there&#39;s no attempt-level API to recover a discarded attempt&#39;s <code>executorRunTime</code>: pull it from the event log or history server UI&#39;s per-stage task list, filtering for tasks whose attempt number is greater than zero.</p></blockquote><p>The preventive lever: keep an executor&#39;s shuffle output available if it is lost, so retries don&#39;t recompute prior map work<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>:</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.dynamicAllocation.shuffleTracking.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>Some retry waste is unavoidable: transient cluster faults will always cost a few superseded attempts, and no tuning drives that to zero. The metric attributes burned executor time to the abandoned attempts, so its accuracy tracks the failure cause. When a lost executor also forces recompute of prior map output, the per-attempt <code>executorRunTime</code> undercounts the true cost; when an attempt fails almost immediately, it overcounts the compute actually lost. Read the number as a directional signal, not an exact ledger.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Shuffle recompute on executor loss:</strong> <a href="./shuffle.html">Shuffle</a></li><li><strong>Executor stability &amp; dynamic allocation:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-anatomy-of-spark-application" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark: Anatomy of Spark Application</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/job-scheduling.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Job Scheduling (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Stragglers</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Tiny Tasks</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-b3fd67f8>Partitioning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/joins.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Join Optimization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/data-formats.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Data 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Specifics</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/aqe.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Adaptive Query Execution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/cluster-config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cluster Tuning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Anti-Patterns</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 has-active" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Detector Catalog</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-skew.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Skew</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle I/O</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-spill.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory / Disk Spill</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>GC Pressure</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cold Start</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Executor Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-slow-host.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Slow Host</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Failures</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Stragglers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Retry Waste</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Tiny Tasks</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Job Failure Rate</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-shuffle" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-shuffle" tabindex="-1">Shuffle I/O <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-shuffle" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Shuffle I/O {#bottleneck-shuffle}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">SHFL</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>Shuffle I/O is the data movement Spark performs between stages whenever an operation needs to redistribute data across the cluster so that related rows land on the same partition. At the DataFrame/SQL level, <code>groupBy()</code>, <code>join()</code>, <code>agg()</code>, <code>sortBy()</code>, and <code>reduceByKey()</code>-style aggregations are the classic wide transformations that force this exchange<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>. Non-broadcast join strategies (shuffle hash join, shuffle sort-merge join, and shuffle-and-replicated nested loop / Cartesian product join) all shuffle data across executors the same way<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>. At the RDD layer, the operations that can cause a shuffle are repartitioning (<code>repartition</code>, <code>coalesce</code>), <code>&#39;ByKey</code> operations other than counting (<code>groupByKey</code>, <code>reduceByKey</code>), and join-family operations (<code>cogroup</code>, <code>join</code>)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>.</p><p>Spark can skip the shuffle when it already knows the data layout: Storage Partition Join avoids it entirely when Spark can use partitioning already reported by a compatible V2 data source<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>, and classic Hive-style bucketing has the same effect: once both sides of a join are bucketed and sorted the same way, the physical plan shows no <code>Exchange</code> operator<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>. <code>DataFrameWriter.partitionBy</code>, by contrast, does not trigger a shuffle by itself on write<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>.</p><p>At the metrics level, shuffle reads split cross-node traffic from same-host traffic: <code>remoteBytesRead</code> counts bytes read from a remote executor, <code>localBytesRead</code> counts bytes read from local disk, and <code>totalBytesRead</code> is their sum<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Shuffle read/write bytes</th><th>Level</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&gt; 50 MB</td><td>Info</td></tr><tr><td>&gt; 500 MB</td><td>Warning</td></tr><tr><td>&gt; 1 GB</td><td>Critical</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Beyond raw byte volume, the executor-side wait is captured by <code>fetchWaitTime</code>: time a task spends blocked on a remote shuffle block it needs next, not counting time spent prefetching other blocks in the background<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:1">[6:1]</a></sup>. That wait time counts toward the task&#39;s overall <code>executorRunTime</code>, since Spark&#39;s wall-clock task-time metric explicitly includes time fetching shuffle data<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:2">[6:2]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>As shuffle volume grows, the underlying pull-based mechanism gets less efficient: the number of shuffle blocks grows quadratically with mapper × reducer count while individual block sizes shrink to only tens of KB, which is inefficient for disk-backed random reads<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup>. Because fetch-wait time is part of a task&#39;s measured execution window, that inefficiency shows up directly as added task time rather than as separate, hidden overhead<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6:3">[6:3]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>Let <a href="./aqe.html">Adaptive Query Execution</a> coalesce small post-shuffle partitions automatically at runtime (<code>spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.enabled</code>, default <code>true</code>) instead of only hand-tuning a fixed partition count<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3:1]</a></sup>.</li><li>Review <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code> (default <code>200</code>), which applies uniformly to every <code>join()</code>, <code>groupBy()</code>, and aggregation regardless of how much data is actually moving<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup>. There&#39;s no fixed formula for the right value: pull it down toward the executor core count for small or streaming workloads<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>, and otherwise favor over- to under-provisioning, since Spark&#39;s low per-task overhead makes it safer to have too many tasks than too few<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup>.</li><li>Where possible, avoid the shuffle altogether: bucket both sides of a join identically, or rely on Storage Partition Join for compatible sources, so the physical plan drops the <code>Exchange</code> node<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:2">[3:2]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:1">[4:1]</a></sup>.</li><li>If map tasks are I/O-bound writing many shuffle files, increase <code>spark.shuffle.file.buffer</code> (default <code>32k</code>) to reduce disk seeks and system calls on the write side<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8:1">[8:1]</a></sup>; Learning Spark&#39;s tuning table recommends bumping it to 1 MB for large jobs<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:3">[1:3]</a></sup>.</li><li>If executors have memory to spare, increase <code>spark.reducer.maxSizeInFlight</code> (default <code>48m</code>) so reducers can pull more map output concurrently and need fewer fetch rounds<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8:2">[8:2]</a></sup>.</li><li>At larger scale, enable the external shuffle service (effectively required for <a href="./cluster-config.html">dynamic allocation</a>, since it lets shuffle files be served after an executor is removed<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup>) and consider push-based (Magnet) shuffle, which converts many small random reads into large sequential reads of pre-merged chunks<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7:1">[7:1]</a></sup>.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>PySpark:</strong> adjust the shuffle partition count directly from a running session with <code>spark.conf.set(&quot;spark.sql.shuffle.partitions&quot;, 100)</code>.</p></blockquote><p>A shuffle-tuning starting point: defaults shown, comments say which way to move:</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Let AQE coalesce small post-shuffle partitions at runtime</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.sql.adaptive.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Baseline shuffle partition count (default 200); pull toward executor-core count for small jobs</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=200</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Reduce write-side disk seeks on large shuffles (default 32k; Learning Spark suggests 1m)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.shuffle.file.buffer</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=1m</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Let reducers pull more map output per fetch round when executors have spare memory (default 48m)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.reducer.maxSizeInFlight</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=48m</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="partition-sizing-part" tabindex="-1">Partition sizing <span class="tag">PART</span> <a class="header-anchor" href="#partition-sizing-part" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Partition sizing &lt;span class=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;PART&lt;/span&gt;&quot;"></a></h2><p>Adaptive Query Execution re-optimizes the plan while the query runs: as each shuffle stage materializes, it reads the real shuffle-file sizes and resizes partitions before launching the stages downstream<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11">[11]</a></sup>. That runtime feedback is what corrects a partition grid that static estimates would get wrong.</p><p>The coarse starting grid is <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code> (default <code>200</code>), the fixed partition count Spark uses when shuffling for joins or aggregations<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn12" id="fnref12">[12]</a></sup>. A single number cannot fit every stage. Spread a few megabytes across 200 partitions and most cores sit idle on a handful of rows each; push hundreds of gigabytes through the same 200 and every executor is overloaded, often into memory errors. For small or streaming workloads the 200 default is usually too high, and pulling it toward the executor-core count thins out the flood of tiny partitions crossing the network<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:4">[1:4]</a></sup>. The pattern AQE encourages is the opposite of hand-tuning that number: leave the initial count large and let runtime coalescing combine adjacent small partitions instead<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11:1">[11:1]</a></sup>.</p><p><strong>Partitions too small (low parallelism payoff).</strong> <code>spark.sql.adaptive.coalescePartitions.enabled</code> (default <code>true</code>) merges contiguous shuffle partitions up to a target size so a stage does not end up with many tiny tasks<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13">[13]</a></sup>. The target is <code>spark.sql.adaptive.advisoryPartitionSizeInBytes</code>, the advisory shuffle-partition size AQE steers toward during adaptive optimization, default <code>64 MB</code><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13:1">[13:1]</a></sup>.</p><p><strong>Partitions too big or skewed.</strong> <code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled</code> (default <code>true</code>) handles skew in shuffled joins by splitting the oversized partitions and replicating the matching side where needed<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn14" id="fnref14">[14]</a></sup>. A partition only counts as skewed when it clears both bars: larger than <code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionFactor</code> (default <code>5.0</code>) times the median partition size, and larger than <code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.skewedPartitionThresholdInBytes</code> (default <code>256 MB</code>)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn14" id="fnref14:1">[14:1]</a></sup>. Once it qualifies, the partition is split back down toward the advisory size.</p><p>So the two knobs divide the labor: <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code> lays down the coarse initial grid, and <code>advisoryPartitionSizeInBytes</code> (64 MB) is the size AQE aims each partition at from both directions. Partitions below it get coalesced; skewed partitions past the 256 MB / 5.0-factor bar get split toward it.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A high shuffle-byte count is not automatically a defect. A wide transformation such as a large <code>join()</code> or <code>groupBy()</code> legitimately has to move that data, so the volume can be an inherent property of the query rather than something worth fixing. The byte thresholds that raise Info, Warning, and Critical levels are heuristic cutoffs, not measured limits for a given cluster, so treat them as a prompt to look rather than a verdict.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>The mechanism:</strong> <a href="./shuffle.html">Shuffle</a></li><li><strong>Tuning parallelism:</strong> <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das, Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/rdd-programming-guide.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">RDD Programming Guide</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Performance Tuning (Spark SQL, DataFrames and Datasets Guide)</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://books.japila.pl/spark-sql-internals/bucketing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Bucketing (The Internals of Spark SQL)</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-tips-partition-tuning" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Tips: Partition Tuning</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html#spark-history-server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref6:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-30602" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SPARK-30602: Support push-based shuffle to improve shuffle efficiency</a> <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref7:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref8:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref8:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/how-to-tune-your-apache-spark-jobs-part-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">How to Tune Your Apache Spark Jobs (Part 2): Cloudera Engineering Blog</a> <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/job-scheduling.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Job Scheduling: Dynamic Resource Allocation</a> <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://www.databricks.com/blog/2020/05/29/adaptive-query-execution-speeding-up-spark-sql-at-runtime.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Adaptive Query Execution: Speeding Up Spark SQL at Runtime (Databricks)</a> <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref11:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn12" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/spark/v3.5.0/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/internal/SQLConf.scala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SQLConf: shuffle-partition defaults (Spark source)</a> <a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn13" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-performance-tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Performance Tuning: Coalescing Post Shuffle Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref13:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn14" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref14:1" 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Specifics</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/aqe.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Adaptive Query Execution</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/cluster-config.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cluster Tuning</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Anti-Patterns</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 has-active" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Detector Catalog</h2><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-skew.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Skew</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Shuffle I/O</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-spill.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory / Disk Spill</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-gc.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>GC Pressure</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-cold-start.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Cold Start</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Executor Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-slow-host.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Slow Host</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Task Failures</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-straggler.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Stragglers</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-retry-waste.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Retry Waste</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-tiny-tasks.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Tiny Tasks</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Job Failure Rate</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 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data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-39a288b8></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" data-v-a5bbad30><div class="outline-marker" data-v-a5bbad30></div><div aria-level="2" class="outline-title" id="doc-outline-aria-label" role="heading" data-v-a5bbad30>On this page</div><ul class="VPDocOutlineItem root" data-v-a5bbad30 data-v-b933a997><!--[--><!--]--></ul></div></nav><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-3f215769></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-skew" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-skew" tabindex="-1">Task Skew <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-skew" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Task Skew {#bottleneck-skew}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">SKEW</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>Task skew happens when a shuffle produces one or a few oversized partitions instead of a roughly even split. Spark&#39;s own skew-join optimizer defines a partition as skewed once it is both larger than a multiple of the median partition size and larger than an absolute byte threshold<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>: in the shipped implementation, more than 5× the median size and more than 256 MB by default<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. Whatever task draws that oversized partition ends up processing far more data than everyone else in the same stage.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Signal</th><th>Warning</th><th>Critical</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>P95 / median task duration</td><td>&gt; 3×</td><td>&gt; 5×</td></tr><tr><td>Max / median task duration (task count &lt; 20)</td><td>&gt; 3×</td><td>&gt; 5×</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>An oversized partition becomes a <a href="./bottleneck-straggler.html">straggler task</a>: it&#39;s processed inside a single task, so the stage can&#39;t finish until that task does, no matter how long it takes. Spark&#39;s own skew handling treats splitting the partition as a deliberate trade-off: reading the other join side&#39;s matching partition once per split costs extra I/O, but the design behind the feature argues that cost is worth paying once the skew is severe enough to be producing a straggler in the first place<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1:1]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>Enable Adaptive Query Execution&#39;s skew-join handling (<code>spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled</code>, default <code>true</code> once <code>spark.sql.adaptive.enabled</code> is also on<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>). It divides any partition that crosses the skew thresholds into several smaller sub-partitions, joins each one against the matching data on the other side, and unions the results back together<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:2">[1:2]</a></sup>.</li><li>Before AQE existed, the only options were manual, and each carries real limitations, which is exactly the gap AQE&#39;s skew handling was built to close<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:3">[1:3]</a></sup>: salt the join key, over-size <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code>, or push the <a href="./bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html">broadcast-join threshold</a> up so the join goes broadcast instead of sort-merge.</li><li>To salt by hand: add a random suffix to the join key on both sides, exploding the smaller side into one row per salt value so every salted variant of the key still finds a match, then join on the combined (key, salt) pair<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>.</li><li>On Databricks, a <code>SKEW</code> hint can name the skewed relation and column (and, optionally, the exact skewed values) directly, letting the planner build a skew-aware plan without hand-rolled salting<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>.</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>PySpark:</strong> salting is plain DataFrame code, no special API, just <code>withColumn(&quot;salt&quot;, (fn.rand() * n).cast(&quot;int&quot;))</code> on the larger side and an <code>explode</code> over the salt range on the smaller side before joining on the combined key.</p></blockquote><p>The AQE toggle, plus the manual salting fallback as runnable code:</p><div class="language-python vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">python</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> pyspark.sql </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">import</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> functions </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> fn</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># AQE skew-join handling, active once AQE itself is enabled</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">spark.conf.set(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;spark.sql.adaptive.enabled&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;true&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">spark.conf.set(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;spark.sql.adaptive.skewJoin.enabled&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;true&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Manual salting fallback (pre-AQE): spread the skewed key across N salted variants.</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># N is an example, size it to how badly the key is skewed.</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">N </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 16</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">salted_big </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> big.withColumn(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, (fn.rand() </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">*</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> N).cast(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;int&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">))</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">salted_small </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> small.withColumn(</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">    &quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, fn.explode(fn.array([fn.lit(i) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> i </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">in</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> range</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(N)]))</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">joined </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> salted_big.join(salted_small, [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;key&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">]).drop(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;salt&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>Validated. These thresholds mirror Spark&#39;s own skew-join optimizer, which defines a skewed partition by the same style of ratio-plus-absolute test applied here to task durations<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:4">[1:4]</a></sup><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:2">[2:2]</a></sup>.</p><p>The <code>Stage shape</code> subsection below is a separate, experimental branch: its heuristics are informational stage-shape observations, not a validated finding, so it carries an <code>EXPERIMENTAL</code> badge and should not be read as a diagnosis on its own.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A task-duration ratio is a proxy for skew, not proof of it. A single long task can just as easily be a garbage-collection pause or a genuinely slow host, and either one inflates the max/median ratio without any partition being oversized. Small stages make the number jumpy: with only a handful of tasks, one slow outlier moves the median enough to trip the threshold on noise alone. Treat the signal as a prompt to look at the stage, not a verdict.</p><h2 id="bottleneck-stage-shape" tabindex="-1">Stage shape <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-stage-shape" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Stage shape {#bottleneck-stage-shape}&quot;"></a></h2><p><span class="tag">SHAPE</span> <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span></p><p>These are experimental, information-only heuristics about a stage&#39;s overall shape, not a graded finding. They read the relationship between a stage&#39;s task count and the cluster&#39;s resources, and none of them alone means something is wrong.</p><p>A stage&#39;s task count equals the number of partitions in its output, and each task runs as a single thread against one partition, so that count is what caps how much of the cluster the stage can actually use. Three shapes are worth noticing:</p><ul><li><strong>Low parallelism</strong> (task count far below total executor cores). When a stage has fewer tasks than there are core slots to run them in, cores sit idle and the stage cannot put the cluster&#39;s CPU to work; the same shape also concentrates more memory pressure into each task&#39;s aggregation<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>. Spark&#39;s guidance is to keep parallelism high enough that the cluster does not stay under-used, roughly 2 to 3 tasks per CPU core in general<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>.</li><li><strong>Data explosion</strong> (task count far above cores, partitions tiny). Push the count too high and partitions shrink until per-task overhead floods the stage, so the scheduling cost starts to dominate the useful work<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup>.</li><li><strong>Task and stage skew</strong> (uneven task count or duration). A lopsided split shows up as a few tasks carrying the stage while the rest finish early, which is the same imbalance the graded <code>skew</code> finding above tracks by duration ratio.</li></ul><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Why it happens:</strong> <a href="./partitioning.html">Partitioning</a>, <a href="./joins.html">Join Optimization</a></li><li><strong>How Spark fixes it automatically:</strong> <a href="./aqe.html">Adaptive Query Execution</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-29544" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">SPARK-29544: Optimize Skewed Join at Runtime</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref1:4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-tips-partition-tuning" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Tips: Partition Tuning</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://docs.databricks.com/aws/en/archive/legacy/skew-join" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Skew Join Hint</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://blog.cloudera.com/how-to-tune-your-apache-spark-jobs-part-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">How to Tune Your Apache Spark Jobs (Part 2)</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/tuning.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Tuning - Spark</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/anti-patterns.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Anti-Patterns</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-shuffle.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Shuffle I/O</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Tiny Tasks</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-job-failure-rate.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Job Failure Rate</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-memory-utilization.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Memory Utilization</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-duplicate-plan-subtree.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Duplicate Plan Subtree</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-small-files.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Small Files</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-broadcast-sizing.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>Broadcast Sizing</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0" data-v-c40bc020 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data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _docs_tuning-reference_bottleneck-slow-host" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="bottleneck-slow-host" tabindex="-1">Slow Host <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-slow-host" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Slow Host {#bottleneck-slow-host}&quot;"></a></h1><p><span class="tag">HOST</span></p><h2 id="what-it-is" tabindex="-1">What it is <a class="header-anchor" href="#what-it-is" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;What it is&quot;"></a></h2><p>A slow host bottleneck shows up when one machine in the cluster consistently turns in slower task times than its peers, independent of any single task&#39;s own data size. Unlike a stray <a href="./bottleneck-straggler.html">straggler task</a>, the effect is host-wide: every task Spark schedules there runs behind, which drags out the stage even when the workload itself is partitioned evenly.</p><h2 id="how-it-s-detected" tabindex="-1">How it&#39;s detected <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-s-detected" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How it&#39;s detected&quot;"></a></h2><p>Spark&#39;s event log carries the per-task detail behind this: turning on <code>spark.eventLog.enabled</code> logs the events that encode what the UI displays, persisted to storage<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>, and that same log backs the UI&#39;s Stages tab, which drills down into individual tasks and shows per-task metrics such as duration, GC time, and shuffle bytes read<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>.</p><p>A host reads as slow against the following synthetic threshold: host mean task duration ≥ 2× overall median AND the host holds ≥ 20% task share; the signal only applies with <code>taskCount ≥ 15</code> and <code>hosts.length ≥ 3</code>.</p><h2 id="why-it-matters" tabindex="-1">Why it matters <a class="header-anchor" href="#why-it-matters" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Why it matters&quot;"></a></h2><p>A host running persistently slow tasks behaves like a bottleneck baked into the cluster rather than into the workload: every task Spark places there inherits the delay, and since a stage&#39;s completion time is bounded by its slowest tasks, the rest of the cluster idles while the affected host catches up. Left alone, the same host keeps dragging down every later stage and job that lands work on it.</p><h2 id="how-to-fix-it" tabindex="-1">How to fix it <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fix-it" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;How to fix it&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>Turn on speculative execution (<code>spark.speculation</code>, off by default) so Spark relaunches a copy of a task that&#39;s lagging far behind its peers instead of waiting on the slow host to finish it. A stage only becomes eligible once <code>spark.speculation.quantile</code> (default <code>0.9</code>) of its tasks have completed, and a task then qualifies once it runs more than <code>spark.speculation.multiplier</code> (default <code>3</code>) times the median duration, subject to a <code>spark.speculation.minTaskRuntime</code> floor (default <code>100ms</code>) so short tasks aren&#39;t speculated purely for looking slow, or, since Spark 3.4, an efficiency check (<code>spark.speculation.efficiency.enabled</code>, default <code>true</code>) that also requires the task&#39;s data-processing rate to lag the stage average<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>.</li><li>If the slow host also happens to hold data locality for the affected tasks, lowering <code>spark.locality.wait</code> (default <code>3s</code>), or the level-specific <code>spark.locality.wait.node</code>, <code>.rack</code>, and <code>.process</code> overrides, shortens how long Spark waits for a data-local slot before falling back to a less-local executor<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3:1]</a></sup>.</li></ul><p>Turn on speculation and, if the slow host holds locality, shorten the wait; defaults shown:</p><div class="language-properties vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">properties</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># Relaunch tasks stuck on a slow host (speculation is OFF by default)</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.speculation</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=true</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.speculation.quantile</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=0.9          </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># default; fraction of tasks done before speculation starts</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.speculation.multiplier</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=3          </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># default; a task must run &gt; 3x the median to be relaunched</span></span>
+<span class="line"></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># If the slow host holds data locality, wait less before falling back to another executor</span></span>
+<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">spark.locality.wait</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">=3s                  </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># default; lower to fall back sooner</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="confidence" tabindex="-1">Confidence <a class="header-anchor" href="#confidence" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Confidence&quot;"></a></h2><p>The core <code>durationShare</code> dimension is validated: it measures host-wide task-duration inflation against the cluster median, the signal that separates a genuinely slow machine from normal task-time variance. Two secondary dimensions run best-effort and stay experimental. The <code>multiDim</code> dimension <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span> folds several per-host signals into one score, but that combined heuristic has not been validated. The <code>storageMemory</code> dimension <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span> likewise reads host-level memory pressure as a contributing factor without validation, so treat both as hints rather than verdicts.</p><h2 id="limitations-false-positive-risk" tabindex="-1">Limitations / false-positive risk <a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations-false-positive-risk" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Limitations / false-positive risk&quot;"></a></h2><p>A host that looks slow is not always a bad node. It can simply hold data locality for the tasks scheduled there, or carry one heavy stage that happens to be pinned to it, either of which inflates its mean task time without any hardware fault. The multi-dimensional scoring that reinforces the core signal is best-effort, so a match warrants a look at what that host was actually running before you conclude the machine itself is the problem.</p><h2 id="bottleneck-stage-slowness" tabindex="-1">Stage slowness <a class="header-anchor" href="#bottleneck-stage-slowness" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Stage slowness {#bottleneck-stage-slowness}&quot;"></a></h2><p><span class="tag">SLOW</span> <span class="tag">EXPERIMENTAL</span></p><p>This is an experimental fallback heuristic that shares the slow-host anchor and is suppressed whenever <code>slowHost</code> fires. It answers a different question: when no single machine is dragging, why does one stage still lag the rest of the job? The cause usually traces back to how the work was divided rather than where it ran.</p><p><strong>Too few partitions caps parallelism.</strong> Wide stages (joins, groupBy, aggregations) take their partition count from <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code>, which sits at a default of 200 whether the shuffle moves 20 MB or 500 GB unless you change it<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>. When that count is small relative to the cluster, only a handful of tasks carry the stage while cores sit idle, so it stretches out even as better-sized neighbors finish quickly. The first move is to raise its parallelism, aiming for at least two or three tasks per CPU core on a data-heavy stage, tuned through <code>spark.default.parallelism</code> and <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>.</p><p><strong>Large data volume per task makes each task run long.</strong> That 200-partition default does not scale with input size, so a stage handling hundreds of gigabytes hands each task a large slice: fewer tasks run at once, per-executor load climbs, and the stage often trips memory errors. Roughly 100-200 MB per task tends to work well, and tasks grinding through around 3 GB each while spilling are a sign you need more partitions<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:1">[4:1]</a></sup>.</p><p><strong>Heavy shuffle and spill inflate the stage&#39;s cost.</strong> Shuffles move data across executors so rows with the same key land together, and during those map and <a href="./shuffle.html">shuffle</a> operations Spark writes to and reads from local-disk shuffle files, which is heavy I/O that can become a bottleneck under the default configuration<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2:1">[2:1]</a></sup>. Volume per task feeds straight into it: once a partition outgrows the memory available in an executor, Spark <a href="./bottleneck-spill.html">spills</a> part of the data to disk, and spills are about the slowest thing a job can do because of the extra disk I/O and garbage collection, so the stage finishes but runs far less efficiently than the rest<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4:2">[4:2]</a></sup>.</p><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Related&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Speculation &amp; locality tuning:</strong> <a href="./cluster-config.html">Cluster Tuning</a></li></ul><hr class="footnotes-sep"><section class="footnotes"><ol class="footnotes-list"><li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/monitoring.html#spark-history-server" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Monitoring and Instrumentation</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Learning Spark, 2nd Edition</em>, Damji, Wenig, Das, Lee, ch. 7 <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref2:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Configuration (Spark)</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="https://luminousmen.com/post/spark-partitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Spark Partitions</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:1" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a> <a href="#fnref4:2" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li><li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><em>Spark: The Definitive Guide</em>, Chambers &amp; Zaharia (O&#39;Reilly, 2018) <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-utilization.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Previous page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Executor Utilization</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="../tuning-reference/bottleneck-failures.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>Task Failures</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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